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Journal articles on the topic 'COD'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Le, Gaoyang, Huizhong Yang, and Xiaodong Yu. "Improved UV/O3 method for measuring the chemical oxygen demand." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 5 (2018): 1271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.005.

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Abstract We improved the ultraviolet (UV)/O3-based method for measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water. An on-line COD monitoring device was developed and the UV/O3 method was used to oxidize sample solutions. A model was established by using support vector machines (SVM) algorithm to estimate dissolved oxygen and CO2 in solutions. Based on the measured data by each sensor during the oxidation process and the estimated dissolved oxygen and CO2, the UV/O3-based COD test accuracy was improved. This approach overcomes many problems associated with the conventional COD determination techniq

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2

M. Ibrahim, Hind, and Rasha H. salman. "Study the Optimization of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment by Successive Electrocoagulation and Electro-oxidation Systems." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23, no. 1 (2022): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2022.1.5.

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In this study, successive electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) processes were used to minimize some of the major pollutants in real wastewater, such as organics (detected by chemical oxygen demand (COD)), and turbidity. The wastewater utilized in the present study was collected from the Midland Refinery Company in Baghdad-Iraq. The performance of the successive batch EC-EO processes was studied by utilizing Graphite and Aluminum (Al) as monopolar anode electrodes and stainless steel (st.st.) as the cathode. The Taguchi experimental design approach was used to attain the best expe

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3

Jorge, Nuno, Ana R. Teixeira, Lisete Fernandes, et al. "Treatment of Winery Wastewater by Combined Almond Skin Coagulant and Sulfate Radicals: Assessment of Activators." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (2023): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032486.

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The large production of wine and almonds leads to the generation of sub-products, such as winery wastewater (WW) and almond skin. WW is characterized by its high content of recalcitrant organic matter (biodegradability index < 0.30). Therefore, the aim of this work was to (1) apply the coagulation–flocculation–decantation (CFD) process with an organic coagulant based on almond skin extract (ASE), (2) treat the organic recalcitrant matter through sulfate radical advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) and (3) evaluate the efficiency of combined CFD with UV-A, UV-C and ultrasound (US) reactors

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4

Banch, Tawfiq J. H., Marlia M. Hanafiah, Abbas F. M. Alkarkhi, and Salem S. Abu Amr. "Factorial Design and Optimization of Landfill Leachate Treatment Using Tannin-Based Natural Coagulant." Polymers 11, no. 8 (2019): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081349.

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In this study, tannin-based natural coagulant was used to treat stabilized landfill leachate. Tannin modified with amino group was utilized for the treatment process. Central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate and optimize the effect of tannin dosage and pH on four responses. The treatment efficiency was evaluated based on the removal of four selected (responses) parameters; namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, NH3–N and total suspended solids (TSS). The optimum removal efficiency for COD, TSS, NH3–N and color was obtained using a tannin dosage of 0.73 g at a pH of 6. Moreo

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5

Hao, X., J. J. Heijnen, Y. Qian, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Contribution of P-bacteria in biological nutrient removal processes to overall effects on the environment." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 1 (2001): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0017.

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P-bacteria can combine denitrification and P-uptake. This category of P-bacteria is abbreviated DPB. Use of DPB in BNR processes, instead of obligate aerobic PAOs, reduces oxygen consumption. Moreover, less COD is needed for the nitrogen removal. Non-required COD can be removed by presettling and used for methanation. This leads to a lower sludge production. As a result, CO2 emissions are reduced owing to less net energy consumption. Simulation for a planned WWTP with the BCFS® process indicates that DPB can save 53-59% of required COD. The optimal ratios of COD/N and COD/P for simultaneous N

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6

GULDAGER, HELLE SKOV, NIELS BØKNÆS, CARSTEN ØSTERBERG, JETTE NIELSEN, and PAW DALGAARD. "Thawed Cod Fillets Spoil Less Rapidly Than Unfrozen Fillets When Stored under Modified Atmosphere at 2°C." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 9 (1998): 1129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.9.1129.

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The effect of two months of frozen storage at −20°C on the spoilage characteristics and shelf life of thawed and modified atmosphere packed (MAP) cod fillets stored at 2°C was studied. Thawed MAP cod fillets were compared with fresh cod fillets stored in CO2-containing modified atmospheres with and without added oxygen. The shelf life of 11 to 12 days in the fresh MAP cod was extended to more than 20 days in the thawed MAP cod at 2°C. This shelf life extension was most likely due to the inactivation of the spoilage bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum during frozen storage as reflected both in

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7

Gori, Riccardo, Francesca Giaccherini, Lu-Man Jiang, Reza Sobhani, and Diego Rosso. "Role of primary sedimentation on plant-wide energy recovery and carbon footprint." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 4 (2013): 870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.270.

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The goal of this paper is to show the effect of primary sedimentation on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and solids fractionation and consequently on the carbonaceous and energy footprints of wastewater treatment processes. Using a simple rational procedure for COD and solids fraction quantification, we quantify the effects of varying fractions on CO2 and CO2-equivalent mass flows, process energy demand and energy recovery. Then we analysed two treatment plants with similar biological nutrient removal processes in two different climatic regions and quantified the net benefit of gravity separa

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8

Peters, Helen. "From Salt Cod to Cod Filets." Canadian Theatre Review 64 (September 1990): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.64.002.

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In 1972, CODCO founding members Cathy Jones, Greg Malone, Dyan Olsen, Tommy Sexton, Mary Walsh, and Mary White were given $300 seed money by Paul Thompson of Theatre Passe Muraille. This money helped them to live in Toronto and write Cod on a Stick, which was produced as a full length play in Newfoundland in 1973. The play began with four sketches which ran twenty minutes and grew by accretion to its final form, eighteen scenes. This quintessentially Newfoundland troupe – as its members cheerfully admit – is beholden to the Canadian collective theatre movement for its early direction, form and

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9

Crasta, Manuela, Kevin Arteaga, Teresa a, and Marta Leiva. "Topical 1% cyclosporine eyedrops for the treatment of crystalline corneal dystrophy in dogs." Open Veterinary Journal 13, no. 9 (2023): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i9.12.

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Background: Crystalline corneal dystrophy (CCD) is the most common type of corneal lipidic deposition in dogs. CCD is a primary metabolic disorder of the corneal fibroblast featuring an accumulation of extracellular and intracellular lipid deposits. Corneal lipid deposits create a corneal opacity and modify the interfibrillar collagen distance, inducing light scattering. Corneal vascularization is not usually associated with the disease, but, in case of chronicity, cell death may produce inflammation and new corneal vessels are developed. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the firs

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10

K. Anil Kumar, Sunil Shrivastava, Aliya Tabassum, et al. "Optimization for Removal of COD and BOD through RSM-CCD by Activated Sludge Treatment Process for Pharmaceutical Wastewater." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 12, no. 4 (2023): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2023.12.234486.

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Wastewater generated from home and commercial operations is a polluting component of water. One of the main contributors for the production of wastewater by various manufacturing processes is the pharmaceutical industry. The commercial operations of industry are causing an increase in the amount of organic and inorganic contaminants, such as total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Activated sludge process reduces COD, BOD and Total Suspended Solids (TSS), with three input variables: pH, time and Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS). The Central

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11

Tetteh, Emmanuel Kweinor, Gloria Amo-Duodu, and Sudesh Rathilal. "Exploring CO2 Bio-Mitigation via a Biophotocatalytic/Biomagnetic System for Wastewater Treatment and Biogas Production." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (2022): 6840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12146840.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels have led industries to seek cheaper carbon abatement technologies to mitigate environmental pollution. Herein, the effect of a magnetic photocatalyst (Fe-TiO2) on biogas production in anaerobic digestion (AD) of wastewater was investigated with three bioreactors coupled with UV-light (18 W). Three experimental setups defined as the control (AD system with no Fe-TiO2), biophotoreactor (BP), and biophotomagnetic (BPM) systems were operated at a mesophilic temperature (35 ± 5 °C) for a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 30 days. The control system (

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12

D’Onofrio, Valentino, Elena Donders, Marie-Elena Vanden Abeele, et al. "The clinical value of minimal invasive autopsy in COVID-19 patients." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242300.

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Background Minimally invasive autopsy (MIA) is a validated and safe method to establish the cause of death (COD), mainly in low-resource settings. However, the additional clinical value of MIA in Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients in a high-resource setting is unknown. The objective was to assess if and how MIA changed clinical COD and contributing diagnoses in deceased COVID-19 patients. Methods and findings A prospective observational cohort from April to May 2020 in a 981-bed teaching hospital in the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium was established. Patients who died with

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13

Bashir, Mohammed J. K., Ong Sue Sheen, Choon Aun Ng, Mohammed Shadi S. Abujazar, Motasem Y. D. Alazaiza, and Salim S. Abu Amr. "Advanced Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Thermally Activated Persulfate Oxidation." Separations 9, no. 7 (2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9070171.

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Advanced treatment of biologically processed palm oil mill effluent (BIOTPOME), which possesses a potential danger to the water sources is required to meet the Malaysian discharge standard, as BIOTPOME contains high level of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids and oil and grease even after going through conventional treatment process. The significant but insufficient treatment efficiency of ponding system in Malaysia urged an alternative method to treat the recalcitrant organic compounds. Thus, post-treatment of BIOTPOME using oxidation by thermally activated persulfate process was

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14

Yadav, Shailendra Kumar, and R. Kalaiyarasi. "FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ON INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN CEMENT INDUSTRY AND TEA INDUSTRY." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 3 (2015): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i3.13227.

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The project aims at analyzing the feasibility of utilizing cement kiln dust (CKD) in treating wastewater from tea industry with the concept of industrial symbiosis. CKD is the dust collected at the air pollution control device(s) associated with a kiln system from cement industry. A very less percent of CKD is recycled and the rest is land filled /stockpiled; disrupts groundwater through leaching of minerals. Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), rich in CaO, SiO2, behaves as a neutralizing as well as stabilizing agent for tea effluent treatment. The ability of CKD to reduce the BOD, COD, TSS, and phosphate

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15

H, Abhishek, Vijayakumar H, Mahesh Kumar C L, and Shwetha Kotagi Girisha. "Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 33, no. 4 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.59440/ceer/173575.

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Treatment of Municipal wastewater by Electrocoagulation (EC) process using punched aluminium and zinc electrodes was studied in a batch EC cell reactor. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) was utilized to optimize the operating parameters for the removal of % Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and % Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from Municipal Sewage. Effect of operating parameters such as Electrode Distance (x1), Electrolysis Time (x2) and Voltage (x3) has been optimized for the removal of TSS and COD. The prediction of removal percentage of TSS and COD in vari

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16

Lin, Yen-Hui. "Modeling the performance of biodegradation of textile wastewater using polyurethane foam sponge cube as a supporting medium." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 12 (2010): 2801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.071.

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A pilot-scale fixed-biofilm reactor (FBR) was established to treat textile wastewater to evaluate the feasibility of replacing conventional treatment processes that involve activated sludge and coagulation units. A kinetic model was developed to describe the biodegradation of textile wastewater by FBR. Batch kinetic tests were performed to evaluate the biokinetic parameters that are used in the model. FBR column test was fed with a mean COD of 692 mg/L of textile wastewater from flow equalization unit. The influent flow rate was maintained at 48.4 L/h for FBR column test. Experimental data and

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17

Siddique, Md Nurul Islam, Az Zahirah, Md Zamri Bin Ibrahim, et al. "Production of Methane and Hydrogen from Mild-Strength Industrial Wastewater." Asian Journal of Chemistry 36, no. 4 (2024): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2024.30618.

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Over the past two decades, fossil fuel reserves have sharply shrunk, which has resulted in a global fall in energy sources. Alternative carbon-neutral renewable energy sources have caught the interest of experts due to the erratic nature of energy prices and their severe ecological effects. The treatment plant’s mild-strength effluent from an equalization tank at an industrial factory was used in this study to generate hydrogen and methane. This mild-strength effluent had a chemical oxygen demand (COD) content of 2.8 ± 1.0 g COD/L. A double stage anaerobic digestion system’s hydrogen-generatin

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18

Almeida, Antonella Araujo de, André Pereira Rosa, Izabelle de Paula Sousa, Juciara Oliveira Lopes, Silas Modesto de Melo, and Alisson Carraro Borges. "Performance of two parallel covered lagoon digesters in the treatment of pig farm wastewaters." Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - Reveng 29 (October 21, 2021): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v29i1.11576.

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Pig farming moves a large part of the Brazilian economy. However, due to the high polluting potential, alternatives to treat and take advantage of the effluents must be developed, being the use of digesters a possible solution. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two parallel covered lagoon digesters (CLD) in the treatment of swine wastewater. Monitoring was performed on a farm installed in Teixeiras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in terms of COD in the period from August 2018 to July 2019. The study demonstrated that COD removal efficiency in the CLD was 40.2 and 39.5%, which did not indi

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19

Sun, Qingnan, Xiaoping Zhang, and Xin Zhang. "Impact of Natural Microorganisms on the Removal of COD and the Cells Activity of the Chlorella sp. in Wastewater." Water 15, no. 20 (2023): 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15203544.

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In the treatment of wastewater containing only chemical oxygen demand (COD) by Chlorella sp., the cell activity and proliferation ability of Chlorella sp. decreased with the culture time, which affected the removal of COD in wastewater. To solve these problems, the Chlorella sp.–natural microorganism symbiosis system was prepared. The system was used to explore how natural microorganisms affect the cell activity and the proliferation ability of Chlorella sp. in wastewater. In the treatment of COD by Chlorella sp., the removal rate of COD decreased from 45.47% to 28.88%, with a decrease in the

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Tomai, Fabrizio, Anna Piccoli, Fausto Castriota, et al. "Long-Term Outcomes of Coronary and Carotid Artery Disease Revascularization in the FRIENDS Study." Journal of Interventional Cardiology 2019 (June 20, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8586927.

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Objectives. The aim of this study is to assess long-term-outcomes of patients with concomitant CAD and COD treated with different revascularization strategies. Background. Multisite artery disease is common and patients with combined disease have poor prognosis. The best therapeutic strategy for patients with concomitant carotid obstructive disease (COD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) remains controversial. Methods. This observational registry enrolled, between January 2006 and December 2012, 1022 consecutive patients from high volume institutions with concomitant CAD and COD suitable for e

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21

Weitzman, Jonathan B. "Cod origins." Genome Biology 2 (2001): spotlight—20010924–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20010924-01.

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Fuad, Tracy. "Cape Cod." Ecotone 18, no. 1 (2022): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ect.2022.0012.

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23

YOSHINAGA, Tetsutaro, Toshihide NAKAMURA, and Yutaka TSURU. "Comparison of Oxidizing Abilities of COD Measurement Methods. COD(Cr) and COD(Mn) Methods." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 3 (1993): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1993.278.

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24

Harada, Hideki, Kiyoshi Momonoi, Shinichi Yamazaki, and Satoshi Takizawa. "Application of anaerobic-uf membrane reactor for treatment of a wastewater containing high strength particulate organics." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 12 (1994): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0630.

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A cross-flow ultrafiltration (UF) membrane separation was applied to anaerobic process for treatment of a wastewater containing high proportion of particulate COD. A synthetic wastewater with the total strength of 5000 mg COD·1−1 consisting of soluble and particulate COD (cellulose) in the ratio of 1:1 was fed to the reactor. The reactor was operated for 190 days at two loading rates, i.e. 1.5 and 2.5 kg COD·m−3·d−1. More than 98% of COD removal was consistently achieved throughout the duration, and the system was furthermore likely to accommodate much higher loading. Although the permeate COD

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Cristiani, Lorenzo, Marco Zeppilli, Cristina Porcu, and Mauro Majone. "Ammonium Recovery and Biogas Upgrading in a Tubular Micro-Pilot Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC)." Molecules 25, no. 12 (2020): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122723.

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Here, a 12-liter tubular microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) was developed as a post treatment unit for simultaneous biogas upgrading and ammonium recovery from the liquid effluent of an anaerobic digestion process. The MEC configuration adopted a cation exchange membrane to separate the inner anodic chamber and the external cathodic chamber, which were filled with graphite granules. The cathodic chamber performed the CO2 removal through the bioelectromethanogenesis reaction and alkalinity generation while the anodic oxidation of a synthetic fermentate partially sustained the energy demand of th

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Stapp, Bernhard, Günther Schmidtberg, and Hans Albert Brune. "Synthesen ortho-nitrosubstituierter Bis(phenyl)platin(II)-Verbindungen / Syntheses of ort/zo-Nitro-Substituted Bis(phenyl)platinum(II) Compounds." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 41, no. 4 (1986): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1986-0419.

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Syntheses of the com pounds cis-{Pt[P(C6H5)3]2(2-O2N-C6H4)(X-C6H4)}(X=4-CH3O; 4-CH3; 4-CF3; 4-O2N; 2-CH3O; 2-CH3; 2-CF3; 2-O2N), [Pt(1,2,5,6-η4-C0D)(2-O2N-C6H4)(X-C6H4)](X=4-CH3O; 4-CH3; COD= 1,5-cyclooctadiene) and [Pt(1,2,5,6-η4-COD)(X-C6H4)Cl](X= 2-CH3O; 2-CH3; 2-CF3)are reported

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Thayalakumaran, N., R. Bhamidimarri, and P. O. Bickers. "Biological nutrient removal from meat processing wastewater using a sequencing batch reactor." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 10 (2003): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0549.

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Meat processing effluents are rich in nutrients (nitrogen: 75-200 mg L−1 and phosphorus: 20-40 mg L−1) and COD (800-2,000 mg L−1) after primary treatment. A laboratory scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated for the treatment of a beef processing effluent from slaughtering and boning operations. An effective SBR cycle was found for removal of COD, nitrogen and phosphorus at 22°C. The solid retention time was 15 days while the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 2.5 days. The total nitrogen in the wastewater was reduced to less than 10 mg L−1, while the total phosphorus decreased to le

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Jiao, Nianzhi, Jihua Liu, Bethanie Edwards, et al. "Correcting a major error in assessing organic carbon pollution in natural waters." Science Advances 7, no. 16 (2021): eabc7318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc7318.

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Microbial degradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic environments can cause oxygen depletion, water acidification, and CO2 emissions. These problems are caused by labile DOC (LDOC) and not refractory DOC (RDOC) that resists degradation and is thus a carbon sink. For nearly a century, chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been widely used for assessment of organic pollution in aquatic systems. Here, we show through a multicountry survey and experimental studies that COD is not an appropriate proxy of microbial degradability of organic matter because it oxidizes both LDOC and RDOC, and

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29

Davarnejad, Reza, Masoud Pirhadi, Mohsen Mohammadi, and Shahrzad Arpanahzadeh. "Numerical Analysis of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment Using Electro-Fenton Process." Chemical Product and Process Modeling 10, no. 1 (2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cppm-2014-0020.

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Abstract The important parameters in mineralization treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater by electro-Fenton process were successfully simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The effects of H2O2/PRW (ratio of mole of H2O2 per petroleum refinery wastewater volume), H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio, current density, pH and reaction time were numerically investigated. Materials distribution in the electrochemical cell was studied and CFD results demonstrated that distance between electrodes had no significant effect on the Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Furthermore, the results were comp

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Rodríguez-Osorio, David, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok, and Fernando Pareja-Blanco. "Effects of Resisted Sprints With Changes of Direction Through Several Relative Loads on Physical Performance in Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 8 (2019): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0702.

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Purpose: To compare the effects of resisted change-of-direction (COD) movements, using several relative loads, on soccer players’ physical performance. Methods: Fifty-four male soccer players were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 groups, which differed only in the magnitude of the external load used during the COD training: COD training without external load (COD-0; n = 16), COD training with a 12.5% body-mass external load (COD-12.5; n = 19), and COD training with a 50% body-mass external load (COD-50; n = 19). Participants performed the specific COD training twice per week for 6 wk.

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Drinkwater, Kenneth F. "The response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to future climate change." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 7 (2005): 1327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.05.015.

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Abstract Future CO2-induced climate change scenarios from Global Circulation Models (GCMs) indicate increasing air temperatures, with the greatest warming in the Arctic and Subarctic. Changes to the wind fields and precipitation patterns are also suggested. These will lead to changes in the hydrographic properties of the ocean, as well as the vertical stratification and circulation patterns. Of particular note is the expected increase in ocean temperature. Based upon the observed responses of cod to temperature variability, the expected responses of cod stocks throughout the North Atlantic to

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M Benaessa, Mouna, Farzana Mahomed, and Sizakele P Ngwenya. "A retrospective clinico-pathologic analysis of cemento-osseous dysplasia in a South African patient population." African Health Sciences 19, no. 4 (2020): 3154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i4.38.

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Background: Cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) is a fibro-osseous jaw bone lesion. The affected bone in COD progressively becomes sclerotic, poorly vascularized and susceptible to secondary osteomyelitis. Objective: To provide a clinico-pathologic appraisal of COD in a South African patient population. Methods: Archived records of 133 patients diagnosed with COD were reviewed for patient demographics, COD location,COD type, osteomyelitis or simple bone cyst secondary to COD. Results: The mean age was 53.4 ± 13.5 years with a 94.7% female predilection. COD mainly affected the man

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Sturm, Michael Toni, Erika Myers, Dennis Schober, Anika Korzin, and Katrin Schuhen. "Beyond Microplastics: Implementation of a Two-Stage Removal Process for Microplastics and Chemical Oxygen Demand in Industrial Wastewater Streams." Water 16, no. 2 (2024): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16020268.

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Wastewater from plastic manufacturing or processing industries is often highly polluted with microplastics (MPs) and high levels of oxidizable organic matter, which results in a high chemical oxygen demand (COD). When industrial wastewater enters wastewater streams, the high microplastic load is a high burden for municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as they are not sufficiently removed. To prevent MP from entering the WWTPs, an upstream prevention method is essential. This paper presents a pilot-scale plant study for the removal of MP and COD from industrial wastewater that was teste

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Gray, Tim, Jenny Hatchard, Tim Daw, and Selina Stead. "New cod war of words: ‘Cod is God’ versus ‘sod the cod’—Two opposed discourses on the North Sea Cod Recovery Programme." Fisheries Research 93, no. 1-2 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2008.04.009.

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Desmiarti, Reni, Maulana Yusup Rosadi, Ariadi Hazmi, Muhammad Miftahur Rahman, Nofri Naldi, and Joni Aldilla Fajri. "Biogas Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Integrated with the Aerated Condition." Water 14, no. 22 (2022): 3774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223774.

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In this study, the performance of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) with the aerated condition at discharge voltages of 15, 20, and 25 kV on the production of biogas; CH4, H2, CO, and CO2 and the removal of COD and BOD from POME were investigated. The experimental results showed that the aerated condition with a rate of 2.5 L/min at a high voltage (25 kV) produced CH4, CO, and CO2 that was 9.4, 21.5, and 19.6 times higher than the non-aerated one, respectively. The maximum cumulative volume of CH4, H2, CO, and CO2 was 95.4 ± 8.92, 0.94 ± 0.71, 3.06 ± 0.73, and 2.45 ± 0.35 mL/mg COD, respectiv

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Bundy, Alida, and L. Paul Fanning. "Can Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) recover? Exploring trophic explanations for the non-recovery of the cod stock on the eastern Scotian Shelf, Canada." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 7 (2005): 1474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-086.

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The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stock on the eastern Scotian Shelf collapsed in 1993. Over a decade later, in spite of a fisheries moratorium on cod fishing, this stock is at an all-time low. In parallel with the collapse of the cod stock, the abundance of large cod prey, including forage fish, shrimp, and snow crab, has greatly increased. The key question, which we explore using trophic mass-balance models, is what processes are preventing cod from recovering on the eastern Scotian Shelf? Cod were split into large and small cod. Modelling results indicate high predation pressure on small cod.

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Brinkhof, Jesse, Bent Herrmann, Roger B. Larsen, and Tiago Veiga-Malta. "Effect of a quality-improving cod end on size selectivity and catch patterns of cod in bottom trawl fishery." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 11 (2019): 2110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0402.

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A new cod-end concept developed and tested exhibited significantly improved quality of caught cod (Gadus morhua) compared with that of the conventional cod end used in the Barents Sea bottom trawl fishery. However, the design of the new quality-improving cod end raised concerns about its size selectivity and the possibility that higher retention probability could negatively impact the catch pattern by increasing the proportion of undersized cod. Therefore, the goal of this study was to quantify and compare the size selectivity and catch pattern for cod when deploying, respectively, the convent

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Thomas, Maciej, Violetta Kozik, Krzysztof Barbusiński, Aleksander Sochanik, Josef Jampilek, and Andrzej Bąk. "Potassium Ferrate (VI) as the Multifunctional Agent in the Treatment of Landfill Leachate." Materials 13, no. 21 (2020): 5017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13215017.

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Possible use of potassium ferrate (VI) (K2FeO4) for the treatment of landfill leachate (pH = 8.9, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 770 mg O2/L, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 230 mg/L, Total Nitrogen (Total N) 120 mg/L, Total Phosphorus (Total P) 12 mg/L, Total Coli Count (TCC) 6.8 log CFU/mL (Colony-Forming Unit/mL), Most Probable Number (MPN) of fecal enterococci 4.0 log/100 mL, Total Proteolytic Count (TPC) 4.4 log CFU/mL) to remove COD was investigated. Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were applied for modelling and optimizing the purification process. Conformi

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Tang, Hongqin, Jianping Zhu, Nan Li, and Weipeng Wu. "Impact of Enterprise Supply Chain Digitalization on Cost of Debt: A Four-Flows Perspective Analysis Using Explainable Machine Learning Methodology." Sustainability 16, no. 19 (2024): 8702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16198702.

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Rising costs, complex supply chain management, and stringent regulations have created significant financial burdens on business sustainability, calling for new and rapid strategies to help enterprises transform. Supply chain digitalization (SCD) has emerged as a promising approach in the context of digitalization and globalization, with the potential to reduce an enterprise’s debt costs. Developing a strategic framework for SCD that effectively reduces the cost of debt (CoD) has become a key academic challenge, critical for ensuring business sustainability. To this end, under the perspective o

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Mohajeri, Soraya, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Mohamed Hasnain Isa, Mohammad Ali Zahed, Mohammed J. K. Bashir, and Mohd Nordin Adlan. "Application of the central composite design for condition optimization for semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment using electrochemical oxidation." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 5 (2010): 1257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.018.

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In the present study, Electrochemical Oxidation was used to remove COD and color from semi-aerobic landfill leachate collected from Pulau Burung Landfill Site (PBLS), Penang, Malaysia. Experiments were conducted in a batch laboratory-scale system in the presence of NaCl as electrolyte and aluminum electrodes. Central composite design (CCD) under Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the electrochemical oxidation process conditions using chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removals as responses, and the electrolyte concentrations, current density and reaction time as con

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El bied, Oumaima, Mathieu Kessler, Martire Angélica Terrero, Taoufiq Fechtali, Angel Faz Cano, and José A. Acosta. "Turbidity and Chemical Oxygen Demand Reduction from Pig Slurry through a Coagulation Flocculation Process." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (2021): 2158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112158.

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Pig slurry is considered a high-risk effluent that causes several environmental problems if it is not adequately managed and treated. White Iberian pig farms in the southeast of Spain treat their slurry in situ using separation, double filtration, decantation, and constructed wetland treatments. However, the pretreatment process does not successfully reduce solids, which leads to clogging in the constructed wetlands (CWs). The main objective of this research paper is to reduce the turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the effluent to make it appropriate for CW treatment. Optimization

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Dutil, Jean-Denis, Coraline Jabouin, Richard Larocque, Gaston Desrosiers, and Pierre U. Blier. "Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from cold and warm environments differ in their maximum growth capacity at low temperatures." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 12 (2008): 2579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-159.

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Maximum growth rate of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was determined at a range of temperatures representative of cod benthic habitats (1–13 °C) using wild animals obtained from a cold environment (southern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock, SG) and a mild environment (Bay of Fundy stock, BF). SG cod performed well over a broader range of temperatures than BF cod. Growth in mass was greater for SG than BF cod at any temperature below 7 °C. SG cod consumed twice as much food as BF cod at 1 and 3 °C. At 1 °C, growth in mass was positive for SG cod but negative for BF cod, whereas growth in length did not

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Jorde, Per Erik, Alf Ring Kleiven, Marte Sodeland, et al. "Who is fishing on what stock: population-of-origin of individual cod (Gadus morhua) in commercial and recreational fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 6 (2018): 2153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy080.

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Abstract Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Skagerrak are structured into distinct ecotypes or stock components that have been severely depleted over the past decades. To improve our understanding of how local commercial and recreational fisheries influence cod stocks, we investigated whether these user groups target different stock components of cod. Cod were sampled from the recreational rod and line fishery and from commercial shrimp trawlers catching cod as by-catch. Based on a large set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we defined a subset of 27 semi-diagnostic SNPs designed to discr

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Nurandani, Hardyanti, Utomo Sudarno, Oktaviana Angelica, Serafina Katrin, and Junaidi Junaidi. "Effect of COD/SO42- Supply Ratio Variations of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria of Sulphood Raise in Acid Mine Drainage." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305009.

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Sulphur dioxide gas is one of most contaminating gas in the air. Sulphur gas can be produced by mining activities. Sulphur gas will be harmful if bond with CO2 to form as Sulphur Dioxide. To reduce the Sulphur Dioxide gas concentration we must inhibite the sulphur gas formation from mining activities. The inhibition of sulphur gas could be done by reduce the sulphate concentration in acid mine drainage. One of important factor that influencing the reduce of sulphate is COD/SO42- ratio. The effect of COD/SO42- ratio on bacterial growth and sulfate removal process can be investigated with anaero

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Shahawy, Abeer El, Inas A. Ahmed, Mahmoud Nasr, Ahmed H. Ragab, Saedah R. Al-Mhyawi, and Khalda M. A. Elamin. "Organic Pollutants Removal from Olive Mill Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process via Central Composite Design (CCD)." Water 13, no. 24 (2021): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243522.

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Electrocoagulation (EC) was studied in this study as a potential alternative approach for treating Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW). Aluminum plates were utilized as anode and cathode to evaluate the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from OMW and the aluminum electrode’s weight loss. Central Composite Experimental Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology were used to optimize its performance. Anodes were weighed before and after each electrocoagulation experiment, to compare the experimental and the theoretical dissolved aluminum weights calculated using Faraday’s law. We discovered the

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Mohammad Ilias, Muhammad Khalish, Md Sohrab Hossain, Rahmat Ngteni, et al. "Environmental Remediation Potential of Ferrous Sulfate Waste as an Eco-Friendly Coagulant for the Removal of NH3-N and COD from the Rubber Processing Effluent." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (2021): 12427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312427.

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The present study was conducted to determine the potential of utilizing the FeSO4·7H2O waste from the titanium manufacturing industry as an effective coagulant for treating industrial effluent. In this study, the secondary rubber processing effluent (SRPE) was treated using ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) waste from the titanium oxide manufacturing industry. The FeSO4·7H2O waste coagulation efficiency was evaluated on the elimination of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from SRPE. The central composite design (CCD) of experiments was employed to design the coagulation e

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Munien, Caressa, Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh, Timaine Govender, Shivek Jairajh, Liberty L. Mguni, and Sudesh Rathilal. "Turbidity and COD Removal from Municipal Wastewater Using a TiO2 Photocatalyst—A Comparative Study of UV and Visible Light." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (2023): 4766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13084766.

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Water resources are depleting, and the availability and supply of clean, potable water are a global concern. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) possess immense prospects in water and wastewater treatment settings. This study investigated and optimized the photocatalytic treatment of wastewater using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the photocatalyst. The one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique was employed to evaluate the effects of reaction time (20–100 min), mixing speed (20–100 rpm), and catalyst load (0.3–1.5 g/L) on pH, colour, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from actual muni

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Quaresma, Mário, Gonçalo Pereira, Maria Leonor Nunes, et al. "The Effect of the Species and Harvesting Location on Dried Salted Cod Fatty Acid Signatures and Nutritional Quality." Foods 12, no. 3 (2023): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030654.

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The Atlantic cod was listed as ‘vulnerable’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a condition that persists today. Fishing pressure on the Atlantic cod could be partially transferred to the Pacific cod, since the two cod species share genetic and phenotypic similarities. The aim of this study is to expand knowledge of the composition of dried salted cod obtained from Atlantic and Pacific cod species, with the Atlantic cod being from two different harvesting locations. The comparison of these cod species revealed the existence of nine significant differences among individual FA

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Willberg, Christina, Axel Kohler, and Karen Zentgraf. "Construct Validity and Applicability of a Team-Sport-Specific Change of Direction Test." Journal of Human Kinetics 85, no. 1 (2022): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0115.

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Abstract Cuts and changes of direction (COD) are frequent movements during games in team sports. Since those movements are seen as a key performance variable, COD assessments are included in performance diagnostics. However, some tests are criticized as they seem to be confounded by variables such as linear sprinting. Therefore, it is suggested that not only total COD time should be assessed, but also the athletes' COD movements should be examined more closely. For example, split times could be analyzed in tests with more than one COD like the Team-Sport-Specific COD (TSS-COD) test. We aimed t

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Squires, E. James, N. F. Haard, and L. A. W. Feltham. "Gastric proteases of the Greenland cod Gadus ogac. I. Isolation and kinetic properties." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 64, no. 3 (1986): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o86-030.

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The zymogens of three gastric proteases of the Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) were isolated by exclusion chromatography and chromatofocusing. The cod zymogens were activated more rapidly at lower temperatures than porcine pepsinogen and, after activation, were further purified by exclusion chromatography. The cod proteases had more alkaline pH optima and were active over a wider range of pH than porcine pepsin. The specific activity of porcine pepsin on protein substrates was greater than that of the individual cod proteases. However, the cod proteases had cumulative activity on protein substrates

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