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Journal articles on the topic 'Codes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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1

Mitra, Indu, Tass Malik, Jarrod J. Homer, and Sean Loughran. "Audit of Clinical Coding of Major Head and Neck Operations." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 91, no. 3 (April 2009): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588409x391884.

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INTRODUCTION Within the NHS, operations are coded using the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) classification system. These codes, together with diagnostic codes, are used to generate Healthcare Resource Group (HRG) codes, which correlate to a payment bracket. The aim of this study was to determine whether allocated procedure codes for major head and neck operations were correct and reflective of the work undertaken. HRG codes generated were assessed to determine accuracy of remuneration. PATIENTS AND METHODS The coding of consecutive major head and neck operations undertaken in a tertiary referral centre over a retrospective 3-month period were assessed. Procedure codes were initially ascribed by professional hospital coders. Operations were then recoded by the surgical trainee in liaison with the head of clinical coding. The initial and revised procedure codes were compared and used to generate HRG codes, to determine whether the payment banding had altered. RESULTS A total of 34 cases were reviewed. The number of procedure codes generated initially by the clinical coders was 99, whereas the revised codes generated 146. Of the original codes, 47 of 99 (47.4%) were incorrect. In 19 of the 34 cases reviewed (55.9%), the HRG code remained unchanged, thus resulting in the correct payment. Six cases were never coded, equating to £15,300 loss of payment. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the inadequacy of this system to reward hospitals for the work carried out within the NHS in a fair and consistent manner. The current coding system was found to be complicated, ambiguous and inaccurate, resulting in loss of remuneration.

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Draugelis, Sarah, Jessica Hunnewell, Sam Bishop, Reena Goswami, Sean G. Smith, Philip Sutherland, Justin Hickman, Donald A. Donahue, George A. Yendewa, and Amir M. Mohareb. "Leveraging Electronic Health Records in International Humanitarian Clinics for Population Health Research: Cross-Sectional Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 11 (April 17, 2025): e66223-e66223. https://doi.org/10.2196/66223.

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Abstract Background As more humanitarian relief organizations are beginning to use electronic medical records in their operations, data from clinical encounters can be leveraged for public health planning. Currently, medical data from humanitarian medical workers are infrequently available in a format that can be analyzed, interpreted, and used for public health. Objectives This study aims to develop and test a methodology by which diagnosis and procedure codes can be derived from free-text medical encounters by medical relief practitioners for the purposes of data analysis. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of clinical encounters from humanitarian clinics for displaced persons in Mexico between August 3, 2021, and December 5, 2022. We developed and tested a method by which free-text encounters were reviewed by medical billing coders and assigned codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) and the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT). Each encounter was independently reviewed in duplicate and assigned ICD-10 and CPT codes in a blinded manner. Encounters with discordant codes were reviewed and arbitrated by a more experienced medical coder, whose decision was used to determine the final ICD-10 and CPT codes. We used chi-square tests of independence to compare the ICD-10 codes for concordance across single-diagnosis and multidiagnosis encounters and across patient characteristics, such as age, sex, and country of origin. Results We analyzed 8460 encounters representing 5623 unique patients and 2774 unique diagnosis codes. These free-text encounters had a mean of 20.5 words per encounter in the clinical documentation. There were 58.78% (4973/8460) encounters where both coders assigned 1 diagnosis code, 18.56% (1570/8460) encounters where both coders assigned multiple diagnosis codes, and 22.66% (1917/8460) encounters with a mixed number of codes assigned. Of the 4973 encounters with a single code, only 11.82% (n=588) had a unique diagnosis assigned by the arbitrator that was not assigned by either of the initial 2 coders. Of the 1570 encounters with multiple diagnosis codes, only 3.38% (n=53) had unique diagnosis codes assigned by the arbitrator that were not initially assigned by either coder. The frequency of complete concordance across diagnosis codes was similar across sex categories and ranged from 30.43% to 46.05% across age groups and countries of origin. Conclusions Free-text electronic medical records from humanitarian relief clinics can be used to develop a database of diagnosis and procedure codes. The method developed in this study, which used multiple independent reviews of clinical encounters, appears to reliably assign diagnosis codes across a diverse patient population in a resource-limited setting.

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Nascimento Teixeira, Bernardo, Ana Leitão, Generosa Nascimento, Adalberto Campos-Fernandes, and Francisco Cercas. "Can ChatGPT Support Clinical Coding Using the ICD-10-CM/PCS?" Informatics 11, no. 4 (November 7, 2024): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics11040084.

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Introduction: With the growing development and adoption of artificial intelligence in healthcare and across other sectors of society, various user-friendly and engaging tools to support research have emerged, such as chatbots, notably ChatGPT. Objective: To investigate the performance of ChatGPT as an assistant to medical coders using the ICD-10-CM/PCS. Methodology: We conducted a prospective exploratory study between 2023 and 2024 over 6 months. A total of 150 clinical cases coded using the ICD-10-CM/PCS, extracted from technical coding books, were systematically randomized. All cases were translated into Portuguese (the native language of the authors) and English (the native language of the ICD-10-CM/PCS). These clinical cases varied in complexity levels regarding the quantity of diagnoses and procedures, as well as the nature of the clinical information. Each case was input into the 2023 ChatGPT free version. The coding obtained from ChatGPT was analyzed by a senior medical auditor/coder and compared with the expected results. Results: Regarding the correct codes, ChatGPT’s performance was higher by approximately 29 percentage points between diagnoses and procedures, with greater proficiency in diagnostic codes. The accuracy rate for codes was similar across languages, with rates of 31.0% and 31.9%. The error rate in procedure codes was substantially higher than that in diagnostic codes by almost four times. For missing information, a higher incidence was observed in diagnoses compared to procedures of slightly more than double the comparative rates. Additionally, there was a statistically significant excess of codes not related to clinical information, which was higher in procedures and nearly the same value in both languages under study. Conclusion: Given the ease of access to these tools, this investigation serves as an awareness factor, demonstrating that ChatGPT can assist the medical coder in directed research. However, it does not replace their technical validation in this process. Therefore, further developments of this tool are necessary to increase the quality and reliability of the results.

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Skorokhod, Sergey, and Andrey Barlit. "Software optimization for fast encoding and decoding of Reed-Solomon codes." Telfor Journal 14, no. 2 (2022): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/telfor2202056s.

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In this work, we propose a software library written in C for encoding and decoding Reed-Solomon codes. Library consists of one scalar CODEC and two vectorized codecs for x86 architecture. Vectorized codecs use the benefits of SSSE3 or AVX2 instruction sets. We compare the performance of our three codecs with the JPWL RS CODEC from the Open JPEG library. The performance comparison methodology is described, and it is based on the measuring of the encoding and decoding speed. The results demonstrate a 4.1x speed gain with the scalar CODEC and a 19.6x gain with the vectorized CODEC. Based on testing results and supported instruction sets, a dynamic selection of CODEC version is proposed.

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P, Shahnas. "Performance Analysis of Regular and Irregular LDPC Codes on SPIHT Coded Image Data." International Journal of Computer Communication and Informatics 2, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijcci2021.

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The LDPC (Low Density Parity Check Code) has Shown interesting results for transmitting embedded bit streams over noisy communication channels. Performance comparison of regular and irregular LDPC codes with SPIHT coded image is done here. Different Error Sensitive classes of image data are obtained by using SPIHT algorithm as an image coder. Irregular LDPC codes map the more important class of data into a higher degree protection class to provide more protection. Different degree protection classes of an LDPC code improves the overall performance of data transmission against channel errors. Simulation results show the superiority of irregular LDPC over regular LDPC codes.

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Glory, V., and S. Domnic. "Re-Ordered FEGC and Block Based FEGC for Inverted File Compression." International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.2013010105.

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Data compression has been widely used in many Information Retrieval based applications like web search engines, digital libraries, etc. to enable the retrieval of data to be faster. In these applications, universal codes (Elias codes (EC), Fibonacci code (FC), Rice code (RC), Extended Golomb code (EGC), Fast Extended Golomb code (FEGC) etc.) have been preferably used than statistical codes (Huffman codes, Arithmetic codes etc). Universal codes are easy to be constructed and decoded than statistical codes. In this paper, the authors have proposed two methods to construct universal codes based on the ideas used in Rice code and Fast Extended Golomb Code. One of the authors’ methods, Re-ordered FEGC, can be suitable to represent small, middle and large range integers where Rice code works well for small and middle range integers. It is also competing with FC, EGC and FEGC in representing small, middle and large range integers. But it could be faster in decoding than FC, EGC and FEGC. The authors’ another coder, Block based RFEGC, uses local divisor rather than global divisor to improve the performance (both compression and decompression) of RFEGC. To evaluate the performance of the authors’ coders, the authors have applied their methods to compress the integer values of the inverted files constructed from TREC, Wikipedia and FIRE collections. Experimental results show that their coders achieve better performance (both compression and decompression) for those files which contain significant distribution of middle and large range integers.

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Albagmi, Salem. "Impact of Inaccurate Clinical Coding on Financial Outcome: A Study in a local hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia." F1000Research 13 (July 22, 2024): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149154.1.

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Background Coding in medical procedures is crucial for patients, and errors made by hospital administration during the coding process can have an impact on both the financial results and the course of therapy. The present study aims to assess the accuracy of diagnostic and procedural codes as recorded by the hospital’s coders and to also evaluate their impact on the hospital’s revenue. Methods In a local hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia, a cross-sectional observational analysis was conducted on patients with a clinical coder. The percentage of precision and error following the re-coding of cases was calculated using a statistical analysis. Results Primary diagnosis was incorrectly coded in 57 (26 per cent) records, and secondary diagnosis was incorrectly coded in 21 (9.9 per cent) records. Inaccurate medical labelling has been seen in emergency rooms, operating rooms, and gynaecology facilities. Discussion The percentage of records with the most incorrect coding was found to be 16 (7.5 per cent) in the emergency room, 10 (4.7 per cent) in the surgical clinic, and 5 (2.3 per cent) in the gynaecology/OBS clinic. Six (2.8 per cent) records in the private clinic had inaccurate secondary diagnoses, followed by four (1.9 per cent) and two (1 per cent) records in nephrology. Conclusion The percentage of inaccurate clinical codes in primary diagnoses reached (26.8 per cent) and the percentage of incorrect clinical codes in secondary diagnoses reached (9.9 per cent).

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Ma, Shang-Chih. "Trellis-Coded Multilevel Coset Codes." IETE Journal of Research 65, no. 6 (April 9, 2018): 887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2018.1454346.

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Abdulla, Suha, Natalie Simon, Kelvin Woodhams, Carla Hayman, Mohamed Oumar, Lucy Rose Howroyd, and Gulshan Cindy Sethi. "Improving the quality of clinical coding and payments through student doctor–coder collaboration in a tertiary haematology department." BMJ Open Quality 9, no. 1 (March 2020): e000723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000723.

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Hospitals within the UK are paid for services provided by ‘Payment-by-Results’. In a system that rewards productivity, effective collaboration between coders and clinicians is crucial. However, clinical coding is frequently error prone and has been shown to impact negatively on departmental revenue. Our aim was to increase the median number of diagnostic codes per sickle cell inpatient admission at Guy’s Hospital by 3. Three interventions were implemented using the Plan, Do, Study, Act structure. This consisted of student doctors searching for diagnoses along with comorbidities that clinical coders had missed, distributing laminated cards with common clinical codes and implementing discharge pro formas. Through auditing, student doctors generated a total of £58 813 over 16 weeks. We observed an increase in the median number of codes by ≥2 additional codes. We improved coding accuracy where we identified errors in an average of 32.5% of admissions each month, improving the quality of patient documentation. We have demonstrated student doctor involvement in clinical coding as a potentially sustainable means of achieving accurate payment for services provided; increasing departmental revenue. We are the first to report the efficacy of student–coder collaboration in improving the accuracy of clinical coding.

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Ma, X., and L. Ping. "Coded Modulation Using Superimposed Binary Codes." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 50, no. 12 (December 2004): 3331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2004.838104.

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Robertson, P., and T. Wörz. "Coded modulation scheme employing turbo codes." Electronics Letters 31, no. 18 (August 31, 1995): 1546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19951064.

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Zhang, Yan, Feng-fan Yang, and Weijun Song. "Performance Analysis for Cooperative Communication System with QC-LDPC Codes Constructed with Integer Sequences." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/649814.

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This paper presents four different integer sequences to construct quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes with mathematical theory. The paper introduces the procedure of the coding principle and coding. Four different integer sequences constructing QC-LDPC code are compared with LDPC codes by using PEG algorithm, array codes, and the Mackey codes, respectively. Then, the integer sequence QC-LDPC codes are used in coded cooperative communication. Simulation results show that the integer sequence constructed QC-LDPC codes are effective, and overall performance is better than that of other types of LDPC codes in the coded cooperative communication. The performance of Dayan integer sequence constructed QC-LDPC is the most excellent performance.

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Syafrawati, Syafrawati, Rizanda Machmud, Prof Syed Mohammed Aljunid, and Rima Semiarty. "INCIDENCE AND ROOT CAUSE OF UPCODING IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE IN RURAL PROVINCE HOSPITAL IN INDONESIA." Asia Pacific Fraud Journal 5, no. 1 (June 20, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v5i1.135.

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Upcoding is one of important indicators of moral hazard and fraud in Social Health Insurance scheme. However, there seems to be little evidence about incidence of upcoding and how upcoding occurs in hospital, especially in rural province hospital. The objective of this study is to determine incidence and root cause of upcoding in the implementation of Social Health Insurance in Rural Province Hospital in Indonesia. The data used in this study were both qualitative and quantitative data (mixed method). Three hundred and sixty (360) inpatient medical records from six rural province hospitals were examined in this study. Diagnosis and procedure codes recorded in these medical records were re-coded by an independent senior coder (ISC). Codes from hospitals’ coders and codes from ISC were then re-grouped using INA-CBG casemix grouper to determine the casemix groups and the hospital tariffs. If the hospital tariff obtained by hospital coder is higher than that obtained by ISC, it is considered as upcoding. This qualitative study was conducted using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews in hospitals located in a rural province of Indonesia. In depth interview was held for two hospital directors and two officers from the Social Security Administrator (Indonesia: BadanPenyelenggaraJaminanSosial/BPJS), an agent that manages the Statutory Health Insurance (SHI). Six clinicians and six coders attended the FGD. We asked open-ended questions about their perceptions on upcoding in hospitals. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were then thematically analyzed. Upcoding cases were found in 11.9% (43/360) medical records. Upcoding cases were dominated by Deliveries Group 2.8% (10/360) and Female reproductive system Groups 1.7% (6/360). The potential loss of income due to upcoding was IDR 154.626.000 or 9% of hospital revenue. Appointment of non-medical doctors as internal verifiers, lack of clear coding guidelines, lack of training for doctors and coders, and poor coordination between hospital and BPJS to resolve coding disagreement were root causes of upcoding in hospital. Policies to prevent and manage upcoding should be urgently developed and implemented in the Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) program in Indonesia especially to prepare upcoding guidelines, enhance medical coding trainingregularly, increase number of coders and verification staff from medical background, and strengthen coordination for coding problem solving in hospital.

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Topalov, Vladislav, Iryna Tregubova, Mykola Severyn, and Iryna Hurklis. "Modification of chaotic interleaver for turbo codes with a change to the duffing equation and accounting for the distance spectrum of the code." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 9 (126) (December 21, 2023): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.292850.

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Various types of interleavers in turbo codes and their parameters affecting the efficiency of turbo codes are considered. It is noted that the type of interleaver directly affects the efficiency and error correcting of turbo codes. Also, the efficiency of turbo codes is influenced by the parameters of the minimum distance, the length of interleaver, and the distance spectrum of the code. A modification of the chaotic interleaver of turbo codes is proposed with the change of the equation to the Duffing and with examining the code's distance spectrum with the condition of increasing the code's distance between the code words with a small weight. The algorithm for modifying the chaotic interleaver with the Duffing equation and with examining the code's distance spectrum of turbo codes is presented. The characteristics of the modified chaotic interleaver with the Duffing equation and with examining the code's distance spectrum of turbo codes according to various parameters of turbo codes are given. This modification of the interleaver of turbo codes increased the minimum distance between elements for different lengths of the interleaver and polynomials of the turbo code by 10 % …33 %. Given this, there was an increase in the energy efficiency of the turbo codes by 0,05, …, 0,25 dB in comparison with a chaotic interleaver without modification at the same value of the bit error probability. When increasing the length of the modified chaotic interleaver with the Duffing equation and applying distance spectrum of the code the increasing the energy efficiency of the turbo code slows down compared to the chaotic interleaver without modification. The application scope of the modified chaotic interleaving with the Duffing equation and with examining the code's distance spectrum of turbo codes is the infocommunication channels for mobile, wired, and satellite communications

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Auli-Llinas, Francesc. "Fast and Efficient Entropy Coding Architectures for Massive Data Compression." Technologies 11, no. 5 (September 26, 2023): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies11050132.

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The compression of data is fundamental to alleviating the costs of transmitting and storing massive datasets employed in myriad fields of our society. Most compression systems employ an entropy coder in their coding pipeline to remove the redundancy of coded symbols. The entropy-coding stage needs to be efficient, to yield high compression ratios, and fast, to process large amounts of data rapidly. Despite their widespread use, entropy coders are commonly assessed for some particular scenario or coding system. This work provides a general framework to assess and optimize different entropy coders. First, the paper describes three main families of entropy coders, namely those based on variable-to-variable length codes (V2VLC), arithmetic coding (AC), and tabled asymmetric numeral systems (tANS). Then, a low-complexity architecture for the most representative coder(s) of each family is presented—more precisely, a general version of V2VLC, the MQ, M, and a fixed-length version of AC and two different implementations of tANS. These coders are evaluated under different coding conditions in terms of compression efficiency and computational throughput. The results obtained suggest that V2VLC and tANS achieve the highest compression ratios for most coding rates and that the AC coder that uses fixed-length codewords attains the highest throughput. The experimental evaluation discloses the advantages and shortcomings of each entropy-coding scheme, providing insights that may help to select this stage in forthcoming compression systems.

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Navarrete, Federico. "The Hidden Codes of the Codex Azcatitlan." Res: Anthropology and aesthetics 45 (March 2004): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/resv45n1ms20167625.

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Ganesan, G., and P. Stoica. "Achieving optimum coded diversity with scalar codes." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 47, no. 5 (July 2001): 2078–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.930946.

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Pittermann, Johannes, Michael Lentmaier, and Kamil Sh Zigangirov. "On coded modulation using LDPC convolutional codes." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 59, no. 4 (June 2005): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2004.11.022.

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Saifuddin, A., N. Kadowaki, R. Imai, H. Okazawa, and M. Yamamoto. "HDR satellite codec with concatenated multilevel codes." Electronics Letters 33, no. 6 (1997): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19970319.

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DeBell, Matthew. "Harder Than It Looks: Coding Political Knowledge on the ANES." Political Analysis 21, no. 4 (2013): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt010.

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Political knowledge research faces a problem, perhaps even a crisis. For two decades, the American National Election Studies asked open-ended questions about political knowledge and coded answers using procedures that are neither reliable nor replicable and that were never shown to be optimally valid. Consequently, conclusions based on these widely used measures of the public's competence are in doubt. This article presents several new and overdue methodological improvements: coding knowledge data using formal and specific coding rules based on a substantive rationale for the validity of the codes, recognizing partially correct answers, using multiple coders working independently, using machine coding, and testing reliability and validity. The new methods are an improvement because they are transparent and replicable and they produce valid and extremely reliable knowledge data. Further, machine coding produces codes nearly identical to those from a team of human coders, at much lower cost.

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Yen, Chih-Ta, Ing-Jr Ding, and Cheng-Mu Tsai. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL QUASI-ORTHOGONAL CODES OPTICAL CDMA FOR RADIO-OVER-FIBER SYSTEM." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 2013): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0031.

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An optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) network for radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmissions was proposed. The network encoders/decoders (codecs) were structured based on arrayed-waveguide-grating (AWG) routers coded using modified prime codes (MPCs). In the proposed system, the lower in-phase cross correlation could reduce the beating noise, and in the proposed study, its performance was compared with that of a conventional system that uses M-sequence and Walsh-Hadamard codes. The performance of both systems was numerically evaluated by analyzing the effect of phase-induced-intensity noise (PIIN). The results showed that the new code families that had lower cross correlation can suppress the intensity of the noise and effectively cancel out the multiple-access interference (MAI) in balanced detection processes, which improved system performance. By using the proposed MPC-coded OCDMA ROF network codecs, each network required only two AWG routers to accomplish the spectral coding of radio base stations (RBSs) and the decoding of control stations (CSs), resulting in a simple and low-cost system. Therefore, it is possible to produce interference- and crosstalk-free optical CDMA systems for RoF transmissions.

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HIRD, J. T., NAIHUAN JING, and ERNEST STITZINGER. "CODES AND SHIFTED CODES." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 22, no. 06 (August 31, 2012): 1250054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196712500543.

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The action of the Bernstein operators on Schur functions was given in terms of codes by Carrell and Goulden (2011) and extended to the analog in Schur Q-functions in our previous work. We define a new combinatorial model of extended codes and show that both of these results follow from a natural combinatorial relation induced on codes. The new algebraic structure provides a natural setting for Schur functions indexed by compositions.

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Lei, Guo Wei, Yuan An Liu, and Xue Fang Xiao. "Threaded Space Time Code Design for CPM with Joint Decoding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.847.

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In the letter, a system of continuous phase modulation (CPM) with threaded space time codes (TSTC) is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output systems. In the system, source bits are coded via outer coder of Reed Solomon (RS). The codeword of which is suitable for TSTC design. Then inner coder mainly converts binary symbols into M-ary symbols for purpose of CPM. At receiver, Joint soft decoding approach is considered. Finally simulation results are provided for VBLAST, DBLAST, and TSTC as comparison.

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Subotin, Michael, and Anthony R. Davis. "A method for modeling co-occurrence propensity of clinical codes with application to ICD-10-PCS auto-coding." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 5 (February 17, 2016): 866–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv201.

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Abstract Objective Natural language processing methods for medical auto-coding, or automatic generation of medical billing codes from electronic health records, generally assign each code independently of the others. They may thus assign codes for closely related procedures or diagnoses to the same document, even when they do not tend to occur together in practice, simply because the right choice can be difficult to infer from the clinical narrative. Methods We propose a method that injects awareness of the propensities for code co-occurrence into this process. First, a model is trained to estimate the conditional probability that one code is assigned by a human coder, given than another code is known to have been assigned to the same document. Then, at runtime, an iterative algorithm is used to apply this model to the output of an existing statistical auto-coder to modify the confidence scores of the codes. Results We tested this method in combination with a primary auto-coder for International Statistical Classification of Diseases-10 procedure codes, achieving a 12% relative improvement in F -score over the primary auto-coder baseline. The proposed method can be used, with appropriate features, in combination with any auto-coder that generates codes with different levels of confidence. Conclusions The promising results obtained for International Statistical Classification of Diseases-10 procedure codes suggest that the proposed method may have wider applications in auto-coding.

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Pasma, Annelieke, Adriaan van ’t Spijker, Jolanda J. Luime, Margot J. M. Walter, Jan J. V. Busschbach, and Johanna M. W. Hazes. "Facilitators and Barriers to Adherence in the Initiation Phase of Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drug (DMARD) Use in Patients with Arthritis Who Recently Started Their First DMARD Treatment." Journal of Rheumatology 42, no. 3 (December 15, 2014): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.140693.

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Objective.To explore themes associated with adherence in the initiation phase for first-time use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) in patients with inflammatory arthritis using focus groups and individual interviews.Methods.Thirty-three patients were interviewed in focus groups and individual interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and imported into ATLAS.ti software (Scientific Software Development GmbH). Responses that included reasons for adherence or nonadherence in the initiation phase were extracted and coded by 2 coders separately. The 2 coders conferred until consensus on the codes was achieved. Codes were classified into overarching themes.Results.Five themes emerged: (1) symptom severity, (2) experiences with medication, (3) perceptions about medication and the illness, (4) information about medication, and (5) communication style and trust in the rheumatologist.Conclusion.Perceptions about medication and the communication style with, and trust in, the rheumatologist were mentioned the most in relation to starting DMARD. The rheumatologist plays a crucial role in influencing adherence behavior by addressing perceptions about medication, providing information, and establishing trust in the treatment plan.

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Vorobchuk, Maria, and Kalina Pashkevych. "Digital Code as an Object Graphic Design for Dissemination and Promotion of Brand." Art History & Criticism 19, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mik-2023-0010.

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Summary The article reveals the features of the graphic language of coded information by identifying, systematizing, and combining QR-codes and AR-codes at the present stage of graphic design development. The analysis of coded information in different types of graphic design is presented: advertising, environmental, motion, print, packaging, set prop, web, mobile app, art, and illustration graphic design. The role of a graphic designer in the development of digital codes of various types for various fields of application is described. It is proved that the coded information is a trigger between the online and offline worlds. The article also reveals the importance of using coded information for the formation, development, and improvement of the brand.

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Alekseev, Maksim. "On Strengthening of Weak Algebraic Manipulation Detection Codes." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 6, no. 2 (April 2015): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2015040101.

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Algebraic manipulation detection codes were introduced in 2008 to protect data against a special type of its modification – an algebraic manipulation. There are three classes of codes: weak, strong and stronger ones. Weak codes detect only weak algebraic manipulations, while strong and stronger are capable to detect both weak and strong manipulations. In this paper, a method to transform codes from weak to stronger is described resulting in a construction of generalized robust codes. The proposed construction forms the second known family of stronger AMD codes. Codes provide simple procedures of error detectiona and correction, and allow using multi-code codec design that makes it applicable in fault-tolerant computing, storage and cryptographic devices.

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28

Bras-Amorós, Maria. "Algebraic-geometry codes, one-point codes, and evaluation codes." Designs, Codes and Cryptography 43, no. 2-3 (May 11, 2007): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10623-007-9074-5.

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Høholdt, Tom, Fernando Piñero, and Peng Zeng. "Optimal codes as Tanner codes with cyclic component codes." Designs, Codes and Cryptography 76, no. 1 (April 16, 2014): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10623-014-9962-4.

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Yen, Chih Ta, and Wen Bin Chen. "A Study of Modified Prime Codes Optical CDMA for Wired-Wireless System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2672.

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In this study, we propose optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) network for the radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmissions. The network encoder/decoders (codecs) are structured on the basis of arrayed-waveguide-grating (AWG) routers coded with modified prime codes (MPCs). Performances are numerically evaluated with the effect of phase-induced-intensity-noise (PIIN). It showed that the new code families with lower cross correlation can suppress the intensity noise and cancel out the multiple-access interference (MAI) in balanced detection process effectively and hence improve the system performance. By the proposed MPC-coded OCDMA ROF network codecs, each network requires only two AWG routers to accomplish spectral coding of radio base station (RBS) and decoding of control station (CS), thus, resulting in a simpler and lower cost system. It is possible to accomplish interference- and crosstalk-free optical CDMA system for RoF transmissions.

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31

Tehrani, David M., Chenghua Cao, Homin Kwark, and Susan S. Huang. "Estimated Burden of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in California Hospitals after Changes to Administrative Codes, 2005–2010." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 11 (November 2013): 1218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673444.

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We assess the impact of revised International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus burden in California hospitals. Codes were rapidly adopted, demonstrating new capture of colonization and continued relatively stable capture of infections. Nevertheless, despite new colonization codes, coded data demonstrated poor retention between serial hospitalizations.

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Bakri, Adil, Abderrahmane Amrouche, Mourad Abbas, and Lallouani Bouchakour. "Automatic Speech Recognition For Voip With Packet Loss Concealment." AL-Lisaniyyat 22, no. 2 (May 30, 2016): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.61850/allj.v22i2.376.

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This paper proposes a packet loss concealment (PLC) technique for increase the robustness of automatic speech recognition (ASR) of speech coded with the G729 codec, on the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Many of the standard ITU-T CELP based speech coders, such as the G.723.1, G.728, and G.729, model speech reproduction in their decoders. These decoders have enough state information to integrate PLC algorithms directly in the decoder, and are specified as part of their standards in particular by PLC based ITU-T G711 Appendix I. Speech is transmitted with source and channel codes optimized, this channel is simulated by two states Markov model to modeled loss packets. The objective of PLC based ITU-T G711 Appendix I is to generate a synthetic speech signal to cover missing data or loss packets in a received bit stream for the ASR application, i.e., to minimize word error rate.

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Murad, Mohsin, Imran A. Tasadduq, and Pablo Otero. "Coded-GFDM for Reliable Communication in Underwater Acoustic Channels." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072639.

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The performance of the coded generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) transceiver has been evaluated in a shallow underwater acoustic channel (UAC). Acoustic transmission is the scheme of choice for communication in UAC since radio waves suffer from absorption and light waves scatter. Although orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has found its ground for multicarrier acoustic underwater communication, it suffers from high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and out of band (OOB) emissions. We propose a coded-GFDM based multicarrier system since GFDM has a higher spectral efficiency compared to a traditional OFDM system. In doing so, we assess two block codes, namely Bose, Chaudari, and Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, and several convolutional codes. We present the error performances of these codes when used with GFDM. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of the proposed system using two equalizers: Matched Filter (MF) and Zero-Forcing (ZF). Simulation results show that among the various block coding schemes that we tested, BCH (31,6) and RS (15,3) give the best error performance. Among the convolutional codes that we tested, rate 1/4 convolutional codes give the best performance. However, the performance of BCH and RS codes is much better than the convolutional codes. Moreover, the performance of the ZF equalizer is marginally better than the MF equalizer. In conclusion, using the channel coding schemes with GFDM improves error performance manifolds thereby increasing the reliability of the GFDM system despite slightly higher complexity.

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Kerpez, K. J. "Runlength codes from source codes." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 37, no. 3 (May 1991): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.79932.

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Shalvi, Ofir, Naftali Sommer, and Meir Feder. "Signal Codes: Convolutional Lattice Codes." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 57, no. 8 (August 2011): 5203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2011.2158876.

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Cohnen, G., S. Encheva, S. Litsyn, and H. G. Schaathun. "Intersecting codes and separating codes." Discrete Applied Mathematics 128, no. 1 (May 2003): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-218x(02)00437-7.

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37

Softky, William R. "Simple codes versus efficient codes." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(95)80032-8.

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Hien, Ngo Thi, and Do Long Van. "Codes Induced by Alternative Codes." Acta Mathematica Vietnamica 43, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40306-018-0247-2.

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39

Ehrenfeucht, Andrzej, Joost Engelfriet, Paulien ten Pas, and Grzegorz Rozenberg. "GRAMMATICAL CODES OF TREES AND TERMINALLY CODED GRAMMARS." Fundamenta Informaticae 23, no. 1 (1995): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1995-2311.

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Ahd, Abdussalam Ibn, Hidehiko Tanabe, and Hiroyuki Umeda. "Low complexity coded modulation with codes over Zm." Journal of Communications and Networks 3, no. 2 (June 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcn.2001.6596854.

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41

Rimoldi, B., and Quinn Li. "Coded continuous phase modulation using ring convolutional codes." IEEE Transactions on Communications 43, no. 11 (1995): 2714–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.481222.

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Baro, S., G. Bauch, and A. Hansmann. "Improved codes for space-time trellis-coded modulation." IEEE Communications Letters 4, no. 1 (January 2000): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4234.823537.

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Morales-Moreno, F., W. Holubowicz, and S. Pasupathy. "Optimization of trellis coded TFM via matched codes." IEEE Transactions on Communications 42, no. 2/3/4 (February 1994): 1586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.1994.582851.

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Nygren, T., A. Huuskonen, and P. Pollari. "Alternating-coded multipulse codes for incoherent scatter experiments." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 58, no. 1-4 (January 1996): 465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00049-6.

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Jonoska, NataŠa, Kalpana Mahalingam, and Junghuei Chen. "Involution codes: with application to DNA coded languages." Natural Computing 4, no. 2 (June 2005): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11047-004-4009-9.

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Geng, Fu Quan, Zhi Gang Huang, Xuan Jie Ning, and Mao Fan Yang. "A Joint Improved Irregular Accumulate Concatenated Tree Coding and Frequency Hopping OFDM Modulation Scheme for Wireless Networks." Advanced Materials Research 902 (February 2014): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.902.364.

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Joint channel coding and spread spectrum modulation technologies bring to wireless networks the tremendous amount of performance improvement, the elimination, and the mitigation of interference. This paper proposes an improved design for irregular accumulate concatenated tree (IACT) codes, which can be viewed as simply precoded by an accumulator. This class of codes belongs to the special turbo-like codes, which combines the advantages of fast encoder structures of turbo codes, and the advantages of parallel high-speed belief-propagation (BP) iterative decoding algorithm of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The improved IACT codes can be coded via a Tanner graph. With these improved codes, we propose a joint IACT coding and frequency hopping orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (FH-OFDM) modulation scheme for wireless networks. We compare the performance of different coding bases such as the irregular concatenated tree (ICT) codes and turbo codes in the scheme by theoretical analysis and simulation. Numerical results are shown that the proposed scheme with these IACT codes has really good performance.

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47

Seligmann, Hervé. "Phylogeny of genetic codes and punctuation codes within genetic codes." Biosystems 129 (March 2015): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.01.003.

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48

Lei, Xinyu. "The Comparison of RS Codes, LDPC Codes, And Turbo Codes." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 81 (January 26, 2024): 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/8tn0ya36.

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Error correction codes have been widely used in various fields in recent years, including the communication field, storage field, digital media field, computer network field, and so on. In this paper, the development history of error correction codes is briefly summarized; and the principles and performance of three kinds of error correction control codes are systematically summarized starting from RS codes, LDPC codes, and Turbo codes. Three types of error correction codes are compared and analyzed in the field of wireless optical communication, and the error correction characteristics of different codes in three different weather conditions are compared and summarized for the applicable environments. The error correction codes are also compared in the field of aviation flight telemetry, and which codes are suitable for uplink and downlink telemetry in flight telemetry are summarized. At the same time, the paper provides an outlook on the future development trend of error correction codes.

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Et. al., Mrs Channaveeramma E. ,. "Performance Comparison of Turbo coder and low-density parity check codes." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 10 (April 28, 2021): 5898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i10.5408.

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Wireless communication systems will suffer from the noise introduced in the channels. Channel codes are the essential part of wireless communication systems which help in detection and correction of errors due to the noise introduced in the channel. Turbo codes and LDPC codes are the Forward Error Correction (FEC) channel coding techniques which have the error correcting capability near to Shannon codes along with improvement in transmission rate and energy efficiency.Turbo codes were introduced in 1993[1]. LDPC codes were discovered in 1960 by R.Galleger in his Ph.D dissertation at MIT.They became implementable, after the discovery of Turbo codes[2]. The satellite communications such as DVB-RCS, telecommunications such as 3G, 4G, Wireless metropolitan standards IEEE 802.16(WiMax) uses turbo codes[3]. G.hn/G.9960 (ITU-T standard for networking over power lines, phone lines and coaxial cable), 802.3 an(10GBps ethernet over twisted pair), CMMB(China multimedia mobile broadcasting), DVB-S2/DVB-T2/DVB-C2(Digital video broadcasting , second generation), DMB-T/H(Digital video broadcasting), Wimax(IEEE 802.16e standard for microwave communications), 802.11n-2009(wi-Fi standard) are the few standards where the LDPC codes are employed.[4]

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Rahayu, Ririn, Laela Indawati, Lily Widjaja, and Nanda Aula Rumana. "Tinjauan Ketepatan Kode Diagnosis Pada Kasus Bedah Pasien Rawat Inap di RSKD Duren Sawit." Cerdika: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 2, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/cerdika.v2i11.455.

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Based on Kenmenkes RI in 2014, it explains about coding which has the meaning as an activity of providing main diagnosis codes and secondary diagnoses in accordance with ICD-10 and providing procedure codes in accordance with ICD-9CM. Coding inaccuracies can affect the financing of health services, this study was conducted to see the accuracy of the main and secondary diagnosis codes of surgical cases of inpatients at Duren Sawit Hospital using descriptive research methods with a quantitative approach, namely writing aims to describe the results obtained on the accuracy of diagnosis codification. Informants in this study were inpatient coders at RSKD Duren Sawit, data collection in this study using interviews and observation methods. The results of this study indicate that the coding SPO uses the latest procedures based on an electronic system, the educational background of the coder at RSKD Duren Sawit has an important role in the quality of the correct code. The competence of the coder at RSKD Duren Sawit still has to undergo deeper learning, in the results of coding research on surgical cases of inpatients, it was found that the average dignosis code that had accuracy was 58 (63.74%) and 33 (36.26%) were inappropriate, and it was also found that the results of the accuracy of the secondary diagnosis were 84 (92.30%) and 7 (7.70%) were inappropriate. Based on the 4 characters, the inaccuracy occurred in the main diagnosis of the majority in the 4th character as many as 31 (34.7%). There are factors that become obstacles to the identification of 5M, namely the man factor, the lack of accuracy of doctors in inputting diagnoses and the lack of accuracy of officers in re-examining incorrect diagnosis codes and having to undergo learning related to coding more deeply for diagnosis coding officers who are not from academic graduates of medical records.

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