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1
Lichner, Ľ., and A. Čipáková. "Cadmium distribution coefficeints and Cd transport in structured soils." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 3 (2011): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4206-pse.
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In the case of cadmium transport via soil macropores, the short-term duration of an interaction between the reactive solute in aqueous phase and soil, as well as cadmium precipitation or adsorption on particles < 10–5 m should be taken into account. Two distribution coefficients are proposed for predicting the cadmium transport in a structured soil: the matrix distribution coefficient Kdm, equal to the equilibrium distribution coefficient Kdeq and estimated using the conventional batch technique, and the macropore distribution coefficient KdM, estimated using the modified batch technique. It was found that the conventional approach (using the coefficient Kdeq only) would underestimate a penetration of the part of Cd transported in the macropores about 255-times in the loamy-sand soil in Kalinkovo, 20-times in the loam soil in Macov, and 122-times in the clay soil in Jurová in comparison with the approach proposed in this study.
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Hitchon, W. N. G., C. D. Beidler, H. E. Mynick, and J. L. Shohet. "Ripple transport at low collision frequency." Journal of Plasma Physics 34, no. 2 (1985): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800002907.
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A new stellarator ripple-transport mechanism is predicted at the low collision frequencies characteristic of ions in a reactor plasma. A heuristic argument is used to derive an approximate diffusion coefficient whose magnitude, scaling and range of applicability agree well with the results of Monte Carlo calculations. The proposed diffusion coefficient is independent of collision frequency within its range of validity, which encompasses the parameters of most ions in a reactor. Its magnitude is smaller than previous estimates for the diffusion coefficient in this range, but larger than the diffusion coefficients in all other low-collision-frequency regimes. An explanation of the form of the diffusion coefficient is given in terms of analytic theory of ripple transport.
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Datta, S. K. "On the transport properties of simple liquids." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 2 (1986): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-038.
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Closed analytical expressions for the diffusion coefficient and shear-viscosity coefficient of dense, simple fluids characterized by the Lennard-Jones potential function have been obtained using the Weeks, Chandler, and Andersen criterion for the division of the pair potential. The expressions are then used to calculate these properties for some real fluids. The deviations between the estimated and measured values of the coefficients are attributed mostly to the approximate nature of the Kirkwood and Rice expressions for shear viscosity and the friction coefficient used to calculate those properties.
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Pokorski, Janusz, Hubert Sar, and Andrzej Reński. "INFLUENCE OF EXPLOITATION CONDITIONS ON ANTI-SKID PROPERTIES OF TYRES." Transport 34, no. 4 (2019): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.10426.
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Tyre-to-road adhesion plays an important role when taking into account transmission of forces between tyres and road surface. It consequently influences vehicle safety. Moreover, it plays a significant role for modelling vehicle motion, which is often applied in the development of automotive active safety systems and in traffic accidents reconstruction. Furthermore, tyre-to-road adhesion properties are dependent on many factors. One of the factors is the type of tyre – summer or winter. This is the reason why it is justified to study the anti-slip properties of summer and winter tyres. This paper shows the method of measuring tyre-to-road adhesion coefficient. It is based on a skid resistance tester SRT-4 that consists of a special dynamometer trailer, towing vehicle and test-measuring equipment. It was designed to be applied in civil/road engineering and further developed. As a result, the SRT-4 system automatically obtains adhesion characteristics, such as the graph of tyre-to-road adhesion coefficient as a function of wheel slip ratio and velocity characteristics of peak adhesion coefficient. Results of the study present the above mentioned characteristics for different types of tyres (summer, winter) in different exploitation conditions. Differences between presented characteristics caused by tyre type and conditions of exploitation are shown. For example, for winter tyres we noticed that the peak value of adhesion coefficient was attained for higher values of slip ratio as compared with summer tyres.
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Yamaguchi, Hiroki, Sanac-I. Itoh, Kazuaki Hanada, Tetsuyuki Kubota, and Shinichiro Toda. "Transport Coefficient and Heat Pulse Propagation." Fusion Technology 27, no. 3T (1995): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst95-a11947137.
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Petrache, Mircea, and Roger Züst. "Coefficient Groups Inducing Nonbranched Optimal Transport." Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 37, no. 4 (2018): 389–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/zaa/1620.
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Gupta, Sourendu. "A transport coefficient: the electrical conductivity." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 50 (November 1, 2006): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/50/1/063.
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Morgenstern, B., and M. Gering. "Transport coefficient in dissipative fluid dynamics." Physics Letters B 235, no. 1-2 (1990): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(90)90089-o.
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Nguyen, Tien-Quang, Maja Glorius, and Cornelia Breitkopf. "A New Approach to Determine Gas Diffusion Coefficients in Porous Solids by EIS: Application for NH3 and CO2 Adsorption on Zirconia and Zeolite Type 5A." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2018 (October 4, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5462659.
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A new theoretical approach has been established to define transport coefficients of charge and mass transport in porous materials directly from impedance data; thus four transport coefficients could be determined. In case of ammonia adsorption on sulfated zirconia, the diffusion coefficient was figured out to be approximately the mobility diffusion coefficient of ammonium ions: 1.2 x 10-7 cm2/s. The transport of carbon dioxide was examined for samples of zeolite type 5A in different hydration states. By impedance spectroscopy measurements, the diffusion coefficient of water vapor at 373 K is estimated to be about 7 x 10-6 cm2/s. The influence of carbon dioxide adsorption on diffusion coefficients is studied based on two pellet types of zeolite 5A. The difference between polar and non-polar gas adsorption in porous solids is considered as changed characteristic of impedance.
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Mrani, I., J. C. Be´net, and G. Fras. "Transport of Water in a Biconstituent Elastic Medium." Applied Mechanics Reviews 48, no. 10 (1995): 717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3005053.
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A phenomenological equation is established for water transport in a biconstituent, isotropic, isothermal elastic medium. The equation includes a term related to the water content gradient and a term related to the deformation gradient. It is shown that in the case of an infinite plate, the transport law can be similar to Fick’s law in which water flux is proportional to the water content gradient alone. The apparent transport coefficient then depends on the hygroscopic and rheological coefficients of the medium. Experimental analysis of the evolution of water content profiles of agar gel plates validates this transport law and makes it possible to deduce the variation in apparent transport coefficient according to water content. Transport coefficients associated with water content and deformation gradients and applicable to any geometrical features are deduced.
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Vogelsang, R., and C. Hoheisel. "Thermal transport coefficients including the Soret coefficient for various liquid Lennard-Jones mixtures." Physical Review A 38, no. 12 (1988): 6296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.38.6296.
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Ge, Xian-Hui, Hong-Qiang Leng, Li Qing Fang, and Guo-Hong Yang. "Transport Coefficients for Holographic Hydrodynamics at Finite Energy Scale." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/915312.
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We investigate the relations between black hole thermodynamics and holographic transport coefficients in this paper. The formulae for DC conductivity and diffusion coefficient are verified for electrically single-charged black holes. We examine the correctness of the proposed expressions by taking charged dilatonic and single-charged STU black holes as two concrete examples, and compute the flows of conductivity and diffusion coefficient by solving the linear order perturbation equations. We then check the consistence by evaluating the Brown-York tensor at a finite radial position. Finally, we find that the retarded Green functions for the shear modes can be expressed easily in terms of black hole thermodynamic quantities and transport coefficients.
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Roy, Ashis Kumar, Apu Kumar Saha, and Sudip Debnath. "Unsteady Convective Diffusion with Interphase Mass Transfer in Casson Liquid." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 62, no. 2 (2017): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.10328.
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This study aims to examine the dispersion of a passive contaminant of solute released in Casson liquid flow through a tube. The wall of the tube is taken to be chemically active where the flow is driven by the constant pressure gradient. To evaluate the transport coefficients, Aris-Barton’s Moment technique is considered, a finite difference implicit scheme is adopted to handle the differential equation arises in moment methodology. Also to confirm the results obtained by Aris-Barton’s method, the generalized dispersion model has been applied. Unlike the previous studies on dispersion in Casson liquid, the time-dependent behavior of the transport coefficients has been established. Some significant observations have been founded, e.g. exchange coefficient is independent of yield stress while the convection coefficient and dispersion coefficient are inversely proportional to yield stress. Results reveal that transport coefficients are enormously affected by wall absorption.
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Veliyulin, E., E. Shasha, A. Voronel, et al. "Universal transport coefficient behaviour in ionic melts." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 11, no. 45 (1999): 8773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/11/45/302.
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Waniewski, Jacek, Olof Heimbürger, Min Sun Park, Andrzej Werynski, and Bengt Lindholm. "Bidirectional Solute Transport in Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 14, no. 4 (1994): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089401400404.
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Objective Three transport components are involved in solute transport in peritoneal dialysis: diffusion, convective transport, and peritoneal reabsorption of dialysate (fluid and solutes). The relative impact of these components on measurable transport characteristics (dialysateto-plasma concentration ratio, diffusive mass transport coefficient, unidirectional clearances) may depend on the direction of solute transport, that is, from blood to dialysate or vice versa. The application of the bidirectional characteristics for the assessment of fluid and solute transport in peritoneal dialysis is reviewed and evaluated. Data Sources Theoretical analysis as well as computer simulations were applied to discuss available data from our own studies on peritoneal transport as well as from published clinical, experimental, and theoretical studies in the same field. Study Selection Thirty-three relevant clinical and experimental studies as well as theoretical analyses derived from the literature were reviewed. Data Extraction Data were extracted to highlight current controversies in the literature concerning the assessment of peritoneal reabsorption rate based on transport of macromolecules, middle molecules, and small solutes. Results Peritoneal reabsorption is the main component of the transport of macromolecules infused into the peritoneal cavity, and these solutes are currently being used for the assessment of the rate of reabsorption. In contrast, diffusive transport and peritoneal reabsorption cannot be experimentally discriminated for small solutes which exhibit negligible sieving through the membrane in convective transport (i.e., solutes with sieving coefficient equal to 1). For middle molecules each transport component may be of importance and may have an independent impact on bidirectional transport characteristics. Conclusions Middle molecules, with sieving coefficients substantially less than 1, may be applied for estimation of peritoneal reabsorption rate using bidirectional transport characteristics, as apparent diffusive mass transport coefficients or unidirectional clearances. However, an independent measurement of sieving coefficient is necessary for this method.
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Sanskrityayn, Abhishek, Heejun Suk, Jui-Sheng Chen, and Eungyu Park. "Generalized Analytical Solutions of The Advection-Dispersion Equation with Variable Flow and Transport Coefficients." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147796.
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Demand has increased for analytical solutions to determine the velocities and dispersion coefficients that describe solute transport with spatial, temporal, or spatiotemporal variations encountered in the field. However, few analytical solutions have considered spatially, temporally, or spatiotemporally dependent dispersion coefficients and velocities. The proposed solutions consider eight cases of dispersion coefficients and velocities: both spatially dependent, both spatiotemporally dependent, both temporally dependent, spatiotemporally dependent dispersion coefficient with spatially dependent velocity, temporally dependent dispersion coefficient with constant velocity, both constant, spatially dependent dispersion coefficient with spatiotemporally dependent velocity, and constant dispersion coefficient with temporally dependent velocity. The spatial dependence is linear, while the temporal dependence may be exponential, asymptotical, or sinusoidal. An advection–dispersion equation with these variable coefficients was reduced to a non-homogeneous diffusion equation using the pertinent coordinate transform method. Then, solutions were obtained in an infinite medium using Green’s function. The proposed analytical solutions were validated against existing analytical solutions or against numerical solutions when analytical solutions were unavailable. In this study, we showed that the proposed analytical solutions could be applied for various spatiotemporal patterns of both velocity and the dispersion coefficient, shedding light on feasibility of the proposed solution under highly transient flow in heterogeneous porous medium.
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Trang, Nguyen Thi Minh, Le Dinh Hong, and Vo Khac Tri. "AMMONIUM TRANSPORT EXPERIMENTS IN SOIL COLUMNS: ESTIMATING TRANSPORT PARAMETERS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 3 (2017): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/3/8688.
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Soluble contaminant transport into groundwater aquifers is one of the current practical problems occuring not only in Vietnam but also in many countries around the world. In this paper, according to the main objective of estimating the ammonium (NH4+) transport parameters in soil and groundwater aquifer of Con Son Island - District Con Dao, experiments with conservative tracers (sodium chlorides) and ammonium chlorides solution had been carried out on the Con Son soil columns. The transport parameters are estimated under supportting of software Hydrus 1D using the inverse parameter estimation method. Results of the experiments showed that dispersion coefficient, distribution coefficient and mass transfer coefficient characterized the ammonium transport process in the Con Son soil and aquifers are compatible with mechanical and physical properties of Con Son soil matrix and porous media.
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Buongiorno, J. "Convective Transport in Nanofluids." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 3 (2005): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2150834.
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Nanofluids are engineered colloids made of a base fluid and nanoparticles (1-100nm). Nanofluids have higher thermal conductivity and single-phase heat transfer coefficients than their base fluids. In particular, the heat transfer coefficient increases appear to go beyond the mere thermal-conductivity effect, and cannot be predicted by traditional pure-fluid correlations such as Dittus-Boelter’s. In the nanofluid literature this behavior is generally attributed to thermal dispersion and intensified turbulence, brought about by nanoparticle motion. To test the validity of this assumption, we have considered seven slip mechanisms that can produce a relative velocity between the nanoparticles and the base fluid. These are inertia, Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis, Magnus effect, fluid drainage, and gravity. We concluded that, of these seven, only Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are important slip mechanisms in nanofluids. Based on this finding, we developed a two-component four-equation nonhomogeneous equilibrium model for mass, momentum, and heat transport in nanofluids. A nondimensional analysis of the equations suggests that energy transfer by nanoparticle dispersion is negligible, and thus cannot explain the abnormal heat transfer coefficient increases. Furthermore, a comparison of the nanoparticle and turbulent eddy time and length scales clearly indicates that the nanoparticles move homogeneously with the fluid in the presence of turbulent eddies, so an effect on turbulence intensity is also doubtful. Thus, we propose an alternative explanation for the abnormal heat transfer coefficient increases: the nanofluid properties may vary significantly within the boundary layer because of the effect of the temperature gradient and thermophoresis. For a heated fluid, these effects can result in a significant decrease of viscosity within the boundary layer, thus leading to heat transfer enhancement. A correlation structure that captures these effects is proposed.
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Abd El Fattah, Ahmed, Ibrahim Al-Duais, Kyle Riding, Michael Thomas, Salah Al-Dulaijan, and Mesfer Al-Zahrani. "Field Validation of Concrete Transport Property Measurement Methods." Materials 13, no. 5 (2020): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051166.
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Reinforcing steel corrosion, caused by chloride ingress into concrete, is the leading cause of reinforced concrete deterioration. One of the main findings in the literature for reducing chloride ingress is the improvement of the durability characteristics of concrete by the addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and/or chemical agents to concrete mixtures. In this study, standard ASTM tests—such as rapid chloride permeability (RCPT), bulk diffusion and sorptivity tests—were used to measure concrete properties such as porosity, sorptivity, salt diffusion, and permeability. Eight different mixtures, prepared with different SCMs and corrosion inhibitors, were tested. Apparent and effective chloride diffusion coefficients were calculated using bound chloride isotherms and time-dependent decrease in diffusion. Diffusion coefficients decreased with time, especially with the addition of SCMs and corrosion inhibitors. The apparent diffusion coefficient calculated using the error function was slightly lower than the effective diffusion coefficient; however, there was a linear trend between the two. The formation factor was found to correlate with the effective diffusion coefficient. The results of the laboratory tests were compared and benchmarked to their counterparts in the marine exposure site in the Arabian Gulf in order to identify laboratory key tests to predict concrete durability. The overall performance of concrete containing SCMs, especially fly ash, were the best among the other mixtures in the laboratory and the field.
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Guo, Dong, Jinbao Zhao, Yi Xu, et al. "THE IMPACT OF DRIVING CONDITIONS ON LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN REAL-WORLD DRIVING." Transport 35, no. 4 (2020): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12168.
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To accurately estimate the effect of driving conditions on vehicle emissions, an on-road light-duty vehicle emission platform was established based on OEM-2100TM, and each second data of mass emission rate corresponding to the driving conditions were obtained through an on-road test. The mass emission rate was closely related to the velocity and acceleration in real-world driving. This study shows that a high velocity and acceleration led to high real-world emissions. The vehicle emissions were the minimum when the velocity ranged from 30 to 50 km/h and the acceleration was less than 0.5 m/s2. Microscopic emission models were established based the on-road test, and single regression models were constructed based on velocity and acceleration separately. Binary regression and neural network models were established based on the joint distribution of velocity and acceleration. Comparative analysis of the accuracy of prediction and evaluation under different emission models, total error, second-based error, related coefficient, and sum of squared error were considered as evaluation indexes to validate different models. The results show that the three established emission models can be used to make relatively accurate prediction of vehicle emission on actual roads. The velocity regression model can be easily combined with traffic simulation models because of its simple parameters. However, the application of neural network model is limited by a complex coefficient matrix.
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Baltrėnaitė, Edita, and Donatas Butkus. "MODELLING OF CU, NI, ZN, MN AND PB TRANSPORT FROM SOIL TO SEEDLINGS OF CONIFEROUS AND LEAFY TREES." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 15, no. 4 (2007): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2007.9636931.
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Transport of trace metals (TMs) from the soil to a plant involves chemical, physical and biological processes (such as diffusion, adsorption, absorption, growth of a plant, transpiration rate, etc.) in the soil, the soil rhizosphere and in the plant itself. Because of the complexity of these processes and external factors (e.g. weather conditions, biotic factors, type of substrate, etc.) the processes are difficult to describe by mathematical formulas. Modelling of TMs transport to plants is even more complex than that of organic contaminants because, contrary to organic contaminants, TMs are essential for plant growth, metabolism, enzyme activity, etc. The octanol‐water partitioning coefficient for TMs in plants gives only limited information about their accumulation, therefore, other coefficients, such as bioconcentration and translocation coefficients, must be incorporated. The aim of this work was to simulate transport of TMs (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Mn) from the soil to tree seedlings by adapting a generalized model of contaminant uptake by plants. The model applied for transport of TMs from the soil to trees was created by Hung and Muckay. When employing this model for modelling transport of TMs from the soil, amended with industrial sewage sludge, to seedlings of coniferous and leafy trees, some adjustments were made by evaluating the equilibrium partitioning coefficient of TMs between octanol and water (Kow); by introducing the equilibrium partitioning coefficient of TMs in the soil and water (K d ), which depends on the soil pH and the amount of organic matter; by introducing the coefficient (KT) of TMs solubility in water as well as by introducing corrective coefficients. When using the Hung and Muckay's model of the transport of trace metals from the soil to tree seedlings, the results of modelling differed approximately by 6 % in leaves, 5 % in the stem and 8 % in roots as compared with those of measurements.
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Leaist, DG. "Proton-Coupled Transport of Ammonia in Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 2 (1985): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9850249.
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Ternary diffusion in aqueous ammonia + hydrochloric acid solutions has been measured at 25°C. It is shown that the transport coefficients can be successfully predicted from the mobilities of H+, Cl -, NH4+, and un- ionized ammonia species present in the solutions. When an ammonia concentration gradient is prepared in a solution containing excess acid, the region of the solution with the higher ammonia concentration is depleted in H+ by formation of ammonium ion: NH3+H+ ↔ NH4+. As highly mobile H+ diffuses up the ammonia gradient, there is counterflow of NH4+ in order to maintain electroneutrality . This mechanism leads to rapid diffusion of the ammonia component as NH4+. Binary diffusion coefficients of aqueous ammonia have also been measured. Extrapolation gives 2.08(�0.01) × 10-2m2 s-1 for the limiting diffusion coefficient of un-ionized ammonia, a value 6% greater than the limiting diffusion coefficient of the ammonium ion.
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STRATING, P., and F. W. WIEGEL. "TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS FOR RIGID STAR-LIKE POLYMERS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 08, no. 08 (1994): 1081–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979294000531.
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In this paper, we calculate the rotational and translational diffusion coefficient for a star-like molecule and the shear viscosity for a dilute suspension of these molecules, starting from the Debye-Brinkman equation. For this type of molecules, the calculations can be done exactly, providing reliable insight into draining effects. We also derive simple approximate formulas for the transport coefficients valid in the relevant parameter regime.
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Geyler, V. A., I. Yu Popov, and S. L. Popova. "Transmission coefficient for ballistic transport through quantum resonator." Reports on Mathematical Physics 40, no. 3 (1997): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4877(97)85902-2.
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Sahni, D. C., E. B. Dahl, and N. G. Sjöstrand. "Diffusion coefficient for photon transport in turbid media." Physics in Medicine and Biology 48, no. 23 (2003): 3969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/48/23/012.
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Navrátil, J., P. Lošťák, and J. Horák. "Transport Coefficient of Gallium-doped Bi2Te3 Single Crystals." Crystal Research and Technology 26, no. 6 (1991): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170260603.
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Salter, M., R. G. Knowles, and C. I. Pogson. "Quantification of the importance of individual steps in the control of aromatic amino acid metabolism." Biochemical Journal 234, no. 3 (1986): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2340635.
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The quantitative importance of the individual steps of aromatic amino acid metabolism in rat liver was determined by calculation of the respective Control Coefficients (Strengths). The Control Coefficient of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase for tryptophan degradation was determined in a variety of physiological conditions and with a range of activities of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. The Control Coefficient varied from 0.75 with basal enzyme activity to 0.25 after maximal induction of the enzyme by dexamethasone. The remainder of the control for tryptophan degradation was associated with the transport of the amino acid across the plasma membrane, with only very small contributions from kynureninase and kynurenine hydroxylase. The Control Coefficients of tyrosine aminotransferase for tyrosine degradation were approx. 0.70 and 0.20 with basal and dexamethasone-induced tyrosine aminotransferase activities respectively; the Control Coefficients of the transport of the amino acid into the cell were 0.22 and 0.58 respectively. Phenylalanine hydroxylase was found to have a Control Coefficient for the degradation of phenylalanine of approx. 0.50 under conditions of basal enzyme activity; after maximal activation by glucagon, the Control Coefficient decreased to 0.12. The transport of phenylalanine was responsible for the remaining control in the pathway. These results have important implications, directly for the regulation of aromatic amino acid metabolism in the liver, and indirectly for the regulation of neuroamine synthesis in the brain.
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Nagy, Endre, and Márta Vitai. "Analysis of Mass Transport through Anisotropic, Catalytic/Bio-Catalytic Membrane Reactors." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (2019): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040358.
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This paper investigated the steady-state mass transport process through anisotropic, composite membrane layers with variable mass transport coefficients, such as the diffusion coefficient, convective velocity, or chemical/biochemical reaction rate constant. The transfer processes can be a solution-diffusion model or diffusive plus convective process. In the theoretical part, the concentration distribution as well as the inlet and outlet mass transfer rates’ expressions are defined for physical transport processes with variable diffusion or solubility coefficients and then that for transport processes accompanied by first- and zero-order reactions, in the presence of diffusive and convective flow, with constant and variable parameters. The variation of the transport parameters as a function of the local coordinate was defined by linear equations. It was shown that the increasing diffusion coefficient or convective flow induces much lower concentrations across the membrane layer than transport processes, with their decreasing values a function of the space coordinate. Accordingly, this can strongly affect the effect of the concentration dependent chemical/biochemical reaction. The inlet mass transfer rate can also be mostly higher when the transport parameter decreases across the anisotropic membrane layer.
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Batko, Kornelia M., Andrzej Ślęzak, Sławomir Grzegorczyn, and Wioletta M. Bajdur. "The Rr Form of the Kedem–Katchalsky–Peusner Model Equations for Description of the Membrane Transport in Concentration Polarization Conditions." Entropy 22, no. 8 (2020): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22080857.
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The paper presents the Rr matrix form of Kedem–Katchalsky–Peusner equations for membrane transport of the non-homogeneous ternary non-electrolyte solutions. Peusner’s coefficients Rijr and det [Rr] (i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3}, r = A, B) occurring in these equations, were calculated for Nephrophan biomembrane, glucose in aqueous ethanol solutions and two different settings of the solutions relative to the horizontally oriented membrane for concentration polarization conditions or homogeneity of solutions. Kedem–Katchalsky coefficients, measured for homogeneous and non-homogeneous solutions, were used for the calculations. The calculated Peusner’s coefficients for homogeneous solutions depend linearly, and for non-homogeneous solutions non-linearly on the concentrations of solutes. The concentration dependences of the coefficients Rijr and det [Rr] indicate a characteristic glucose concentration of 9.24 mol/m3 (at a fixed ethanol concentration) in which the obtained curves for Configurations A and B intersect. At this point, the density of solutions in the upper and lower membrane chamber are the same. Peusner’s coefficients were used to assess the effect of concentration polarization and free convection on membrane transport (the ξij coefficient), determine the degree of coupling (the rijr coefficient) and coupling parameter (the QRr coefficient) and energy conversion efficiency (the (eijr)r coefficient).
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Liu, Zizhong, and Hamid Emami-Meybodi. "Diffusion-Based Modeling of Gas Transport in Organic-Rich Ultratight Reservoirs." SPE Journal 26, no. 02 (2021): 857–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201393-pa.
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Summary The complex pore structure and storage mechanism of organic-rich ultratight reservoirs make the hydrocarbon transport within these reservoirs complicated and significantly different from conventional oil and gas reservoirs. A substantial fraction of pore volume in the ultratight matrix consists of nanopores in which the notion of viscous flow may become irrelevant. Instead, multiple transport and storage mechanisms should be considered to model fluid transport within the shale matrix, including molecular diffusion, Knudsen diffusion, surface diffusion, and sorption. This paper presents a diffusion-based semianalytical model for a single-component gas transport within an infinite-acting organic-rich ultratight matrix. The model treats free and sorbed gas as two phases coexisting in nanopores. The overall mass conservation equation for both phases is transformed into one governing equation solely on the basis of the concentration (density) of the free phase. As a result, the partial differential equation (PDE) governing the overall mass transport carries two newly defined nonlinear terms; namely, effective diffusion coefficient, De, and capacity factor, Φ. The De term accounts for the molecular, Knudsen, and surface diffusion coefficients, and the Φ term considers the mass exchange between free and sorbed phases under sorption equilibrium condition. Furthermore, the ratio of De/Φ is recognized as an apparent diffusion coefficient Da, which is a function of free phase concentration. The nonlinear PDE is solved by applying a piecewise-constant-coefficient technique that divides the domain under consideration into an arbitrary number of subdomains. Each subdomain is assigned with a constant Da. The diffusion-based model is validated against numerical simulation. The model is then used to investigate the impact of surface and Knudsen diffusion coefficients, porosity, and adsorption capacity on gas transport within the ultratight formation. Further, the model is used to study gas transport and production from the Barnett, Marcellus, and New Albany shales. The results show that surface diffusion significantly contributes to gas production in shales with large values of surface diffusion coefficient and adsorption capacity and small values of Knudsen diffusion coefficient and total porosity. Thus, neglecting surface diffusion in organic-rich shales may result in the underestimation of gas production.
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Cho, Kyung Hwa, Seungwon Lee, Young Sik Ham, et al. "A new methodology for determining dispersion coefficient using ordinary and partial differential transport equations." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 11 (2009): 2197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.259.
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The present study proposes a methodology for determining the effective dispersion coefficient based on the field measurements performed in Gwangju (GJ) Creek in South Korea which is environmentally degraded by the artificial interferences such as weirs and culverts. Many previous works determining the dispersion coefficient were limited in application due to the complexity and artificial interferences in natural stream. Therefore, the sequential combination of N-Tank-In-Series (NTIS) model and Advection-Dispersion-Reaction (ADR) model was proposed for evaluating dispersion process in complex stream channel in this study. The series of water quality data were intensively monitored in the field to determine the effective dispersion coefficient of E. coli in rainy day. As a result, the suggested methodology reasonably estimates the dispersion coefficient for GJ Creek with 1.25 m2/s. Also, the sequential combined method provided Number of tank-Velocity-Dispersion coefficient (NVD) curves for convenient evaluation of dispersion coefficient of other rivers or streams. Comparing the previous studies, the present methodology is quite general and simple for determining the effective dispersion coefficients which are applicable for other rivers and streams.
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Umadevi, B., Dinesh P.A., Indira R. Rao, and Vinay C.V. "The Effect of Particle Drag and Wall Absorption on Mass Transfer in Concentric Annulus Flows." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 10, no. 1 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.18.1.
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The effects of the irreversible boundary reaction and the particle drag on mass transfer are studied analytically in concentric annulus flows. The solution of mathematical model, based on the generalized dispersion model brings out the mass transport following by the insertion of catheter on an artery in terms of the three effective transport coefficients, viz., the exchange, convection and diffusion coefficient. A general expression is derived which shows clearly the time dependent nature of the coefficients in the dispersive model. The complete time dependent expression for the exchange coefficient is obtained explicitly and independent of velocity distribution in the flow; however it does depend on the initial solute distribution. Because of the complexity of the problem only asymptotic large time evaluations are made for the convective and diffusion coefficients, but these are sufficient to give the physical insight into the nature of the problem of the effects of drag and absorption parameters. It is found that as absorption parameter increases exchange and convection coefficients will be enhanced, but diffusion coefficient will be reduced. After certain period of time exchange coefficient will be constant for different values annular gap. As the drag parameter increases convection and diffusion coefficients will be reduced. With the enhancement of catheter radius i.e., the annular gap will be reduced then the convection and diffusion coefficients will be decreased.
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Anderson, Johan, Sara Moradi, and Tariq Rafiq. "Non-Linear Langevin and Fractional Fokker–Planck Equations for Anomalous Diffusion by Lévy Stable Processes." Entropy 20, no. 10 (2018): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20100760.
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The numerical solutions to a non-linear Fractional Fokker–Planck (FFP) equation are studied estimating the generalized diffusion coefficients. The aim is to model anomalous diffusion using an FFP description with fractional velocity derivatives and Langevin dynamics where Lévy fluctuations are introduced to model the effect of non-local transport due to fractional diffusion in velocity space. Distribution functions are found using numerical means for varying degrees of fractionality of the stable Lévy distribution as solutions to the FFP equation. The statistical properties of the distribution functions are assessed by a generalized normalized expectation measure and entropy and modified transport coefficient. The transport coefficient significantly increases with decreasing fractality which is corroborated by analysis of experimental data.
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Trounson, Mary E., John R. McLaughlin, and Peter W. Robinson. "Surfactant Solution Transport in Wool Yarn." Textile Research Journal 58, no. 8 (1988): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800805.
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Surfactant solution transport rates were measured on wool yarn scoured or otherwise treated with various nonylphenol poly(ethylene oxide) (NPEO) surfactants or with the sodium salt of dioctyl sulfosuccinate. The EO chain length of the NPEO used to scour the yarn had a significant effect on the diffusivity coefficient, although not on the residual contaminant level or the color. Surfactants applied as prewetting or rewetting agents increased the diffusivity coefficients. Prewetting gives the faster solution transport rates, and the temperature of application and the wet add-on are important. The effectiveness of a rewetting agent is related to its rate of solution.
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ZHANG, Y., and J. L. XIAO. "ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF A FOUR-TERMINAL MESOSCOPIC STRUCTURE WITH A RING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 25 (2007): 4351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207037831.
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In this paper, the electronic transport properties of a four-terminal mesoscopic structure with a ring are studied by quantum waveguide theory. We show that the transmission coefficients of the three outgoing exits oscillate periodically with the distance between nodes and the magnetic flux threading the loop, and they share a common periodicity. However, there are differences in the magnitude and the position of their peaks. The transmission coefficient of the outgoing exit nearest to the incident port accounts for the greatest contribution to the total transmission coefficient.
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Zyryanov, Vladimir, and Оlga Bulatova. "Elasticity coefficient for forecasting of the developing alternative routes results." MATEC Web of Conferences 334 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133401008.
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This article represents the methodology of the transport flows elasticity in condition of two alternative routes. The planning of alternative routes demands the methodology of transport flows elasticity. As an example was taken one of the routes in Rostov-on-Don (Russia). A transport tunnel as alternative route was offered to redistribute transport flows. To assume transport flows behavior the elasticity coefficient was calculated. It showed the effect of tunnel implementation. Considering coefficient gives a clear idea if the implementation alternative route is efficient.
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Sato, Haruo. "Isotropic scattering coefficient of the solid earth." Geophysical Journal International 218, no. 3 (2019): 2079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz266.
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SUMMARY The isotropic scattering model is a simple mathematical model of the radiative transfer theory (RTT) for the propagation of the wave energy density in random media. There have been many measurements of the isotropic scattering coefficient of the heterogeneous solid earth medium, where the target region varies from the lower and upper mantle, the crust, sediments, volcanoes, mines, rock samples and also the crust and the upper mantle of the moon. Reported isotropic scattering coefficients increase according to some power of frequency with some scatter. We know that the RTT is well approximated by the diffusion equation in the multiple scattering regime, where the equipartition is established. Then, the transport scattering coefficient effectively functions as an isotropic scattering coefficient even if the scattering coefficient derived by the Born approximation for the random velocity fluctuation is anisotropic. Recent review of the power spectral density functions of random velocity fluctuations in the solid earth revealed from various kinds of measurements shows that their spectral envelope is well approximated by the inverse cube of wavenumber for a wide range of wavenumbers (Sato, 2019). The transport scattering coefficient derived from the spectral envelope linearly increases with frequency, which well explains the observed isotropic scattering coefficients for a wide range of frequencies. However, some reported isotropic scattering coefficients show unusual behaviour: the isotropic scattering coefficient increases as depth decreases in the crust and the upper mantle of the earth and the moon, those beneath volcanoes are larger than those in the lithosphere, and that in a sandstone sample with a large porosity is larger than that in a gabbro sample with little porosity. Those differences may suggest possible scattering contribution of pores and cracks widely distributed in addition to the scattering by random velocity fluctuations.
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Talukdar, S., Bimlesh Kumar, and S. Dutta. "Predictive Capability of Bedload Equations Using Flume Data." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 60, no. 1 (2012): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-012-0004-5.
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Predictive Capability of Bedload Equations Using Flume DataThe study on bedload transport behaviour is widely explored from the last few decades and many semiempirical or empirical equilibrium transport equations are developed. The phenomenon is a very complex due to its varied physical properties like velocity, depth, slope, particle size in the alluvial system. In practical applications, these formulae have appreciable deviation from each other in derivation and also their ranges of applications are different. Here, bedload transports have been categorized into moderate bedload transport and intense bedload transport depending upon the Einstein bedload transport parameter. Based on large database of different bedload measurements, a comparative analysis has been performed to ascertain prediction ability of different bedload equations based on various statistical criteria such as the coefficient of determination, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and index of agreement. It has been found that equations based on shear stress have worked better than other approaches (discharge, probabilistic and regression) for flume observations.
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Salleh, Faiz, Takuro Oda, Yuhei Suzuki, Yoshinari Kamakura, and Hiroya Ikeda. "Seebeck Coefficient of SOI Layer Induced by Phonon Transport." Makara Journal of Technology 19, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/mst.v19i1.3022.
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Godoy, Salvador, and L. S. Garcı́a-Colı́n. "Compatibility of Landauer diffusion coefficient with classical transport theory." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 268, no. 1-2 (1999): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(99)00045-x.
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Karalashvili, Maka, Sven Groß, Wolfgang Marquardt, Adel Mhamdi, and Arnold Reusken. "Identification of Transport Coefficient Models in Convection-Diffusion Equations." SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 33, no. 1 (2011): 303–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/09077360x.
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Snider, R. F., G. W. Wei, and J. G. Muga. "Moderately dense gas quantum kinetic theory: Transport coefficient expressions." Journal of Chemical Physics 105, no. 8 (1996): 3066–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.472176.
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Ronco, C., A. Brendolan, L. Bragantini, et al. "Solute and Water Transport during Continuous Arteriovenous Hemofiltration (CAVH)." International Journal of Artificial Organs 10, no. 3 (1987): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139888701000309.
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The transport mechanisms governing solvent and solute removal during CAVH were elucidated on the basis of in vitro and in vivo observations. Using a typical hemofilter (Diafilter D-20, AMICON), filtration rate rose with inlet blood flow rate until an asymptote was reached at blood flows of approximately 150 ml/min. The onset of the asymptote coincided with transition from a regime controlled by oncotic pressure (filtration pressure equilibrium), to one governed by simple Darcy's law filtration behaviour. Subsequent measurements showed that under clinical conditions, CAVH is generally in the pre-asymptotic regime and operates at filtration pressure equilibrium. These observations offer the theoretical bases for a new design for CAVH hemofilters. As a possible corollary, middle-molecule sieving coefficients were found to be stable with time during CAVH in vivo, whereas in chronic mechanical hemofiltration they declined significantly during clinical treatment. The sieving coefficients, however, were lower in mechanical hemofiltration from the beginning of the session. These observations suggest that the measured sieving coefficient for a membrane is not necessarily a constant directly and solely related to the membrane standard reflection coefficient for a given solute. Concentration polarization and the ultrafiltration rate per unit of surface area may in fact have a major effect on the final concentration of solutes in the ultrafiltrate.
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Sudorgin, S. A., and N. G. Lebedev. "Temperature dependence of carbon nanoparticles transport characteristics." Вестник Пермского университета. Физика, no. 3 (2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-3598-2020-3-24-30.
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Technique for calculating the temperature dependences of transport characteristics of different carbon nanoparticles: single-walled nanotubes, graphene, bilayer graphene in a constant external electric field is proposed. Formulas for conductivity and the diffusion coefficient of electrons in carbon nanostructures obtained analytically and analyzed numerically. Conductivity in single-walled and bilayer carbon nanostructures decreases with increasing temperature. The electrical conductivity of carbon nanoparticles depends nonlinearly on the amplitude of the external constant electric field for various temperatures. With increasing temperature, the coefficient of conductivity decreases. The diffusion coefficient of electrons is independent of temperature for both single-layer and bilayer nanoparticles. A nonlinear dependence of the electron diffusion coefficient on the strength of an external constant electric field is shown. Physical justification of the obtained dependences is propose.
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Vlasov, M. N., and M. C. Kelley. "Specific features of eddy turbulence in the turbopause region." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 4 (2014): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-431-2014.
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Abstract. The turbopause region is characterized by transition from the mean molecular mass (constant with altitude) to the mean mass (dependent on altitude). The former is provided by eddy turbulence, and the latter is induced by molecular diffusion. Competition between these processes provides the transition from the homosphere to the heterosphere. The turbopause altitude can be defined by equalizing the eddy and molecular diffusion coefficients and can be located in the upper mesosphere or the lower thermosphere. The height distributions of chemical inert gases very clearly demonstrate the transition from turbulent mixing to the diffusive separation of these gases. Using the height distributions of the chemical inert constituents He, Ar, and N2 given by the MSIS-E-90 model and the continuity equations, the height distribution of the eddy diffusion coefficient in the turbopause region can be inferred. The eddy diffusion coefficient always strongly reduces in the turbopause region. According to our results, eddy turbulence above its peak always cools the atmosphere. However, the cooling rates calculated with the eddy heat transport coefficient equaled to the eddy diffusion coefficient were found to be much larger than the cooling rates corresponding to the neutral temperatures given by the MSIS-E-90 model. The same results were obtained for the eddy diffusion coefficients inferred from different experimental data. The main cause of this large cooling is the very steep negative gradient of the eddy heat transport coefficient, which is equal to the eddy diffusion coefficient if uniform turbulence takes place in the turbopause region. Analysis of wind shear shows that localized turbulence can develop in the turbopause region. In this case, eddy heat transport is not so effective and the strong discrepancy between cooling induced by eddy turbulence and cooling corresponding to the temperature given by the MSIS-E-90 model can be removed.
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Courtois, Peggy, Rammile Ettelaie, and Jianshe Chen. "Numerical Studies of Transport Properties in Heterogeneous Food Systems." Applied Rheology 16, no. 5 (2006): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2006-0020.
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Abstract The current computer simulation based study aims to elucidate the complex role that the state of aggregation and morphology of the food materials plays in determining their transport behaviour. Using Brownian dynamic simulations, applied to colloidal systems, we simulate the compression of two different dense layers of nanoparticles (with reversible and irreversible bonds), at interface, at three different compression rates. We determine the desired transport coefficient for these structures using a novel technique, originally proposed by Torquato and Kim (1990). This method allows us to consider complex structures in our study, for which calculations of effective transport coefficients using conventional methods, like finite elements and finite difference, would be relatively difficult. We first validate our algorithm by comparing its results with those of exact calculations, for different regular lattices. Our results are in excellent agreement with the theory. The variation in the transport coefficient of nano-particle monolayers during the compression, are also correlated with the build up of stress and changes in the structure of the films.
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Kjelstrup, S., S. A. Ghoreishian Amiri, B. Loranger, H. Gao, and G. Grimstad. "Transport coefficients and pressure conditions for growth of ice lens in frozen soil." Acta Geotechnica 16, no. 7 (2021): 2231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01158-0.
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AbstractIn this paper, the transport of sub-cooled water across a partially frozen soil matrix (frozen fringe) caused by a temperature difference over the fringe, is described using non-equilibrium thermodynamics. A set of coupled transport equations of heat and mass is presented; implying that, in the frozen fringe, both driving forces of pressure and temperature gradients simultaneously contribute to transport of water and heat. The temperature-gradient-induced water flow is the main source of frost heave phenomenon that feeds the growing ice lens. It is shown that three measurable transport coefficients are adequate to model the process; permeability (also called hydraulic conductivity), thermal conductivity and a cross coupling coefficient that may be named thermodynamic frost heave coefficient. Thus, no ad hoc parameterizations are required. The definition and experimental determination of the transport coefficients are extensively discussed in the paper. The maximum pressure that is needed to stop the growth of an ice lens, called the maximum frost heave pressure, is predicted by the proposed model. Numerical results for corresponding temperature and pressure profiles are computed using available data sets from the literature. Frost heave rates are also computed and compared with the experimental results, and reasonable agreement is achieved.
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Perko, Janez, and Ravi A. Patel. "Diffusion velocity lattice Boltzmann formulation applied to transport in macroscopic porous media." International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, no. 12 (2014): 1441006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918311441006x.
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This paper describes the application of a single relaxation time (SRT) lattice Boltzmann scheme to the transport in porous media with large spatial variations of diffusion coefficients. Effective diffusion coefficients can vary substantially within porous media because of their dependence on porosity and tortuosity which can span over several orders of magnitude, depending on pore size and connectivity. Moreover, when mass is transported with pore-water in porous media, the hydrodynamic dispersion, which depends on Darcy's velocity, contributes additionally to the usually anisotropic variation of the dissipative term. In contrast to the traditional treatment of spatially variable diffusion coefficient by the variation of a SRT, here the variability is accommodated through the use of diffusion velocity formulation which allows for larger variabilities of diffusion coefficient. The volume averaged properties of mass transport in macroscopic porous media are resolved through the additional source term which is similar to the existing force adjusting methods. The applicability of both the proposed schemes is demonstrated on two examples. The first demonstrates that the method is accurate for the large variation of diffusion coefficients and porosities. The second example introduces mass diffusion in a real, geometrically complex system with spatially contrasting properties.
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Song, Bo, Xiaopo Wang, and Zhigang Liu. "Determination of the potential energy surfaces of refrigerant mixtures and their gas transport coefficients." Thermal Science 21, no. 6 Part B (2017): 2851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150528185s.
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In this work, the inversion scheme was used to determine the potential energy surfaces of five polar refrigerant mixtures. The systems studied here are R123-R134a, R123-R142b, R123-R152a, R142b-R134a, and R142b-R152a. The low density transport coefficients of the refrigerant mixtures were calculated from the new invert potentials by the classical kinetic theory. The viscosity coefficient, binary diffusion coefficient, and thermal diffusion factor were computed for the temperature range from 313.15-973.15 K. The agreement with the NIST viscosity data demonstrates that the present calculated values are accurate enough to supplement experimental data over an extended temperature range. Correlations of the transport properties were also provided for the refrigerant mixtures at equimolar ratios.
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Groda, Yaroslav G., and Ruslan N. Lasovsky. "Transport properties of lattice fluid with SALR-potential on a simple square lattice." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2021-1-90-101.
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The transport properties of the lattice fluid with the attraction interaction between the nearest and repulsion interaction between the next-next-nearest neighbours on the square lattice are investigated. Computer simulation by the Monte Carlo method of the diffusion process in the specified system has been realised. The jump and tracer diffusion coefficients were determined. The dependence of the diffusion coefficients versus the concentration of adparticles and the interaction parameter of the model is investigated. The activation energy of jump and tracer diffusion determined. The possibility of estimating the jump diffusion coefficient of the lattice fluid with competing interactions using the Zhdanov’s relation on the base of information on the equilibrium properties of the system and the diffusion coefficient of a Langmuir (non-interacting) lattice gas is shown. In the future, it is planned to use the obtained results to study transport processes in 3D lattice systems which is suitable for describing the processes of mass or charge transfer in the volumes of solids.