Academic literature on the topic 'Coercive pressures'
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Journal articles on the topic "Coercive pressures":
1
Munir, Rahat, and Kevin Baird. "Influence of institutional pressures on performance measurement systems." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 12, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-09-2014-0051.
Abstract:
Purpose Grounded in DiMaggio and Powell’s (1983) institutional isomorphism perspective of institutional theory, the purpose of this study is to examine the influence of institutional pressures on the performance measurement system (PMS) within banks and financial institutions. Design/methodology/approach A survey was used to collect data from 71 banks and financial institutions operating in Australia. Findings Four institutional pressures, the normative pressure “corporate change” and the coercive pressures “economic and financial legislation”, “socio-economic political pressures” and “banking regulations” were found to be associated with the use of multi-dimensional performance measures. In addition, the coercive pressure “economic and financial legislation” and the normative pressure “corporate change” were associated with the use of financial, internal and learning and growth performance measures. Finally, the use of internal and learning and growth measures was positively associated with the coercive force “socioeconomic-political pressures”, and the use of financial measures was associated with the coercive pressure “banking regulations”. Research limitations/implications Given the recent global financial crisis, the study offers a reference within the contemporary performance measurement literature in relation to the influence of institutional pressures on the PMS within banks and financial institutions. Originality/value While prior research has focused on manufacturing organisations, this study deepens our understanding of the institutional environment of banks and financial institutions and how specific coercive, mimetic and normative forces influence the PMS.
2
Masocha, Reginald, and Olawale Fatoki. "The Impact of Coercive Pressures on Sustainability Practices of Small Businesses in South Africa." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 3032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093032.
Abstract:
The study sought to examine the role that coercive isomorphic pressures play in the sustainable development practices by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The survey research approach was utilised in the research through 222 self-administered questionnaires distributed to SME owners and managers. The structural equation modelling (SEM) method was utilised to analyse the data through the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method in Amos Version 24 software. Major findings in this study are that coercive isomorphic pressures have a significant impact on all the three dimensions of sustainable development which are economic, environmental and social. The implications are that government, environmental pressure groups and other stakeholders need to take into consideration the coercive pressures such as laws and regulations in pressuring small businesses to enhance sustainability practices. The research contributes by unearthing the extent to which coercive pressures impact the behaviour and practices of SMEs in sustainability practices. The study indicates that eventually small firms are expected to behave the same when it comes to adopting sustainability practices due to coercive isomorphism. The findings of this study further contribute toward understanding the concept of sustainable development in practice and theory.
3
Li, Liwei, and Xiaohong Wang. "M-Commerce Adoption in SMEs of China." Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations 16, no. 2 (April 2018): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2018040103.
Abstract:
Based on the institutional theory, this article explores how institutional pressures motivate firms to adopt m-commerce, and how such effects are mediated by top management. Structural equation modeling with partial least square is used to analyze valid data from 204 small and medium-sized firms in China. The empirical results manifest as: mimetic pressures, coercive pressures, normative pressures which could directly affect a firm's intention to adopt m-commerce while coercive pressures and normative pressures have a positive effect on top management support. Top management support partly mediates the influence of two institutional pressures, coercive pressures and normative pressures, on the adoption intention of m-commerce. The final implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed.
4
Haque, Shamima, and Muhammad Azizul Islam. "Stakeholder pressures on corporate climate change-related accountability and disclosures: Australian evidence." Business and Politics 17, no. 2 (August 2015): 355–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369525800001674.
Abstract:
This study investigates stakeholder pressures on corporate climate change-related accountability and disclosure practices in Australia. While existing scholarship investigates stakeholder pressures on companies to discharge their broader accountability through general social and environmental disclosures, there is a lack of research investigating whether and how stakeholder pressures emerge to influence accountability and disclosure practices related to climate change. We surveyed various stakeholder groups to understand their concerns about climate change-related corporate accountability and disclosure practices. We present three primary findings: first, while NGOs and the media have some influence, institutional investors and government bodies (regulators) are perceived to be the most powerful stakeholders in generating climate change-related concern and coercive pressure on corporations to be accountable. Second, corporate climate change-related disclosures, as documented through the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), are positively associated with such perceived coercive pressures. Lastly, we find a positive correlation between the level of media attention to climate change and Australian corporate responses to the CDP. Our results indicate that corporations will not disclose climate change information until pressured by non-financial stakeholders. This suggests a larger role for non-financial actors than previously theorized, with several policy implications.
5
Arshad, Muhammad, Mariam Farooq, Sadia Afzal, and Omer Farooq. "Adoption of information systems in organizations." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 33, no. 2 (November 14, 2019): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeim-05-2019-0130.
Abstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors influencing the adoption of new information systems (IS) in organizations. Based on the institutional theory, this research proposes that organizations may induce their employees to adopt new IS by creating three types of institutional pressure: coercive, normative and mimetic. It is further argued that the effects of these three institutional pressures on employees’ new IS usage depend on their cultural orientations. Design/methodology/approach Model testing relies on data collected from 370 banking sector employees during the implementation of a new “customer relationship management” system. The hypothesized model was tested by using the structural equation modeling technique in MPlus 7.0. Findings The findings of this research reveal that institutional pressures (coercive, normative and mimetic) have positive effects on employees’ attitudes to using the new IS, which, in turn, positively influences their IS usage. In addition, collectivism strengthens the positive effect of coercive and normative forces on attitudes to using the new IS. Conversely, collectivism weakens the effect of the mimetic force on employees’ attitudes to using the new IS. Originality/value This research is among pioneering studies that explain the effect of institutional pressures (coercive, normative and mimetic) on employees’ IS usage. It is the first study of its nature that demonstrates that each of the three institutional pressures has differential effects on employees with highly collectivist orientations in comparison with employees with low collectivist orientations.
6
Cahaya, Fitra Roman, Stacey Porter, and Greg Tower. "Coercive media pressures on Indonesian companies' labour communication." International Journal of Critical Accounting 8, no. 2 (2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2016.077550.
7
Cahaya, Fitra Roman, Stacey Porter, Greg Tower, and Alistair Brown. "Coercive pressures on occupational health and safety disclosures." Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies 7, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 318–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaee-04-2015-0032.
Abstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors explaining voluntary occupational health and safety disclosures (OHSDs). Design/methodology/approach Annual report disclosures of 223 Indonesia Stock Exchange listed companies for the year ending 2007 are analyzed. The OHSD components of the 2006 Global Reporting Initiative guidelines are used as the disclosure index checklist. Findings The results show that approximately 30 percent of Indonesian listed companies provide OHSD. The most disclosed item is health and safety programs. Logistical regression analysis reveals that industry type and international operations significantly influence the propensity to provide OHSD. These findings suggest that coercive isomorphism partially explains OHSD practices in Indonesia. Research limitations/implications The main implications of the findings are that Indonesian listed companies generally have poor health and safety information disclosure sets and largely ignore the potential roles of their workers in any health and safety committees. Originality/value This paper provides insights into the disclosure practices of occupational health and safety issues, a vital subset of corporate social responsibility disclosure which is still under-researched. The paper also empirically investigates the key determinants of OHSD, an empirical test which is largely ignored in past OHSD-related studies.
8
Fang, Qinying, Liwen Chen, Dalin Zeng, and Lin Zhang. "Drivers of Professional Service Model Innovation in the Chinese Construction Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11040941.
Abstract:
Professional service in China is facing challenges due to the rapidly changing built environment. The environment forces the construction industry to reconsider professional service model for thriving, while the life cycle professional service model has significant implications for value addition in professional system. However, literature that provides quantifiable information for practitioners and researchers to better understand drivers of professional service model innovation (PSMI) is scarce. Based on innovation diffusion literature and institutional theory, this study examines how PSMI is influenced by institutional pressures (including coercive, mimetic, and normative pressures) in the construction industry. The researchers conducted an industry-wide survey in China using structural equation modeling to analyze the acquired data. Data analyzing demonstrates that both coercive and mimetic pressures prominently influence the life cycle of PSMI. However, this study reveals that normative pressure does not significantly influence PSMI. Results indicate that the owner’s cognition plays an important mediating role between institutional pressures and PSMI. The findings contribute to understanding how different types of institutional pressures can be better steered to facilitate PSMI in the construction industry and furthering knowledge on PSMI mechanisms for new professionalism cultivation in the industry to realize sustainable development of professional system.
9
Barac, Karin, Philna Coetzee, and Marianne Van Staden. "Convergence towards internal audit effectiveness in the BRICS Countries." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 9, no. 2 (December 18, 2017): 609–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v9i2.61.
Abstract:
Internal auditing has been called upon to enhance its value proposition for organisations and one way of doing this is to demonstrate its effectiveness. By using the responses of participants from the BRICS countries on the 2010 global Common Body of Knowledge survey of the Institute of Internal Auditors in conjunction with the elements of the Internal Audit Capability Model this study examines the convergence towards internal audit effectiveness by the BRICS countries. The study uses a neo-institutional perspective to demonstrate how internal auditing in the BRICS countries has responded to coercive, normative and mimetic pressures to demonstrate effectiveness. The study shows that coercive pressures for internal auditing exist in all the BRICS countries, but owing to the voluntary internal audit structure in Russia, such pressure appears to be lower in that country. Using professionalism to demonstrate normative pressures, the emphasis on internal audit in the King III report of South Africa was evident. The results of this study seem to indicate that South Africa has responded more to mimetic pressures in relation to people management, professional practices and organisational relationships than other BRICS countries.
10
Vatanasakdakul, Savanid, and Chadi Aoun. "Interorganisational Networks of Pressure and Influence." Journal of Information Technology Research 3, no. 1 (January 2010): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2010010102.
Abstract:
The old paradigm in technology adoption focuses on the technical implementation and uptake of innovation. A new paradigm has emerged that considers the social, cultural, and political context in which innovation is implemented and addresses the enablers and constraints to its effective diffusion and utilisation. To that end, we apply the institutional theory as a social lens to examine the diffusion of B2B technology in Thailand. This study posits that mimetic, coercive and normative pressures may influence B2B technology utilisation and performance. Data were collected from firms that have adopted B2B technology in the tourism industry. The Partial Least Squares method was used for data analysis. Results show that normative and coercive pressures had a significant influence on firms’ utilisation of B2B technology, while normative pressure had a significant influence on performance. We conclude by hypothesising that only through addressing the social factors can innovation achieve ‘real’ diffusion and effectiveness.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coercive pressures":
1
Kombe, Sheila. "The role of innovation and institutional pressures in sustainable packaging." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/81318.
Abstract:
There is an under-developed scale of research conducted on sustainable production and consumption of environmentally friendly packaging Tanzania. Using the main concepts from institutional theory along with the diffusion of innovation model, this paper will examine the environmentally friendly packaging innovations in the Tanzanian food and beverage industry. The purpose of this research is to understand the factors that enable adoption. It suggests that mimetic, coercive and normative pressures exist within manufacturing firms that can regulate and coordinate solutions. A level of understanding of perceived fidelity and perceived effort required were established to develop conditions where firms can create strategies for the adoption environmentally sustainable packaging. The research setting is in the manufacturing industry. The data gathered for this study was collected by distributing a survey to respondents using convenience and snow-balling technique. Manufacturing businesses and packaging suppliers of the food and beverage industry participated. The respondents were requested to forward the survey by passing on the google form link to business owners, company CEOs, CFOs, COOs. 29 firm responses from the target population were measured to establish the pressures that they face and their intention to adopt. After applying regression analysis to the data, coercive pressure and intention to adopt with perceived fidelity as a moderator suggested a significant relationship. Similarly, perceived effort required positively moderated the relationship between mimetic pressure and intention to adopt. However, the results showed that no significant relationship from each of the three isomorphic constructs namely normative, mimetic and coercive and intention to adopt. This was contradictory to previous researchers of isomorphic pressures and should be subjected to future research.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
2
Yu, Jiayin, and Fenfen Pan. "Influence of External Pressures on the Digital Transformation of Institutions." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414607.
Abstract:
More and more institutions have begun to implement digital transformation. Identifying the reasons behind institutions’ digital transformation can help them make the right strategies. This thesis focuses on the digital transformation taking place in the financial industry and uses organizational institutionalism theory to analyze the influence of external pressures, and what responsible strategies institutions may adopt. We use qualitative methods to conduct the research. We interview eight employees from different institutions in the financial industry in China. Our findings show how coercive, mimetic, and normative pressures affect these financial institutions differently, and in responding to these pressures, these financial institutions develop office management systems and new digital products and services. The study evaluates to which extent the new digital reality fits the theory of the influence of external pressures on institutions. For managerial practice, the findings provide guidance in describing and diagnosing external pressures that drive digital transformation, and in coping with these pressures appropriately to formulate effective digital transformation strategies.
3
Duncan, Hannah. "Experience of coercion and treatment pressures amongst mental health service users." Thesis, University of East London, 2013. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3457/.
Abstract:
The existing body of literature indicates that psychiatric service-users commonly experience treatment pressures. In the research to date there has been a bias towards investigating (often compulsory) hospital admission and treatment at the expense of finding out about the wide range of experiences that service-users potentially perceive as treatment pressures. Similarly little research has explored the effects of these experiences over time, the processes that mediate them, or how they are managed. This research sought to explore these neglected issues, which is paramount for the development of a more ethical psychiatric service provision. Ten mental health service-users were interviewed with regards to their experiences of treatment pressure; the effects of these experiences; and the processes involved in their management of them. A thematic analysis of these interviews was constructed. The overarching theme, ‘experiencing and managing treatment pressure’, was comprised of four themes: ‘A personal experience’, ‘A relational experience’, ‘A culturally bound experience’, and ‘Taking control: “it’s fight, flight or comply”’. The analysis indicated that the experiences of treatment pressure had wide reaching and enduring effects for participants in terms of: their understanding of the world; their self-identity; their relationships with others; and their social category status. In order to manage these experiences and incorporate them into narratives about themselves participants appeared to ‘take control’ of their experiences in different and multiple ways. Managing their experiences in this way seemed to ameliorate the often highly distressing and disturbing effects of treatment pressures. The thesis ends with a consideration of both clinical and research implications.
4
Gregor, Annelie. "Limited Military Pressure – An Analytical Framework to Assess No-Fly Zones as a Single Instrument in Coercive Diplomacy." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-2782.
Abstract:
Coercive diplomacy attempts to use military force in a limited fashion as a diplomatic and political tool in order to persuade an opponent to cease aggression rather than to bludgeon him into stopping. The use of limited military force in coercive diplomacy is not a military strategy, but rather a refined political and psychological instrument used for resolving a crisis. One relatively new instrument in the toolbox of limited force when engaging in coercive diplomacy, fashioned to deter adversaries, is the use of no-fly zones. The term no-fly zone describes the physical area of a nation that is patrolled using the airpower of another sovereign state or coalition. However, despite its relatively frequent use in its short history, it has largely been ignored in theoretical studies of coercive diplomacy. As scholars, such as Daniel Byman and Matthew Waxman, have presented a critical view on the limitations of approaching a study on a single instrument in coercive diplomacy, this paper grounds the argument that there is still value in this approach. Given that the conditions of coercive diplomacy mainly focus on an array of coercive instruments at a political level, are the conditions in the theories of coercive diplomacy sufficient to explain the political success of the military instrument of no-fly zones? Hence, this paper illustrates the theoretical reach of the theories of coercive diplomacy by highlighting the fungibility of the coercive diplomacy’s theoretical ‘success conditions’ when assessing a single military instrument. By studying the political success and failure in four separate cases, this paper proposes an analytical framework, which is by and large, derived from Peter Viggo Jakobsen and Alexander George’s theoretical basis. However, as the theoretical basis does not fully cover all of the political dimensions of no-fly zones, an additional variable is proposed. The resulting analytical framework suggests that this is a viable approach, but only by combining Jakobsen’s revised conditions with the original work of Alexander George, in addition to the proposed variable. Thus, this result contributes to the large body of scholarly work on coercive diplomacy theory and the debate whether one can assess a specific coercive instrument with the political ‘success conditions’ of coercive diplomacy, or not.Master Thesis
5
Murphy, Ives Paula Marie. "Negotiating global change : trade in telecommunications and electronic commerce : the role of coercive pressure and integrative reframing in international negotiation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621055.
6
Mashia, Esther Olga. "A nursing theory for anticipatory guidance of adolescents to resist peer pressure and coercion to sexual activity." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65836.
Abstract:
Introduction and background: Peer pressure and sexual coercion are driving adolescents to engage in early sexual activity. Adolescent risk behaviour that involves unsafe sexual practices remains a major concern for nurses, because it negates all progressive efforts to prevent the incidence of amongst others, unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections (Lansford, Dodge, Fontaine, Bates & Pettit, 2014:1742), unsafe abortions and childbirth complications (Fantasia, 2011:48; Van de Bongardt, De Graaf, Reitz & Dekovi? 2014:388). Emotional immaturity and vulnerability predispose adolescents to making irresponsible decisions regarding sexual activity with dire consequences, which is considered to be a worldwide concern (De Vries. Eggers, Jinabhai, Meyer-Witz & Sathiparsad, 2014:1087). Making such irresponsible decisions is also attributed to limited knowledge and information on Sexual Reproductive Health (SRH). Despite various initiatives specifically implementing targeted adolescent intervention programmes aimed at reducing the consequences of sex, such as HIV and adolescent pregnancies (Panday, Makiwane, Ranchod & Letsoalo, 2009:14), many South African adolescents are still having unprotected sex (Reddy et al., 2008:30; Rutherford, 2008:276) and even multiple sex partners (Ha, Kim, Christopher, Caruthers & Dishion, 2016:709; Mah & Shelton, 2011:2). Advanced approaches are required to assist adolescents to resist peer pressure and coercion and to not participate in sex for the sake of pleasing friends and peers. Purpose of the study: The aim of this study was twofold: firstly, to explore how peer pressure and coercion to sexual activity manifested among adolescents in Tshwane District, Gauteng Province, South Africa and, secondly, to develop a nursing theory for anticipatory guidance of adolescents to resist peer pressure and coercion to sexual activity. The Research Ethics Committee recommended the provision of an educational intervention with the aim of delaying the initiation of early sex, prevention of sexually transmitted infections, HIV and building the self-esteem of all the adolescent participants in the interviews. Methodology: A constructivist grounded theory was used to concurrently collect and analyse data (Coyne & Cowley, 2006:508; Moghaddam, 2006:53) to develop a nursing theory. The initial sampling involved 10 adolescents and nine nurses, followed by theoretical sampling of five health professionals working in clinics and health-related settings, who were interviewed. Constant comparative analysis was employed to analyse the data. Results: The study revealed parental incapability and ineffective parenting compounded by the non-conducive clinic environment making it difficult for adolescents to visit clinics for health information. Adolescents mistrust their parents and nurses. Five concepts emerged, namely: substituting for parental shortcomings; addressing negative peer pressure vulnerability of adolescents; addressing risk behaviour vulnerability; optimising nurse-adolescent interaction and enabling responsible decision making. Conclusion: SRH information is very important and adolescents should be provided with such information to help them make responsible choices in order to resist peer pressure. Thus, their health and well-being will improve, leading to a better future without suffering the consequences of early sexual activity. Recommendations: The anticipatory guidance could be applied in other settings outside the traditional clinic environment to provide more adolescents with valuable information. Other interested community volunteers could be trained to help with the provision of support to adolescents in the absence of their parents or guardians.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Nursing Science
PhD
Unrestricted
7
Makiya, George Kidakwa. "A Multi-Level Investigation into the Antecedents of Enterprise Architecture (EA) Assimilation in the U.S. Federal Government: A Longitudinal Mixed Methods Research Study." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1338942189.
8
Klossner, David. "FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FIRMS’ ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE: AN EXAMINATION OF LARGE COMPANIES." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1395301067.
9
Thomson, Catarina 1980. "Democratic Accountability in International Relations: Domestic Pressures and Constraints for Coercive Foreign Policy." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148333.
Abstract:
My dissertation contributes to the accountability literature in international relations by examining the role constituents' preferences can potentially play in fomenting or constraining coercive foreign policies in democracies. In times of international crises, domestic audiences have specific coercive foreign policy preferences and will support executives who represent them when selecting coercive foreign policies. Executive actions will increase popular support or generate audience costs depending on whether these actions are consistent with the specific policy preferences that domestic audiences have given the threat a crisis poses to national security. To determine when audiences prefer economic or military coercion and how these preferences affect their evaluation of the executive I conduct three experiments, including a survey experiment conducted with a representative sample of Americans and an experiment conducted with a convenience sample in the United Kingdom. The results show interesting similarities and differences between the cross-national samples regarding foreign policy preferences and the public's propensity to support and punish leaders during times of international conflict. Mainly, I find that (1) the concept of audience costs can be expanded to cases of economic coercion, (2) under certain circumstances audience costs operate even in crises that are not very salient and (3) when there is a mismatch between public preferences and threats issued by the executive, audience costs do not operate at all.
10
Rigg, Jeremy. "Performance under pressure: the impact of coercive authority upon consent to treatment for sex offenders." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9026.
Abstract:
This thesis is concerned with the correctional treatment process for sex offenders, and the
problems that criminal justice system authority poses for treatment settings. A particular
focus is whether inmate participation in treatment programs is voluntary or coerced, given
the link between programs and prospects of release.
In examining this question, the author considers the results of an empirical project in
which a group of inmates were interviewed about their perceptions of the correctional
treatment process. Background to this project includes discussion of the doctrine of
informed consent and respect for autonomy as its underlying rationale; discussion of the
concepts of coercion and voluntariness; and examination of the development of
rehabilitative ideals. A conclusion drawn from the discussion is that the presence of
coercive authority may impact adversely upon correctional treatment efforts. Coercive
authority creates difficulties in relation to the voluntariness of inmates' consent, the
confidentiality of the treatment relationship, and the professional autonomy of the
clinician. These problems in turn raise questions as to whether correctional programs
retain the character of treatment, or are more properly considered as part of punishment,
or as tools of social control. However, coercive authority is a necessary presence if
correctional services are to work towards the goal of protection of society.
The central question to be addressed therefore is whether the prospects of release can be
used to motivate inmates for treatment in a way that is consistent with the requirement of
voluntary consent to treatment. The results of the empirical project suggest that for the
majority of inmates, the link between treatment and release is not coercive. However, a
number of inmates did indicate they felt coerced into treatment programs. Reforms may
thus be necessary to avoid coercive authority resulting in coerced treatment. In discussing
these results, the author considers a number of directions for reform, including the
introduction of an operational presumption of coerced referrals to treatment, which would
place greater emphasis on clinicians' obligations to secure voluntary consent.
Books on the topic "Coercive pressures":
1
Szmukler, George. Treatment pressures and ‘coercion’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0009.
Abstract:
In this chapter, compulsion is presented in a broader context of ‘treatment pressures’. A hierarchy of pressures is presented, each increment moving in a more coercive direction. It comprises persuasion; interpersonal leverage; inducements; threats; and compulsion. The last has been dealt with in previous chapters. The distinction between inducements and threats turns on whether rejecting a conditional proposal—if you do X, I will do Y; if you don’t, I will do Z—results in the subject being ‘worse off’ or not according to a ‘moral baseline’. Threats involve proposals making the person worse off and represent ‘coercion’; inducements, where rejection does not make the person worse off, do not. However, in the context of mental health care, inducements can be problematic. While threats, often covert, are very common in mental health care, they are considered unethical. Perhaps, if regulated, they could have a place. Justifications, across the board, can follow a ‘capacity–will and preferences’ approach.
2
Churchill, Robert Paul. Providing Protection and Leveraged Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468569.003.0007.
Abstract:
This is the first of three chapters on protecting girls and women at risk and bringing about the end of honor killing. These short-term, emergency measures are understood as occurring while other efforts are made to achieve the long-term abolition of honor killing. Also examined are possibilities for leveraging change; that is, changing behaviors through pressures from outside honor–shame communities and through pressures that are coercive. Emergency interventions discussed include those tested elsewhere as well as new initiatives. Insofar as possible, trusted members of local communities should administer emergency interventions. Interventions include hotlines, smartphone apps, information networks, mobile crisis teams, observer-informants, shelters, halfway houses, family centers, granting asylum, and others. The objective of leveraged change, primarily initiated by outside change agents, is to make continuing honor killings too costly. Recommended leveraging strategies include legal reforms, moral entrepreneurship, initiative by media and national elites, and decreasing learned and socialized aggression.
3
Bradford, James Tharin. Poppies, Politics, and Power. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501738333.001.0001.
Abstract:
This book explores the history of the Afghan drug trade during the 20th century, detailing how, and why, Afghan rulers struggled to balance the benefits of the Afghan drug trade, both legal and illicit forms, with external pressures to conform to international drug control regimes and more tightly regulate drugs. This book explores why, over time, drug control became a key component of Afghan state formation and diplomacy; by embracing more coercive forms of drug control Afghanistan gained greater access to foreign aid and investment, especially from the United States. And yet, drug control efforts continually failed and the illicit drug trade expanded. This book complicates contemporary analyses of the Afghan drug trade, which depict drugs as juxtaposed with Afghan governance. The longer historical analysis details how the illicit drug trade emerged in response to a series of factors, including coercive forms of drug control, broader policy failures of the Afghan state, as well as, external forces such as the globalization of the illicit drug trade. In this way, drug control, as a component of Afghan governance and diplomacy, was fundamental in shaping the conditions of statelessness and lawlessness that are commonly thought to characterize the Afghan opium industry today.
4
Yeeles, Ksenija. Informal coercion: current evidence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788065.003.0006.
Abstract:
This chapter considers non-legislative pressures in mental health community treatment, reviews the current body of evidence, and offers recommendations for future research. It attempts to clarify terminology on treatment pressures including different forms of ‘leverage’ such as housing, financial, criminal justice, childcare leverages, and perceived coercion. Based on a scoping review the chapter portrays current international evidence on prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of informal coercion (for example persuasion, interpersonal leverage, inducement, threats, and force) in both quantitative and qualitative studies with patients, with attention to the issues of the perception of fairness and the effectiveness of treatment, financial incentives to improve adherence, and sources of informal coercion. It also discusses common limitations and recommendations for future research.
5
Gergel, Tania, and George Szmukler. The ethics of coercion in community mental health care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788065.003.0014.
Abstract:
The specific context of community mental health care affects the debate surrounding coercion in psychiatry, not by raising radically new questions but by highlighting the complexity of this debate and some of the associated ethical difficulties. This chapter begins by looking at the varying conventional justifications for involuntary treatment and then considers the different mechanisms through which such ‘coercion’ is enforced within the community—from formal compulsion via community treatment orders (CTOs) through to ‘softer’ pressures, such as ‘persuasion’ or ‘interpersonal leverage’. Some commonly accepted ideas surrounding interventions such as ‘incentives’ and ‘threats’ are challenged. The chapter concludes with some broad suggestions as to a how a reformulated ‘decision-making capability and best interests’ approach may be one way to increase the ethical viability of community coercion.
6
Valeriano, Brandon. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618094.003.0001.
Abstract:
This chapter evaluates the efficacy of modern cyber strategies and how states coerce rivals in the digital domain. It argues that these campaigns are neither as revolutionary nor as novel as they seem. It finds that cyber disruptions, short-term and long-term espionage, and degradation operations all usually fail to produce concessions. When states do compel a rival, which is measured as a change in behavior in the target that is strategically advantageous to the initiator, the cyber operation tends to occur alongside more traditional coercive instruments such as diplomatic pressure, economic sanctions, and military threats and displays. Cyber capabilities complement, but do not replace traditional statecraft. Theoretical and empirical investigation of cyber strategies and their efficacy should therefore precede development of suggestions for sound foreign policy responses to state-backed cyber intrusions or craft international frameworks that constrain the proliferation of politically motivated malware. This book is a critical first step.
7
Molodynski, Andrew, Jorun Rugkåsa, and Tom Burns, eds. Coercion in Community Mental Health Care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788065.001.0001.
Abstract:
The use of coercion is one of the defining issues of mental health care and has been intensely controversial since the very earliest attempts to contain and treat the mentally ill. The balance between respecting autonomy and ensuring that those who most need treatment and support are provided with it has never been finer, with the ‘move into the community’ in many high-income countries over the last 50 years and the development of community services. The vast majority of patients worldwide now receive mental health care outside hospital, and this trend is increasing. New models of community care, such as assertive community treatment (ACT), have evolved as a result and there are widespread provisions for compulsory treatment in the community in the form of community treatment orders. These legal mechanisms now exist in over 75 jurisdictions worldwide. Many people using community services feel coerced, but at the same time intensive forms of treatment such as ACT, which arguably add pressure to patients to engage in treatment, have been associated with improved outcome. This volume draws together current knowledge about coercive practices worldwide, both those founded in law and those ‘informal’ processes whose coerciveness remains contested. It does so from a variety of perspectives, drawing on diverse disciplines such as history, law, sociology, anthropology, and medicine and for is explored
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Ehrlich, Matthew C., and Joe Saltzman. Power. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039027.003.0005.
Abstract:
This chapter examines how popular culture portrays journalism's complex entanglements with power. Critics have pointed to the circumstances under which the press may violate the trust of the powerless and also how it can serve as an instrument of those who do hold political or economic power. Many popular culture works graphically depict the damage that the press can inflict on individuals, even if they might finally show journalists trying to do the right thing in the end. The negative effects of state control or censorship of the press are often dramatized, with the implication being that privately owned and commercially subsidized news media are right and just. However, pop culture also shows that corporate pressures stemming from private control can themselves lead to censorship or coercion.
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Tyler, Tom R., and Rick Trinkner. Why Children Follow Rules. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.001.0001.
Abstract:
Legal socialization is the process by which children and adolescents acquire their law-related values. Such values, in particular legitimacy, underlie the ability and willingness to consent to laws and defer to legal authorities and make legitimacy-based legal systems possible. In their absence people relate to the law as coercion and respond to rewards and punishments. By age eighteen a person’s orientation toward law is largely established, yet recent legal scholarship has largely ignored this early period in favor of studying adults and their relationship to the law. This volume focuses upon socialization and outlines what is known about legal socialization in the family, in schools, and through contacts with the juvenile justice system. Our review of the literature indicates that there are ways to socialize that build legitimacy. These are linked to three issues: how decisions are made, how people are treated, and whether authorities respect the boundaries of their authority. Despite evidence that legitimacy can be socialized, views about the best way to exercise authority are highly contested in America today in families, schools, and within the juvenile justice system. In each case pressures toward coercion are strong. This volume argues for the virtues of a consent-based approach and for utilizing socialization practices that promote such a model.
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Shiffrin, Seana Valentine. Duress and Moral Progress. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157023.003.0003.
Abstract:
This chapter examines what moral obligations, if any, remain or are incurred when one promises under duress. In general, duress holds that unjustified or wrongfully exerted coercion entirely exonerates the party subjected to undue pressure from responsibility for whatever actions the duress produces. This is the dominant view, one that is powerful and attractive. The chapter explains whether and why it should matter that one's promisee is a moral criminal, the proverbial highway robber. It first draws a connection between honoring initiated promises under duress and the conditions of moral progress, taking into account issues such as those relating to third parties and contracts. It then proposes an alternative to the dominant view about promises made under duress, an alternative inspired by some remarks of Immanuel Kant and of Adam Smith. It concludes by considering some objections to the moral appropriateness of honoring promises made under duress.
Book chapters on the topic "Coercive pressures":
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Nurdin, Nurdin, Rosemary Stockdale, and Helana Scheepers. "The Influence of External Institutional Pressures on Local E-Government Adoption and Implementation: A Coercive Perspective within an Indonesian Local E-Government Context." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33489-4_2.
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Brown, Cindy Koslowski. "Pressure and Coercion." In Living Donor Advocacy, 275–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9143-9_19.
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Dondorp, Wybo, and Guido de Wert. "Prenatal Child Protection. Ethics of Pressure and Coercion in Prenatal Care for Addicted Pregnant Women." In Parental Responsibility in the Context of Neuroscience and Genetics, 121–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42834-5_8.
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Sánchez-Fernández, María Dolores. "The Influence of Institutional Environment on Quality Practices and Its Impact on Regional Development." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 165–87. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9567-2.ch008.
Abstract:
This chapter studied the institutional influence associated to quality practices in hotels. The aim was to interpret whether it was the normative, coercive or mimetic pressures (Institutional pressures) that influenced the three, four and five star hotels in north of Portugal. In order to accomplish these objectives the author used an investigation model that connects institutional context pressures with quality practices and quality practices with legitimacy. To study used the Institutional Theory as theoretical reference.
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Bozan, Karoly, Bill Davey, and Kevin R. Parker. "Social Forces that Influence Health IT Use Behavior of the Elderly." In Handbook of Research on Healthcare Administration and Management, 369–83. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0920-2.ch021.
Abstract:
The social forces that influence patient portal use behavior among the elderly are not well understood. Using both institutional theory and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, the proposed model examines three social environmental factors ? normative, mimetic, and coercive forces ? within a Health Information Technology (HIT) context. An empirical study involving 117 subjects in the United States was used to test the proposed model. Using the partial least squares method, mimetic and coercive pressures were found to significantly influence patient portal use behavior. These findings indicate that older people follow not only their providers' advice, but also follow the behavior of respected, higher-status peers from their network. Normative pressure was not found to be significant, implying that older people do not follow the bandwagon effect.
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Sánchez-Fernández, María Dolores. "The Influence of Institutional Environment on Environmental Practices and Its Impact on Regional Development." In Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Social Dynamics in a Globalized World, 437–59. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3525-6.ch019.
Abstract:
This chapter studied the institutional influence associated to environmental practices in hotels. The aim was to interpret whether it was the normative, coercive or mimetic pressures (Institutional pressures) that influenced the three, four and five star hotels in north of Portugal and Galicia (a gender perspective). In order to accomplish these objectives, the author used an investigation model that connects institutional context pressures with environmental practices and environmental practices with legitimacy. To study used the Institutional Theory as theoretical reference.
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Woody, William Douglas, and Krista D. Forrest. "Historical Developments in Policing and the Practice of Interrogation." In Understanding Police Interrogation, 9–29. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479860371.003.0002.
Abstract:
The opening chapter examines the history of civilian policing and the implications this history has for the emergence, development, and current practice of police interrogation in the United States. In particular, the authors emphasize the political nature of early-twentieth-century policing and the related coercive interrogation tactics, which led to backlash from legal investigations, journalists, courts, and law enforcement officers who were reformers. In response to these critiques, policing separated from political patronage, established academies and other educational requirements, and replaced coercive interrogation tactics with deception. The chapter closes with contemporary pressures for reform and comparisons of current reforms with earlier changes in interrogation practice.
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Szmukler, George. "Community psychiatry." In Psychiatric Ethics, edited by Sidney Bloch and Stephen A. Green, 555–80. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198839262.003.0023.
Abstract:
Ethical dilemmas in community psychiatry are not novel, but they present in sufficiently different guises to warrant reconsideration in a new context. The models of care and the social climate in which they have developed are reviewed, as well as the key ethical challenges that have emerged. These include concerns about privacy, confidentiality, coercive practices (the range of treatment pressures, ‘involuntary outpatient commitment’ or ‘community treatment orders’), and conflicts of duty to the patient versus others. Approaches to dealing with these issues are presented. These include increasing patients’ involvement in their care (e.g., ‘crisis cards’, ‘joint crisis plans’, and advance directives), clarifying grounds for coercive interventions in the health interests of the patient (e.g., a decision-making-capacity-based approach, the influence of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities), and considerations concerning the risk of harm to others, including duties to carers.
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Sánchez-Fernández, María Dolores, Rosa María Vaca-Acosta, and Alfonso Vargas-Sánchez. "Socially Responsible Practices in Hotels." In Corporate Social Responsibility in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry, 28–45. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9902-1.ch003.
Abstract:
The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of institutional pressures (normative, coercive and mimetic) according to gender in the implementation of social responsibility in hotels. The object of this study is three, four and five-star hotels located in the Euro region (Galicia and North of Portugal). To achieve these objectives a quantitative study is carried out. The proposed model of research; the Technical Partial Least Square (PLS), methodology based on Structural Equations Models (SEM) using the software Visual-PLS has been applied. A questionnaire consisting of existing validated scales was drawn up and used for the collation of data.
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Freudlsperger, Christian. "United States." In Trade Policy in Multilevel Government, 91–126. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856122.003.0004.
Abstract:
The first of the three case studies looks at the United States. It finds that while the states’ opportunities for individual exit have remained unconstrained in the non-coercive field of procurement in which federal pre-emption is not an option, no serious attempts have been made to systematically increase their voice. This is due, firstly, to the mechanics of the US senate-type system of multilevel representation and, secondly, to the lack of an institutionalized procedure of vertical collaboration in a policy environment characterized by ‘coercive federalism’. Persisting barriers in the internal market and a widespread politicization of international procurement liberalization as a threat to state sovereignty have further contributed to constituent units’ high propensity to seek exit from international constraints. Ultimately, the US case highlights the limits of self-rule systems in organizing trade openness across multiple levels of government. Endowing the states with little voice in polity-wide policy-making, the US model shows a marked tendency to breed resistance to internationally driven adaptational pressures among constituent units. As self-rule systems are built on a delineation of central and subcentral spheres of competence, they generally tend to lack the institutional means and ideational underpinnings to effectively organize collaborative power-sharing by establishing patterns of shared rule.
Conference papers on the topic "Coercive pressures":
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Ozturk, Inci. "Coercive isomorphism in higher education: Direct pressures from the state to the Turkish universities." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11173.
Abstract:
The universities maintain their continuity with the pressure of complying with the policies of the state and global policies. This study addresses the coercive pressure of the higher education policies of the state on the Turkish universities. The elective classes of Occupational Knowledge and Area Training to be taught at the universities may be opened when they are approved by the Higher Education Council (Yuksekogretim Kurulu, YOK) which is an institution having a public legal entity. On the other hand, the ability of the universities to determine the elective class of Liberal Education indicates a rare situation where the universities exercise their autonomy.Keywords: Isomorphism; coercive isomorphism; higher education policy, higher education, university
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Chen, Litian, Junhong Zhong, and Saige Xue. "R & D Intensity and Corporate AI Strength Attention: The moderating role of Coercive Pressure and Mimetic Pressure." In 2021 International Conference on Public Management and Intelligent Society (PMIS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmis52742.2021.00079.