Academic literature on the topic 'Coffee husk'

The study determined the amount of heat energy (heat of combustion) produced per unit mass from coffee pulp and coffee husks to see if these can be used as alternative sources of energy. The samples were obtained from Mount Elgon areas in Eastern Uganda. The objectives determined the amount of heat produced per unit mass from coffee husk and pulp and compared the amount of heat produced per unit mass from the coffee husk and coffee pulp. The coffee husk and pulp were dried, ground and sieved using a 150 microns diameter sieve. The resultant powder was analyzed using IKA C200 bomb calorimeter. The Heat values produced per unit mass from coffee husk and pulp were 15.389KJg-1 and 13.755KJg-1 respectively. Further analysis showed that both coffee pulp and coffee husks could be used as fuels for renewable energy. However, from the findings, it is recommended that coffee husks should be preferred as a better source of fuel since it generated 1.634KJg-1 more energy than the coffee pulp. Comprehensive study should be carried out on the two samples to obtain a complete fuel description of the samples.

CARCASS QUALITY OF BROILER FED RATION CONTAINING COFFEE (Coffea sp) HUSK WASTE PRODUCT TREATED BY SIMPLE PROCESSING AND SUBSTITUTING PARTS OF CORN WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS. The aim of this research was to know coffee husk waste product treated by simple processing and substituting parts of corn on body weight, carcass percentage and weight of abdominal fat Study was applied at Faculty of Animal Science, Sam Ratulangi University during 35 days. Total of 144 day old chick unsexed broilers, strain of CP 707, involving 36 experimental units of battery pens were used in this study. Each unit of pen was filled 4 birds under completely randomized design on factorial patter of 3x4. Factor A was focused on three processing treatments including coffee husk heated under sun light (A1), coffee husk immersed in the water (A2), and coffee husk boiled under water (A3). Factor B was focused on four treatments of substitution levels including ration containing corn without coffee husk substitution (B0), ration containing corn substituted with 25% coffee husk (B1), ration containing corn substituted with 50% coffee husk (B2), ration containing corn substituted with 75% coffee husk (B3). Variables observed were including final body weight, carcass weight percentage and abdominal fat weight. Analysis of variance showed that interaction of processing treatments did not affect significantly on final body weight, carcass weight percentage and abdominal fat weight. This study showed that utilization of coffee husk waste product by above simple processing could substitute part of corn in ration of 25% - 75% producing high carcass quality of broiler. Key word: Coffee husk by product, corn, broiler carcass percentage

EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION OF RICE BRAN WITH COFFEE HUSK MEAL IN THE DIETS ON ENERGY AND PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY OF GROWING PIGS. A study was conducted todetermine the effects of substitution of rice bran with coffee husk meal in the diets on energy and protein digestibility of growing pigs. The present study was conducted for 60 days, using 20 castrated male Duroc X Spotted Poland China, aged 2.5–3.0 months with an averaged body weight of 30.1–40.0 kg. Treatment diets were formulated as follow: R0 = 25% rice bran + 0% coffee husk meal (without coffee husk meal); R1 = 18.75% rice bran + 6.25% coffee husk meal (substitution of 25%); R2 = 12.5% rice bran + 12.5% coffee husk meal (substitution of 50%); R3 = 6.25% rice bran + 18.75% coffee husk meal (substitution of 75%); and R4 = 0% rice bran + 100% coffee husk meal (substitution of 100%). Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications (blocks) was used as a statistical analysis (Anova). An Orthogonal Contrast test was further employed to analyze treatment differences. Different between treatment (s) was declared at P < 0,05. Parameters measured were energy and protein digestibility. Research results showed that there was no significant differences (P > 0,05) were found among treatments on energy and protein digestibility. It can be concluded that coffee husk meal can be used up to 100% to replace rice bran or 25% in the diets of growing pigs.Key words: Pig, rice bran, coffe husk, energy, protein digestibility

CARCASS PERFORMANCE OF BROILER FED RATION CONTAINING COFFEE (Coffea sp) HUSK WASTE PRODUCT TREATED BY SIMPLE PROCESSING AND SUBSTITUTING PARTS OF CORN WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS. Broilers had rapid growth rate and need high nutrient protein and energy balance in the diet. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of coffee husk waste product treated by simple processing substituted with part of corn in ration on carcass percentage of broiler. Study was applied at Faculty of Animal Science, Sam Ratulangi University during 35 days. Total of 144 day old chick unsexed broilers, strain of CP 707, involving 36 experimental units of battery pens were used in this study. Each unit of pen was filled 4 birds under completely randomized design on factorial patter of 3x4. Factor A was focused on three processing treatments including coffee husk heated under sun light (A1), coffee husk immersed in the water (A2), and coffee husk boiled under water (A3). Factor B was focused on four treatments of substitution levels including ration containing corn without coffee husk substitution (B0), ration containing corn substituted with 25% coffee husk (B1), ration containing corn substituted with 50% coffee husk (B2), ration containing corn substituted with 75% coffee husk (B3). Variables observed were including percentages of thigh, wing, breast and back part. Analysis of variance showed that interaction of processing treatments did not affect significantly on the percentages of thigh, wing, breast and back part. This study indicated that simple processing of coffee husk were not affected the carcass percentages of broiler. The substitution levels significantly affected carcass percentage of broiler. Percentages of thigh, wing, breast and back part were 28.92%-30.98%, 10.38%-12.68%, 35.10%-38.55% and 19,68%-22,71%, respectively. This study showed that utilization of coffee husk waste product by above simple processing could substitute part of corn in ration of 25% producing high carcass percentage of broiler.Keywords: Coffee husk by product, broiler part of carcass percentage

EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION OF RICE BRAN WITH COFFEE HUSK MEAL IN THE DIET ON DRY MATTER AND CRUDE FIBER DIGESTIBILITY OF GROWING PIGS. An experiment was conducted todetermine the effects of substitution of rice bran with coffee husk meal in the diets on dty matter and crude fiber digestibility of growing pigs. The present study was conducted for 60 days, using 20 castrated male Duroc X Spotted Poland China, aged 2,5-3,0months with an averaged body weight of 30,1-40,0 kg. Treatment diets were formulated as follow: R0 = 25% rice bran + 0% coffee husk meal (without coffee husk meal); R1 = 18.75% rice bran + 6.25% coffee husk meal (substituion of 25%); R2 = 12.5% rice bran + 12.5% coffee husk meal (substituion of 50%); R3 = 6.25% rice bran + 18.75% coffee husk meal (substitution of 75%); and R4 = 0% rice bran + 100% coffee husk meal (substituion of 100%). Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications (blocks) was used as a statistical analysis (Anova). An Orthogonal Contrast test was further employed to analyze treatment differences. Different between treatment(s) was declared at P < 0.05. Parameters measured were dry matter and crude fiber digestibility. Research results showed that the crude fiber digestibility increased significantly (P < 0.05) as the level of substitution of rice bran with coffee husk meal increased in the diets. Whereas, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found among treatments on dry matter digestibility. It can be concluded that replacement of rice bran with coffee husk meal up to 100% or 25% in growing pigs diets positively increased crude fiber digestibility and did not affect dry matter digestibility.Key words: Pigs, rice bran, coffe husk, dry matter and crude fiber digestibility

The purpose of this research was to fabricate the particle board from the coffee husk. The coffee husk from Chumphon province of Thailand was collected, prepared and separated into four groups such as outer husk, inner husk, the mixture of inner and outer husk and husk from the milling process. The coffee husk particle sheet was formed by the compression molding with the heater. Then the coffee husk particle sheets were the mechanical properties testing. The results showed the coffee husk particle sheet from milling process pass the Thai industrial standard (TIS.876/2547). However, the results of swelling and water absorption indicated that all the coffee husk sheet were not passed the TIS.876/2547. The effect of coffee husk particle size on mechanical properties was clarified. The coffee husk particle sheet from the particle size of 2, 4 and 6 mm was mechanical testing and follow TIS.876/2547. The coffee particle size of 2 mm showed the passing the standard. Moreover, the effect of isocyanate adhesive on mechanical properties was investigated. The weight percentage range of isocyanate adhesive on coffee husk from 7 to 13 %wt was carried out. The weight percentage of 9, 11 and 13 showed according to TIS.876/2547. From the experiment indicated that the coffee husk could be applied to the wood particle board industrial.

Coffee husk and coffee pulp are coffee processing by-products. Coffee husk is obtained when harvested coffee is processed by the dry method, and coffee pulp is produced by the wet method. In Brazil, coffee is usually processed by the dry method, therefore an expressive amount of husk is obtained every year. Some of the husk is used as organic fertilizer but, other applications are very limited, mainly because it is a bulky product. The presence of tannins and caffeine diminish acceptability and palatability of husk by animals. This review discuss degradation of caffeine by microorganisms, with special attention to bacterial, biological decaffeination of coffee husk and pulp and its subsequent use on animal feeding. The known biochemical routes of caffeine degradation by microorganisms are initially discussed; problems concerning physiological effects in animals, focusing on the limitations imposed by caffeine as an antiphysiological component are raised; the use of microorganisms to decaffeinate coffee husk and pulp is discussed. The discussions offer a view on decreasing caffeine content of coffee husk and pulp, which would allow the use of larger amounts of these products in animal feeding, partially replacing traditional components such as cereal grains.

EEFCT OF COFFEE HUSK WASTE PRODUCT TREATED BY SIMPLE PROCESSING SUBSTITUTED WITH PART OF CORN IN RATION ON PERCENTAGE OF BROILER INTERNAL ORGAN. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of coffee husk waste product treated by simple processing substituted with part of corn in ration on percentage of broiler internal organ. Study was applied at Faculty of Animal Science, Sam Ratulangi University during 35 days. Total of 144 day old chick unsexed broilers, strain of CP 707, involving 36 experimental units of battery pens were used in this study. Each unit of pen was filled 4 birds under completely randomized design on factorial patter of 3x4. Factor A was focused on three processing treatments including coffee husk heated under sun light (A1), coffee husk immersed in the water (A2), and coffee husk boiled under water (A3). Factor B was focused on four treatments of substitution levels including ration containing corn without coffee husk substitution (B0), ration containing corn substituted with 25% coffee husk (B1), ration containing corn substituted with 50% coffee husk(B2), ration containing corn substituted with 75% coffee husk (B3). Analysis of variance showed that interaction of processing treatments did not affect significantly on the percentages of lung, heart and gizzard. This study indicated that simple processing of coffee husk were not affected the percentages of broiler internal organ. The substitution levels significantly affected percentage of internal organ. Percentages of lung, heart and gizzard were 1.38-1.86%, 0.31-0.72% and 1.6-2.77%, respectively. This study showed that utilization of coffee husk waste product by above simple processing could substitute part of corn in ration of 25% producing high percentage of broiler internal organ. Keywords: Broiler, Coffee husk by product, broiler internal organ

Solid state cultivation (SSC) was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using coffee husk and spent-ground as substrates for the production of edible mushroom Flammulina under different conditions of moisture and spawn rate. The strain of F. velutipes LPB 01 was adapted for a coffee husk extract medium. Best results were obtained with 25% spawn rate, though there was not much difference when lower spawn rates (10-20%) were used. Ideal moisture content for mycelial growth was 60% and 55% for coffee husk and spent-ground, respectively. With coffee husk as substrate, first fructification occurred after 25 days of inoculation and the biological efficiency reached about 56% with two flushes after 40 days. With spent-ground as substrate, first fructification occurred 21 days after inoculation and the biological efficiency reached about 78% in 40 days. There was decrease in the caffeine and tannins contents (10.2 and 20.4%, respectively) in coffee husk after 40 days. In coffee spent-ground, the tannin contents decreased by 28% after 40 days. These decrease was attributed to the degradation of caffeine or tannins by the culture because these were not adsorbed in the fungal mycelia. Results showed the feasibility of using coffee husk and coffee spent-ground as substrate without any nutritional supplementation for cultivation of edible fungus in SSC. Spent ground appeared better than coffee husk.

La tendencia del consumo saludable está generando que más personas opten por las bebidas más naturales, la cual es una tendencia en el consumo a nivel mundial. Así mismo, en el mundo existe una alta preferencia en el consumo del café (95%), cuyos subproductos como la cascarilla del café no han sido bien aprovechados y en la actualidad se desperdicia más del 80% generando contaminación medioambiental y en otros casos se usa como abono, solo en algunos países del mundo y Latinoamérica están innovando con los subproductos y están usando la cascarilla para producir nuevos productos como infusiones, mermeladas, yogurt, etc. El Perú no está exento de ello, por eso nace Muru Café, una bebida natural a base de la cascarilla de café, cero azúcares, con altos contenidos de carbohidratos, proteínas y minerales, 500 veces más antioxidante que la misma vitamina C, con ligera dulzura y beneficiosa para la salud por su valor nutricional. En el mercado peruano existe este tipo de bebida natural, pero no ha sido industrializado para la comercialización en el mercado, por lo que representa una oportunidad para incursionar en el negocio. Además, por la investigación de mercado, se logró validar el público objetivo y los canales de distribución indirectos para vender las bebidas en minimarkets, tiendas por conveniencia, naturistas y supermercados. Así mismo, el equipo de trabajo está altamente capacitado y con experiencia en producción, ventas, administración y finanzas, lo que nos permite desarrollar un proyecto viable, rentable y sostenible en el tiempo.
The trend of healthy consumption is generating more people opt for more natural beverages, which is a trend in consumption worldwide. Likewise, in the world there is a high preference in the consumption of coffee (95%), whose by-products such as coffee husk have not been well used and currently more than 80% are wasted generating environmental pollution and in other cases use as fertilizer, only in some countries of the world and Latin America are innovating with by-products and are using the husk to produce new products such as infusions, jams, yogurt, etc. Peru is not exempt from this, that is why Muru Café is born, a natural drink based on coffee husks, zero sugars, with high carbohydrate, protein and mineral content, 500 times more antioxidant than vitamin C, with light sweetness and beneficial to health due to its nutritional value. In the Peruvian market there is this type of natural beverage, but it has not been industrialized for commercialization in the market, so it represents an opportunity to venture into the business. In addition, through market research, it was possible to validate the target audience and the indirect distribution channels to sell beverages in minimarkets, convenience stores, naturists and supermarkets. Likewise, the work team is highly trained and experienced in production, sales, administration and finance, which allows us to develop a viable, profitable and sustainable project over time.
Trabajo de investigación

O Brasil é um país com forte produção agrícola, produzindo anualmente uma grande quantidade de biomassa vegetal, proveniente de resíduos agroflorestais, como o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, a casca de café, entre outros. As biomassas de origem vegetal são constituídas basicamente por frações de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina que encontram-se intimamente associadas dando origem a uma estrutura recalcitrante do vegetal. O presente estudo teve como objetivo contribuir para o emprego de uma nova matéria-prima, a casca de café, para obtenção de produtos com valor agregado. Foi analisado a composição química da casca de café para determinar os valores de compostos extrativos, celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e cinzas. Foi analisado também diferentes condições de pré-tratamento ácido e pré-tratamento alcalino, seguido de sacarificação, da casca de café. Os hidrolisados obtidos foram submetidos à fermentação pelas leveduras Scheffersomyces shehatae UFMG-HM 52.2 e Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 para produção de etanol e xilitol, respectivamente e Saccharomyces cerevisiae 174 para produção de etanol pelos métodos SHF (Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation) e SSF (Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation). A caracterização química da casca de café apresentou concentrações de 38,05% de compostos extrativos, 24% de celulose, 19% de hemicelulose, 13,68% de lignina e cerca de 0,36% em cinzas. As melhores condições de pré-tratamento ácido forneceram um hidrolisado com 31,35 g/L de xilose, 12,42 g/L de glicose, 1,25 g/L de ácido acético e pH de 0,8. A fermentação do hidrolisado ácido produziu 6,1 g/L de etanol, com um Yp/s de 0,27 g/g. A fermentação do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de casca de café para produção de xilitol apresentou valores de 2,82 g/L do produto, com um Yp/s de 0,16 g/g. A produção de etanol pelo método SHF a partir do hidrolisado enzimático da casca de café foi de 4,89 g/L nas primeiras 12 horas de fermentação, com Yp/s de 0,20 g/g. A fermentação pelo método SSF produziu 4,66 g/L de etanol, com um Yp/s de 0,17 g/g de etanol no período de 18 horas de fermentação. Frente a isto é possível concluir que a casca de café é uma biomassa com potencial para uso em processos biotecnológicos na produção de compostos com valor agregado como etanol e xilitol.
Brazil is a country with strong agriculture, producing a large amount of plant biomass from agroindustrial waste, such as sugarcane bagasse, coffee husk, among others. Biomasses from plants are basically constituted of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which are deeply associated, resulting in a recalcitrant structure in the plant. The present study aimed at contributing for the application of a new feedstock, coffee husk, for obtaining value-added products. The chemical composition of the coffee husk was analyzed in order to determine values of extractive compounds, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ashes. It was also analyzed different conditions of acid pretreatment and alkaline pretreatment, followed by saccharification, of coffee husks in order to improve the release of sugars. The hydrolysates were fermented by the yeasts Scheffersomyces shehatae UFMG-HM 52.2 and Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 for the production of ethanol and xylitol, respectively, and by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 174 for the production of ethanol through SHF (Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation) and SSF (Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation) methods. Chemical characterization of the coffee husk presented 38.05% of extractive compounds, 24% of cellulose, 19% of hemicellulose, 13.68% of lignin and around 0.36% of ashes. The best conditions for acid pretreatment yielded 31.35 g/L in xylose, 12.42 g/L glucose and 1.25 g/L acetic acid in 0.8 pH. Acid hydrolysate fermentation of coffee husk produced 6.1 g/L of ethanol, with an YP/S of 0.16 g/g. Ethanol production through SHF methods from enzymatic hydrolysate of coffee husk yielded 4.89 g/L in the first 12 hours of the process, with an YP/S of 0.20 g/g. SSF process yielded 4.66 g/L of ethanol with YP/S of 0.17 g/g after 18 hours of fermentation. It is possible to conclude, thus, that coffee husk is a biomass with potential for biotechnological applications in the production of value-added compounds, such as ethanol and xylitol.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
To produce porcelain tiles fluxing agents are used in order to obtain a liquid phase during firing. This liquid phase fills the pores decreasing porosity, water absorption and contributes to material densification. In the porcelain tiles industry, feldspar is the main flux material used, with quantities ranging between 35 and 50%. Studies focus on the discovery of materials with flux characteristics that can reduce the consumption of feldspar by porcelain tiles industry. In this context, the coffee husk ashes, a residue obtained when coffee husks are burned to produce heat for the dryers during the processing of the green fruit, have as main chemical constituents potassium, calcium and magnesium, giving them characteristics of fluxing material. Brazil is the largest coffee producer in the world and is responsible for over 30% of the world s production. In this work a physical treatment of coffee husk ash was carried out in order to eliminate the organic matter and, after this, two by-products were obtained: residual wastes R1 and R2. Both residues were added separately as single fluxes and also in association with feldspar in mixtures with raw materials collected in a porcelain industry located in Dias d ?vila-Ba. The addition of these residues aimed to contribute to the reduction of the consumption of feldspar in the production of porcelain tiles. Specimens were produced with dimensions of 60 mm x 20 mm x 6 mm in an uniaxial die with compacting pressure of 45 MPa. The samples were heated to a temperature of 1200 ?C, for 8 minutes. Tests were performed to characterize the raw materials by XRF, XRD, particle size analysis, DTA and TGA and, additionally, the results of the physical properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage, density, dilatometry, flexural strength and SEM of sintered body were analyzed. Additions of less than 8% of the residue R1 contributed to the decrease of porosity, but the mechanical strength of the samples was not satisfactory. Additions of 5% the R2 residue contributed significantly to decrease the water absorption and apparent porosity, and also to increase the mechanical strength. Samples with addition of feldspar associated with the R2 residue, in proportions of 6.7% of R2 and 6.7% of feldspar, led to results of water absorption of 0.12% and mechanical strength of 46 MPa, having parameters normalized to the manufacture of porcelain stoneware tiles
Na fabrica??o de porcelanatos s?o utilizados fundentes com a finalidade de obter fase l?quida durante a queima que, por sua vez, preenche os poros diminuindo a porosidade, a absor??o de ?gua, e contribui para a densifica??o do material. Na ind?stria de porcelanatos o feldspato ? o principal material fundente utilizado, com percentuais que variam entre 35 e 50% em massa. Pesquisas s?o direcionadas para a descoberta de materiais com caracter?sticas fundentes que possam diminuir o consumo de feldspato. Nesse contexto, a cinza da casca de caf?, res?duo obtido quando cascas de caf? s?o queimadas a fim de produzir calor para os secadores mec?nicos durante o beneficiamento do fruto, possuem como principais elementos o pot?ssio, c?lcio e magn?sio, conferindo-lhe caracter?sticas de material fundente. O Brasil ? o maior produtor de caf? do mundo, respons?vel por mais de 30% da produ??o mundial. Nesse trabalho, foi realizado um tratamento f?sico na cinza de caf? com a finalidade de eliminar parte do material carbonizado e, ap?s este, foram obtidos dois subprodutos: res?duo R1 e res?duo R2. Ambos os res?duos foram adicionados, separadamente, como ?nicos fundentes, e tamb?m associados ao feldspato, em massas com mat?rias primas coletadas em uma f?brica de porcelanatos localizada no munic?pio de Dias d ?vila-Ba. A adi??o desses res?duos teve o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de reduzir o consumo de feldspato na produ??o de porcelanatos. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova com dimens?es de 60 mm x 20 mm x 6 mm em matriz uniaxial, com press?o de compacta??o de 45 MPa. Os corpos de prova foram sinterizados na temperatura de 1200 ?C com patamar de 8 minutos. Foram realizados ensaios para caracteriza??o das mat?riasprimas por FRX, DRX, AG, ATD e ATG, e analisados os resultados das propriedades f?sicas de absor??o de ?gua, porosidade aparente, retra??o linear, MEA, an?lise dilatom?trica, resist?ncia ? flex?o e MEV do corpo sinterizado. A adi??o de at? 8% do res?duo R1 contribuiu para a diminui??o da porosidade aparente, por?m a resist?ncia mec?nica das amostras n?o foi satisfat?ria. A adi??o de 5% de res?duo R2 contribuiu significativamente para diminuir absor??o de ?gua e porosidade aparente, e tamb?m, para o aumento da resist?ncia mec?nica ? flex?o. As amostras com adi??o do res?duo R2 associado ao feldspato, nas propor??es de 6,7% de R2 e 6,7% de feldspato, obtiveram resultados de absor??o de ?gua de 0,12% e resist?ncia mec?nica ? flex?o de 46 MPa, atendendo aos par?metros normalizados para fabrica??o de porcelanatos

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Brazil is the world s leading coffee producer. In 2008, 45.99 million of 60 kg bags of benefited coffee were produced. In the process of improvement 50% is grain and 50% is husk, thus, 1.38 million tons of coffee husk are produced annually. The husk is used as combustible in the drying and improvement ovens in the coffee farms, generating ash as residue. These ashes contain a high concentration of alkaline metals and earth metals, mainly K2O and CaO. This work studies the use of this residue in the ceramic tiles industry, as fluxing agents in substitution to the feldspar. Ten mixtures with equal ratios of clay and kaolin, proceeding from Bahia and the residue (varying from 30 to 5%) were defined and produced in uniaxial tool die of 60x20mm with approximately 5 mm of thickness and 45MPa compacting pressure. The samples were fired in four different temperatures: 1100 ?C, 1150 ?C, 1185 ?C and 1200 ?C during 60 minutes and characterized by means of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, gravimetric thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis. The results of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage, XRD, dilatometry, flexural strength and SEM were also analysed. The test specimen with addition of 10% of ash fired in 1200 ?C resulted in 0.18% water absorption and 40.77 MPa flexural strength, being classified as porcelain stoneware tiles according to ABNT, UNI and ISO norms
O Brasil ? o maior produtor mundial de caf?. Em 2008 foram produzidas 45,99 milh?es de sacas, de 60 Kg, de caf? beneficiado. No processo de beneficiamento 50% ? gr?o e 50% ? casca. Assim, 1,38 milh?es de toneladas de cascas de caf? s?o produzidas anualmente. A casca ? utilizada como combust?vel nos fornos de secagem e beneficiamento nas fazendas de caf?, gerando uma cinza como res?duo. As cinzas da casca de caf? apresentam altas concentra??es de metais alcalinos e alcalinos-terrosos, principalmente K2O e CaO. Este trabalho estuda a utiliza??o deste res?duo na ind?stria de placas cer?micas para revestimentos, como fundente, em substitui??o ao feldspato. Foram definidas 10 formula??es com iguais propor??es de argila e caulim provenientes da Bahia, e o res?duo (variando de 30 a 5%), e confeccionados corpos-de-prova em matriz uniaxial de 60x20mm com aproximadamente 5 mm de espessura, com press?o de compacta??o de 45Mpa. As amostras foram sinterizadas em quatros patamares de temperatura, 1100 ?C, 1150 ?C, 1185 ?C e 1200 ?C durante 60 minutos. Foram realizados ensaios para caracteriza??o das mat?rias-primas por fluoresc?ncia de raios-X, difra??o de raios-X, AG, ATD e ATG e analisados os resultados de absor??o de ?gua, porosidade aparente, retra??o linear, DRX, an?lise dilatom?trica, resist?ncia ? flex?o e MEV. Os corpos de prova com adi??o de 10% da cinza e sinterizados a 1200 ?C obtiveram resultados de absor??o de ?gua de 0,18% e resist?ncia ? flex?o de 40,77 MPa, o que segundo as normas ABNT, UNI e ISO podem ser classificados como gr?s porcelanato

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The industrial production of ornamental rocks and the burning of coffee husk generate waste that is discarded into the environment. However, with the study of the incorporation of these residues in ceramic products, may be found an alternative to reducing environmental impacts and detrimental effects on human health caused by its indiscriminate disposal of waste in nature. Thus, this work aimed to study the addition of ashes of the coffee husk and granite residue in matrix of red ceramic. The raw materials were dry milled and sieved to mesh 100. To characterize the raw materials were carried out analyzes of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle size analysis (PSA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Six formulations were prepared where the clay content was kept constant (70%wt) and ashes contents and granite residue varied from 10, 15, 20 and 30%. Dilatometrics analyzes were performed at four selected formulations, containing them: 100% clay (A100); 70% clay and 30% ashes (A70C30); 70% clay and 30% granite residue (A70G30); and 70% clay, 15% granite residue and 15% ashes (A70G15C15). The samples were prepared by uniaxial compaction with pressure of 25 MPa, and fired at temperatures of 800?C, 850?C, 900?C, 950?C, 1000?C and 1100?C. Assays were performed to determine the linear shrinkage of burning (LSB), water absorption (WA), apparent porosity (AP), density (D) and tensile bending. Also were performed analyzes of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the samples fired. The formulations incorporating granite residue and/or ashes reached the required limits of water absorption according to NBR 15270-1 and NBR 15310 and tensile bending according to classical literature (SANTOS, 1989) necessary for the production of tiles and ceramic block for masonry sealing
A produ??o industrial de rochas ornamentais e a queima da casca do caf? geram res?duos que s?o descartados no meio ambiente. Por?m, com o estudo da incorpora??o destes res?duos em produtos cer?micos, poder? ser encontrada uma alternativa para a redu??o dos impactos ambientais e efeitos danosos ? sa?de humana causados pelo seu descarte indiscriminado na natureza. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a adi??o de cinzas da casca do caf? e res?duo de granito na argila usada para a produ??o de cer?mica vermelha. As mat?rias-primas foram mo?das a seco e peneiradas na malha 100 mesh. Para caracterizar as mat?rias-primas foram realizadas as an?lises de difra??o de raios X (DRX), fluoresc?ncia de raios X (FRX), an?lise granulom?trica (AG), an?lise t?rmica diferencial (DTA) e an?lise termogravim?trica (TG). Foram preparadas seis formula??es onde o teor de argila foi mantido constante (70% em peso) e os teores de cinzas e de res?duo de granito variaram de 10, 15, 20 e 30%. Foram realizadas an?lises dilatom?tricas em quatro formula??es selecionadas, contendo elas: 100% argila (A100); 70% argila e 30% cinza (A70C30); 70% argila e 30% res?duo de granito (A70G30); e 70% argila, 15% res?duo de granito e 15% cinza (A70G15C15). As amostras foram confeccionadas por compacta??o uniaxial com press?o de 25 MPa, e queimadas ?s temperaturas de 800?C, 850?C, 900?C, 950?C, 1000?C e 1100?C. Foram realizados ensaios para determinar a retra??o linear de queima (RLq), absor??o de ?gua (AA), porosidade aparente (PA), massa espec?fica aparente (MEA) e tens?o de ruptura ? flex?o (TRF). Foram realizadas tamb?m an?lises de difra??o de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) das amostras queimadas. As formula??es com incorpora??o de res?duo de granito e/ou cinza alcan?aram os limites exigidos de absor??o de ?gua segundo as normas NBR 15270-1 e 15310 e de tens?o de ruptura ? flex?o segundo a literatura cl?ssica (SANTOS, 1989), necess?rios para a produ??o de telhas e blocos cer?micos para alvenaria de veda??o

[ES] La presente Tesis Doctoral se ha centrado en el aislamiento y caracterización de materiales celulósicos y extractos activos, procedentes de las cascarillas de arroz y café, y su incorporación a películas de almidón y mezclas compatibilizadas de almidón-PLA, para mejorar sus propiedades funcionales como materiales para el envasado de alimentos. Las fibras de celulosa (CF) se obtuvieron mediante tratamiento alcalino y de blanqueo, con un rendimiento de 41 y 53 g fibras/100 g cascarilla, respectivamente para cascarilla de arroz y café. Los nanocristales de celulosa (CNC) se aislaron de las fibras mediante hidrólisis ácida, con un rendimiento del 5% respecto a las fibras y con alta cristalinidad (90-92%), resistencia térmica y relación de aspecto (L/d: 20-40). Los compuestos activos se obtuvieron mediante extracción hidrotérmica (180 ºC; 9,5 bares), con un rendimiento de 17-18 g/ 100 g de cascarilla. Dichos extractos exhibieron capacidad antioxidante (EC50: 5,37-5,29 mg sólidos extraídos/ mg DPPH) y antimicrobiana (cuantificada en términos de concentración mínima inhibitoria: MIC) frente a L. innocua (MIC: 48-52 mg polvo/mL) y E. coli (MIC: 50-66 mg polvo/mL). Los materiales celulósicos procedentes de cascarilla de arroz y café se incorporaron a películas de almidón termoplástico (TPS), obtenidas mediante mezclado en fundido y moldeo por compresión. El módulo elástico aumentó un 186 y 121% cuando se incorporó a la matriz un 1% (p/p) de CNC de cascarilla de arroz y café, respectivamente. Del mismo modo, las CF se añadieron a las películas de TPS al 1, 5 y 10 pt%. Ambas CF aumentaron la rigidez y redujeron la extensibilidad de los films, aunque las CF de cascarilla de café mantuvieron mejor la ductilidad al 1 y 5% (p/p). La permeabilidad al vapor de agua de las películas de TPS no se redujo en los materiales compuestos, aunque la permeabilidad al oxígeno se redujo en aproximadamente un 17%. Al incorporar extractos activos a los films de almidón, mejoraron sus propiedades de tracción; el módulo elástico aumentó un 350%, a la vez que se hicieron menos extensibles. Las fibras de celulosa de ambos residuos fueron más efectivas como agentes de refuerzo en los films con extractos sólidos que en los de almidón solo. Se estudiaron también mezclas de almidón-PLA utilizando como compatibilizador policaprolactona funcionalizada con anhídrido maléico y/o glicidil metacrilato (PCLMG o PCLG). Se analizó el efecto de la proporción de PLA en la mezcla (20 y 40% respecto al almidón), y la de ambos compatibilizadores (2,5 y 5%), en las propiedades de los films. Los análisis de la microestructura, el comportamiento térmico y las propiedades funcionales (mecánicas, ópticas y de barrera) de los films, demostraron que sustituir el 20% del almidón por PLA e incorporar el 5% de PCLG podría ser una buena estrategia para obtener materiales adecuados para envasado de alimentos. Además, se estudió el efecto de la adición de rellenos celulósicos (CF y CNC) y del extracto antioxidante de cascarilla de café en la mezcla de almidón-PLA compatibilizada seleccionada. Las propiedades antioxidantes de los films se probaron a través de su eficacia para preservar al aceite de girasol de la oxidación. Se observaron diferencias significativas en las propiedades funcionales de los films cuando los CNC se incorporaron mediante dos métodos diferentes. El efecto de refuerzo de los materiales celulósicos en mezclas de S-PLA fue menos notable que en las películas de almidón, probablemente debido a la superposición del efecto de refuerzo de PLA. El extracto antioxidante no mejoró el comportamiento mecánico en la mezcla, pero le confirió capacidad antioxidante, adecuada para aplicaciones en el envasado de alimentos.
[CAT] La present Tesi Doctoral s'ha centrat en l'aïllament i caracteritzaciò de materials cel.lulòsics i extractes actius, procedents de pellorfa d'arròs i café, i la seua incorporació a pel·lícules de midó i mescles compatibilitzades de midò-PLA, per a millorar les seues propietats funcionals com materials per al envasat d'aliments. Les fibres de cel.lulosa (CF) s'obtingueren mitjançant tractament alcalí i de blanqueig, amb un rendiment de 41 i 53 g fibres/100g pellorfa, respectivament per a pellorfa d'arròs i cafè. Els nanocristalls de cel·lulosa (CNC) es van aïllar de les fibres de cel·lulosa per mig d'hidròlosi àcida, amb un rendiment del 5% respecte a les fibres; en tots dos casos, amb alta cristal·línitat (90-92%), resistència tèrmica i relaciò d'aspecte (L/d: 20-40). Els composts actius s'obtingueren mitjançant l'extracció hidrotèrmica (180 ºC; 9,5 bars), amb un rendiment del 17-18 g/100 g de pellorfa. Aquests composts exhibiren capacitat antioxidant (EC50: 5,37-5,29 mg extracte solit/ mg DPPH) i antimicrobiana, (quantificada en termes de concentració mínima inhibitòria: CMC) enfront a L. innocua (MIC: 48-52 mg pols/mL) i E. coli (MIC: 50-66 mg pols/ mL). Els materials cel·lulòsics procedents de pellorfa d'arròs i cafè es van incorporar a pel·lícules de midó termoplàstic (TPS), obtingudes mitjançant mesclat en fos i modelatge per compressió. El mòdul elàstic va augmentar un 186 i 121% quan es va incorporar a la matriu un 1 pt% CNC de pellorfa d'arròs i café, respectivament. De la mateixa manera, les CF es van afegir a les pel·lícules de TPS al 1, 5 i 10 pt%. Ambdues CF va augmentar la rigidesa de les pel·lícules i es va reduir la seua capacitat d'estirament. No obstant, les CF de pellorfa de cafè mantingueren millor la ductilitat al 1 i 5%. La permeabilitat al vapor d'aigua de les pel·lícules de TPS no es va reduir en els materials compostos, encara que la permeabilitat a l'oxigen es va reduir en aproximadament un 17%. A l'incorporar extractes actius a les pel·lícules de midó, milloraren les propietats de tracció de les pel·lícules ; el mòdul elàstic va augmentar un 350%, mentre que les pel·lícules es feren menys extensibles. Les CF dels dos residus foren més efectives com agents de reforç en pel·lícules que contenien extractes actius, que en pel·lícules de midó pur. També es van estudiar mescles de midò-PLA utilitzant com a compatibilitzador policaprolactona funcionalitzada amb anhídrid maleic i/o glicidil metacrilat (PCLMG o PCLG). Es va analitzar l'efecte de la proporció de PLA en la mescla (20 i 40% respecte al midó), i de la tots dues compatibilitzadors (2,5 i 5%), en les propietats de les pel·lícules. Els anàlisis de la microestructura, el comportament tèrmic i les propietats funcionals (mecàniques, óptiques i de barrera) de les pel·lícules, demostraren que substituir el 20% del midó per PLA i incorporar el 5% de PCLG podria ser una bona estratègia per a obtindré pel·lícules adequades per a l'envasat d'aliments. A demés, es va estudiar l'efecte de l'addició de reforçaments cel·lulòsics (CF i CNC) i extracte antioxidant de pellorfa de cafè, en mescles de midó-PLA compatibilitzades. Les propietats antioxidants de les pel·lícules s'analitzaren a través de la seua eficàcia per a preservar de l'oxidació l'oli de gira-sol. S'observaren diferències significatives en les propietats funcionals de les pel·lícules quan els CNC s'incorporaren mitjançant dos mètodes diferents. L'efecte de reforç dels materials cel·lulòsics en mescles de S-PLA va ser menys notable que en les pel·lícules de midó, provablement degut a la superposició de l'efecte de reforç del PLA. L'extracte antioxidant no va millorar el comportament mecànic en les mescles, però li va conferir la capacitat antioxidant adequada per a aplicacions a l'envasat d'aliments.
[EN] This Doctoral Thesis has focused on the isolation and characterisation of cellulosic materials and active extracts from coffee and rice husks, and their incorporation into starch films and starch-PLA compatibilised blend films in order to improve their functional properties as food packaging materials. Cellulose fibres were obtained through alkali and bleaching treatment with a final yield of 41 and 53 g fibres/100 g husk, respectively for rice and coffee husks. Cellulose nanocrystals were isolated from the bleached fibres by acid hydrolysis, with a yield of 5% with respect to bleached fibres, in both cases, with high crystallinity (90-92%), thermal resistance and aspect ratio (L/d: 20-40). The active compounds were obtained by hydrothermal extraction (180 ºC, 9.5 bar) with yields of 17 -18 g/100 g husks. They exhibited antioxidant properties (EC50: 5.37-5.29 mg extract solids/mg DPPH) and antibacterial activity against L. innocua (MIC: 48-52 mg powder/mL) and E. coli (MIC: 50-66 mg powder/mL), which were quantified in terms of the minimal inhibitory concentration. Cellulosic material from rice and coffee husks were incorporated into thermoplastic starch films (TPS) by melt blending and compression moulding. The elastic modulus increased by 186 and 121% when 1 wt% of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from rice and coffee husks, respectively, was incorporated into the matrix. Likewise, cellulose fibres (CF) were incorporated into TPS films at 1, 5 and 10 wt%. Both CF increased the film stiffness while reducing its stretchability. However, CF from coffee husk better maintained the film ductility at 1 and 5 wt%. The water vapour permeability of TPS films was not reduced in composites, although oxygen permeability was lowered by about 17%. When active extracts were incorporated into starch films, they improved the tensile properties; the elastic modulus increased by about 350%, while films became less stretchable. The cellulosic fibres from both residues were more effective as reinforcing agents in films containing extract solids than in net starch films. Starch-PLA blend films were also studied using grafted polycaprolactone with maleic anhydride and/or glycidyl methacrylate (PCLMG or PCLG) as compatibilisers. The effect of both the PLA ratio in the blend (20 and 40% with respect to starch) and the amount of both compatibilisers (2.5 and 5%) on the film properties was analysed. The analyses of microstructure, thermal behaviour and functional properties (mechanical, optical and barrier) of the films led to the conclusion that substituting 20% of the starch by PLA, and incorporating 5% of PCLG would be a good strategy to obtain films suitable for food packaging. The effect of the addition of cellulosic fillers (CF and CNC) and antioxidant aqueous extract from coffee husk to compatibilised starch-PLA blends was also studied. The antioxidant properties of the films were tested through their efficacy at preserving sunflower oil from oxidation. Significant differences were observed in the functional properties of the films when CNC was incorporated by two different methods. The reinforcing effect of cellulosic materials in S-PLA blends was less noticeable than in starch films, probably due to the overlapping of the PLA reinforcing effect. The antioxidant extract did not improve the mechanical performance in the blends, but conferred antioxidant capacity suitable for food packaging applications.
Collazo Bigliardi, S. (2019). Lignocellulosic fractions from rice and coffee husks to improve functionality of biodegradable films based on starch and poly-lactic acid [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/123055
TESIS

An abundant supply of low-cost substrate and management of green mold disease-causing fungus Trichoderma are the major hurdles in successful mushroom production. This study aimed to identify the best Agro-based industry’s by-products as a substitute for oyster mushroom production (Pleurotus ostreatus) while managing fungal contaminants eco-friendly. Two sets of In-Vitro [containing 20% extracts, from agro-based industries, such as coffee waste powder, tea dust and Mahua oil cake] and In-Vivo experiments [four substrates such as paddy straw, wood sawdust, paddy husk and banana leaves were incorporated with coffee powder, tea dust and Mahua oil cake] were prepared separately. All the experiments were conducted using a complete randomized design with three replicates. The In-Vitro data [mycelial growth and sporulation of both fungi], In-Vivo data [mycelial mushroom run, pinhead formation and yield] were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT mean separation using SAS 9.1 statistical package at P <0.05. In-Vitro results showed that the Trichoderma mycelial growth was significantly minimum in Mahua (2.5 cM) and coffee (3.6 cM) in comparison to control, whereas, with decreasing concentration of coffee, tea, and Mahua extract P. ostreatus showed enhanced growth. Trichoderma sporulation had significantly affected coffee treatment, and even not sporulate in Mahua treated plants. The In-Vivo experiment proved that spawn run was consistent and significant among the treatments when mixed tea (20 days) and coffee (21 days), respectively, at P <0.05. Treatment wise coffee treated spawn bags took an average of 32.5 days, whereas, in tea-treated substrates, it was more than 36 days to form pinhead. Mahua treated trials showed poor spawn run in all substrates, longer days of pinhead formation, and lower yield. In contrast, the paddy straw + coffee treatment produced a significantly highest yield of 200.67g. When sawdust was the substrate, the addition of tea showed a significantly higher yield of 185.00g than coffee (145.00g). In conclusion, coffee and tea extracts have a significant effect on yield with paddy straw and sawdust while minimizing the growth of Trichoderma. Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, eco-friendly, plant extract, substrate, coffee, paddy straw