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Xu, Su. "Impact of agro-forestry systems on coffee yield, coffee plant morphology, physical and chemical attributes of green coffee beans and aroma generation of roasted coffee beans." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48086/.
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A long experiment has been established since 2000 at CATIE (Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center), Turrialba, Costa Rica. Twenty agro-forestry systems with different shade types and managements (organic and non-organic) consisting of an incomplete randomized block-design with shade tree as main effect and subplots represented by management were set up. The mean 13-year yield, bienniality index (BI) of coffee yield, pruning, shade cover and morphology (height, diameter, total branches and productive branches) of coffee plants in these agro-forestry systems were measured. The effects of different managements and shade types on the physical and chemical attributes of green coffee beans and aroma and colour generation of roasted coffee beans were investigated. The organic management always showed the more stable production, while the coffee yield and morphology were always worse under the intensive organic (IO) management than under the intensive conventional (IC) management. Comparing with the moderate conventional (MC) management, the intensive organic (IO) management did not only have a similar or even higher productivity, but it also had higher total lipid and protein in the green beans and a stronger ability to generate more flavour and colour. The full sun system had a higher total coffee yield and bienniality index (BI) of coffee yield, green bean density and total protein content and greater flavour generation and colour after roasting. Comparing with the timber system, the service system did not only have the higher coffee yield and better coffee plant morphology, but it also produced green beans with higher total protein and roasted beans with the more flavour and colour. Comparing with the non-legume shade tree, the legume shade tree only influenced the total protein content of green coffee beans and further improved the performance of flavour and colour in the roasted coffee beans.
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Ingvarsson, Josef. "Assessing Sustainability in Coffee Farming Systems in Colombia." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-45478.
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This study investigated sustainability challenges and benefits for coffee farming with different amounts of shade management in Colombia. Data was collected from literature studies, quantitative soil analyses and interviews with farmers and other experts. The results show that shade management of coffee farms does increase ecological sustainability, but in general gives lower yields of coffee. However, shaded coffee systems have the potential of increasing economic resilience for farmers by providing diversified income possibilities. The low and fluctuating coffee price of the global market has shown to be a major challenge of sustainability for Colombian small scale coffee farms. In addition a participatory sustainability assessment of soil quality and crop health was conducted with four farmers. The results from these assessments were compared with results from quantitative analyses of soil compaction, microbiological respiration rate and organic matter content in order to evaluate the analytical reliability of the assessment. The results of the participatory assessment were shown to correlate quite well to the quantitative soil analyses. When participatory methodology was evaluated from experiences in field and literature, it was found to be an important approach in facilitating sustainability learning in local contexts.En esta investigación se examinaron los retos y beneficios de la sostenibilidad en la producción del cultivo de café con diferentes niveles de sombra en Colombia. Los datos se colectaron de estudios de literatura, análisis de suelo y entrevistas con agricultores y expertos en el tema. Los resultados indican que el manejo con sombra incrementa la sostenibilidad ecologica de las fincas cafeteras, y esto, tiene la posibilidad de incrementar la resiliencia económica para los agricultores al ofrecer oportunidades para una producción diversificada de ingresos. El precio bajo y fluctuante del café en el mercado mundial ha demostrado ser un importante reto para la sostenibilidad de las fincas de los campesinos colombianos. Además, se realizó una evaluación de la sostenibilidad participativa de la calidad del suelo y la salud de los cultivos con cuatro agricultores. Los resultados de esta evaluación se compararon con los resultados de análisis cuantitativos: de la compactación del suelo, la tasa de respiración microbiológica y contenido de materia orgánica, con el fin de evaluar la fiabilidad analítica de la evaluación participativa. Se demostró que los resultados de la evaluación participativa tienen una estrecha relación con el análisis cuantitativo del suelo. Cuando la metodología participativa se evaluó a partir de las experiencias propias en el campo y la literatura, se encontró que puede ser un enfoque importante para facilitar el aprendizaje de sostenibilidad para los contextos locales.
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De, Meij Garcia-Montoya Luisa Fernanda. "Systematic narratives : a study of an information system for the Colombian coffee industry." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387701.
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Harding, Paul Ernest. "A comparison of the nitrogen requirements of two coffee (Coffea aribica L.) management systems in Papua New Guinea." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385179.
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Gomes, Lucas de Carvalho. "Soil CO2 Efflux in Agroforestry and Full-Sun Coffee Systems." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6469.
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A mudança climática global tem sido atribuída ao aumento da concentração de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera, especialmente o dióxido de carbono (CO2), como resultado das atividades humanas. Para atenuar esse efeito, existe um esforço global em reduzir as emissões de CO2 e desenvolver tecnologias para remover parte desse gás da atmosfera. A maneira mais simples e natural para remover o CO2 da atmosfera é realizada pelas plantas através da fotossíntese. Este processo remove o carbono da atmosfera formando biomassa vegetal, a qual mais tarde será depositada no solo, maior reservatório de carbono (2500 GtC) na biosfera terrestre. O balanço de carbono no solo é resultado da deposição de biomassa vegetal e perda de carbono, especialmente como CO2. Portanto, o solo, no ciclo global do carbono, pode atuar como fonte ou dreno de carbono da atmosfera. Para melhor compreensão do papel do solo no ciclo do carbono não é suficiente conhecer apenas a quantidade de carbono que determinadas espécies de plantas depositam no solo, mas também como esse carbono é liberado de volta para a atmosfera. O CO2 é liberado (efluxo de CO2 do solo) a partir de respiração do solo, a maior fonte de CO2 da biosfera terrestre. O efluxo de CO2 do solo é um processo complexo que depende das características biológicas e físicas do solo, especialmente das condições de temperatura e umidade do solo. No entanto, o tipo de vegetação e as práticas agrícolas podem ser os principais componentes que controlam o efluxo de CO2 do solo em agroecossistemas, porque influenciam as características biológicas e físicas do solo e regulam as condições de temperatura e umidade do solo. Nos sistemas agroflorestais as árvores aportam matéria orgânica no solo e o protegem contra a radiação solar direta, influenciando assim o efluxo de CO2 do solo. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi compreender como a copa das árvores, em sistemas agroflorestais com café, afetam o efluxo de CO2 do solo e quais os fatores controladores deste processo em comparação com café a pleno sol. Para isso avaliou-se o efluxo de CO2 do solo (in situ), em sistemas agroflorestais com café e em sistemas com café a pleno sol em três propriedades de agricultores familiares na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O aumento nos níveis de cobertura da copa das árvores resultou no aumento da umidade do solo e na diminuição da temperatura do ar e do solo a 5 e 10 cm de profundidade. O efeito das árvores no microclima não afetou a média diária de efluxo de CO2 do solo entre os sistemas agroflorestais e a pleno sol, mas contribuiu para que a dinâmica das emissões diárias fosse diferente entre os sistemas. No sistema agroflorestal o efluxo de CO2 do solo foi mais estável durante o dia com menor variação entre o período de 08:00-10:00h e 12:00-14:00h e maior variação espacial do que no sistema a pleno sol. No sistema agroflorestal o efluxo de CO2 foi explicado principalmente por variações na quantidade de nitrogênio total e carbono lábil e no sistema a pleno solo pela temperatura do solo, especialmente a 10 cm de profundidade. A análise de componetes principais mostrou que em geral o efluxo de CO2 do solo correlacionou positivamente com a temperatura do solo a 5 e 10 cm de profundidade e negativamente com a umidade do solo. Em conclusão, as árvores em sistemas agroflorestais de café trouxeram maior estabilidade para o microclima e para o efluxo de CO2 do solo comparado com sistemas a pleno sol.
The global climate change has been attributed to increasing greenhouse gas concentration, especially Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in atmosphere as result of human activities. To mitigate this effect, there is a global effort to reduce CO2 emissions and develop technologies to remove part of this gas from the atmosphere. The most simple and natural way to remove CO2 from atmosphere is carried out by plants through photosynthesis. This process removes carbon from atmosphere creating vegetal biomass, which later will be deposited in soil, the biggest reservoir of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere (2500 GtC). The balance of carbon in the soil is the result of input of vegetal biomass and the output of carbon, especially as CO2. Therefore, the soil, in the Global Carbon Cycle, acts either as source or as a sink of carbon from the atmosphere. To better understand the role of soil in Carbon Cycle and to it become sink of CO2 it is not enough to know the carbon that particular plant species can deposit in the soil, but also how this carbon is released back to atmosphere. The CO2 is released from soil (also called soil CO2 efflux) mainly from soil respiration, which is the biggest source of CO2 from terrestrial biosphere. Soil CO2 efflux is a complex process that depends on the soil biological and physical characteristics and especially on the soil temperature and moisture conditions. However, the vegetation type and the agricultural practices may be the main components to control the soil CO2 efflux in agroecosystems, because they influence the soil biological and physical characteristics and control the soil temperature and moisture conditions. Agroforestry coffee management increases the amount of organic matter residue and the canopy’s trees protect the soil against the directly solar radiation, thus, affecting the soil CO2 efflux. The general objective of this study it was to understand how the canopy’s trees in agroforestry and full-sun coffee systems affect the soil CO2 efflux and which factors control it. To this end we evaluated the soil CO2 efflux (in situ) in agroforestry and full-sun coffee systems in three different farms in Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The increase in canopy cover levels from trees leads to increase soil moisture and decrease air and soil temperature at 5 and 10 cm depth. The effect of trees on microclimate did not affect the daily average of soil CO2 efflux between agroforestry and full-sun coffee systems, but they showed different daily emission dynamics. In agroforestry system the soil CO2 efflux was more stable during the day, presenting less variation from morning to midday and higher spatial variation than the full-sun system. In agroforestry system the variation of soil CO2 efflux was explained mainly by total nitrogen and labile carbon and in full- sun system by soil temperature at 10 cm depth. The principal components analysis shows that in general the soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature at 5 and 10 cm depths and negatively correlated with soil moisture. In conclusion, the trees in agroforestry coffee systems promoted stability to microclimate and soil CO2 efflux compared to Full-Sun systems.
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Muleta, Diriba. "Microbial inputs in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) production systems, southwestern Ethiopia : implications for promotion of biofertilizers and biocontrol agents /." Uppsala : Dept. of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007117.pdf.
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Bezabeh, Tesfay Gidey. "Using yield-SAFE model to assess climate change impact on yield of coffee (Coffea arabica) under agroforestry and monoculture systems." Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13004.
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Mestrado Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management (MEDFOR) - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - ULEthiopia economy strongly depends on coffee (Coffea arabica L.) production. Coffee, like many other agricultural crops, is sensitive to climate change. Future changes in climate will have a negative impact on coffee yield and quality. Studies have called for an urgent development of coffee’s adaptation strategies against climate change and agroforestry systems have received attention as an adaptation and mitigation strategy for coffee production under future climate. This study contributes to the assessment of coffee production in 1) monoculture and in 2) agroforestry systems, under different climate scenarios, in four different regions, providing insights for preliminary recommendations for coffee growers and policy makers. The Yield-SAFE processbased model was used to predict yield of coffee in monoculture and under agroforestry systems for forty years of current and future climate (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 - HadCM2 model). In monoculture system, coffee yield was estimated to decrease between 4-38 % and 16-58 % in RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively from its current yield of 1000-1600 kg ha-1 yr-1. However, in agroforestry system the decrease was between 4-13 % and 13-25 % in RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively from its current yield of 1200-2200 kg ha-1 yr-1, showing that agroforestry systems have a higher resilience when facing future climate change.
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Gebreeyesus, Kinfe Asayehegn. "Impact of climate change on the agro-ecological innovation of coffee agroforestery systems in central Kenya." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0010/document.
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Le changement climatique et la variabilité ont des répercussions graves dans le secteur agricole des régions tropicales. Le secteur du café est sensible au changement climatique car il nécessite une température relativement froide et une plus grande durée des pluies. L'adaptation au changement climatique dans l'agroforesterie du café est donc importante pour traiter les impacts, mais il existe des obstacles et des limites. Le but de cette thèse était d'analyser les stratégies d'adaptation au changement climatique au centre du Kenya. Nous avons étudié différentes étapes de l'adaptation qui incluent (1) les connaissances sur le changement climatique et l'adaptation, la motivation à l'adaptation, (2) le choix actuel des stratégies d'adaptation et leurs déterminants, (3) les rôles du système d'innovation et du contexte institutionnel. Cette étude repose sur quatre sources d'information: - (1) groupes de discussion sur des questionnaires pré-définis, (2) enquêtes auprès des ménages, (3) entrevues auprès des intervenants et (4) données climatiques historiques sur le contexte de quatre types de systèmes de productions dans l’agriculture : les cultures vivrières, le café spécialisé, les systèmes diversifiés café-laiterie et les systèmes laitiers spécialisés, dans les zones caféières et vivrières. L'analyse des tendances de Mann-Kendal et l'estimateur de la pente de Sen ont été utilisées pour comparer les connaissances des agriculteurs sur les changements climatiques et l’historique des données climatiques, tandis que le modèle de Heckman a été utilisé pour analyser les stratégies d'adaptation et leurs déterminants. Les résultats soulignent des cohérences entre les connaissances des agriculteurs et l'analyse historique des données pour la température mais des incohérences avec le changement des précipitations. L'analyse de la perception par les agriculteurs révèle que les précipitations diminuent radicalement au fil du temps, alors qu'aucun élément de preuve concernant les précipitations ne permet d'appuyer la perception des agriculteurs. L'incohérence est donc corroborée par l'analyse des modèles. Les agriculteurs du secteur du café et des cultures vivrières se sont adaptés différemment aux changements climatiques. Les agriculteurs qui sont conscients des changements sont plus disposés à explorer les stratégies d'adaptation. Une partie des agriculteurs qui ne perçoivent pas le changement climatique adoptent des stratégies d’adaptation à des facteurs autres. L'adaptation au changement climatique est également déterminée par la performance institutionnelle et les différences de systèmes sectoriels d'innovation. La comparaison entre les secteurs du café et des produits laitiers révèle ainsi que les stratégies des acteurs du café sont limitées. En ce qui concerne l’élaboration des politiques, cette thèse contribue aux politiques d’accompagnement de l’adaptation au niveau des ménages, aux politiques de recherche agronomique et de négociation des accords internationaux. Les recommandations politiques au niveau des ménages se différentient selon trois scénarios. En premier lieu de l’intensification dans le café par l’innovation technologique. Les deux autres options politiques sont dans la diversification sectorielle dans la production laitière qui dépend de leur niveau de rentabilité. Les résultats de cette étude sont issus d’enquêtes sur l’analyse des systèmes d’innovation. D’autres options politiques sont proposées dans le développement de nouvelles infrastructures, des subventions pour accroitre les potentiels d’adaptation. Nous recommandons enfin de nouveaux sujets de recherche pour le futurClimate change and variability is the most widespread anthropogenic challenge affecting agricultural production and productivity particularly in the tropics. Coffee sector is sensitive to climate change as it requires relatively cold temperature and higher rainfall duration. Adaptation to climate change in the coffee agroforestry is, therefore, important to address the impacts, but there are barriers, and limits. The aim of this Thesis was to analyze the adaptation strategies to climate change in Central Kenya. We studied the steps in adaptation, which includes (1) the knowledge on climate change and adaptation, the motivation towards adaptation, (2) current choices of households’ adaptation strategies, and their determinants, (3) the roles of innovation system and institutional context to support adaptation. This study was based on four sources of information: - (1) Focus Group Discussions to predefine the questionnaires, (2) household surveys, (3) stakeholders interview, and, (4) historical climate data. The data collection considered four farming typologies; - food crops, specialized coffee, diversified coffee-dairy and specialized dairy farming systems in the coffee and food crops zones. Mann-Kendal trend analysis and Sen’s slope estimator were used to compare the farmers’ knowledge of climate change with the historical climate data, while Heckman model was used to analyze adaptation strategies and their determinants. The findings explore consistent results between farmers’ knowledge and historical data analysis for temperature, while inconsistency is observed in rainfall change. Analysis of farmers’ perception revealed rainfall is radically declining over time, while no evidence in rainfall record is found to support the farmers’ perception. The inconsistency is therefore, substantiated with analysis of patterns. Coffee and food crop farmers are found to adapt to climate change differently. Farmers who are aware of the changes are found more willing to explore adaptation strategies although some of the farmers who do not perceive the climate is changing are also adopting strategies for factors other than perception. The comparison between coffee and dairy sectors found that actors in the coffee are limited, the system is highly centralized with limited options for farmers to process and market their products, while the dairy sector is informally controlled by demand based business and comparatively, numerous actors. We conclude in this study that the patterns in rainfall affects the farming activities of the study area higher than the annual changes. Consequently, farmers adopt a series of adaptation strategies in response to their perception of changes in climate and economic pressure in the farm. This adaptation to climate change also depends on the nature of actors’ interaction and institutional context. In relation to policy development, this Thesis contributes to household level adaptation policies, research policies and international agreements and negotiations. The household level policy recommendations consists of three scenarios. Farmers’ intensification in coffee applying the right technological innovations. The second and third policy options are the diversification to dairy and complete sectoral transformation to dairy depending on the profitability and adaptation level of the sectors. The results in this study are derived from surveys and analysis of innovation systems. Other strategies such as new infrastructural development and institutional subsidies could be potential for adaptation. We therefore, recommend, these could be potential future research topics
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Lenz, Anthony M. "COFFEE: Context Observer For Fast Enthralling Entertainment." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1244.
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Desktops, laptops, smartphones, tablets, and the Kinect, oh my! With so many devices available to the average consumer, the limitations and pitfalls of each interface are becoming more apparent. Swimming in devices, users often have to stop and think about how to interact with each device to accomplish the current tasks at hand. The goal of this thesis is to minimize user cognitive effort in handling multiple devices by creating a context aware hybrid interface. The context aware system will be explored through the hybridization of gesture and touch interfaces using a multi-touch coffee table and the next-generation Microsoft Kinect. Coupling gesture and touch interfaces creates a novel multimodal interface that can leverage the benefits of both gestures and touch. The hybrid interface is able to utilize the more intuitive and dynamic use of gestures, while maintaining the precision of a tactile touch interface. Joining these two interfaces in an intuitive and context aware way will open up a new avenue for design and innovation.
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Reeka, Robinson. "Challenges Associated with the Use of Mobile Phones Among Ugandan Coffee Farmers." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-67293.
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Noponen, Martin Raimo Andreas. "Carbon and economic performance of coffee agroforestry systems in Costa Rica and Nicaragua." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/carbon-and-economic-performance-of-coffee-agroforestry-systems-in-costa-rica-and-nicaragua(6a432d2d-72ce-4a7b-a8af-e0ed74bed9df).html.
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Coffee agroforestry systems (CAFS) sustain the livelihoods of many people globally at the same time as providing important ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration that help mitigate climate change. These systems vary in their composition (especially density and species of shade tree) and management. Changes made to enhance their productivity will affect their climate change mitigation potential. With growing food demand and diminishing availability of agricultural land due to global population growth, as well as an increasing threat from global climate change the trade-offs between the socio-economic and net carbon sequestration performance in CAFS are important. The carbon sequestration and socio-economic performance of a range of CAFS varying in composition and management were assessed in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Measurements and modelled estimates were made of (i) greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from coffee cultivation (the carbon footprint (CF)), (ii) carbon sequestration potential into above-ground biomass and soil organic stocks and (iii) socio-economic performance (productivity and profitability), and their trade-offs analysed. The effects of agronomic management (conventional versus organic) and shade type (ranging from timber trees to full sun) on the CF of two long-standing CAFS experiments in Costa Rica Nicaragua demonstrated that management is the best predictor of the CF whereas shade type has a minor effect. The greatest contributor to the overall CF was N20 emissions from the input of J in applied organic and inorganic fertilisers. Shade systems with high levels of N input from leguminous tree pruning had the highest CF. Total soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased over the first nine years of coffee bush and shade tree establishment in these experiments, although this differed amongst soil layers. Organically managed systems tended to have an increase in SOC in the top 10 cm of soil, though organic and conventional systems had similar (larger) decreases in SOC in deeper soil. Shade type and above-ground biomass had a smaller effect on SOC. Comparison of the CF of these experimental CAFS treatments with their C sequestration potential showed that increases in GHG emissions from production intensification can be compensated for or even outweighed by the increase in C sequestration into above-ground biomass, especially for shaded systems. However, if less productive, lower intensity CAFS are extended onto an area of currently forested land in order to compensate for the shortfall in profitability (compared with higher-intensity, higher-yielding systems), this land-use change causes additional GHG emissions from deforestation. This results in net GHG emissions for the whole system for the majority of shade types tested. Evaluation of the C and socio-economic performance of coffee farms in the regions around the two experimental sites showed that due to the huge variation amongst CAFS there is no single strategy for climate change mitigation that could successfully be applied across the range of farms. Instead it will be necessary to carry out accurate and site-specific farm assessments to inform advice and decisions on system improvement tailored to the needs of individual farms and environmental settings. The findings of this research suggest that there is a place in the C market for CAFS, however their design and management will determine the overall net benefits that can be achieved.
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Capouya, Rachel Danielle Capouya. "Analysis of microbial communities in three diverse commodity systems." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543510790291037.
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Costa, Bruna de Ribeiro. "Coffee voluntary standards systems a study of the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15078.
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In order to adapt to new markets, the coffee supply chain has gone through numerous changes during the last years, which led to the creation of the voluntary standard systems. Adopting a Voluntary Standard System (VSS) consists of becoming a member of a certifier or verifier, in which an independent third party sets specific criteria to ensure a product complies with standards. Yet, the segment is still relatively new and raises some doubts about the economic and financial advantages of investing in sustainability-related certification. This study analyzes the perception of coffee producers about VSS – whether it brings economic benefits. The literature review covers various VSS in the coffee sector, the brief history of the commodity in Brazil, as well as the description of the supply chain. Certified and non-certified producers in the States of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, answered questionnaires to indicate the perceived advantages of certification. The results show that, despite some added value that certification can bestow, the quality is what really matter, since it allows producers to sell the product at higher prices and to gain advantage over competitors.
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Marques, Luís Miguel Costa. "Natural antioxidants extraction and their incorporation into model pharmaceutical systems." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6324.
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Dissertation to obtain a Master Degree in BiotechnologyThis work is divided in two parts comprising two distinct areas of science that are bonded with a functional purpose: study of the polyphenolic composition in leaves of three coffee genotypes and their responses to cold and drought stresses; and analysis of the effect of incorporation of some polyphenolic compounds in a microemulsion model system. Three genotypes of coffee, Icatu Obatã and Apoatã, were subjected to temperature and water content stress conditions and their sensitivity or resistance to the treatments imposed was investigated. Responses were analyzed from phenolic fraction point of view in the leaves of coffee plants. It was found that polyphenols are actually involved in the response to these abiotic stresses and that the 4.5-diCQA seems to have an essential role in the recovery from cold in Obatã. Various phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, being the majority: 5-CQA, epicatechin, procyanidin, 3,4-diCQA, 3.5-diCQA, 4.5-diCQA, 5-FQA and mangiferin that was discovery as a new polyphenol in C. arabica and also works as a biomarker to differentiate between C. arabica and C. canephora. It was confirmed that Apoatã (Coffea canephora) possesses a greater amount of polyphenols than Obatã and Icatu (Coffea arabica). It was ascertained that Icatu and Obatã seem to be more resistant to cold stress than Apoatã, but more sensitive to drought than Apoatã. The model microemulsions is build up from a nonionic surfactant, C12E5, decane and water, a system already well characterized. Two antioxidants, 5-CQA and α-tocopherol, and a drug, lidocaine, were incorporated in microemulsions, being the effect of its addition studied through phase diagrams and DLS. A general model was proposed, arguing that the addition of a hydrophilic molecule increases the temperature of the microemulsion phase (micelles), while a hydrophobic decreases, which is of most importance for pharmaceutical applications. The antioxidant activity is not significantly affected within and outside the microemulsion and was determined the existence of synergistic effect when mixing 5-CQA and α-tocopherol in this system.
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Aithal, Anand T. "Coffee value chains and farming systems in East Africa : an analysis of efficiencies and incoming generation." Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20011.
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The Objective of this research is to find out how the smallholder coffee farmers in East Africa are affected by the global coffee value chain within which they function. The study was carried out on 4 sites in 3 countries. The research looks at the efficiency of the coffee value chains in terms of transfer of price and reward for good quality coffee, and investigates how the coffee value chain affects the choice and income levels of the coffee farmers. The three countries followed different local value chains and price transfer mechanisms. In Uganda, it was the liberalized open market system where the transfer of ownership of coffee happened at the farm-gate. In Kenya, the value chain was organized around an auction which rewarded good quality coffee while its ownership was still with the farmer. In Rwanda, there was government control on price and farmers were either able to sell their coffee directly at the farm gate or through cooperatives they were members of. Kenyan coffee auction system was best designed to reward quality, but the length of the value chain was so long and controlled that the farmers within this system made a loss from coffee. The system in which farmers made profits from coffee was found to be in the open market system in Uganda, where price was set based on negotiations at the farm gate. This was also because the cost of production was lower on this site as compared to the other sites. This led us to form a minimum price for coffee which would ensure that farmers would make at least some profits from growing coffee. Coffee though is not enough for farmers to survive. Farmers diversify their income portfolios by planting different crops. The efficiency of this strategy though is based on land sizes. It was found that farmers with larger land sizes have greater returns on investment than farmers with smaller land sizes. This means that the future of coffee and farming as a viable and profitable enterprise depends on the ability of farmers to aggregate land sizes, not further sub divide land as is the current trend. The research proposes a system of production that would use the existing coffee value chains in a way that would be beneficial for farmers. This is based on the fact that unit of global trade in coffee is actually a container of coffee, not a kilo. This means that if farmers are organized around producing a container of coffee, the production unit becomes a group of farmers of around 200 in number, based on the calculated yield per tree across the different sites. Given that currently farmers act as individual production units (like in Uganda and Rwanda) or in big groups of a few thousand farmers (like in Kenya); a bit of reorganization might be required to ensure that farmers continue to grow coffee and make profits from itL'objectif de la recherche est d'analyser comment les petits producteurs de café d'Afrique de l'Est sont influencés par l'ensemble de la filière. L'étude a été menée sur quatre sites dans trois pays. La recherche s'intéresse à l'efficacité de la filière en termes de coûts de transactions et de transmission des prix ainsi que de paiement de la qualité. Elle étudie comment la filière affecte les choix et les niveaux de revenu des fermiers. Les trois pays ont des structures de filières et des mécanismes de transfert des prix différents. En Ouganda, c'est un système de marché libéralisé ouvert où le transfert de propriété du café s'opère bord champ. Au Kenya, la chaîne de valeur est organisée autour d'un système d'enchères qui valorise le café de bonne qualité dont la propriété reste dans les mains du fermier. Au Rwanda, il y a un contrôle gouvernemental sur les prix et les producteurs ont la possibilité soir de vendre leur café directement à la ferme soit par l'intermédiaire de coopératives dont ils sont membres. Le système kenyan d'enchères est le mieux placé pour payer la qualité, mais la longueur de la filière est si longue et si contrôlée que les fermiers perdent de l'argent sur leur café. Le système le plus profitable est celui d'Ouganda, où les prix sont basés sur la négociation à la ferme ; aussi parce que le coût de production est plus bas que sur les autres sites. Le café ne suffit pas aux fermiers pour survivre. Les producteurs diversifient leurs revenus en plantant d'autres cultures. L'efficacité de cette stratégie est fonction de la taille du foncier. Les fermiers ayant de nombreuses terres ont un rapport sur investissement plus important que ceux qui ont peu de terres et des parcelles de petite taille. Cela signifie que l'avenir du café en tant qu'entreprise viable et profitable dépend de la capacité des fermiers à agréger des terres et non à les subdiviser comme dans la tendance actuelle. La recherche propose un système de production qui s'appuierait sur les filières existantes selon un mode qui serait bénéfique aux fermiers. Il est fondé sur le fait que l'unité de transaction du café soit un conteneur et non un kilo. Cela signifie que si les fermiers sont organisés pour produire un conteneur de café, l'unité de production devient, sur la base du rendement par arbre dans les différents sites, un groupe de fermiers d'environ 200 producteurs. Étant donné qu'actuellement les fermiers agissent en tant qu'unité individuelle de production (comme en Ouganda ou au Rwanda) ou en grands groupes de quelques milliers de fermiers (comme au Kenya), une certaine réorganisation est requise pour assurer la pérennité de la production et des profits réalisés
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Piechaczek, Jürgen. "Implications of quality based agri food supply chains on agri social systems the case of smallholder coffee growers in South Colombia." Aachen Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/999600494/04.
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Sarmiento, Soler Alejandra [Verfasser]. "Coffee Productivity and Water Use in Open vs Shaded Systems along an Altitudinal Gradient at Mt. Elgon, Uganda / Alejandra Sarmiento Soler." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1227039700/34.
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Cerdan, Cabrera Carlos Roberto. "Local knowledge regarding trade-offs among coffee productivity and other ecosystem services in a range of different agroforestry systems in Central America." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/local-knowledge-regarding-tradeoffs-among-coffee-productivity-and-other-ecosystem-services-in-a-range-of-different-agroforestry-systems-in-central-america(dc52f71d-fce1-4090-8506-789a4cae9050).html.
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This thesis gathers and analyses the local knowledge regarding ecosystem services in coffee producing regions of Costa Rica, Guatemala and Nicaragua, and compares this knowledge across a range of farming conditions. The extent to which coffee agroforestry systems provide ecosystem services depends on local context and management practices. There is paucity of infonnation about how and why farmers manage their plantations in the way that they do and the local knowledge that underpins this. The present research compares local knowledge in coffee growing areas bordering key forest reserves in Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Guatemala. Knowledge was acquired from 99 coffee fanners in a stratified purposive sample, using established knowledge based systems methods. Fanners in all three countries had detailed knowledge about how trees affected ecosystem services such as soil formation, erosion control, provision of wildlife habitat and water conservation. A total of 135 tree species were mentioned by the fanners. Links between trees and biodiversity, pollination, biological pest control and micro-climate regulation were understood and species were classified according to their role in both provisioning and regulating services. Trees were said to produce 'fresh' shade that was suitable for coffee or ' hot' shade that was not suitable. This concept was widely used by fanners in the three countries; howerer, any coffee technician uses it. Fresh - hot dichotomy was explained in relation to leaf texture and size; foliage density, crown shape and root system attributes; as well as classification of trees regarding ecosystems functions such as water regulation or soil formation. Much of the local knowledge about how trees could improve provision of ecosystem services, however, was not practically applied because fanners were concerned that increasing levels of shade would decrease yields. A variety of tree species was maintained in coffee plantations at all sites but a few tree species were dominant. The degree of shade to lerated was the main difference across countries and this was strongly related to socia· economic factors such as the prevailing demand for fuel wood. Applicable knowledge across sites as well as the key factors that detennine how knowledge was locally applied was identified.
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Enriquez, Luis Villavicencio. "The role of canopy structure in leaf litter production, quality and decomposition in rustic and traditional coffee systems and forests in Mexico." Thesis, Bangor University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510270.
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Velasco, Diana Carolina. "Innovation systems in developing countries : a top-down and bottom-up approach to studying the Colombian National System of Innovation and the coffee, flower and sugarcane production chains." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15813.
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This thesis examines the evolution and development of science, technology and innovation (STI) policies in Colombia as a particular case study of a developing country within the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) Region. The initial stage of the research analysed attempts by Colombian policy-makers from the 1960s onwards to build a National System of Innovation (NSI), following recommendations from transnational organisations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development and the Organisation of American States. This investigation found little evidence of systemic relationships between public, industrial and academic organisations to generate, exchange and apply knowledge. Central to these innovation strategies was a focus upon funding research with public resources to strengthen knowledge generation as the main mechanism for promoting innovation. This suggested that, although the STI policy was formally defined as following a ‘systemic’ approach, the policy mix reflected a linear reading of innovation (Tait & Williams, 1999) and generated an unhelpful (mis)perception of an uptake lag (Brown, Gregson, & Mason, 2015). The study was therefore refocused to develop a bottom-up understanding of innovation in selected industrial settings. A detailed analysis was undertaken of the innovation arrangements in three key Colombian agricultural industries - coffee, flower and sugarcane - within the national economy and global supply chains. This is an exploratory qualitative research based upon semi-structured interviews and specialised focus groups with key academic, public and private actors related with the evolution, design and application of innovation policies and strategies at the national and sectoral levels, supported by analysis of published and unpublished literature. Moving beyond narrow Innovation Systems (IS) perspectives, this thesis brought together aspects of STI policy design with an analysis of formal and informal social, economic and political institutions. A detailed focus on specificities of the three ISs under study highlighted important differences in terms of the generation and exploitation of knowledge linked to differences in inter-organisational relationships within the sub-sectors and their governance and governability. This in turn pointed tothe importance of cultural factors shaping innovation dynamics and the co-evolution of sectoral actors with technical, organisational and market changes. These findings suggest a top-down and bottom-up approach to understanding how national innovation strategy can be embedded in firms and industries. This thesis makes three contributions to knowledge. Firstly, it contributes to theories of sectoral innovation systems - showing that even at the sub-sectoral level, there are very different innovation pathways depending upon ownership, trading relations, scale, political insertion, longevity, sources and cumulativeness of knowledge. This reinforces the need for NSI to be grounded in broader historical and sociological understanding. Secondly, the operation of (de facto) innovation systems needs to be understood through a broad analysis of the embedded institutions and the power dynamics between the actors involved in the system. We suggest that the NSI approach might usefully be reconnected with earlier Latin American intellectual approaches that took into account the particularities of local/national industrial and knowledge institutions and the insertion of the LAC economies into global trading systems. Finally, it provides a critical appraisal of how the NSI approach can be read and understood by political actors to justify and shape particular policy mixes that encourage a narrow focus on the promotion and exploitation of public sector research based upon linear models of innovation.
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Costa, Camila Moreira. "Ocorrência de poliandria na broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-25022014-153249/.
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Estudos relacionados ao sistema de acasalamento nos insetos permite a compreensão dos aspectos evolutivos do comportamento reprodutivo de uma espécie. Esses sistemas são classificados, geralmente, pelo número de parceiros sexuais de um indivíduo durante um período de acasalamento. Em fêmeas, pode ocorrer monogamia, quando a cópula for realizada com somente um macho e, poliandria, quando há ocorrência de múltiplas cópulas com machos diferentes ou com o mesmo macho (cópulas repetidas). Em espécies como a broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei, que passam a maior parte de sua vida (ovo a adulto) no interior do fruto de café e possuem ciclo multivoltino os estudos envolvendo o sistema de acasalamento são escassos. Portanto, este trabalho visou estudar o acasalamento da broca-do-café, avaliando se há ocorrência de poliandria e os possíveis efeitos de múltiplas cópulas e cópulas repetidas sobre a bioecologia da fêmea e sua prole. Os resultados revelaram pela primeira vez a ocorrência de poliandria em H. hampei. Foi observado um maior número de recópulas em fêmeas colonizadoras, quando comparado com as fêmeas em oviposição, sugerindo que a condição fisiológica da fêmea foi um fator decisivo no momento da recópula. Além disso, a duração da recópula foi menor nas fêmeas em oviposição do que em fêmeas colonizadoras. A fecundidade foi afetada negativamente pela poliandria, sugerindo a presença de um custo associado a realização de múltiplas cópulas. A longevidade não foi influenciada pelo sistema de acasalamento, demonstrando que a poliandria não influenciou o tempo de vida das fêmeas. A recuperação larva:adulto em H. hampei não foi influenciada pelo sistema de acasalamento. Por outro lado, a taxa de eclosão de larvas foi superior na condição de poliandria, comparativamente à monogamia.Researches about insects mating systems are important to understand the aspects of reproductive behavior evolution. Mating systems are usually grouped according to the number of mates during mating. Insect females mating system are classified as monogamy when there is only one copulation per male while polyandry refers to multiple mating with different males or with the same male (repeated mating). There is a lack of researches dealing with mating systems in species like the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, which spend most of its life cycle (egg to adult) inside of the coffee berry and has a multivoltine cycle. This research aimed to study the mating system of H. hampei females, verifying the existence of polyandry and evaluating the effects of the multiple and repeated mating on the bioecology of the female and its offspring. The current study showed for the first time the occurrence of polyandry on females of H. hampei. The number of remating in colonizing females was higher than in the females under oviposition, thus the female physiological condition is crucial on remating behavior. The copula duration was shorter in females under oviposition than in the colonizing females. Fecundity was negatively affected by polyandry suggesting the existence of costs associated with multiple mating by females. Longevity were not influenced by the mating systems, showing that polyandry does not affect female lifetime. Although egg hatching was superior in polyandry compared to monogamy, the larva:adult recovery rate in H. hampei was not affected by the mating system.
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Piechaczek, Jürgen [Verfasser]. "Implications of Quality-Based Agri-Food Supply Chains on Agri-Social Systems : The Case of Smallholder Coffee Growers in South Colombia / Jürgen Piechaczek." Aachen : Shaker, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1162792531/34.
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Liebig, Theresa Ines [Verfasser]. "Abundance of pests and diseases in Arabica coffee production systems in Uganda : ecological mechanisms and spatial analysis in the face of climate change / Theresa Ines Liebig." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149695560/34.
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Meylan, Louise. "Design of cropping systems combining production and ecosystem services : developing a methodology combining numerical modeling and participation of farmers. Application to coffee-based agroforestry in Costa Rica." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0031/document.
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Face aux besoins croissants pour une production agricole durable, les systems de culture évoluent vers des systèmes qui accomplissent des objectifs environnementaux et agricoles multiples. La recherche en conception de systèmes de cultures (CSC) s'intéresse à l'effet des pratiques et de l'environnement sur les systèmes de culture et leur performance. L'interaction entre production et services ecosystémiques, et la quantification de ces relations, sont un aspect clé de ce domaine de recherche. Une variété d'approches ont été théorisées, tels que l'utilisation de modèles et la mobilisation de connaissances expertes. Les modèles permettent de tester rapidement et à faible coût l'effet de pratiques agricoles dans une variété de conditions, mais l'application de conclusions théoriques à la parcelle peut être limitée par des contraintes locales ainsi que des obstacles à la communication chercheur-agriculteur. Mobiliser les agriculteurs et autres acteurs pertinents pour la CSC peut aider à surmonter ces obstacles ; cependant, cela limite l'innovation au cadre des connaissances expertes.L'objectif de cette thèse est de combiner la modélisation et des méthodes participatives pour une méthode de CSC qui exploite le potentiel de la modélisation numérique tout en s'assurant que les solutions proposées prennent en compte les contraintes environnementales et socioéconomiques. Après avoir revu l'état d'avancement de la recherche en prototypage et en CSC, nous proposons un cadre méthodologique divisé en quatre parties ; a) combiner une typologie des pratiques et un modèle conceptuel pour évaluer la diversité des pratiques, contraintes et trade-offs dans une zone de production ; b) acquérir des données de terrain pour quantifier les trade-offs pertinents entre production et services écosystémiques ; c) sélectionner et préparer un modèle numérique approprié pour simuler les effets des pratiques sur la production et l'apport de services ; et d) évaluer si l'interaction d'agriculteurs avec le modèle numérique peut générer des systèmes de culture potentiels qui répondraient aux objectifs agro-environnementaux posées (apport d'un service écosystémique) ainsi qu'être acceptables pour les agriculteurs qui les adapteraient à l'expérimentation dans leurs parcelles.The systèmes agroforestiers à base de café (cafés/arbres d'ombrage) du Costa Rica central ont étés le système de culture choisi pour répondre à ces questions. Les systèmes agroforestiers offrent de nombreuses occasions d'étudier et évaluer les services écosystémiques apportés, en plus de la production principale. L'association de deux cultures pérennes place l'évaluation de la performance à long terme et de la durabilité des systèmes au centre de la question. La culture du café au Costa Rica fait vivre une part importante de la population, et est aussi basée sur la gestion intensive d'une culture à haute valeur d'exportation, vulnérable aux fluctuations des prix sur le marché mondial ainsi qu'au changements climatiques. Des pentes raides et une saison des pluies importante créent des problèmes d'érosion significatifs ; cependant, certaines pratiques de contrôle de l'érosion (utilisation d'arbres d'ombrage et d'adventices) impactent la production de café. La réconciliation de ces deux aspects nous offrent l'occasion de tester notre cadre méthodologique dans une situation où une solide argumentation technique serait nécessaire pour encourager les expérimentations dans les parcelles. Enfin, le dernier chapitre porte une réflexion d'ensemble sur l'importance de choisir et préparer correctement un modèle agronomomique adéquat, les application potentielles de cette méthodologie, ainsi que les recommandations que nous avons pu effectuer en termes de pratiques de contrôle de l'érosion dans la zone d'étudeIn the face of increasing concerns about sustainability of agricultural production, cropping systemsare evolving towards systems that fulfill multiple agronomic and environmental objectives. Researchin cropping systems design (CSD) is concerned with studying the effect of farming practices oncropping systems and their performance. The interaction between production and ecosystemservices, and quantification of trade-offs between the two, is a key aspect of this research. A varietyof approaches have been theorized, such as use of models and mobilization of expert knowledge.Models allows fast and low-cost testing of the effect of farming practices under a variety ofconditions, but the application of theoretical outcomes to on-farm changes can be limited by localconstraints and researcher-farmer communication. Mobilizing farmers and other relevantstakeholders for CSD can help overcome these obstacles; however this limits innovation to the scopeof expert knowledge.The objective of this thesis is to combine modeling and participatory methods for a CSD frameworkthat harnesses the potential of numerical modeling while ensuring the proposed solutions take intoaccount socioeconomic and environmental constraints. After an overview of current advances inprototyping and CSD, we propose an methodological framework divided into four parts; a) combininga typology of farming practices and a conceptual model to appraise the diversity of farming practices,constraints and trade-offs at the plot scale in a defined production area; b) collection of field data forquantifying relevant trade-offs between production and ecosystem services; c) selecting andpreparing an appropriate numerical model for simulating the effects of farming practices onproduction and provision of ecosystem services; and d) evaluating whether the interaction of farmerswith a numerical model can generate candidate cropping systems that fulfill our agro-environmentalobjectives (provision of ecosystem service) as well as being suitable for the farmers who will adaptthem for on-farm experimentation.The coffee-based agroforestry systems (coffee/shade trees) of central Costa Rica were the chosenproduction system for answering these questions. Agroforestry systems offer plentiful opportunitiesfor valuing ecosystem services in addition to crop production; the combination of two perennialcrops brings long-term performance assessment and sustainability of the system to the heart of thequestion. Coffee cultivation in central Costa Rica concerns a large amount of livelihoods, but is alsobased on intensive management of a highly valued cash crop vulnerable to price fluctuations on theglobal market as well as climate change. Steep slopes and heavy rainfall also cause high levels of soilerosion; yet certain indirect erosion control practices (such as the use of shade trees of weeds) alsohave an impact on coffee production. The reconciliation of these two aspects offers the opportunityto test our methodological framework in situations where precise discussions onproduction/environment trade-offs are needed.Finally, in the last chapter we reflect on the importance of correctly choosing and preparing the rightmodel for the job, potential application of this methodology, as well as the recommendations wereable to make in terms of erosion control practices in the study area
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McDermott, Molly E. "The Contribution of Agroforestry Systems to Bird Conservation in the Andes." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397647503.
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Lopes, Paulo Rogério. "A biodiversidade como fator preponderante para a produção agrícola em agroecossistemas cafeeiros sombreados no Pontal do Paranapanema." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-15092014-133216/.
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O sistema de produção de café orgânico vem surgindo como uma alternativa tecnológica e economicamente rentável, que visa eliminar os impactos ambientais provocados pelo uso irracional dos recursos naturais. Muitas experiências e análises apontam a biodiversidade como precursora da estabilidade biológica encontrada nesses agroecossistemas produtivos diversificados (SAFs). No entanto, são incipientes os estudos científicos sobre o efeito da biodiversidade nos sistemas agrícolas de produção. Assim, o maior desafio da pesquisa foi identificar qual o sistema de manejo propiciava mais sinergismos biológicos, serviços ecológicos-chaves, tais como o controle biológico da principal praga do cafeeiro. E é nesse sentido que a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida, com o objetivo de avaliar se a biodiversidade presente nos agroecossistemas está relacionada com a estabilidade ecológica, ou seja, com o equilíbrio dinâmico da população de insetos, que em determinados níveis podem causar elevados danos econômicos à cultura do café. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na região do Pontal do Paranapanema, nos sistemas agroflorestais conduzidos pelos agricultores assentados sob responsabilidade técnica do IPÊ (Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas), instituição responsável pela implantação dos SAFs, por meio do projeto intitulado \"Café com Floresta\". Tal estudo possibilitou um melhor entendimento do efeito da biodiversidade sobre agroecossistemas cafeeiros diversificados que não utilizam inputs externos (fertilizantes e agrotóxicos), além de propiciar uma análise e sistematização dos sistemas de manejo agroecológicos existentes nos assentamentos rurais, bem como a caracterização do manejo e das práticas agroflorestais realizadas pelos agricultores familiares, que envolvem aspectos socioeconômicos da produção. Dessa maneira, a pesquisa tem grande relevância científica, visto que, possibilitou averiguar que os arranjos agroflorestais estudados na região possibilitaram uma menor incidência da principal praga do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica), o bicho-mineiro (Leucoptera coffeella), mostrando que os SAFS são uma alternativa ecológica e social apropriada à agricultura familiar, uma vez que confere maior resiliência aos agroecossistemas.The system of production of organic coffee is emerging as an alternative technology and affordable, which aims to eliminate the environmental impacts caused by irrational use of natural resources. Many experiments and analyzes indicate biodiversity as a precursor of biological stability found in these diverse productive agroecosystems. However, are incipient scientific about the effect of biodiversity on agricultural production systems studies. Thus, the biggest challenge of the research was to identify which system management propitiated more synergisms biological, ecological services - keys, such as biological control of major pest of coffee. And that is what this research was developed with the aim of evaluating whether the present biodiversity in agroecosystems is related to ecological stability ,ie, the dynamic balance of the insect population , which at certain levels can cause major economic damage the coffee culture. The research was conducted in the Pontal region in agroforestry systems driven by farmers settled under the technical responsibility of IPE (Institute for Ecological Research), the institution responsible for the implementation of the SAF, through the project entitled \"Coffee with Forest\". This study allowed a better understanding of the effect of biodiversity on diversified coffee agroecosystems that do not use external (fertilizers and pesticides) inputs, as well as providing an analysis and systematization of existing agroecological management systems in rural settlements, as well as the characterization and handling of agroforestry practices carried out by farmers, involving socioeconomic aspects of production. Thus, the research has scientific importance, since possible to ascertain that the studied agroforestry arrangements in the region allowed a lower incidence of major pest of coffee (Coffea arabica ) , the leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella) , showing that the diversified coffee agroecosystems (SAF) are an appropriate ecological and social alternative to family farming, since it gives greater resilience to agroecosystems.
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Deshpande, Sagar [Verfasser], Nikolai [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuhnert, Gerd-Volker [Akademischer Betreuer] Röschenthaler, and Michael N. [Akademischer Betreuer] Clifford. "Mass Spectrometry Based Investigation of Chlorogenic Acid Reactivity and Profile in Model Systems and Coffee Processing / Sagar Deshpande. Betreuer: Nikolai Kuhnert. Gutachter: Nikolai Kuhnert ; Gerd-Volker Röschenthaler ; Michael N. Clifford." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1087295203/34.
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Antonio, Filho Fadel David. "O caminho novo : o Vale Histórico da Serra da Bocaina - opulência e decadência da sub-região paraibana paulista (reintegração de um espaço geográfico 'deprimido') /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/116118.
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Banca: Adler Guilherme ViadanaBanca: Silvio Carlos Bray
Banca: José Bueno Conti
Banca: Maria Geralda de Almeida
Banca: Oswaldo Bueno Amorim Filho
Resumo: A pesquisa resgata o trecho paulista do "Caminho Novo", antiga estrada geral de São Paulo, ligação terrestre com o Rio de Janeiro, a partir do século XVIII. No chamado Vale Histórico da Serra da Bocaina, cujo relevo se apresenta muito movimentado, a cultura do café penetrou em território paulista. Esta sub-região do Vale do Paraíba tornou-se uma das mais prósperas do país. A fase posterior, de queda na produção cafeeira, transformou-a numa região "deprimida" e estagnada. Atualmente, existem esforços para, através dos diversos ramos do turismo, reativar e dinamizar esta região vale-paraibana paulista, de modo a reintegrá-la ao pujante sistema econômico de São Paulo.
Abstract: The research rescues part of Paulista's "New Way", an old general highway of Sao Paulo, a linking land conection with Rio de Janeiro, from eighteenth century on. Through the known as Historical Bocainas's Valley, whose relief presents itself as a turnover, the coffee culture penetrated in the paulista's territory. This sub-region of Paraíba's Valley became one of the most prosperous regions of the Country. The later faze, of a drop in coffee production, transformed it in a depressed and stagnant region. Currently there are efforts, through various branches of tourism, and re-energize the region of Paraibana Paulista valley, to reinstate her to the vibrant economic system of São Paulo.
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Moreira, Ana Sofia Pereira. "Study of modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment in oligo and polysaccharides of coffee by mass spectrometry." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17074.
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Doutoramento em BioquímicaOs polissacarídeos são os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café verde e torrado e da bebida de café. Os mais abundantes são as galactomananas, seguindo-se as arabinogalactanas. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas sofrem modificações estruturais, as quais estão longe de estar completamente elucidadas devido à sua diversidade e à complexidade estrutural dos compostos formados. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas reagem com proteínas, ácidos clorogénicos e sacarose, originando compostos castanhos de alto peso molecular contendo nitrogénio, designados de melanoidinas. As melanoidinas do café apresentam diversas atividades biológicas e efeitos benéficos para a saúde. No entanto, a sua estrutura exata e os mecanismos envolvidos na sua formação permanecem desconhecidos, bem como a relação estrutura-atividade biológica. A utilização de sistemas modelo e a análise por espectrometria de massa permitem obter uma visão global e, simultaneamente, detalhada das modificações estruturais nos polissacarídeos do café promovidas pela torra, contribuindo para a elucidação das estruturas e mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas. Com base nesta tese, oligossacarídeos estruturalmente relacionados com a cadeia principal das galactomananas, (β1→4)-Dmanotriose (Man3), e as cadeias laterais das arabinogalactanas, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose (Ara3), isoladamente ou em misturas com ácido 5-Ocafeoilquínico (5-CQA), o ácido clorogénico mais abundante nos grãos de café verde, e péptidos compostos por tirosina e leucina, usados como modelos das proteínas, foram sujeitos a tratamento térmico a seco, mimetizando o processo de torra. A oxidação induzida por radicais hidroxilo (HO•) foi também estudada, uma vez que estes radicais parecem estar envolvidos na modificação dos polissacarídeos durante a torra. A identificação das modificações estruturais induzidas por tratamento térmico e oxidativo dos compostos modelo foi feita por estratégias analíticas baseadas principalmente em espectrometria de massa, mas também em cromatografia líquida. A cromatografia de gás foi usada na análise de açúcares neutros e ligações glicosídicas. Para validar as conclusões obtidas com os compostos modelo, foram também analisadas amostras de polissacarídeos do café obtidas a partir de resíduo de café e café instantâneo. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos oligossacarídeos modelo quando submetidos a tratamento térmico (seco), assim como à oxidação induzida por HO• (em solução), indicam a ocorrência de despolimerização, o que está de acordo com estudos anteriores que reportam a despolimerização das galactomananas e arabinogalactanas do café durante a torra. Foram ainda identificados outros compostos resultantes da quebra do anel de açúcares formados durante o tratamento térmico e oxidativo da Ara3. Por outro lado, o tratamento térmico a seco dos oligossacarídeos modelo (individualmente ou quando misturados) promoveu a formação de oligossacarídeos com um maior grau de polimerização, e também polissacarídeos com novos tipos de ligações glicosídicas, evidenciando a ocorrência de polimerização através reações de transglicosilação não enzimática induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco. As reações de transglicosilação induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco podem ocorrer entre resíduos de açúcares provenientes da mesma origem, mas também de origens diferentes com formação de estruturas híbridas, contendo arabinose e manose como observado nos casos dos compostos modelo usados. Os resultados obtidos a partir de amostras do resíduo de café e de café instantâneo sugerem a presença de polissacarídeos híbridos nestas amostras de café processado, corroborando a ocorrência de transglicosilação durante o processo de torra. Além disso, o estudo de misturas contendo diferentes proporções de cada oligossacarídeo modelo, mimetizando regiões do grão de café com composição distinta em polissacarídeos, sujeitos a diferentes períodos de tratamento térmico, permitiu inferir que diferentes estruturas híbridas e não híbridas podem ser formadas a partir das arabinogalactanas e galactomananas, dependendo da sua distribuição nas paredes celulares do grão e das condições de torra. Estes resultados podem explicar a heterogeneidade de estruturas de melanoidinas formadas durante a torra do café. Os resultados obtidos a partir de misturas modelo contendo um oligossacarídeo (Ara3 ou Man3) e 5-CQA sujeitas a tratamento térmico a seco, assim como de amostras provenientes do resíduo de café, mostraram a formação de compostos híbridos compostos por moléculas de CQA ligadas covalentemente a um número variável de resíduos de açúcar. Além disso, os resultados obtidos a partir da mistura contendo Man3 e 5-CQA mostraram que o CQA atua como catalisador das reações de transglicosilação. Por outro lado, nas misturas modelo contendo um péptido, mesmo contendo também 5-CQA e sujeitas ao mesmo tratamento, observou-se uma diminuição na extensão das reações transglicosilação. Este resultado pode explicar a baixa extensão das reações de transglicosilação não enzimáticas durante a torra nas regiões do grão de café mais ricas em proteínas, apesar dos polissacarídeos serem os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café. A diminuição das reações de transglicosilação na presença de péptidos/proteínas pode dever-se ao facto de os resíduos de açúcares redutores reagirem preferencialmente com os grupos amina de péptidos/proteínas por reação de Maillard, diminuindo o número de resíduos de açúcares redutores disponíveis para as reações de transglicosilação. Além dos compostos já descritos, uma diversidade de outros compostos foram formados a partir dos sistemas modelo, nomeadamente derivados de desidratação formados durante o tratamento térmico a seco. Em conclusão, a tipificação das modificações estruturais promovidas pela torra nos polissacarídeos do café abre o caminho para a compreensão dos mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas e da relação estrutura-atividade destes compostos.
Polysaccharides are the major components of green and roasted coffee beans, and coffee brew. The most abundant ones are galactomannans, followed by arabinogalactans. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans undergo structural modifications that are far to be completely elucidated due to their diversity and complexity of the compounds formed. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans react with proteins, chlorogenic acids, and sucrose, originating high molecular weight brown compounds containing nitrogen, known as melanoidins. Several biological activities and beneficial health effects have been attributed to coffee melanoidins. However, their exact structures and the mechanisms involved in their formation remain unknown, as well as the structure-biological activity relationship. The use of model systems and mass spectrometry analysis allow to obtain an overall view and, simultaneously, detailed, of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting, contributing to the elucidation of the structures and formation mechanisms of melanoidins. Based on this thesis, oligosaccharides structurally related to the backbone of galactomannans, (β1→4)-D-mannotriose, and the side chains of arabinogalactans, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose, alone or in mixtures with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, the most abundant chlorogenic acid in green coffee beans, and dipeptides composed by tyrosine and leucine, used as models of proteins, were submitted to dry thermal treatments, mimicking the coffee roasting process. The oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals (HO•) was also studied, since these radicals seem to be involved in the modification of the polysaccharides during roasting. The identification of the structural modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment of the model compounds was performed mostly by mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies, but also using liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography was used in the analysis of neutral sugars and glycosidic linkages. To validate the conclusions achieved with the model compounds, coffee polysaccharide samples obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee were also analysed. The results obtained from the model oligosaccharides when submitted to thermal treatment (dry) or oxidation induced by HO• (in solution) indicate the occurrence of depolymerization, which is in line with previous studies reporting the depolymerization of coffee galactomannans and arabinogalactans during roasting. Compounds resulting from sugar ring cleavage were also formed during thermal treatment and oxidative treatment of Ara3. On the other hand, the dry thermal treatment of the model oligosaccharides (alone or when mixed) promoted the formation of oligosaccharides with a higher degree of polymerization, and also polysaccharides with new type of glycosidic linkages, evidencing the occurrence of polymerization via non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment. The transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment can occur between sugar residues from the same origin, but also of different origins, with formation of hybrid structures, containing arabinose and mannose in the case of the model compounds used. The results obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee samples suggest the presence of hybrid polysaccharides in these processed coffee samples, corroborating the occurrence of transglycosylation during the roasting process. Furthermore, the study of mixtures containing different proportions of each model oligosaccharide, mimicking coffee bean regions with distinct polysaccharide composition, subjected to different periods of thermal treatment, allowed to infer that different hybrid and non-hybrid structures may be formed from arabinogalactans and galactomannans, depending on their distribution in the bean cell walls and on roasting conditions. These results may explain the heterogeneity of melanoidins structures formed during coffee roasting. The results obtained from model mixtures containing an oligosaccharide (Ara3 or Man3) and 5-CQA and subjected to dry thermal treatment, as well as samples derived from spent coffee grounds, showed the formation of hybrid compounds composed by CQA molecules covalently linked to a variable number of sugar residues. Moreover, the results obtained from the mixture containing Man3 and 5-CQA showed that CQA acts as catalyst of transglycosylation reactions. On the other hand, in the model mixtures containing a peptide, even if containing 5-CQA and subjected to the same treatment, it was observed a decrease in the extent of transglycosylation reactions. This outcome can explain the low extent of non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions during roasting in coffee bean regions enriched in proteins, although polysaccharides are the major components of the coffee beans. The decrease of transglycosylation reactions in the presence of peptides/proteins can be related with the preferential reactivity of reducing residues with the amino groups of peptides/proteins by Maillard reaction, decreasing the number of reducing residues available to be directly involved in the transglycosylation reactions. In addition to the compounds already described, a diversity of other compounds were formed from model systems, namely dehydrated derivatives formed during dry thermal treatment. In conclusion, the identification of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting pave the way to the understanding of the mechanisms of formation of melanoidins and structure-activity relationship of these compounds.
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Serem, Vincent Kipyego Arap. "Forced air solar system for drying of Arabica coffee in Kenya." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63902.
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Franco, Matheus Eloy. "Cenário de utilização da tecnologia da informação na gestão da produção de café na região do Sul de Minas Gerais." Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2009. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/31.
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Previous issue date: 2009-09-09The introduction of new technologies in the rural sector occurs more slowly compared to other sectors of the economy. This work is the result of a study that analyzed the scenario of the introduction of the information technology in cooperatives and coffee-producing properties in the southern region of Minas Gerais to identify factors that delay its adoption. The objects of study were agricultural cooperatives and producers of different sizes. Data were collected from observations, document analysis and interviews with the person in charge of information technology, managers and owners of these properties. After analyzing the cases studied, it was concluded that the agricultural cooperatives have a high technological level and the farms have different levels of technology according to their size.
A introdução de novas tecnologias no setor rural ocorre mais lentamente se comparada a outros setores da economia. Este trabalho é resultado de um estudo que buscou analisar o cenário da introdução da tecnologia da informação em cooperativas e propriedades produtoras de café na região do Sul de Minas Gerais, visando a identificar fatores que retardem sua adoção. Os objetos de estudo foram cooperativas agrárias e produtores de diferentes portes. Como instrumento de coleta de dados utilizaram-se observações, análise documental e entrevistas com o responsável pela área de informática, gerentes e proprietários. Após a análise dos casos estudados, concluiu-se que as cooperativas agrárias possuem nível tecnológico elevado e as propriedades rurais possuem diferentes níveis tecnológicos de acordo com seu porte.
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Kuempel, Jeremy (Jeremy J. ). "Optimizing the coffee experience by developing a user-centered, internet connected, high precision coffee machine and integrated system experience." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68846.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-40).
The current state of coffee production is reviewed; from the origins of the plant grown to modem coffee brew techniques. Initial experiments are reported in which coffee was brewed at different temperatures for different lengths of time. The resultant drink was found to undergo changes in the objective properties of acidity and total dissolved solids (TDS), as well as changes in the subjective measurement of flavor depending on brew parameters. This discovery indicated that the flavor of coffee could be improved through precise control of coffee brew parameters, namely brew temperature and duration. A business model and internet-connected system for coffee brewing is presented. An automatic coffee machine that is capable of precisely controlling brew parameters was designed, manufactured, and tested. The machine showed potential by brewing two cups with exceptional flavor, but faced challenges with reliability and ease of use. Future work is planned to increase the reliability and reduce the cost of the machine so that it can be sold commercially.
by Jeremy Kuempel.
S.B.
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MÃximo, Pedro Silveira. "Fragmentos de Mata e PlantaÃÃo de cafÃ: valoraÃÃo dos bens e serviÃos do Ecossistemas." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1554.
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O pouco que resta do bioma da mata AtlÃntica no Estado de Minas Gerais està representado na forma de fragmentos, como à o caso de ViÃosa-MG, regiÃo considerada de extrema importÃncia ecolÃgica e que vem sendo intensivamente degradada nos Ãltimos anos, pela atividade antrÃpica. Esta paisagem fragmentada deve-se, principalmente a aÃÃes dos produtores de cafà que destroem suas Ãreas de PreservaÃÃo Permanente (APPâs) e Reservas Legais RLâs. Somente no municÃpio de ViÃosa-MG 4000 hectares foram plantados com cafÃ, causando assim, uma reduÃÃo drÃstica das matas nativas da regiÃo, bem como uma reduÃÃo significativa no que os economistas chamam de Bens e ServiÃos de Ecossistema - BSE. Assim, foram selecionados os cafeicultores do PRO-CAFà (OrganizaÃÃo local de cafeicultores), como pÃblico alvo, creditando a tal escolha o fato desse grupo caracterizar o cafeicultor de regiÃo montanhosa. Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar as principais variÃveis que afeta a percepÃÃo ambiental dos cafeicultores, e valorar monetariamente as matas, tendo em vista que isso pode ser uma estratÃgia Ãnica para preservaÃÃo ambiental. Para tal, foi elaborado um formulÃrio com 33 perguntas envolvendo informaÃÃes sobre caracterÃsticas sÃcio - econÃmicas, o uso da metodologia de valoraÃÃo de contingente (MVC), e do veÃculo de pagamento dos âJogos de Lancesâ que revelou a DisposiÃÃo a Aceitar uma CompensaÃÃo (DAC) na troca de um hectare de cafà por um hectare de mata. Os resultados demonstraram que os cafeicultores possuem uma boa impressÃo sobre a importÃncia dos fragmentos, sendo importante destacar que os entrevistados vincularam a existÃncia das APPâs e RLâs como responsÃvel direto pela provisÃo dos BSEâs. Contudo constatou-se que mesmo cientes dessa importÃncia nÃo tinham uma atitude conservacionista, associando a isso, a falta de uma educaÃÃo ambiental clara e a impunidade. A estimaÃÃo da DAC mostrou que caso o governo esteja disposto a aumentar a provisÃo de mata em 70 hectares, ele deveria despender 254.200 reais por ano, tratando apenas dos cafeicultores vinculados ao PRO-CAFà e 1.147.000 reais por ano caso o governo estivesse disposto a trabalhar com toda populaÃÃo de cafeicultores de ViÃosa, o que representa 314 hectares de mataThe little that still remains of the biome of the Atlantic forest, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, is represented in the form of fragments, which is the case of the county of ViÃosa, a region considered to be of extreme ecological importance and that has been intensely degraded over the last years, due to anthropic activity. This fragmented scenery is due mainly to the actions of coffee planters that destroy its permanent preservation areas (PPAs) and legal reserves (LRs). Considering only the county of ViÃosa 4000 hectares has been planted with coffee, causing in this way, a drastic reduction of the native forest of the region, as well as a significant reduction of what economists call ecosystem goods and services - EGS. Thus, the coffee planters in the PRO-CAFà (organization of local coffee planters) were selected as target public, this choice being credited to the fact that this group characterizes the coffee planters of the mountainous region. In this respect this investigation had as a purpose to determine the main variables that affect the coffee planters environmental perception, and monetarily valorization of the forests, since this might be the a single strategy for environmental preservation. For this a formulary was developed with 33 questions involving information on socio economical characteristics, the use of the methodology of contingent valorization (MCV), and the vehicle of payment of the âoffer gameâ that reveled the willingness to accept a compensation (WAC) in exchange of a hectare of coffee for a hectare of forest. The results show that the coffee planters have a good understanding of the importance of the fragments, being important to stress that the interviewees linked the existence of the PPAs and LRs as the direct responsible for the provisions of the EGSs. However, it was found that even though aware of this importance a conservationist attitude was not perceived, associated to this the absence of a clear environmental education, as well as impunity. The DAC estimate shows that in the case that the government is willing to increase the provision of forest to 70 hectares, they should pay out 254,200 reais (around 116,000 dollars), dealing only with the coffee planters linked to the PRO-CAFà organization and 1,147,000 reais per year if the government should be willing to work with the entire coffee planters population in the county of ViÃosa, which represents 314 hectares of forests. .
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Carvalho, Ana Margarida. "Um café pela natureza, qual a melhor opção." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18540.
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O café é originário das florestas tropicais da Etiópia e do Sudão, crescendo sobre uma canópia diversa. Devido ao facto de haver uma tendência para o desaparecimento do sombreamento tradicional e consequente perda de biodiversidade, os sistemas de certificação oferecem a oportunidade de aproximar objectivos económicos, sociais e ambientais de modo a beneficiar os agricultores. Este estudo tem como objectivo dar a conhecer a todos os intervenientes da cadeia de custódia, principalmente aos consumidores, qual a certificação que podem optar por se a sua principal preocupação quando tomam um café for a natureza. Caracterizou-se o valor ecológico do sistema de produção sustentável e do sistema convencional. Analisaram-se e comparam-se os diferentes critérios ambientais dos sistemas de certificação, através da construção de uma matriz. Os resultados sugerem que a certificação que melhor responde ao pretendido é a Rainforest Alliance, no entanto, a dupla ou tripla certificação parecem ser também boas opções. ABSTRACT; Coffee originates in Ethiopia and Sudan’s ram forests, growing above a diverse canephora. Due to the fact that there is a tendency to the vanishing of traditional shadowing and consequent loss of biodiversity, certification schemes offer the opportunity of bringing together economical, social and environmental goals allowing benefits to farmers. This study aims to bring cognizance to every intervenient of the custody chain, mainly to consumers, which certification scheme to choose if their major concern when drinking a coffee is nature. The ecological value of sustainable production system has been characterized as well as the conventional system. Different environmental criteria of certification schemes have been analysed and compared trough the construction of an evaluation template. Results suggest that the certification that better suits the desired goal is the Rainforest Alliance, but double or triple certification also appear as options that might be followed.
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Lamah, Daniel. "L'insertion de la caféiculture dans les structures de production en Guinée forestière." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00927761.
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Cette thèse d'Études rurales en Géographie-Environnement est consacrée à l' "insertion de la caféiculture dans les structures de production en Guinée Forestière". Introduite dans les systèmes de production paysans par les colons entre 1902 et 1920, la caféiculture a évolué sous l'influence des contextes socioéconomiques, politiques et démographiques variés. Sa dynamique spatiale se présente comme un paradoxe. Les superficies de cultures pérennes à base du café augmentent en effet au détriment des cultures vivrières à base du riz, cependant les rendements et revenus de ces plantations (désormais individuelles) restent généralement faibles. La reconversion de ces parcelles de café en d'autres systèmes de cultures pérennes ou vivrières est rare . Or, il existe d'autres cultures (le palmier à huile amélioré, l'hévéa etc.) plus rentables aujourd'hui que le caféier. Les ressources foncières s'amenuisent dans un contexte de forte croissance de la population régionale qui se situe à 4,3% par an contre 3,1% pour le pays. Cette population vit essentiellement d'une agriculture extensive. L'insécurité foncière s'accroît à travers des conflits complexes parce que l'application en milieu rural du code foncier moderne promulgué en 1992 reste encore limitée. Ainsi, en vue de maximiser la rentabilité des parcelles, les paysans privilégient la polyculture sur les coteaux, en association avec le café. Pour les jeunes, ce choix s'inscrit souvent dans le cadre du processus de leur autonomisation. Cette thèse montre qu'au-delà de sa rentabilité économique, c'est surtout le besoin de sécurisation foncière qui détermine le choix de la culture caféière par la plupart des paysans.
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Monteiro, Pablo Inocêncio. "Autenticação de cafés brasileiros baseada em análise metabolômica e quimiometria." Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 2018. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2755.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O café é uma das commodities mais importantes no mundo, sendo o Brasil o maior produtor e exportador do grão (Coffea arabica e Coffea canephora). Os cafés brasileiros são reconhecidos por sua alta qualidade sensorial e pelas propriedades estimulantes. A composição química do café é influenciada por vários fatores, como a altitude em que a planta é cultivada, tipos de secagem do grão, grau de torra a que os grãos são expostos, o sistema de cultivo empregado (orgânico ou convencional), entre outros. O mercado cafeeiro valoriza produtos com sistema de cultivo e local de produção autenticados. Desta forma, o objetivo geral do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do sistema de cultivo, origem geográfica e origem botânicas de cafés brasileiros na composição fenólica, características físico-químicas e propriedade antioxidante dos grãos. Foram utilizados um total de 45 cafés brasileiros provenientes de Minas Gerais (MG; n = 13), São Paulo (SP; n = 11), Paraná (PR; n = 8), Espírito Santo (ES; n = 3), Bahia (BA; n = 2), e blends: PR/MG/SP (n = 1), MG/SP (n = 6), PR/ES/Roraima (RO) (n = 1). Para avaliar os efeitos dos sistemas de cultivo, foram utilizados n = 19 orgânicos (ORG) e n = 26 convencionais (CONV), sendo que cafés de Coffea arabica n = 41 e blends n = 4 foram estudados em relação à origem botânica. Os resultados da estatística inferencial mostraram que a capacidade de quelar Fe2+ , teor de ácido cafeico, e pH foram diferentes entre as regiões produtoras, sendo que a análise por componentes principais (PCA) não mostrou separação nítida dos cafés de origens geográficas distintas. A análise discriminante por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLSDA) classificou corretamente apenas as amostras do Paraná e blends. O sistema de cultivo (ORG e CONV) influenciou significativamente (p<0,05) a composição fenólica e atividade antioxidante dos cafés, de modo que as amostras ORG apresentaram menores teores de quercetina-3-rutinosídeo, atividade antioxidante medida pelos métodos FRAP e quelar Fe2+, e menores teores de fenólicos totais. A PCA separou os dois grupos efetivamente, ao passo que o modelo de PLS-DA classificou os sistemas de cultivo com eficácia acima de 90%. Em relação à origem botânica, apenas o teor de cafeína mostrou-se diferente entre C. arabica e blends, o que tornou a perfeita classificação da origem botânica das amostras de café possível por PLS-DA. Conclui-se que a utilização de metabolômica referente aos constituintes químicos, atividade antioxidante e propriedades físico-químicas podem ser usadas como marcadores para avaliação da origem botânica, geográfica e do sistema de cultivo de cafés brasileiros. Esses dados são de interesse das indústrias e de órgãos governamentais vistos que autenticação de alimentos é de extrema importância para se ter um produto livre de fraudes, comercialmente competitivo e seguro ao consumo.
Coffee is one of the most important commodities in the world, Brazil being the largest producer and exporter of the grain (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora). Brazilian coffees are recognized for their high sensory quality and stimulating power. The chemical composition of the coffee is influenced by several factors, such as the altitude at which the plant is grown, types of drying of the grain, degree of roasting in which the grains are exposed, the cultivation system used (organic or conventional), among others. The coffee market values products with certified cultivation system and place of production. In this way, the general objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of the system of cultivation, geographic origin, and botanical origin of Brazilian coffees in the phenolic composition, physical-chemical characteristics, and antioxidant properties. A total of 45 Brazilian coffees from Minas Gerais (MG, n = 13), São Paulo (SP; n = 11), Paraná (PR; n = 8), Espírito Santo (N = 2), and blends: PR/MG/SP (n = 1), MG/SP (n = 6), PR/ES / Roraima (RO) (n = 1). In order to evaluate the effects of the cultivation systems, n = 19 organic (ORG) and n = 26 conventional (CONV) were used. Coffea arabica coffees n = 41 and blends n = 4 were studied in relation to the botanical origin. The results of the inferential statistics showed that the ability to chelate Fe2+ , caffeic acid content, and pH were different among the producing regions, and the principal component analysis (PCA) did not show a clear separation of the coffees from different geographic origins. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classified only the Paraná and blends samples. The cultivation system (ORG and CONV) influenced significantly (p<0.05) the antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of the coffee, so that ORG samples showed lower levels of quercetin-3- rutinoside, antioxidant activity measured by FRAP and chelation of Fe2+, and lower total phenolic contents. PCA separated the two groups effectively, while the PLS-DA model ranked cultivation systems effectively above 90%. In relation to the botanical origin, only the caffeine content was different between C. arabica and blends, which made the botanical origin classification of the coffee samples possible (100% efficacy) by PLS-DA. It is concluded that the use of metabolomics in relation to chemical constituents, antioxidant activity and physico-chemical properties can be used as markers for the evaluation of the botanical, geographical origins and the cultivation system of Brazilian coffee. These data are of interest to industries and government agencies that food authentication is of the utmost importance in order to have a fraudfree, commercially competitive and consumer-safe product.
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Gesser, Chad. "Neoliberalism and NAFTA: A Case Study of the Coffee Commodity System and Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico." TopSCHOLAR®, 1997. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/778.
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In the Western Hemisphere global capitalism and regional trading blocks have become more pronounced with the passing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). I examine the impacts of the neoliberal changes prior to and after the implementation of NAFTA in the community of Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico. World-systems analysis is the theoretical outline. The global commodity chains approach is used to examine the coffee commodity system that links the United States and Mexico. This thesis includes qualitative and quantitative data that were developed from fieldwork research in Mexico and in the community. The qualitative data suggest that the impacts of neoliberaiism and NAFTA have been far reaching in Huatusco, Veracruz. The coffee commodity system has been particularly heavily impacted. These effects, in turn, have directly or indirectly affected the local population, which are illustrated with the quantitative data. During the neoliberal restructuring local citizens experienced problems in obtaining basic necessities such as food and clothing. Local perspectives regarding NAFTA are negative.
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Abuaniza, Zaroug A. M. "Effects of green, black and rooibos tea, coffee and buchu on testosterone production by mouse testicular cultures." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4584.
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Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS)Modulation of the male reproductive system occurs as a result of exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in different life stages. The effects of EDCs on the male reproductive system include infertility, decreased sperm count, function and morphology, abnormal development of secondary sex characteristics, reproductive function and sexual behavior, as well as decreased libido. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring, biologically active chemical compounds in plants. They are divided into different groups. Isoflavonoids and lignans, are the two major groups of phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens of teas, coffee and buchu have many beneficial effects on body systems such as antimutagenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral properties. They also elicit many adverse events, for example, heavy consumption of green and black tea may cause liver damage and added unwanted effects when combined with other herbal beverages. Chronic heavy consumption of coffee is positively correlated to acute myocardial infarction and can elevate serum cholesterol levels. Rooibos tea decreases steroidogenesis by steroid secreting cell lines.This study investigated the effects of these beverages on the male reproductive system, using a minced testes method for determination of cell viability and hormone (testosterone) production. The first objective of this study was to optimize protein supplement for in vitro testosterone production using human serum albumin (HSA) and foetal bovine serum (FBS). Testicular cultures were prepared and exposed overnight to different concentrations of both sera and then incubated for 4 hours with or without luteinizing hormone (LH). The results showed that addition of protein supplements (HSA or FBS) did not have a significant effect on testosterone production. The second objective of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea, black tea, rooibos tea, coffee and buchu on cell viability of testicular cultures. Cells were treated overnight with varying concentrations of the plant extracts followed by incubation with/without LH for 4 hours. The effects of the plant beverages on cellular protein production were determined by the Bradford assay. The results showed that treatment of cells with varying concentrations of the plant extracts (with/without LH-treatment) had no significant effect on total cellular protein. The third objective of this study was to investigate the effects of black, green and rooibos teas, coffee and buchu on testosterone production by testicular cultures. The results obtained from these experiments showed that rooibos tea and buchu did not affect testosterone production in the presence or absence of LH. The results also indicated that green tea, black tea and coffee inhibited testosterone production by mouse testis cultures in the presence of LH, but not in the absence of LH. Black tea was the most potent inhibitor of testosterone synthesis by mouse testis cultures (IC50= 48 μg/ml), followed by coffee (IC50= 64 μg/ml) and green tea (IC50= 173 μg/ml). Green tea, black tea and coffee inhibited LH-stimulated testosterone synthesis, suggesting that these beverages may impair testicular steroidogenesis in mice. Thus, in spite of their acclaimed beneficial effects, consumption of these beverages in high doses raises concerns for their inhibitory effects on male reproductive function. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are warranted to determine their exact mechanisms of action on the male reproductive system in general and testicular function in particular.
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Al-Milaji, Karam Nashwan. "Material Interactions and Self-Assembly in Inkjet Printing." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6053.
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Inkjet printing has attracted much attention in recent years as a versatile manufacturing tool, suitable for printing functional materials. This facile, low-cost printing technique with high throughput and accuracy is considered promising for a wide range of applications including but not limited to optical and electronic devices, sensors, solar cells, biochips, and displays. The performance of such functional devices is significantly influenced by the deposit morphology and printing resolution. Therefore, fabrication functional devices with precise footprints by inkjet printing requires deep understanding of ink properties, material interactions, and material self-assembly.
In conventional inkjet printing process, where sessile droplets are directly printed on substrates, particle depositions are usually associated with the well-known, undesirable coffee-ring effect due to the high solvent evaporation rate at the edges of the printed droplets. Such particle accumulation phenomenon in vicinity of the three-phase contact lines of sessile droplets is considered detrimental to inkjet printing applications. This study investigates the material interactions and self-assembly of colloidal inks in inkjet printing applications at different length scales. The potential of inkjet printing has been exploited through employing the dual-droplet inkjet printing of colloidal particles to investigate the self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface and at the three-phase contact line of sessile droplets, which provide better understanding of the particle deposition morphologies after solvent evaporation. Different from conventional inkjet printing, the dual-droplet printing involves jetting wetting droplets, containing colloidal nanoparticles dispersed in solvents with high vapor pressure, over supporting droplets composed of water only. By tuning the surface tensions and controlling the jetting parameters of the jetted droplets, monolayers with closely-packed deposition of colloidal nanoparticles are demonstrated. Various solutions are proposed to totally suppress or mitigate the coffee-ring effect in inkjet printing applications through tuning the pH value of the supporting droplets in the dual-droplet inkjet printing to control the multibody interactions (i.e., particle-particle, particle-interface, and particle-substrate interactions) or by applying magnetic field to direct the self-assembly of colloidal particles in conventional inkjet printing. In addition, the influence of various forces such as drag force, van der Waals force, electrotactic force, and capillary force on the particle deposition and assembly in vicinity of the three-phase contact line area were investigated for both the conventional and dual-droplet inkjet printing techniques.
Finally, fabrication of functional devices such as stretchable conductors have also been demonstrated by inkjet printing of silver nanowires into elastomer substrate, where the viscous liquid elastomer layer shaped the printed silver wire lines into tens of micrometers in dimeter. The silver nanowires align along the printing direction during solvent evaporation, resulting in wires with good mechanical stability and electrical performance. The printing techniques and the outcomes presented in this study can be harnessed in engineering and manufacturing a wide range of technological applications ranging from high-performance optical and electronic devices to stretchable conductors and sensors.
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Cruces-Flores, Daniella, Gustavo Valdivia-Capellino, Cesar Ramirez-Valdivia, Jose Maria Alvarez, and Carlos Raymundo-Ibañez. "A cooperative logistics management model based on traceability for reducing the logistics costs of coffee storage in Peru’s agro-export sector." Association for Computing Machinery, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656354.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.This article describes how using logistics management models in collaboration with a process traceability system improves storage management processes in the coffee supply chain by reducing losses and high storage-related logistics costs, with support from a digital transformation process. For the purposes of this study, data on times and costs incurred as per the corresponding criteria and purchasing power, errors in order specifications, and delivery delays that result in losses were used, as these cause coffee to lose market value within an organization in a cooperative setting (business associations).
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ARÊDES, Agda. "Certificação de origem através da Indicação Geográfica para o café Cerrado Goiano." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/414.
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Previous issue date: 2011-03-28Although the coffee cropping in the State of Goiás is more recent and the produced volumes are lower among the traditional coffee producers in Brazil, it presents both climate and soil characteristics similar to those of the savannah in Minas Gerais. This research was carried out to evaluate the viability of the certification for coffee cropping in the State of Goiás, in order that other coffees in the world such as Ethiopia, Colombia, Guatemala and Costa Rica decided for protection through the intangible assets - Geographical Indication. So, either secondary data of the production and primary ones collected in semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs, coffee growers and agencies accrediting the quality of the coffee: the SCAA (American Association of Special Coffees) and BSCA (Association of Brazilian Special Coffees) that uses the methodology of SCAE (European Association of Special Coffees), besides interviews with entrepreneurs of the coffee industry in the state. The financial-economical data and conditionings to certification were analyzed in order to discuss the obstacles and possibilities to adaptation of either coffee growing and processing sector as aiming at certification. It was inferred that the goianos coffee growers selected in the research presented, in the last years, the highest productivity rates among all Brazilian states, that are rates above the national average. In Goiás, the average cost of the green coffee production is still superior to that produced in the Savanna at Minas Gerais State. It is concluded that the industry link has higher portion of the gross margin with 40% appropriation on the retail price of the product, followed by the link distribution with 31% and the link production with 29%. Concerning to the net income earned by producer, it was found to be higher for the Peeled Cherry with 36%, Hard 19%, Green 19% and Rouy 7% above the final price. The stamp Café do Cerrado is the most complete among all certifications that were analyzed, since it certifies both origin and quality of the coffee whereas internationally promoting the brand. The other certifiers guarantee the quality of the product from several Brazilian areas and from the world, as possessing sensorial characteristics and several production methods.
Embora a cafeicultura no Estado de Goiás seja mais recente e menores volumes produzidos, entre os tradicionais produtores de café do Brasil, apresenta características de clima e solo semelhantes às da Região do Cerrado Mineiro. Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade da certificação para o café de Goiás, tendo em vista que outros cafés do mundo como na Etiópia, Colômbia, Guatemala e na Costa Rica decidiram pela proteção através do ativo intangível Indicação Geográfica. Foram levantados dados secundários da produção e primários coletados em entrevistas semi estruturadas, junto a cafeicultores e aos órgãos credenciadores de qualidade do café: a SCAA (Associação Americana de Cafés Especiais) e BSCA (Associação de Cafés Especiais do Brasil) que utiliza a metodologia da SCAE (Associação Européia de Cafés Especiais), além de entrevistas junto a empresários da indústria cafeeira do estado. Foram analisados dados financeiro-econômicos e condicionantes à certificação, com vistas a discutir gargalos e possibilidades da adequação da cafeicultura e do setor de processamento visando à certificação. Inferiu-se que os cafeicultores goianos selecionados na pesquisa apresentaram, nos últimos anos, as maiores taxas de produtividade entre todos os estados brasileiros, taxas acima da média nacional. O elo indústria é o que detém maior parcela da margem bruta com apropriação de 40% sobre o preço de varejo do produto, seguido pelo elo distribuição com 31% e o elo produção com 29%. Sobre a receita líquida auferida pelo produtor, constatou-se que é maior para o Cereja Descascado com 36%, Dura 19%, Verde 19%, e Riada 7% acima do preço final. O selo da Indicação Geográfica Café do Cerrado é o mais completo entre todas as certificações que foram analisadas, pois certifica a origem e a qualidade do café promovendo a marca nacional. As demais certificadoras garantem a qualidade do produto de diversas regiões do Brasil e do mundo, possuindo características sensoriais e métodos de produção diversos.
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Isminio, Paúl Lama. "Nitrato e amônio na solução de solo sob diferentes usos agrícolas." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5483.
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-15Nitrate leaching can cause surface water pollution due to the addition of nitrogen fertilizer, which can also generate economic losses for the farmer. This study aimed to determine the leaching of nitrate and ammonium after the addition of N-urea in different systems of land use: Coffee Agroforestry System (SAF), Coffee Full Sunlight (CPS) and Pasture System (SP), compared with Secondary Forest (M). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design arranged in a factorial 1 + (3x2). The Secondary Forest was a reference and three agricultural systems used two doses of N-urea (50 and 200 kg ha-1) in SP and two doses of N-urea (200 and 450 kg ha-1) in SAF and CPS, with three replications each. The experiment was conducted on the property of family farmers in the Municipality of Araponga Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, in a Red Yellow Latosol clay. Soil solution was collected at depths of 0.2 and 0.6 m. after each rainfall to analyze NO3- and NH4+ concentrations. At the end of the experiment, the accumulated contents of NO3- with high doses of N-urea at a depth of 0.6 m were measured at 2.18 mg/835.67 mL of soil solution in the SP, 13.28 mg/494.67 mL of soil solution in SAF and 23.6 mg/729 mL of soil solution in CPS. There was no effect of N-urea rate within the system. We concluded that the reduced NO3- loss in SP, SAF and CPS at a depth of 0.6 m was associated with higher soil clay content. It was not influenced by management systems or by high doses of N in the coffee culture under the conditions studied. Therefore, there is not a risk of groundwater contamination by leaching of NO3- and NH4+.
A lixiviação de nitrato pode causar poluição das águas superficiais devido à adição de fertilizantes nitrogenados, gerando também perdas econômicos ao agricultor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a lixiviação de nitrato e amônio após adição de N-uréia em diferentes sistemas de uso do solo: Café Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF), Café Pleno Sol (CPS) e Sistema pastagem (SP), comparados com a Mata Secundaria (M). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado organizado em esquema fatorial 1 + (3x2), sendo a Mata Secundaria como referência e três sistemas agrícolas, com duas doses de N-uréia (50 e 200 kg ha-1) no SP e duas doses de N-uréia (200 e 450 kg ha-1) no SAF e CPS, com três repetições. O experimento foi realizado na propriedade de agricultor familiar, no município de Araponga - Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, num solo Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo de textura argilosa. Para a coleta da solução de solo se instalou, nas profundidades de 0,2 e 0,6 m, extratores de cápsulas porosas de cerâmica, as soluções de solo foram coletadas depois de cada ocorrência de chuva e levadas ao laboratório para o analises de NO3- e NH4-. No final do experimento os conteúdos acumulados de NO3-, com alta doses de N-uréia, na profundidade de 0,6 m foram: 2,18 mg/835,67 ml de solução de solo no SP; 13,28 mg/494,67 ml de solução de solo no SAF e 23,6 mg/729,33 ml de solução de solo no CPS. Não houve efeito de dose de N-uréia dentro dos sistemas. Conclui-se que A reduzida perda de NO3- no SP, SAF e CPS, na profundidade de 0,6 foi associada ao maior teor de argila do solo e não pela influencia do sistema de manejo e que as aplicações de altas doses de N na cultura de café baixo as condições estudadas, não são um risco de contaminação do lençol freático pela lixiviação do NO3- e NH4+.
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Hinnah, Fernando Dill. "Development and assessment of a warning system for coffee rust management and its use for disease risk evaluation." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-30072018-154610/.
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Coffee crop is of major importance to Brazil, being cultivated on more than 2 million hectares. It is a strategic commodity for the country, which is the main world producer. Several factors influence the yields, mainly a disease known as coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatarix. This disease can reduce yield up to 35% and the most common strategy for CLR controlling is by spraying fungicides, with interval based on the residual period and according to regional CLR intensity. This traditional way does not consider the climate influence on disease development. With the aim of developing a forecast system (FS) for CLR management, employing weather data from CLR field assessments since 1998, several steps were performed: a) CLR epidemiology analysis; b) correlation between disease progress rates and weather variables; c) development of a forecast system, in order to rationalize chemical control; d) assessment of the FS performance on field trials; e) generation of an agro-climatic index for CLR risk assessment in Brazilian coffee areas; and f) evaluation of possible El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence on CLR epidemics. Analising 88 siteseason CLR epidemics, from Varginha, Boa Esperança and Carmo de Minas, MG, the best fit was obtained by Gompertz model. Using stepwise method, CLR infection rates were estimated with multiple linear regressions, using minimum temperature and relative humidity as inputs. The model performed well, presenting less than 9.5% of false negatives in the months assessed. To evaluate CLR forecast system, two field trials were performed during 2015-16 season (Varginha and Boa Esperança), and five during 2016-17 season (Varginha, Boa Esperança, Uberlândia, Buritizal, and Campinas). The FS treatments performed better than the calendar spray system in six trials, with the exception for Campinas. The poor FS performance in Campinas evidenced the necessity of FS threshold calibration at sites different from the region where the FS was developed, once it is empirical. In order to assess the risk, the estimated CLR infection rate was evaluated for 46 different sites in Brazilian coffee producing region. Historical weather data since 1961 to 2015 for each site was used to estimate daily values of cumulative infection rate (CIR). Each site and season were classified into five CIR scores from Very Low (score 0) to Very High (score 4). The risk was spatialized using multiple linear regression based on geographical coordinates and altitude. The Brazilian coffee region was classified into four risk classes, being most of them between Medium to High risks in the area currently cultivated with coffee. For the same historical serie, CIR was estimated for 45 locations and then classified by ENSO phases: El Niño (EN); Neutral (NT); and La Niña (LN). A predominant absence of ENSO effect on CLR in Brazil was observed. Only in Paraná and São Paulo states there was ENSO effect, with higher CIR during EN seasons.O cultivo do cafeeiro é de grande importância para o Brasil, sendo cultivado em mais de 2 milhões de hectares. Diversas doenças influenciam a produtividade, sendo a ferrugem do cafeeiro (CLR), a principal. Ocasionada pelo fungo Hemileia vastatrix, a CLR é capaz de reduzir a produtividade em até 35%. A estratégia mais comum de controle dessa doença é a aplicação de fungicidas foliares, baseado no período residual e de acordo com a intensidade da doença na região. Este método tradicional não considera a influência do clima no desenvolvimento da doença. Com o objetivo de desenvolver um sistema de previsão (FS) para o manejo da CLR utilizando dados de experimentos de campo obtidos desde 1998, diversas etapas foram realizadas: a) análise epidemiológica; b) relação da taxa de progresso da doença com variáveis ambientais; c) desenvolvimento do FS, visando racionalizar o controle químico; d) avaliação do desempenho do FS, em experimentos de campo; e) geração de índices agroclimáticos de favorabilidade para a ocorrência da CLR nas áreas produtoras de café do Brasil; e f) avaliar efeitos do fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) nas epidemias de CLR. Foram analisadas 88 epidemias de CLR, em Varginha, Boa Esperança e Carmo de Minas, MG, sendo o modelo de Gompertz o que resultou em melhor ajuste à curva de progresso da doença. Usando metodologia stepwise, as taxas de progresso mensais da doença foram estimadas com regressões lineares múltiplas, baseada em dados de temperatura mínima e umidade relativa do ar. O melhor modelo de estimativa resultou em menos de 9.5% de ocorrências de falso negativos, durante os meses avaliados. Para avaliar o desempenho do FS, dois experimentos foram realizados na safra 2015-16 (Varginha e Boa Esperança, MG) e cinco na safra 2016-17 (Varginha, Boa Esperança, Uberlândia, Buritizal e Campinas). Os tratamentos baseados no FS resultaram em melhor desempenho que o sistema tradicional em seis experimentos, à exceção de Campinas. Este desempenho inferior evidenciou a necessidade de calibração de limiares em diferentes locais, diferentes da região onde o FS foi desenvolvido, devido a sua base empírica. Para avaliar o risco da doença, a taxa de progresso diária foi estimada em 46 locais da região produtora de café, durante as estações de cultivo disponíveis, em uma base de dados históricos de 1961 a 2015, gerando as taxas de progresso acumuladas (CIR). Para cada local e estação, cinco classes com pontuação de Muito Baixo (0) a Muito Alto (4) foram atribuídas, gerando valores de risco. Utilizando regressão linear múltipla, o risco para a CLR foi espacializado em função dos valores de coordenadas geográficas e altitude. Os riscos Médio e Alto foram os mais comuns onde atualmente se cultiva café. No mesmo período de dados meteorológicos, a CIR de 45 locais foi estimada, sendo as estações classificadas em função das possíveis fases de ENOS: El Niño (EN), Neutro (NT) e La Niña (LN). Houve predominio da ausência de efeito do ENOS na CLR no Brasil. Apenas nos estados do PR e SP o EN induziu a uma maior CIR.
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Fernandez, Ato Xiomara Betzabeth, and Camarena Rodolfo Hans Orellana. "Factores que influyeron en la disminución de las exportaciones de café de la provincia de La Convención, Cusco hacia Alemania en el marco del TLC Perú – UE durante los años 2008 – 2018." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651574.
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Las certificaciones como FairTrade, Organic, Rainforest Alliance y Utz son las más solicitadas por el mercado de Alemania. Estas certificaciones suponen ser de carácter voluntario, sin embargo, los requisitos de acceso y mantenimiento exige al sistema una regulación constante en materia laboral, social y medioambiental que desencadena en una serie de costos de auditoría e implementación considerablemente elevados. Asimismo, al ser el café un producto commodity está condicionado a las variaciones del precio internacional, lo cual influye en el funcionamiento del sistema. A través de una metodología de enfoque mixto, compuesta por entrevistas semiestructuradas y una regresión lineal múltiple con las principales variables identificadas dentro del periodo planteado en la problemática de la investigación, se analizará la significancia de cada uno de los factores mencionados. El principal resultado en el enfoque cualitativo fue la influencia de los sistemas de certificación como un factor que más impactó al flujo de las exportaciones de café, debido a que sus exigencias requieren de mucha organización a nivel cooperativo u empresarial, además del soporte de todas las instituciones involucradas que promueven las exportaciones de este producto. Bajo el enfoque cuantitativo, el principal hallazgo fue el nivel significativo de correlación de la demanda de café de la economía de Alemania procedente de otros países diferentes a Perú. Se pudo concluir que los tres factores mencionados influyeron en la disminución de las exportaciones de café de La Convención hacia Alemania, principalmente a causa de la demanda procedente de otros países diferentes a Perú.Certifications such as FairTrade, Organic, Rainforest Alliance and Utz are the most requested by the German market. These certifications mean being voluntary, however, the requirements of access and maintenance demanding the system of constant regulation in labor, social and environmental matters that triggers a series of costs of auditing and controlled implementation. Also, since coffee is a basic product, it is conditioned to variations in the international price, which influences the operation of the system. Through a mixed approach methodology, composed of semi-structured interviews and a multiple linear regression with the main variables identified within the period posed in the research problem, analyze the significance of each of the impact factors. The main result in the qualitative approach was the influence of certification systems as a factor that impacts the flow of coffee exports more, due to their demands of a lot of cooperative or business organization, in addition to the support of all the institutions involved that promote exports of this product. Under the quantitative approach, the main finding was the significant level of correlation in the demand for coffee from Germany's economy derived from other countries instead of Peru. It could be concluded that the three factors influenced in the decrease on coffee exports from The Convention to Germany, mainly due to the demand derived from other countries instead of Peru.
Tesis
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Sanderson, Bellamy Angelina. "Costa Rican coffee and bananas : A social-ecological study of management practices and their effects on the environment." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Systemekologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-61221.
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This thesis investigates the variability in management practices on coffee and banana farms in an attempt to identify practices that reduce the environmental impact of export crop production. Different banana production systems are studied to determine their level of environmental impact. Insect sampling and bird surveys are used to assess the level of ecological quality on banana farms and their surrounding environments. The first two studies are based on interview methods and focus more on the social aspects of the production system. Paper I identifies how farmers utilize labor and herbicides in weed control practices, and found that small-scale coffee farmers overuse herbicides when their relative use of herbicides to labor to control weed densities is compared to their large-scale counterparts and small-scale organic producers. Paper II attempts to identify variability in management practices for the production of export bananas, but instead finds that there is only one type of export banana production system. However, there are lessons to be learned from organic and banana-coffee intercropping systems of production. Papers III-V use the information gathered in the interview studies of Paper II to give context to the results from analysis of ecological indicators collected from banana farms. Paper III is a comparison of insect community composition on high-input, low-input and organic banana farms. Paper IV is an analysis of aquatic macroinvertebrate in surface water sites upstream and downstream of banana farm canal entry points. Finally, Paper V is a comparison of ecological effects of management practices between Rainforest Alliance certified farms and non-RainforestAlliancecertified farms. Results showed that low-input banana production is not as good as organic production with regards to ecological impact, but it can still make a difference when compared to high-input banana production. Rainforest Alliance certified farms, however, are not low-input systems and the changes that they make in production practices are not enough to influence the quality of the ecological system. These results are encouraging for low-input production systems, but show that standards for Rainforest Alliance certification need to be tougher in order to make an impact on ecological indicators.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Manuscript.
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Mhando, David Gongwe. "Farmers' coping strategies with the changes of coffee marketing system after economic liberalisation : the case of Mbinga district, Tanzania." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144616.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第11841号
地博第25号
新制||地||8(附属図書館)
23601
UT51-2005-K507
京都大学大学院ｱｼﾞｱ･ｱﾌﾘｶ地域研究研究科ｱﾌﾘｶ地域研究専攻
(主査)教授 掛谷 誠, 教授 島田 周平, 助教授 伊谷 樹一
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Keisling, Kathryn E. "Fairtrade Ground Up: Profit and Power in the Certification System from the Perspective of Coffee Farmers in La Convención Valley, Peru." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/711.
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While the movement for fair trading practices in the world market dates back to the 1940s, the labeling and certification initiative “Fairtrade” has existed for about 25 years. My thesis is based on independent research I conducted in November 2013 in La Convención Valley, Peru. Through in-depth interviews with fifteen small farmers and several cooperative officials at La Central de Cooperativas Agrarias Cafetaleras (COCLA), I examine the discrepancies between what Fairtrade’s claims and what farmers themselves perceive to be the benefits and failures of the certification system. I argue that while in theory farmers receive a competitive price for their Fairtrade coffee, in reality this price is subject to many deductions at the cooperative level such that many certified farmers express little understanding of their role in Fairtrade. Additionally, claims of corruption within the cooperative point to deeply entrenched local hierarchies of power. Comparing La Convencion’s history of exploitative feudal systems to present-day complaints of farmers – that the majority of money remains in the hands of cooperative officials, who limit farmers’ access to important market information and flaunt a higher quality of life – suggests that Fairtrade is actually reproducing harmful conditions of the past. I conclude that Fairtrade certification fails to empower farmers to escape local hierarchies of power and the exploitative conditions of the capitalist neoliberal world market. Making global trade truly fair requires an emphasis on an alternative international economic world order that holds consumers more accountable and places more value on the lives and experiences of producers.
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Veloso, Gustavo Vieira. "Automação do sistema de direção de uma colhedora de café." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3656.
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-30Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Coffee is one of the most important products exported by Brazil, it is responsible for many employments, and keeps a positive balance of trade, as well. The harvest is the most complex and expensive operation on grain production process, principally in relation to the labor. As a result, it is increasing the necessity of mechanizing.There are three types of harvest: manual, semi-manual and mechanical. The mechanical coffee harvesting decreases the labor necessary on the process, which causes reduction of production costs. However, there is not fully executable solution for mechanical harvesting in mountainous region. For this reason, the costs related to the manual harvesting are transferred to the consumers in these regions. In order to reduce the harvesting costs, many researches have been developed to adjust coffee harvesters to this type of relief. The biggest obstacles are the risk of coffee harvester tipping and the difficult to maneuver the machine.Therefore, it is necessary to build a machinery system adapted to the terrain slope and it will demand an innovative steering wheel system. The concept of automatic vehicle guidance has already happened in other types of monocrops, using electronic components associated to the agricultural machinery. All machine control systems are connected to the central command, which applies algorithms stored in the memory, to perform pre-established tasks by the operator. For example, functions of the machine such as guidance and control on the harvesting area. For this reason, there are PLC systems (Programmable Logic Controller) that use microcontrollers to control the guidance systems of agricultural machinery. Among the microcontrollers systems, the Arduino platform is highlighted due to its low cost of components and simplicity of programming language. The main objective of this work was to develop two control systems to the coffee harvester guidance, based on PCL system and Arduino platform. Both systems were evaluated and compared in laboratory. The systems were assembled in the coffee harvester and potentiometric sensors were used to control the steering wheel. The steering wheel angle run from algorithm was the criterion used to evaluate the developed system. This study considered two movements of the machine. The first was realized with tires in parallel while the second was with tires in curvilinear motion. It was considered twelve angles of execution to the parallel system motion and to the curvilinear motion was considered eight angles of execution. The entire random delineation was applied with four replications to the parallel motion and five to the curvilinear motion. Both steering wheel systems were compared through their results in each tire and motion (parallel and curvilinear). The steering wheel systems of coffee harvesters were developed and the results showed great accuracy for both systems, as much to the parallel motion as to all tires. The systems obtained great precision and were practically equals statistically on the curvilinear motion. However, the PLC system was more accurate than the Arduino system.
O café é um dos principais itens de exportação do Brasil, como um dos líderes na balança comercial, e responsável por gerar um grande número de empregos. A colheita é a operação mais complexa e dispendiosa dentro do processo produtivo deste grão, principalmente em relação à mão de obra. Assim, cada vez mais, se faz necessário mecanizar esse processo. A colheita pode ser realizada de três formas: a manual, a semi- mecanizada e a mecanizada. A mecanização da coleta do café promove a diminuição da mão-de-obra necessária, que incorre na redução dos custos de produção. Entretanto, não há uma solução plenamente executável para a mecanização da colheita do café em regiões montanhosas. Assim sendo, os altos custos associados com a colheita manual, nestas regiões, são repassados ao consumidor. Para reduzir os custos da colheita, pesquisas estão sendo realizadas para o desenvolvimento de colhedoras adaptadas para este tipo de relevo. O grande empecilho está relacionado à manobrabilidade e ao risco de tombamento da colhedora. Assim, há a necessidade da construção de um sistema de máquina adaptado à declividade do terreno, e isso irá demandar o desenvolvimento de um sistema de direção das rodas desta máquina em questão que seja inovador. Em outras monoculturas, o conceito de orientação automática já vem sendo realizado, com o uso de componentes eletrônicos associados com o maquinário agrícola. Todos os sistemas de controle da máquina são ligados uma central de comando. Por sua vez, a central utiliza algoritmos armazenados em sua memória, para executar funções preestabelecidas pelo operador. Como, por exemplo, a execução as funções de direção e controle da máquina na área de colheita. Para isso existem sistemas CLP (controlador lógico programável) que empregam microcontroladores responsáveis pelos controles dos sistemas de direção de máquinas agrícolas. Entre os sistemas microcontrolados, tem-se a plataforma Arduino, que vem ganhando força devido ao seu baixo custo de aquisição dos componentes e a simplicidade de programação. Desse modo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver dois sistemas de controle da direção de uma colhedora de café para regiões montanhosas, com base em CLP e Arduino. Os dois sistemas de controle da colhedora foram avaliados e comparados em laboratório. Os sistemas foram montados na colhedora de café, e foram utilizados sensores potenciométricos para controlar a direção das rodas. O ângulo de esterçamento das rodas executado a partir de do algoritmo foi o critério utilizado para avaliação dos sistemas desenvolvidos. Durante o estudo foram considerados dois tipos de movimentos da máquina. O primeiro foi realizado com as rodas em paralelo, enquanto o segundo com as rodas em movimento curvilíneo. Para o sistema de movimentação em paralelo, foram considerados doze (12) ângulos de execução e para o sistema em movimento curvilíneo, foram considerados oito (8) ângulos de execução. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado foi aplicado na realização desse estudo, com quatro repetições para a movimentação em paralelo e cinco repetições para o curvilíneo. Para os dois sistemas foram feitas validações, sendo comparados os resultados em cada roda e em cada movimento (paralelo e curvilíneo). Os resultados mostraram uma grande exatidão para os dois sistemas desenvolvidos, quanto ao movimento em paralelo, para todas as rodas. Sendo que, o sistema CLP foi mais preciso que o sistema Arduino. Para o movimento curvilíneo, os dois sistemas apresentaram grande exatidão, praticamente iguais estatisticamente. Os resultados nos movimento em paralelo mostram que o sistema CLP e mais preciso que o sistema Arduino, sendo mais recomendado para aplicação na colhedora. Para o movimento em curvilíneo não ouve diferença estatística, assim poderá ser usado qual um dos dois sistemas.
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Almeida, Cristina Carvalho. "Software para avaliação física e sensorial dos grãos de café." Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2012. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/59.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-28In Brazil, the classification of coffee is made by physical and sensory analysis of the samples, and the documentation of this process in most cases consists of simple and brief records and reports. The objective was to develop a computerized system to streamline the processes of physical and sensory classification of coffee beans seeking flexibility in the process of identifying coffees. The software was implemented with the Basic ®language, Microsoft Visual Basic ® compiler, and Access 2007 ® Database, and was developed in line with the quality coffee contests performed on premises of Coffee Excellence Center in Machado / MG and in the Coffee Quality Center of the Southern Minas Gerais Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Campus Machado. The software performs a series of calculations recommended by the Normative Instruction Nr. 8, June 11, 2003, from the Ministry of State for Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, and may be used in a quick and easy way due to the practical and friendly interface that offers information in shaped guides to easy navigation between the features of the system. The developed software can help, with accuracy and speed, farmers, food industries, educational and research institutions, and coffee cooperatives, seeking to facilitate the numerous records of physical and sensory analysis of coffee samples, allow the execution of many calculations, and make more agile the classification of coffee.
No Brasil, a classificação de café é feita através de análise física e sensorial das amostras, e a documentação deste processo, na maioria das vezes, é constituída por fichas e laudos, de forma simples e resumida. Objetivou-se desenvolver um sistema informatizado para dinamizar os processos de classificação física e sensorial dos grãos de café, buscando agilidade no processo de identificação de cafés. O software foi implementado com a linguagem Basic®, compilador Microsoft Visual Basic® e Banco de Dados Access® 2007 e desenvolvido em consonância com os concursos de qualidade do café realizados nas dependências do Centro de Excelência do Café de Machado/MG e no Núcleo de Qualidade do Café do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais Campus Machado. O software realiza uma série de cálculos recomendados pela Instrução Normativa nº 8, de 11 de junho de 2003, do Ministério de Estado da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e poderá ser utilizado de forma simples e rápida devido à interface prática e amigável que dispõe as informações em formato de guias facilitando a navegação entre as funcionalidades do sistema. O software desenvolvido pode auxiliar, com precisão e rapidez, cafeicultores, indústrias de alimentos, instituições de ensino e pesquisa e as cooperativas especializadas em cafeicultura, buscando facilitar os inúmeros cadastros das análises físicas e sensoriais das amostras de café, permitir a execução de muitos cálculos e consequentemente tornar mais ágil a classificação do café.
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Jaramillo, Marisol Giraldo. "Zoneamento de Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) e Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville, 1842), pragas do cafeeiro no Brasil e na Colômbia, com base nas exigências térmicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-30112016-173124/.
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A cafeicultura representa uma das atividades agrícolas de maior importância para o Brasil e para a Colômbia e ultimamente tem sido impactada negativamente, devido às condições climáticas desfavoráveis com desvios da normalidade da precipitação pluviométrica e de altas temperaturas do segundo semestre do 2015 no caso do Brasil e na Colômbia, na safra 2015-2016, foi altamente impactada pelos efeitos do evento climático El Niño que aumentou os níveis de infestação da brocado- café e com a seca prolongada, que tem afetado a qualidade do grão. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer o zoneamento de Hypothenemus hampei e Leucoptera coffeella, pragas no cafeeiro em Brasil e na Colômbia, com base nas suas exigências térmicas. Os resultados obtidos para H. hampei, mostraram que a praga se desenvolve na faixa térmica de 15 a 32°C; a 25°C foram observados os maiores valores de taxa liquida de reprodução (Ro) e da razão finita de aumento (λ); sendo que Ro foi maior nesta temperatura, pois, a cada geração a população de H. hampei aumentou 127,8 vezes. O estudo das exigências térmicas de H. hampei indicaram que o limite térmico de desenvolvimento ou temperatura base (Tb) é de 13°C e a constante térmica (K) de 312 GD. Com a determinação das exigências térmicas de H. hampei e mediante a utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, foi possível obter mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento deste inseto para o estado de São Paulo no Brasil e para a região produtora de café na Colômbia. Assim, para o estado de São Paulo, podem ocorrer de 4,56 a 9,25 gerações/ano, levando-se em consideração as exigências térmicas desta praga. A maior incidência da praga deve coincidir com o aumento da temperatura e com a disponibilidade de frutos de café aptos a serem infestados. Para a Colômbia, o número de gerações/ano pode ser de 5,85 a 13,55; sendo que 93% da cafeicultura deste pais, pode apresentar a broca-do-café o ano todo. O bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro, L. coffeella, se desenvolve na faixa térmica de 15 a 32°C; a 28°C foram observados os maiores valores de taxa liquida de reprodução (Ro) e da razão finita de aumento (λ); o valor de Ro foi visivelmente maior nesta temperatura, pois, a cada geração a população de L. coffeella aumentou 22,23 vezes. O estudo das exigências térmicas de L. coffeella, mostrou que o limite térmico de desenvolvimento ou temperatura base (Tb) é de 13°C e a constante térmica (K) de 259 GD. Com a determinação, em condições de laboratório, das exigências térmicas de L. coffeella e mediante a utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), foi possível obter mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento deste inseto para o estado de São Paulo no Brasil. Assim, podem ocorrer de 5,12 a 14,17 gerações/ano, levando-se em consideração as exigências térmicas desta praga. Os dados obtidos no presente trabalho poderão auxiliar na estimativa do número de gerações mensais e anuais para o fortalecimento dos programas de manejo integrado destes insetos.Coffee culture is one of the main agriculture activities for Brazil and Colombia, with recently negative impacts due to unfavorable climatic conditions as the result of subnormal rain period and increased temperatures during the second half of 2015. In both the mentioned countries, 2015 -2016 yields has been affected by the dry climatic effect of the \"el Niño\" phenomena favoring the coffee berry borer infestation and the the grain quality decrease. The present research aimed to establish the climatic zoning for Hypothenemus hampei and Leucoptera coffeella based on their thermal requirements. Results showed for H. hampei developed into the thermal range between 15 and 32°C; at 25°C were observed the higher liquid net reproduction rate (Ro) and increase finite rate (λ), being the Ro 127,8 times. Thermal requirements estimated for H. hampei showed the temperature threshold (Tt) as 13°C and the thermal constant (K) as 312 DD. Estimation of the thermal requirements for H. hampei in laboratory and with the use of Geographic Information System tool (GIS), were obtained insect lifetime distribution maps at the Sao Paulo state and the coffee production region at Colombia. In this way, at Sao Paulo state 4,56 to 9,25 generations/year can be obtained. Higher pest incidence should be coincident with both temperature increases and coffee fruit availability to be infested. At the Colombian coffee crop region, 5,85 to 13,55 generations/year can be obtained between 18 to 24°C temperature range, with that 93% of the coffee crop can be infested with the coffee berry borer whole of the year. The leaf miner L. coffeella, develops at thermal requirements between 15 to 32°C, being the 28°C temperature with the higher net reproduction rate (Ro) and increase finite rate (λ ); showing a population increase per generation of 22,23 times. Thermal requirements for L. coffeella showed the temperature threshold (Tt) is 13°C and the thermal constant (K) of 259 DD. Using the before mentioned variables in laboratory and using the Geographic Information System tool, insect lifetime distribution maps were obtained at the Sao Paulo state in Brazil. 5,12 to 14,17 generations/ year can occur. Data obtained could contribute in the monthly and yearly generation pest generations determination for the integrated pest management programs of these pests.