To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Cognition et action.
Journal articles on the topic 'Cognition et action'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Cognition et action.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Conein, Bernard, and Éric Jacopin. "Action située et cognition. Le savoir en place." Sociologie du travail 36, no. 4 (1994): 475–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/sotra.1994.2191.
Full text
2
Gehin, Betty-Anne. "Synthèse : cognition, communication et action : intrication du dire et du faire." Revue internationale de psychosociologie XI, no. 25 (2005): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rips.025.0245.
Full text
3
Durand, Marc, Luc Ria, and Éric Flavier. "La culture en action des enseignants." Articles 28, no. 1 (October 30, 2003): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007150ar.
Full textAbstract:
Résumé Dans une perspective d’action située, cet article propose une analyse de la cognition et de la culture en action des enseignants. La première partie porte sur les processus d’actualisation et de construction des connaissances dans l’action, la deuxième sur les relations en apparence contradictoires entre le caractère singulier des actions en classe et la possibilité d’une culture partagée, la troisième sur les processus de transmission au sein de cette communauté des pratiques enseignantes.
4
David-Blais, Martin. "Le schème actantiel et l’interactionnisme de Peter L. Berger." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 45, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008429815622747.
Full textAbstract:
According to Berthelot, social sciences use several basic schemes in order to develop macro-level explanations, the Action Based Scheme being one of them. In this article, it is argued that one should not assimilate the Action Based Scheme solely to Methodological Individualism even though this tradition has received much credit. One key issue here is the status of cognition within explanation frames. More precisely, one should introduce within the explanation frames several types of cognitive states. It will be argued that there is a conceptual compatibility between the Action Based Scheme and the interactionist sociology that was proposed in the 1950s and 1960s. This theoretical exploration will focus on Peter Berger’s theory of secularization as developed in The Sacred Canopy. It will be claimed that Berger has not only proposed an explanation that brings up cognitive states, he also refers to cognitive states of a modest nature, more modest than those Methodological Individualism usually considers.
5
Leyreloup, Marie. "Anni Borzeix, Béatrice Fraenkel (coord.), Langage et Travail, Communication, cognition, action." Mots, no. 69 (July 1, 2002): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mots.10793.
Full text
6
Restrepo, Gérardo. "Émotion, cognition et action motivée: une nouvelle vision de la neuroéducation." Neuroeducation 3, no. 1 (2014): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24046/neuroed.20140301.10.
Full text
7
Lemoine, P. "Rythmes Biologiques, Anxiété, Cognition et Sommeil." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 3, S2 (1988): 167s—173s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00002194.
Full textAbstract:
RésuméUn des aspects essentiels de la cognition chez l’homme est lié à la qualité de son sommeil qui semble conditionner la fonction de mémorisation aussi bien que d’attention. Il est d’ailleurs remarquable de constater que les molécules hypnotiques peuvent avoir des effets différents sur la cognition, de façon peut-être corrélée à leur action sur les differents stades de sommeil et sûrement liée à la persistance de leurs effets sur la vigilance pendant la journée.Il est désormais classique de différencier l’anxiété généralisée (AG) de la dépression majeure (DM) par la mise en évidence des variations circadiennes marquées sur les plans clinique, polygraphique, hormonal et physiologique dans la dépression alors qu’une non-rythmicité de l’anxiété généralisée est habituellement revendiquée. Certains rythmes peuvent néanmoins être mis en évidence, bien que de façon moins marquée dans cette pathologie. Ainsi, des variations circadiennes sont souvent notées sur le plan clinique, un maximum d’anxiété et d’attaques de panique se produisant l’après-midi et en début de soirée au moment de l’acmé de la courbe de température centrale. De même, certaines particularités sont notables au niveau de l’analyse des enregistrements polygraphiques de sommeil et des niveaux plasmatiques hormonaux.Un des faits les plus troublants est de constater une certaine symetrie dans l’expression clinique et polygraphique des troubles dans la dépression majeure et l’anxiété généralisee: la DM est classiquement associée à un réveil très douloureux en milieu de nuit et à une désorganisation de la structure polygraphique du sommeil dans la deuxième partie de la nuit, moments où la température centrale après avoir atteint son niveau minimal amorce une remontée. A l’inverse, l’AG est à son maximum en fin d’après-midi et comporte une insomnie de la première partie de la nuit objectivée par un aspect haché du sommeil observable entre le moment du coucher et le milieu de la nuit, période où la temperature centrale est dans une phase descendante.Certaines anomalies peuvent être également retrouvées aux niveaux physiologique et biologique. Ces ditférentes observations devraient sans doute, dans l’avenir, susciter des recherches chronobiologiques plus nombreuses et influencer les habitudes de prescription.
8
Viaud-Delmon, Isabelle. "Corps, action et cognition : la réalité virtuelle au défi des sciences cognitives." Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive 45, no. 1 (2007): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/intel.2007.1266.
Full text
9
Newton, Natika. "The role of action representations in the dynamics of embodied cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 1 (February 2001): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01443913.
Full textAbstract:
Thelen et al. present a convincing explanation of the A-not-B error, but contrary to their own claims, their explanation essentially involves mental representations. As is too common among cognitive scientists, they equate mental representations with representations of external physical objects. They clearly show, however, that representations of bodily actions on physical objects are central to the dynamical system producing the error.
10
Borghi, A. "Embodied cognition and language comprehension: motor chains and social aspects." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73815-9.
Full textAbstract:
According to the neural exploitation hypothesis (Gallese, 2008; see also Glenberg, 2008) the linguistic system re-uses the structures and the organization characterizing the motor system. It follows that language comprehension is grounded in the perception, action and emotional systems. I will focus on two aspects which characterize action organization and the relationship between words and action. A major aspect of action organization is its goal derived structure and its hierarchical structuring in motor chains (Fogassi et al., 2005). I will discuss recent evidence on language comprehension showing that language shares with action the goal-directed structure and the motor chain organization. In addition, I will present results showing that the social context in which words are embedded influences the way in which these aspects are encoded. I will conclude that language re-uses and reflects action characteristics, but also modulates and constrains them.
11
Poulin-Dubois, Diane. "From action to interaction: Apes, infants, and the last Rubicon." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, no. 5 (October 2005): 711–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05440121.
Full textAbstract:
Tomasello et al. have presented a position that is grounded in a conservative perspective of cultural learning, as well as in a rich interpretation of recent findings in early social cognition. Although I applaud their theoretical framework, I argue that data from studies of human infants are not necessarily consistent with the developmental picture that they describe.
12
van der Linden, Sander, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Edward Maibach. "Gateway illusion or cultural cognition confusion?" Journal of Science Communication 16, no. 05 (December 13, 2017): A04. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.16050204.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we respond to the critiques presented by [Kahan, 2017]. Contrary to claims that the scientific consensus message did not significantly influence the key mediator and outcome variables in our model, we show that the experiment in [van der Linden et al., 2015] did in fact directly influence key beliefs about climate change. We also clarify that the Gateway Belief Model (GBM) is theoretically well-specified, empirically sound, and as hypothesized, the consensus message exerts a significant indirect influence on support for public action through the mediating variables. We support our conclusions with a large-scale replication.
13
Helmes, Edward, and Truls Østbye. "Associations between Benzodiazepine Use and Neuropsychological Test Scores in Older Adults." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 34, no. 2 (March 19, 2015): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980815000082.
Full textAbstract:
RÉSUMÉLes benzodiazépines sont largement prescrits pour l'anxiété, bien que l'utilisation de cette classe de médicaments fût associée à la dépendance et les changements cognitifs. Cet article décrit une étude dans laquelle j'ai examiné la relation entre une* classe des benzodiazépines disponibles pour l'utilisation et le rendement lié aux tests neuro-psychologiques dans un échantillon de communauté de 1 754 Canadiens âgés de l'Etude canadienne sur la santé et le vieillissement. Les benzodiazépines ont été classés comme ayant une action de courte durée, intermédiare ou longue. À l'aide d'une analyse de régression multiple, et tenant compte de variables démographiques, les associations ont été calculées entre chaque catégorie de benzodiazépine et huit mesures neuro-psychologiques. Les résultats ont révélé des effets différents au sein des classes des trois médicaments; les benzodiazépines avec une courte demi-vie n'etaient associées à aucune mesure neuro-psychologique. Chacune des benzodiazépines à demi-vie intermédiare et à longue demi-vie ont été associée à deux mesures. Afin d'améliorer notre compréhension de la façon dont l'utilisation des benzodiazépines influence la cognition, une concentration accrue sur des domaines spécifiques de la fonction cognitive est requise.
14
Abdelgabar, Abdel R., Judith Suttrup, Robin Broersen, Ritu Bhandari, Samuel Picard, Christian Keysers, Chris I. De Zeeuw, and Valeria Gazzola. "Action perception recruits the cerebellum and is impaired in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia." Brain 142, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 3791–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz337.
Full textAbstract:
Using a combination of neuroimaging and behavioural studies, Abdelgabar et al. show that the cerebellum helps us perceive the actions of others. Disorders such as spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, which disrupt cerebellar functioning, impair our ability to perceive the kinematics of other people’s actions, with potential implications for social cognition.
15
Lafleur, Alexis, Isabelle Soulières, and Baudoin Forgeot d’Arc. "Cognition sociale et sens de l’agentivité en autisme : de l’action à l’interaction." Santé mentale au Québec 41, no. 1 (July 5, 2016): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036970ar.
Full textAbstract:
Le sens de l’agentivité (SdA) consiste à détecter que l’on est la cause d’une action (Gallagher, 2000). Il est lié au contrôle moteur, mais également à la conscience de soi et pourrait jouer un rôle important dans l’interaction sociale. Le trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) est caractérisé par une altération des interactions sociales et de la communication (DSM-5 ; APA, 2013), et est souvent perçu comme relevant d’un déficit primaire de fonctions spécifiques à la cognition sociale. Pourtant, le contrôle moteur est également altéré dans le TSA. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que les symptômes moteurs et l’atteinte de l’interaction sociale pourraient relever d’une même atteinte du SdA. Nous présentons d’abord les modèles explicatifs généraux et les bases neurofonctionnelles du SdA implicite et explicite (Synofzik et al., 2008), puis les manifestations de ses perturbations dans d’autres troubles neuropsychiatriques comme la schizophrénie. Dans le TSA, la formation atypique des modèles internes de l’action lors de l’apprentissage moteur (Haswell et al., 2009) pourrait être à l’origine de l’altération du SdA implicite. Le manque de fidélité des indices d’agentivité sensorimoteurs (Zalla et al., 2015) pourrait de façon concomitante entraîner l’altération du SdA explicite. Nous discutons les principales manifestations cliniques du TSA qui seraient reliées aux altérations du SdA (difficultés dans la théorie de l’esprit et l’imitation, déficits de la coordination et des praxies, etc.)
16
Venter, Elmarie. "How and why actions are selected: action selection and the dark room problem." Kairos. Journal of Philosophy & Science 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this paper, I examine an evolutionary approach to the action selection problem and illustrate how it helps raise an objection to the predictive processing account. Clark examines the predictive processing account as a theory of brain function that aims to unify perception, action, and cognition, but - despite this aim - fails to consider action selection overtly. He off ers an account of action control with the implication that minimizing prediction error is an imperative of living organisms because, according to the predictive processing account, action is employed to fulfill expectations and reduce prediction error. One way in which this can be achieved is by seeking out the least stimulating environment and staying there (Friston et al. 2012: 2). Bayesian, neuroscientific, and machine learning approaches into a single framework whose overarching principle is the minimization of surprise (or, equivalently, the maximization of expectation. But, most living organisms do not find, and stay in, surprise free environments. This paper explores this objection, also called the “dark room problem”, and examines Clark’s response to the problem. Finally, I recommend that if supplemented with an account of action selection, Clark’s account will avoid the dark room problem.
17
Waldzus, Sven, Thomas W. Schubert, and Maria-Paola Paladino. "Are attitudes the problem, and do psychologists have the answer? Relational cognition underlies intergroup relations." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 6 (November 20, 2012): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x1200146x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe focus on negative attitudes toward other groups has led to a dichotomy between the prejudice reduction and the collective action approach. To solve the resulting problems identified by Dixon et al., we suggest analyzing the psychological processes underlying the construction of relationships (and their alternatives) between own and other groups.
18
Pfautz, Jonathan, Emilie Roth, Ann Bisantz, Cullen Jackson, Gina Thomas, Greg Trafton, and Randy Whitaker. "Meta-Information Representation and Communication." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100417.
Full textAbstract:
Increasingly, the study of cognition and action in complex sociotechnical systems has revealed that humans reason about both information and the qualifications of that information. These qualifications, or meta-information (e.g., pedigree, recency, uncertainty), play a role in human performance across work domains (Pfautz et al., 2006). Meta-information contextualizes information, and therefore can critically influence how a human will process, understand, and act on that information. This panel will discuss the role of meta-information in the design and evaluation of visualization and decision-support systems.
19
Dubar, Claude. "Anni Borzeix, Béatrice Fraenkel (Eds.), Langage et travail. Communication, cognition, action, CNRS Éditions, coll. « Communication », Paris, 2001, 326 p." Sociologie du Travail 45, no. 1 (March 2003): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0296(02)01273-6.
Full text
20
Vargas, William Donovan, and Nevena V. Radonjic. "197 Guanfacine and Impulsivity – Review of Literature." CNS Spectrums 23, no. 1 (February 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918000755.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPrefrontal cortex (PFC) represents one of the most evolved regions of primate brain that is thought to regulate human specific features such as cognition, emotion and behavior (Arnsten and Jin, 2012). PFC is a site of action of guanfacine, an agonist of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors. Compared to clonidine, another alpha adrenergic drug, guanfacine is more selective for α2A adrenergic receptor subtype (van Zwieten et al., 1994; Uhlen at al., 1995) and is weaker in producing hypotension andsedation (Jurado at al., 1998) resulting in better tolerability of the medication. Studies have shown that endogenous noradrenergic stimulation of alpha2A receptors is essential for PFC regulation of behavior, thought and emotion as blockade ofα2A receptors in the monkey dorsolateral PFC significantly impairs working memory (Li and Mei, 1994) and behavioral inhibition (Ma et al., 2003; Ma et al., 2003). So far FDA has approved guanfacine in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children but the medication is used off label for treatment of oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, pervasive developmental disorders, motor tics and Tourette’s syndrome as well. Impulsivity as used in clinical terms is very broadly defined and encompasses personality traits as well as cognitive functions such as emotion regulation and behavioral inhibition. Numerous studies have shown effectiveness of extended release guanfacine in reducing impulsiveness in children with ADHD and recently in autism spectrum disorder (Scahill et al., 2015), however limited data is available on use of guanfacine in treatment of impulse control and aggression in adults.Funding AcknowledgementsNo funding.
21
Daryai-Hansen, Petra, and Birgit Henriksen. "Lærerkognition som centralt udgangspunkt for lærernes praksisnære professionsudvikling – en ny efteruddannelsesmodel." Studier i læreruddannelse og -profession 2, no. 2 (October 11, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/lup.v2i2.96704.
Full textAbstract:
Artiklen giver et indblik i teoretiske, metodiske og praksisrelaterede overvejelser bag udviklingen af tre efteruddannelsesforløb i det igangværende udviklings- og forskningsprojekt ”Tidligere sprogstart – ny begynderdidaktik med fokus på flersprogethed”. Artiklen præsenterer med eksempel i projektet en ny efteruddannelsesmodel til udvikling af lærernes undervisningspraksis, der tager afsæt i centrale principper i den praksisnære professionsudvikling, som kobles til feltet lærerkognition som modellens centrale teoretiske udgangspunkt. Lærerkognitionen, som stadigvæk er ret uopdyrket i den danske faglitteratur, diskuteres indgående. Derudover præsenteres centrale principper i den praksisnære professionsudvikling, som afgrænses fra aktionslæring som metodisk tilgang. Afsluttende skitseres, hvilke lærerkognitionsdata der indsamles i projektet, og sammenhængen mellem den praksisnære professionsudvikling og lærerkognitionen uddybes. Summary: The article provides an insight into theoretical, methodical and practical reflections behind the development of three supplementary in-service training programs in the ongoing development and research project called “Early foreign language learning - new didactics for beginners with a focus on plurilingualism”. The article presents a new educational model for in-service training focusing on supporting and developing the teachers’ practical teaching skills, with examples from the project. Initially, a number of central principles in the continuing professional development of teachers will be outlined with a focus on the research field of teacher cognition as the main theoretical point of departure for the educational model. Teacher cognition is still an under-researched field in the Danish scientific literature and, hence, it is discussed thoroughly. Furthermore, central principles in the continuing professional development of teachers are presented, in an attempt to compare and delimit the chosen approach from action research as a method for teacher involvement. Lastly, the article describes the types of teacher cognition data collected in the project and the connection between continuing professional development and teacher cognition is elaborated.
22
HAWKINS, K. A., S. MOHAMED, and S. W. WOODS. "Will the novel antipsychotics significantly ameliorate neuropsychological deficits and improve adaptive functioning in schizophrenia?" Psychological Medicine 29, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798006990.
Full textAbstract:
The recent and pending introduction of new antipsychotic medications carries the hope of a significant advance in the treatment of schizophrenia. Although the propensity of these agents to cause fewer motor side-effects than conventional neuroleptics may lead to improved compliance and clinical effectiveness, the promise of a significant impact upon the lives of patients may primarily reside in the evidence that the atypicals alleviate negative features such as emotional flattening, social withdrawal and impoverished speech. Auditory hallucinations and delusional thinking are the more dramatic expressions of illness, but these negative symptoms, along with neuropsychological deficits, are arguably more responsible for the persisting debilitation exhibited by schizophrenics (McKay, 1980; Pogue-Geile & Harrow, 1985; Breier et al. 1991; Crow, 1991; Mukherjee et al. 1991; Kane & Freeman, 1994; Perlick et al. 1992; Green, 1996; Green et al. 1997). Negative symptoms and neuropsychological deficits are minimally responsive to conventional neuroleptics (Goldberg et al. 1991; Meltzer, 1992; Lee et al. 1994; Meltzer et al. 1994), leaving schizophrenics ill-equipped to deal with the demands of normal living.The claim is often made that clozapine alleviates both negative symptoms and neurocognitive deficits (e.g. Meltzer, 1995a). Although there is hope that the newer antipsychotics will do likewise, the evidence for neurocognitive gains in particular is, so far, limited. Only a few studies of the effects of novel antipsychotics (such as risperidone, olanzapine, sertindole and related in-trial agents) on neuropsychological functioning have been undertaken. When effects have been demonstrated, their significance has remained unclear.This state of affairs is unsatisfactory, as a positive impact upon neuropsychological functioning would be of interest for more than just clinical reasons. An amelioration of cognitive deficiencies would suggest that these features are not inexorably tied to an irreversible pathology, such as gross neurodevelopmental aberrations or loss of neural tissue. Rather, such gains would suggest a treatable underlying pathophysiology, lending hope to other treatments, including cognitive rehabilitation. Since these deficits are increasingly viewed as fundamental to our conceptions of severe psychiatric illness (Goldberg et al. 1991; Green, 1996; Nuechterlein & Subotnik, 1996), neurocognitive changes might reciprocally shed light on these medications and schizophrenia. Finally, differential effects on cognition across medications should be factored into cost–benefit analyses, particularly when these effects are accompanied by broader adaptive functioning gains.Is there any reason to believe that the novel antipsychotics will significantly improve the functional capacities of schizophrenics? Several considerations are relevant, including purported action mechanisms, animal behaviour findings, neurological effects, negative symptoms effects and existing cognitive outcome data.
23
Kraimi, N., G. De Palma, J. Lu, D. Bowdish, E. Verdu, E. Sibille, T. Prevot, S. M. Collins, and P. Bercik. "A238 ABSENCE OF AGE-RELATED MEMORY DECLINE IN GERM-FREE MICE." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 4, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab002.236.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Age-associated deterioration of cognitive function and memory capacity occur in a variety of mammals, from humans to rodents. For example, significant memory deficits have been reported in conventionally raised (SPF) old mice compared to conventionally raised young mice submitted to a spatial memory task (Prevot et al., Mol Neuropsychiatry 2019). Microbiota to brain signaling is now well established in mice, but the extent to which this influences age-related memory decline is unknown. Aims Our project aims to determine whether the intestinal microbiota contributes to age-related changes in brain function. We address the hypothesis that age-related cognitive decline is attenuated in the absence of the intestinal microbiota. Methods We studied locomotor behavior and spatial memory performance in young germ-free (GF) mice (2–3 months of age, n=24) and senescent GF mice (13–27 months old, n=22) maintained in axenic conditions, and compared them to conventionally raised (SPF) mice. We used the Y-maze test based on a spontaneous alternations task to assess cognition, with alternation rate as a proxy of spatial working memory performance. The locomotor activity was measured using the open-field test. Results GF old mice traveled less distance (458.9 cm) than GF young mice (875.7 cm, p < 0.001) but these differences in locomotor activity did not influence spatial memory performance. Indeed, both GF old and GF young mice had an identical alternation rate of 73.3% (p > 0.05). This contrasted with the memory impairment found in old SPF mice that displayed lower alternation rate of 58.3%, compared to that found in young SPF mice (76.2%, p = 0.13). Conclusions We conclude that the absence of age-related memory decline in germ-free mice is consistent with a role for the microbiota in the cognitive decline associated with aging, likely through action on the immune system, well documented in SPF mice (Thevaranjan et al., Cell Host & Microbe 2017). We propose that novel microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies may delay or prevent the cognitive decline of aging. Funding Agencies CIHRBalsam Family Foundation
24
Dubar, Claude. "Anni Borzeix, Béatrice Fraenkel (Eds.), Langage et travail. Communication, cognition, action | Sophie Pène, Anni Borzeix, Béatrice Fraenkel (Eds.), Le langage dans les communications. Une nouvelle donne." Sociologie du travail 45, no. 1 (March 28, 2003): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/sdt.31246.
Full text
25
Arrifano, Victória, Larissa Cristina Ares Silveira da Motta, Maria Martha Bernardi, and Cideli de Paula Coelho. "Homeopathy as a tool for enhancing Cognition in Senescence/Senility: Experimental Model." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4.845.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Several comparative and experimental studies have shown that elder subjects show performance significantly prejudiced in different types of cognitive tasks1. The aging process is extremely complex and multifactorial, due to its multidisciplinary nature. Therefore, it is greatly important to study medications that can reduce the losses induced by aging in men and animals. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of homeopathic medication in locomotion and enhancement of cognitive tasks, prejudiced by senescence/senility in rats.
Materials and Method: 32 Wistar rats were used, all male, 22 to 23 months old of age, from the Santo Amaro University (UNISA) Bioterium. According to Andreollo et al. (2012)2 and Segunpta et al. (2013)3, a Wistar rat at the age of this study can be compared to a human over 60 years old. However, in laboratory conditions, hardly ever an animal (Wistar rat) reaches this age, therefore, research mice are considered elderly. The number of animals chosen for this study was in accordance with the 3Rs rules (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement - www.nc3rs.org.uk/ARRIVE). All males were maintained in cages with ad libitum access to food and water, in a controlled light cycle of 12:12 hours (7h/19h). Medications were made based on the Brazilian Homeopathy Pharmacopeia. The animals were distributed randomly in 4 experimental groups (4/cage), with 8 animals per group, and the following medications were administered in the drinking water ad libitum (5 drops/drinking bottle): Calcarea carbonica 30 cH; Baryta muriática 30 cH; Hydro alcoholic solution 10%; White Control (no medication). The experiment was conducted in blind and the medications used in code, only revealed after the statistics were conducted. The animals were weighed weekly and were subjected to Open Field (OF) on day 1 of the experiment; after 40 days of medication the animals were subjected to the Open Field (OF) test and to “T†Maze learning test4. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA, followed by the Bartlett's Test and Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test and Kruskal Wallis e Dunn, being p≤0.05.
Results and Discussion: All groups lost weight during the experiment except the group Calcarea carbonica, that gained weight (p≤0.05). In the beginning of the experiment there was no statistical difference between groups in OF, demonstrating uniformity amongst animals. After medication, when subjected to OF, it was observed an increase of the walking quadrants (p≤0.05) in total locomotion and decreased of Freezing in the groups treated with Carcarea carbonica e Baryta muriatica (p≤0.05) relative to the White Control and Hydro alcoholic solution groups, demonstrating better disposition of the medicated elderly. It is known that aging accelerates neurodegenerative processes, leading to cognitive dysfunctions5, however in the “T†Maze test learning test, it was seen an increased correct responses in the group treated with Baryta muriatica 30 cH, suggesting enhancing the elderly’s memory5.
Conclusion: The drugs were able to increase the locomotion of animals and Baryta muriatica improved the cognitive responses in animals compared to the other groups.
26
Jelec, Anna, and Dorota Jaworska. "Thoughts on the table: Gesture as a tool for thinking in blind and visually impaired children." Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/yplm-2015-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The theory of embodiment (Lakoff and Johnson 2003; Gibbs et al. 2004) explains the origin of meaning by postulating that thought is influenced by sensorimotor experience (Robbins and Aydede 2009). However, the relation between the body, mind and environment is not unidirectional. Not only do we derive information from the world, but we are also able to use it as an extension of the mind through epistemic actions, strategies that minimize the cognitive load by offloading it onto the environment (Kirsh and Maglio 1994). This paper investigates the potential of gesture as epistemic action. 12 blind and severely visually impaired children and young adults, as well as a control group of 7 young adults were interviewed for the purpose of the study. Participants were asked to explain a set of abstract and concrete concepts while their speech and gestures were recorded. If gesture indeed plays a role in reducing the mental load by externalizing thought, more gestures should be produced for concepts that are more difficult to describe (in this case: abstract, intangible concepts). Qualitative data analysis, as well as simple statistical analyses of gesture type, number and gesture per word rates show that abstract concepts do not generate more gestures, but do prompt blind and visually impaired speakers to use simulation gestures. These gestures constitute reenactments of situations associated with a given concept by the respondent. They are also thought to confirm the embodied cognition hypothesis (Hostetter and Alibali 2008). A number of examples demonstrates that abstract concepts in blind children are strongly grounded in their experience of real-world situations. Findings suggest that gesture is not merely a tool for communication, but a way of extending the capabilities of the mind.
27
Jones, Karen. "Quick and Smart? Modularity and the Pro-Emotion Consensus." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 32 (2006): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjp.2007.0031.
Full textAbstract:
Within both philosophy and psychology, a new pro-emotion consensus is replacing the old dogmas that emotions disrupt practical rationality, that they are at best arational, if not outright irrational, and that we can understand what is really central to human cognition without studying them. Emotions are now commonly viewed as evolved capacities that are integral to our practical rationality. An infinite mind, unencumbered by a body, might get along just fine without emotions; but we finite embodied creatures need them if we are to be capable of responding appropriately to our reasons and navigating in a risky world with poor information, limited attention, and restricted computational power. Emotions are clever design solutions to the problem of making fast decisions in response to significant practical problems posed by the natural and social worlds: we perceive a danger and fear immediately primes us to take protective action. On this view, the theory of emotions is an essential part of a theory of ecologically situated and constrained rationality - that is to say, of human rationality (Samuels et al. 1999; Gigerenzer 2000).
28
Talanki, Ramyasmruthi S. "Effectiveness of Concept Mapping Strategy on Understanding and Retention among Secondary School Students." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.32.2.
Full textAbstract:
Concept mapping is a tool used for representing knowledge in an organized format. It consists of concepts that are encircled and a connecting line with linking words or phrases represents the relationships between the different sub-concepts. Joseph D. Novak developed the concept maps in the 1970s. Mendia et al., 2008 have used this tool that promotes meaningful learning in math with secondary school students. Sharma, 2014 has used this tool for student’s achievement and concept retention for higher secondary student. This paper is regarding effectiveness of concept maps in concept retention among secondary school students. It is an action research conducted with ten students. The concept map was prepared using software called as Cmap. The institute that has developed this software is Institute for Human and Machine Cognition. The concept of structure of DNA was taken to teach the students using concept map. A pretest, posttest, and delayed test were conducted to observe the students understanding and retention of the concept. The results were analyzed using SPSS software. It was observed that the understanding and retention of the concept among the students was visible after using the concept mapping strategy
29
Davidse, Kristin, and Nele Olivier. "English middles with mental and verbal predicates." English Text Construction 1, no. 2 (August 15, 2008): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.1.2.02dav.
Full textAbstract:
In this article we investigate whether verbs of perception, affection, cognition and verbalization can be construed in the English middle voice against (at least partial) claims to the contrary such as Fellbaum (1986), Keyser and Roeper (1984), Quirk et al. (1985). We view the middle as a modal statement about the conduciveness of the subject entity to action on or with it by the implied agent in the way specified by the predication (Heyvaert 2003, Davidse and Heyvaert 2007). Examples with mental and verbal predicates that correspond to this definition were found in data extracted from the COBUILD corpus as well as from the Internet. We then propose that, on the basis of Halliday’s (1994) description of process types and their participant roles, mental and verbal middles can be classified into five subtypes, containing respectively: (1) verbal predicates, e.g. The stories narrate easily, (2) please-type mental predicates, e.g. You astonish easily, (3) like-type mental predicates, e.g. Two-line display sees easily, (4) perception predicates used in attributive mode, e.g. That cheese smells nice, and (5) verbal predicates used in identifying mode, e.g. Xitaqua pronounces chi-ta-qua. We also investigate to what extent these subtypes instantiate the characteristics of core middles, viz. letting modality, conducive subject and specification by the predication of the way the process is carried out
30
Peters, Katherine B., Adam Louis Cohen, Nicholas A. Butowski, John L. Villano, Pierre Giglio, Tresa McGranahan, Chi Zhang, et al. "BMX-HGG: Phase II trial of newly diagnosed high-grade glioma treated with concurrent radiation therapy, temozolomide, and BMX-001." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): TPS2577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.tps2577.
Full textAbstract:
TPS2577 Background: Patients diagnosed with malignant high-grade gliomas (WHO grade III-IV) experience significant morbidity and mortality associated with these cancers. While the mainstay of therapy for patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma is surgery followed by concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT), the outcomes remain very poor. BMX-001 (MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+) is a metalloporphyrin with differential action in response to radiation therapy and chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress. Early preclinical studies demonstrated BMX-001’s ability to act as a radioprotectant to healthy tissue such as a central nervous white matter and as a radiosensitizer to cancer cells, in particular, human glioblastoma xenografts. We evaluated the safety of BMX-001 in combination with concurrent RT and temozolomide (TMZ) in a phase I study of newly diagnosed high-grade glioma patients, and we found that BMX-001 is safe and well-tolerated in this population. The maximum tolerated dose of BMX-001 during concurrent RT and TMZ was determined to be 28 mg delivered subcutaneously (SC) followed by 16 biweekly SC doses at 14 mg (Peters et al., Neuro-Oncology 2018). Methods: For this multi-site, open-label, phase II study (NCT02655601), we will randomize approximately 160 patients 1:1 to concurrent RT and TMZ with BMX-001 versus concurrent RT and TMZ alone. Key eligibility criteria include newly diagnosed histologically confirmed high-grade glioma (WHO III-IV), 18 ≥ years, and Karnofsky performance status ≥ 70%. The primary endpoint is overall survival. Secondary endpoints include cognitive performance as assessed by standardized cognitive testing, bone marrow protection, safety and tolerability, progression-free survival, overall tumor response rate, and plasma pharmacokinetics. Exploratory endpoints are health-related quality of life (as assessed by Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Brain, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognition, and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue), qualitative hair loss, and white matter integrity (as measured by MRI diffusion tensor/susceptibility imaging). Since November 2018, this phase II study has enrolled 64 of 160 high-grade glioma patients at six sites with future sites planned to be implemented. Clinical trial information: NCT02655601 .
31
Peters, Katherine B., John L. Villano, Nicholas A. Butowski, Adam Louis Cohen, Joe Sammy Mendez, Pierre Giglio, Chi Zhang, et al. "Phase 2 trial of newly diagnosed high-grade glioma treated with concurrent radiation therapy, temozolomide, and BMX-001." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): TPS2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.tps2069.
Full textAbstract:
TPS2069 Background: High-grade gliomas (WHO grade III-IV) patients experience marked morbidity and mortality. While the standard of care for newly diagnosed high-grade glioma patients is surgery followed by concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT), the outcomes remain poor. BMX-001 (MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+) is a metalloporphyrin with differential action in response to radiation therapy and chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress. As shown in preclinical evaluations, BMX-001, when used with radiation, can protect normal, healthy tissues and augment cell kill in malignant cancer cells, notably, human glioblastoma xenografts. We evaluated the safety of BMX-001 in combination with concurrent RT and temozolomide (TMZ) in a phase 1 study of newly diagnosed high-grade glioma patients and we found that BMX-001 is safe and well-tolerated in this population. The maximum tolerated dose of BMX-001 during concurrent RT and TMZ was determined to be 28 mg delivered subcutaneously (SC) followed by 16 biweekly SC doses at 14 mg (Peters et al., Neuro-Oncology 2018). Methods: For this multi-site, open-label, phase 2 study (NCT02655601), we will randomize approximately 160 patients 1:1 to concurrent RT and TMZ with BMX-001 versus concurrent RT and TMZ alone. Key eligibility criteria include newly diagnosed histologically confirmed high-grade glioma (WHO III-IV), 18 ≥ years, and Karnofsky performance status ≥ 70%. The primary endpoint is overall survival. Secondary endpoints are objective cognitive performance, bone marrow protection, safety and tolerability, progression-free survival, overall tumor response rate, and plasma pharmacokinetics. Exploratory endpoints are patient-reported outcomes of health-related quality of life (as assessed by Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Brain, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognition, and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue), qualitative hair loss, and white matter integrity (as measured by MRI diffusion tensor/susceptibility imaging). Since November 2018, this phase 2 study has enrolled 147 of 160 high-grade glioma patients at nine sites in US. Clinical trial information: NCT02655601.
32
Higueras-Herbada, Alfredo, Carlos de Paz, David M. Jacobs, David Travieso, and Jorge Ibáñez-Gijón. "The direct learning theory: a naturalistic approach to learning for the post-cognitivist era." Adaptive Behavior 27, no. 6 (May 15, 2019): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712319847136.
Full textAbstract:
In 2017, Di Paolo, Buhrmann, and Barandiarán proposed a list of criteria that post-cognitivist theories of learning should fulfill. In this article, we review the ecological theory of direct learning. We argue that this theory fulfills most of the criteria put forward by Di Paolo et al. and that its tools and concepts can be useful to other post-cognitivist theories of learning. Direct learning holds that improvements with practice are driven by information for learning that can be found in the dynamic organism-environment interaction. The theory formally describes information for learning as a vector field that spans a space with all the perception-action couplings that may be used to perform an action. Being located at a point of such a space means using a specific perception-action coupling. Changes in perception-action couplings due to learning can be represented as paths across the space, and can be explained with the vector field of information for learning. Previous research on direct learning considered actions that were best understood with single perception-action couplings. To conclude the article, and inspired by the criteria of Di Paolo et al., we discuss an extension of the theory to actions that are best understood with multiple perception-action couplings.
33
Serpantié, Georges, Albert Rakotonirina, Jean-Christophe Poussin, Aurélie Toillier, and Fano Andriamahefazafy. "Une approche cognitive co-constructiviste pour définir un service environnemental « bassin versant ». Cas de Tolongoina, Madagascar." Cahiers Agricultures 30 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2021004.
Full textAbstract:
Lors du montage d’un dispositif de paiement pour service environnemental lié à l’eau (PSE-bassin versant), l’identification précise des services environnementaux en jeu est une étape à forte dimension cognitive, mais souvent laissée implicite. À l’occasion d’un projet d’hydro-électricité à Madagascar dans un contexte conflictuel de déforestation, une recherche-action en partenariat a créé les conditions d’un rapprochement cognitif et d’une explicitation du service environnemental, grâce à des études écohydrologiques participatives, la mobilisation de savoirs locaux et des ateliers-débats multi-acteurs. Suivi d’autres études et négociations, cet apprentissage collectif a facilité l’aboutissement du premier contrat PSE-bassin versant-hydro-électricité dans ce pays, et permis d’y inclure des agriculteurs.
34
Livet, Pierre. "Des actions et des émotions aux phénomènes sociaux : cognition et interprétation." Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive 26, no. 1 (1998): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/intel.1998.1570.
Full text
35
Zeelenberg, René, Sebastiaan Remmers, Florence Blaauwgeers, and Diane Pecher. "The Influence of Poststudy Action Congruency on Memory Consolidation." Experimental Psychology 67, no. 4 (July 2020): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000490.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The actions associated with objects are thought to be automatically activated when processing object names. Recent studies, however, have failed to find evidence for a role of the motor system in long-term memory for objects. One exception is a study by van Dam et al. (2013) in which participants studied object names associated with pressing (e.g., doorbell) or twisting (e.g., jar), followed by pressing or twisting actions in a seemingly unrelated task. In the final memory test, performance for action congruent words was better than for action incongruent words. We aimed to generalize these findings. In Experiments 1 and 2, we found no effect of action congruency on repetition priming in lexical decision and man-made/natural decision. In Experiment 3, the action congruency manipulation was administered immediately after initial study or a day later, just prior to the recognition memory test. We found no effects of action congruency and timing of the action. Finally, Experiment 4 was a direct replication of Experiment 1 of van Dam et al. (2013) . Again, we failed to find an effect of poststudy action congruency. Thus, we obtained no evidence for the view that motor actions play a role in long-term memory for objects.
36
Stehr, Daniel A., Xiaojue Zhou, Mariel Tisby, Patrick T. Hwu, John A. Pyles, and Emily D. Grossman. "Top-Down Attention Guidance Shapes Action Encoding in the pSTS." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 7 (February 25, 2021): 3522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab029.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is a brain region characterized by perceptual representations of human body actions that promote the understanding of observed behavior. Increasingly, action observation is recognized as being strongly shaped by the expectations of the observer (Kilner 2011; Koster-Hale and Saxe 2013; Patel et al. 2019). Therefore, to characterize top-down influences on action observation, we evaluated the statistical structure of multivariate activation patterns from the action observation network (AON) while observers attended to the different dimensions of action vignettes (the action kinematics, goal, or identity of avatars jumping or crouching). Decoding accuracy varied as a function of attention instruction in the right pSTS and left inferior frontal cortex (IFC), with the right pSTS classifying actions most accurately when observers attended to the action kinematics and the left IFC classifying most accurately when observed attended to the actor’s goal. Functional connectivity also increased between the right pSTS and right IFC when observers attended to the actions portrayed in the vignettes. Our findings are evidence that the attentive state of the viewer modulates sensory representations in the pSTS, consistent with proposals that the pSTS occupies an interstitial zone mediating top-down context and bottom-up perceptual cues during action observation.
37
Enns, James T. "Section 1: Perception et action." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 55, no. 2 (2001): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0088097.
Full text
38
Gile, Daniel. "La recherche sur les processus traductionnels et la formation en interprétation de conférence." Volet interprétation 50, no. 2 (July 20, 2005): 713–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011013ar.
Full textAbstract:
Résumé La recherche sur les processus cognitifs accompagnant l’interprétation de conférence est largement fondée sur des théories conçues en psychologie cognitive qu’il est difficile de valider par des procédures empiriques, notamment en raison de la complexité des processus et de la variabilité qui en résulte sur le plan holistique de la prestation. Les ressources institutionnelles et humaines de la communauté traductologique sont insuffisantes pour espérer un changement radical et de nombreuses applications didactiques immédiates. En revanche, les concepts et modèles développés ont une intéressante valeur explicative. Une recherche sur les processus plus proche des actions concrètes, telle qu’elle est menée par les traductologues de l’écrit, pourrait avoir des retombées didactiques directes plus nombreuses.
39
Tanaka, Takumi, Takuya Matsumoto, Shintaro Hayashi, Shiro Takagi, and Hideaki Kawabata. "What Makes Action and Outcome Temporally Close to Each Other: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Temporal Binding." Timing & Time Perception 7, no. 3 (August 9, 2019): 189–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20191150.
Full textAbstract:
Temporal binding refers to the subjective compression of the temporal interval between a voluntary action and its external sensory consequences. While empirical evidence and theoretical accounts have indicated the potential linkage between temporal binding and action outcome prediction mechanisms, several questions regarding the underlying processes and the fundamental nature of temporal binding remain unanswered. Based on the sophisticated classification of predictive processes proposed by Hughes et al. (2013), we conducted a systematic, quantitative review of the binding effect as measured with two representative procedures, i.e., Libet clock procedure and interval estimation procedure. Although both procedures were designed to measure the same phenomenon, we revealed a larger effect size and higher sensitivity to perceptual moderators in binding observed with the clock procedure than with the interval estimation. Moreover, in the former, we observed different characteristics for the two perceptual shifts that comprise temporal binding. Action shifts depended more on whether one can control outcome onsets with voluntary actions. In contrast, outcome shifts depended more on the degree to which participants could predict, rather than control, the action outcome onset. These results indicate that action shift occurs based on the activation of learned action–outcome associations by planning and executing actions, while outcome shift occurs based on comparing predicted and observed outcomes. By understanding the nature of each experimental procedure and each shift, future research can use optimal methods depending on the goal. We discuss, as an example, the implications for the underlying disorders of agency in schizophrenia.
40
Crawford, MA, M. Thabet, and Y. Wang. "An introduction to a theory on the role of π-electrons of docosahexaenoic acid in brain function." OCL 25, no. 4 (May 21, 2018): A402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2018010.
Full textAbstract:
In Part I, we discuss the background to views on brain function and our thesis that it is conducted by π-electrons which perform sensory reception, memory, action, cognition and consciousness. Our thesis is consistent with the classical views of ion movement and synaptic protein strengthening. However, protein based views contain no element of precision for the signal. Precision is essential for true signal transduction of sensory input and the faithful execution of learnt neural pathways. In Part II, we incorporate these principles to discuss the mechanism whereby electron function adds precision of signal energy to the process through the Pauli Exclusion Principle. The Huxley-Hodgkin (HH) account of neural function describes the movement of sodium, potassium and calcium ions to create electrochemical potentials across membranes with well-established mathematical and experimental support. To explain learning, consciousness and perception, others have claimed brain function depends on protein synthesis or RNA coding. Some consider super position and collapse as the computational mechanism. This however is fragile with no mechanism described to protect from natural collapse and decoherence at the temperatures of the brain. A novel approach was adopted by Penrose and Hammeroff who describe consciousness as a function of ʻobjective reduction’ (ʻOR’) of the quantum state. This orchestrated OR activity (ʻOrch OR’) is taken to result in moments of conscious awareness and/or choice (Hameroff S, Penrose R. 2014 Consciousness in the universe: a review of the ʻOrch OR’ theory. Phys Life Rev 11(1): 39–78. Doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2013.08.002. Epub 2013 Aug 20). Orch-OR operates in principle in protein tubules of neurons. This concept is non-computational and has received much attention with a convincing advocacy and its share of criticism. The advocacy includes the fossil record of organisms that emerged throughout the first Cambrian period with onset roughly 540 million years ago (mya). They had essential degrees of microtubular arrays in skeletal size, complexity and capability for quantum isolation. Attractive as this hypothesis maybe we point out that the brain is predominantly made of lipid not protein. We suggest that both protein and RNA in the brain would more likely been required to serve the extraordinary energy requirements for the brain. Early photosynthetic systems such as the dinoflagellates are rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) including di-DHA phosphoglycerides as also in contemporary mammalian photoreceptors. We wish to discuss in Part II, quantum mechanical properties of the π-electrons of DHA suggestive of a mechanism for the depolarization of the receptor membrane at a precise energy levels as required for vision and neural signalling (Crawford MA, Broadhurst CL, Guest M et al., 2013. A quantum theory for the irreplaceable role of docosahexaenoic acid in neural cell signalling throughout evolution. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids (PLEFA) 88(1): 5–13. Doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.08.005. PMID: 23206328). We wish to extend this principle to a concept of brain function in learning, recall, perception and cognition.
41
Durgin, Frank H., and Zhi Li. "Perceptual experience as a bridge between the retina and a bicoded cognitive map." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 5 (October 2013): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x1300037x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe bicoded cognitive maps described by Jeffery et al. are compared to metric perceptual representations. Systematic biases in perceptual experience of egocentric distance, height, and surface orientation may reflect information processing choices to retain information critical for immediate action (Durgin et al. 2010a). Different information processing goals (route planning vs. immediate action) require different metric information.
42
Seigneuric, Alix. "L’intersubjectivité : le point de vue des neurosciences et de la psychologie cognitive." Perspectives Psy 58, no. 2 (April 2019): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ppsy/2019582156.
Full textAbstract:
Cet article se propose d’apporter l’éclairage des sciences cognitives et de la psychologie cognitive sur la question de l’intersubjectivité. La découverte des neurones miroirs chez le singe macaque dans les années 1990 constitue un événement majeur ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives de recherche sur l’intersubjectivité et la cognition sociale chez l’être humain. Les travaux se sont ainsi efforcés d’identifier l’existence de tels systèmes miroirs chez l’être humain et de préciser leur rôle et leur fonctionnement. En prenant appui sur de nombreux résultats exploitant les techniques de neuroimagerie, plusieurs modèles ont été proposés notamment celui de la « simulation incarnée » développé par Gallese dans les années 2000. La simulation incarnée, sous-tendue par les neurones miroirs, est décrite comme relevant d’un ensemble de mécanismes implicites et automatiques de résonance par réactivation des systèmes neuronaux d’un individu à partir de ce qu’il perçoit chez un autre individu. Ce système jouerait un rôle majeur dans la compréhension des actions et des émotions d’autrui et serait également impliqué dans la compréhension du langage. Par ailleurs son fonctionnement serait dépendant de variables individuelles et situationnelles. Cet aspect est illustré ici par deux exemples, l’un pris dans le domaine de la compréhension des émotions et l’autre, celui de la compréhension des textes.
43
Clark, Andy. "Cognitive incrementalism: The big issue." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 4 (August 2000): 536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0026336x.
Full textAbstract:
Neural organization raises, in an especially clear way, a major problem confronting contemporary cognitive science. The problem (the “big issue” of my title) is: What is the relation between the strategies used to solve basic problems of perception and action and those used to solve more abstract or “cognitive” problems? Is there a smooth, incremental route from what Arbib et al. call “instinctual schemas” to higher-level kinds of cognitive prowess? I argue that, despite some suggestive comments, Arbib et al. do not resolve this issue.
44
Desclés, Jean-Pierre, and Zlatka Guentchéva. "La polysémie verbale appréhendée par une sémantique cognitive et formelle." SHS Web of Conferences 46 (2018): 12005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184612005.
Full textAbstract:
L’étude de la polysémie verbale (et prépositionnelle) revient à construire un réseau dont la racine est un invariant sémantique et les noeuds des schèmes. Chaque schème représente une signification sous la forme de relations emboîtées de situations construites à l’aide de primitives sémantiques : types primitifs des différentes entités; primitives relationnelles telles que le mouvement, le changement, l’effectuation d’une action, le contrôle et la visée téléonomique. Ces primitives sont liées aux activités cognitives de perception et d’action, plus ou moins intentionnelles. L’article traite plus spécialement des verbes polysémiques franêais, ‘arrêter’, s’arrêter’, ‘garer’ et ‘se garer’.
45
Allain, Sophie. "Approche cognitive de la gestion stratégique dans une entreprise monodécideur : le cas de l'entrepreneur agricole." Revue internationale P.M.E. 12, no. 1-2 (February 16, 2012): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008649ar.
Full textAbstract:
Dans le domaine de la gestion stratégique des PME, une des questions clés est de savoir comment s’établit le lien entre les idées contenues dans la vision stratégique du dirigeant et les décisions réelles qui sont prises. On aborde ici cette question par une approche cognitive ; il s'agit de comprendre pourquoi et comment un individu prend ses décisions. Et on considère que ce n’est qu’en revenant à la manière même dont celui-ci interprète sa situation qu’on peut y parvenir. On choisit le cas de l’entreprise agricole pour prospecter cette voie, car il s’agit d’une très petite entreprise, généralement pilotée par un seul décideur; vision stratégique et décisions concrètes relèvent donc de la même personne. On propose tout d’abord le schéma suivant des décisions : l’agriculteur a des représentations stables, qui sont, d’une part, une vision stratégique de son entreprise lui fournissant les éléments de sa politique générale et, d’autre part, des programmes d’action lui permettant de prendre des décisions opérationnelles à caractère répétitif, donc, d’assurer le fonctionnement courant de son entreprise; le couplage entre ces deux plans est assuré par les décisions de gestion stratégique qui sont, pour nous, les décisions qui gèrent le changement dans l'entreprise. On construit alors une grille d'analyse de ces décisions. Celles-ci sont vues comme suivant à la fois une logique de résolution de problème et une logique d'adéquation, l’individu recherchant une solution satisfaisante, non connue a priori, en s'appuyant sur les représentations qui guident son action ; ces deux logiques obéissent à des principes de simplification, de continuité et de connexion étroite aux actions à mener au même moment. On applique cette grille au cas d'un agriculteur d’une région de grande culture française et on envisage pour finir quelques perspectives en matière d’aide à la décision et de recherche.
46
Woods, David. "Generic Support Requirements for Cognitive Work: Laws that Govern Cognitive Work in Action." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 3 (September 2005): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900322.
Full textAbstract:
Research in Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) has successfully identified basic requirements that must be met if new technology will be useful to practitioners in context. Synthesizing these basic requirements or support functions is part of a process of debate and consolidation of the foundations of the field after 25 years of productive activity (Klein, 1999; Endsley et al., 2003; Hollnagel and Woods, 2005). This work takes the “Laws that Govern Cognitive Work” which synthesize basic findings aand patterns (Woods, 2002; Hoffman and Woods, 2005) and provides the next step—a set of basic requirements or support functions for design. General requirements for effective support can be used to jump start individual development projects in any domain. Debating how to achieve these support functions helps translate the insights of cognitive work analyses into tangible new uses of technological possibilities.
47
Goodale, Mel. "Pointing the way to a unified theory of action and perception." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 4 (December 1997): 749–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x9732161x.
Full textAbstract:
Deictic coding offers a useful model for understanding the interactions between the dorsal and ventral streams of visual processing in the cerebral cortex. By extending Ballard et al.'s ideas on teleassistance, I show how dedicated low-level visuomotor processes in the dorsal stream might be engaged for the services of high-level cognitive operations in the ventral stream.
48
GIOVANNETTI, TANIA. "Assessing everyday action in dementia: A response to de Jonghe (2006)." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 12, no. 5 (September 2006): 756–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617706060929.
Full textAbstract:
The Cognitive Neuropsychology Laboratory at Temple University applies neuropsychological models of action processes to the study of everyday action (EA) in dementia. Our ultimate goals are to develop models of EA impairment and inform interventions that promote EA in the home. Our recent paper (Giovannetti et al., 2006b) was an initial step in this overarching plan. We examined differences in EA between participants with Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus Vascular dementia (VaD), two distinct neurocognitive syndromes (see Libon et al., 2004). The groups obtained comparable overall accomplishment scores, but VaD participants made more commissions and accomplished fewer steps when distractor objects were in the workspace. Thus, VaD participants demonstrated a different pattern of EA impairment than AD participants.
49
Stafford, Tom, and Kevin N. Gurney. "Biologically constrained action selection improves cognitive control in a model of the Stroop task." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1485 (April 11, 2007): 1671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2060.
Full textAbstract:
The Stroop task is a paradigmatic psychological task for investigating stimulus conflict and the effect this has on response selection. The model of Cohen et al. (Cohen et al . 1990 Psychol. Rev. 97 , 332–361) has hitherto provided the best account of performance in the Stroop task, but there remains certain key data that it fails to match. We show that this failure is due to the mechanism used to perform final response selection—one based on the diffusion model of choice behaviour (Ratcliff 1978 Psychol. Rev. 85 , 59–108). We adapt the model to use a selection mechanism which is based on the putative human locus of final response selection, the basal ganglia/thalamo-cortical complex (Redgrave et al. 1999 Neuroscience 89 , 1009–1023). This improves the match to the core human data and, additionally, makes it possible for the model to accommodate, in a principled way, additional mechanisms of cognitive control that enable better fits to the data. This work prompts a critique of the diffusion model as a mechanism of response selection, and the features that any response mechanism must possess to provide adaptive action selection. We conclude that the consideration of biologically constrained solutions to the action selection problem is vital to the understanding and improvement of cognitive models of response selection.
50
Schmage, N., and M. Bergener. "Global Rating, Symptoms, Behavior, and Cognitive Performance as Indicators of Efficacy in Clinical Studies with Nimodipine in Elderly Patients with Cognitive Impairment Syndromes." International Psychogeriatrics 4, no. 3 (April 1992): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610292001182.
Full textAbstract:
Nimodipine is a calcium antagonist which improves learning and memory in brain-lesioned or aged animals (LeVere & Sandin, 1989; Schuurman & Traber, 1989). It also accelerates the recovery of experimentally damaged sciatic nerves (van der Zee et al., 1987) and reduces age-associated gait abnormalities in aging rats (Schuurman et al., 1987). Selective action on cerebral vessels has also been proven. Vasoconstriction was prevented or reduced with nimodipine under experimental conditions (Toward, 1981) and cerebral blood flow could be increased (Kazda et al., 1982). The drug has been tested in subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, severe head injury, cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest, impaired brain function in old age, and dementia. Methodological aspects of clinical studies with this agent are examined in this paper.