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Books on the topic 'Cognitive control theory'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 January 2023
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Carey, Timothy A. The method of levels: How to do psychotherapy without getting in the way. Hayward, CA: Living Control Systems Pub., 2006.

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2

John, Flach, ed. Control theory for humans: Quantitative approaches to modeling performance. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2003.

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3

Kampis, George. Self-modifying systems in biology and cognitive science: A new framework for dynamics, information, and complexity. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991.

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4

Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. 2nd ed. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics, 1988.

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5

1955-, Lee Timothy Donald, ed. Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999.

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6

1955-, Lee Timothy Donald, ed. Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005.

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7

Zalzala, A. M. S. Adaptive robot control using artificial neural networks: An application in the theory of cognition. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, Dept. of Control Engineering, 1989.

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8

Gevarter, William B. MoCog1: a computer simulation of recognition-primed human decision making. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1991.

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9

Gevarter, William B. MoCog1: a computer simulation of recognition-primed human decision making. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1992.

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10

Rossinskiy, Sergey. Pre-trial proceedings in a criminal case: the nature and methods of collecting evidence. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1244960.

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The monograph is devoted to a comprehensive review of the problems of pre-trial evidence collection as one of the stages of the general procedural mechanism aimed at establishing the circumstances relevant to the criminal case. The essence, methodological basis and system of investigative actions, forensic examinations and other procedural methods of collecting evidence that make up the modern arsenal of bodies of inquiry and preliminary investigation are investigated. The main cognitive and security technologies used in conducting investigative and other procedural actions are highlighted. The problems of the theory and legal regulation of the general rules of their implementation, the procedural status of their participants, fixing their progress and results, judicial control over their production are reflected; the actual problems of investigative inspection, examination, search, interrogation, confrontation, forensic examination, as well as the presentation, demand and seizure (seizure) of objects and documents are considered. Special attention is paid to the applied aspects, the analysis of errors and difficulties that arise in modern law enforcement practice, and possible ways to overcome them are proposed. For researchers and practitioners, teachers, postgraduates( adjuncts), students, as well as anyone interested in topical issues of criminal procedure law and criminology.
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11

Biba, Anna. Methods of preparing children to learn Russian at school. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/991911.

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The textbook is aimed at developing professional competencies in preparing preschool children to learn Russian at school.it reveals the current content of preparing preschoolers to learn reading and writing in primary school, contains a method for teaching them sound word analysis, reading syllables and words in accordance with a scientifically based sound analytical and synthetic method, a technique for teaching children to print letters and syllables, and describes opportunities for cognitive development of preschool children in the process of speech work. The methodological material is accompanied by examples from the speech of preschool children and their training practices. A test is offered for professional self-control over the assimilation of the corresponding methodology in General. The appendices contain methodological illustrative and reference material. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For undergraduate students in the field of "Pedagogical education", it can also be used by undergraduates in the study of a course on the cognitive development of preschool children and in the process of professional development and retraining of employees of preschool educational institutions and primary school teachers.
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12

Lavie, Nilli, and Polly Dalton. Load Theory of Attention and Cognitive Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.003.

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Research has highlighted a puzzling discrepancy in our selective attention performance: whereas in some circumstances we are able to be highly selective, at other times we can exhibit high levels of distraction. The load theory of attention and cognitive control provides an explanation for these contrasting observations, proposing that the extent to which people can focus their attention in the face of irrelevant distractions depends on the level and type of information load involved in their current task. According to the theory, the extent to which unattended visual information is perceived depends on the perceptual load of the attended task, such that increasing the level of perceptual load in the task decreases processing of task-irrelevant stimuli. Effective prioritization of task-relevant stimuli in the face of competition from irrelevant distractors is proposed to depend on the availability of executive control functions. Thus, loading executive control results in increased processing of irrelevant stimuli. This chapter presents converging research from a wide range of approaches in support of these proposals, as well as highlighting some of load theory’s wider influences in areas as diverse as emotion processing, developmental psychology, and the understanding of psychological disorders.
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13

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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14

E, Ellis Thomas, ed. Cognition and suicide: Theory, research, and therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.

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15

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches to Modeling Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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16

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches To Modeling Performance. CRC, 2002.

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17

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches to Modeling Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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18

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches to Modeling Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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19

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches to Modeling Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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20

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches to Modeling Performance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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21

Jagacinski, Richard J., and John M. Flach. Control Theory for Humans: Quantitative Approaches To Modeling Performance. CRC, 2002.

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22

Hamilton, Nancy A., Ruth Ann Atchley, Lauren Boddy, Erik Benau, and Ronald Freche. Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Control in Pain Processing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0003.

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Chronic pain is a multidimensional phenomenon characterized by deficits at the behavioral, social, and affective levels of functioning. Depression and anxiety disorders are overrepresented among pain patients, suggesting that pain affects processes of emotion regulation. Conceptualizing the experience of chronic pain within a motivational organizing perspective offers a useful framework for understanding the emotional experiences of individuals living with chronic pain and how they balance harm-avoidant goals with generative approach oriented goals. To that end this chapter also integrates theories of emotion regulation (ER) and cognitive control to shed additional light on the problem of living with chronic pain, and it introduces a theory, consistent with findings from affective neuroscience, suggesting that painful flare-ups may be driven by anticipatory pain reactions in addition to somatic signals.
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23

Boutalis, Yiannis, Dimitrios Theodoridis, Theodore Kottas, and Manolis A. Christodoulou. System Identification and Adaptive Control: Theory and Applications of the Neurofuzzy and Fuzzy Cognitive Network Models. Springer International Publishing AG, 2014.

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24

Boutalis, Yiannis, Dimitrios Theodoridis, Theodore Kottas, and Manolis A. Christodoulou. System Identification and Adaptive Control: Theory and Applications of the Neurofuzzy and Fuzzy Cognitive Network Models. Springer, 2016.

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25

Boutalis, Yiannis, Dimitrios Theodoridis, Theodore Kottas, and Manolis A. Christodoulou. System Identification and Adaptive Control: Theory and Applications of the Neurofuzzy and Fuzzy Cognitive Network Models. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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26

McCusker, Chris. Towards understanding loss of control. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses an automatic network theory of addictive behaviours, including cognitive social learning theory and the expectancy construct, anomalies and limitations in traditional cognitive and expectancy theories, autonomic cue-reactivity phenomena, and methods of cognitive assessment, automatic cognitive processes in addictive behaviours, implicit memory structures and processes in addictive behaviours.
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27

Schmidt, Richard A., and Timothy Donald Lee. Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics Publishers, 1998.

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28

Hall, Peter A., Geoffrey T. Fong, and Cassandra J. Lowe. Affective Dynamics in Temporal Self-Regulation Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0006.

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Affective experiences are part of our everyday life, but do they influence health-related decisions and behaviors in a systematic way? Temporal self-regulation theory (TST) posits that health behaviors are a joint function of neurobiologically rooted executive control processes, prepotency, and intentions. The relative weights of these in turn depend largely on the ecological context in which the behaviors are being performed. On the surface, then, TST is a model of health behavior that relies predominantly on social-cognitive and neurocognitive constructs to explain health behavior trajectories. For this reason, it appears to not deal directly with the topic of affect in general, and emotion more specifically. However, there are several facets of the TST model that involve these processes, or are heavily influenced by them. This chapter discusses each of the primary points of intersection between affective processes and constructs within TST.
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29

Mele, Alfred R., ed. Surrounding Self-Control. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500941.001.0001.

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This book is one of the fruits of the Philosophy and Science of Self-Control project, a three-year project designed to explore the topic of self-control from a variety of angles: neuroscience; social, cognitive, and developmental psychology; decision theory; and philosophy. The book is divided into four main parts: “What is self-control and how does it work?”; “Temptation and goal pursuit”; “Self-control, morality, and law”; and “Extending self-control.” Part I explores conceptual and empirical questions about the nature of self-control and how self-control functions. Questions featured here include the following: How is self-control related to willpower and ego depletion? What are the cultural and developmental origins of beliefs about self-control? Does self-control entail competition between or coordination of elements of the mind? Is self-control a set of skills? What is inhibitory control and how does it work? How are attempts at self-control hindered or helped by emotions? How are self-control and decision-making related? A sampling of questions tackled in Parts II, III, and IV includes the following: How do one’s beliefs about one’s own ability to deal with temptation influence one’s behavior? What does the ability to avoid temptation depend on? How is self-control related to moral concerns and beliefs? How should juvenile responsibility be understood, and how should the juvenile justice system be reformed? How does the framing of possible outcomes bear on success at self-control? How are self-control and empathy related? Can an account of self-control help us understand moral responsibility and free will?
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30

Kurtz, Matthew M. Cognitive and Social Cognitive Interventions for Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0007.

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Cognitive and social cognitive interventions for people with schizophrenia are novel, emerging in a systematic manner only over the past 10 to 15 years. They are largely understudied to date. Results of controlled and frequently randomized and blinded trials of cognitive remediation have been both impressive in individual studies and remarkably robust in their effects across studies, despite widely varying strategic treatment approaches, control conditions, duration of interventions, selection of outcome measures, sample characteristics, and adjunctive treatments. Controlled trials of social cognitive therapies, while smaller in number, have shown considerable promise as well. Cognitive and social cognitive therapies thus represent an exciting new frontier in the study of psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia.
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31

Vierkant, Tillmann. The Tinkering Mind. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894267.001.0001.

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Abstract Epistemic agency is a crucial concept in many different areas of philosophy and the cognitive sciences. It is crucial in dual process theories of cognition as well as theories of metacognition and mindreading, self-control, and moral agency. But what is epistemic agency? This book argues that epistemic agency has two distinct and incompatible definitions: it can either be understood as intentional mental action, or as a distinct non-voluntary form of evaluative agency. The core argument of the book demonstrates that both definitions lead to surprising and counterintuitive consequences. If epistemic agency is a form of intentional action, then this implies that the radical theory of extended cognition must be true. If, on the other hand, epistemic agency is not intentional action but evaluative agency, then intentional epistemic actions like deliberation are not truly cognitive but merely catalytic. Once established, the distinction between these two options sheds new light on various and diverse philosophical and psychological debates from dual process theories to debates on choice and self-control.
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32

Williams, J. Mark G. Depression. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780192627254.003.0011.

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Chapter 11 summarizes some of the ways in which psychological theory has contributed to the understanding of depression and how best to treat it. The nature of depression is outlined, along with the learning theory and social skills approach, self-control theory, cognitive theory and therapy of depression, evaluating the efficacy of cognitive therapy, the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, the prevention of relapse and recurrence, and mechanisms of change.
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33

Domhoff, G. William. Dreaming Is an Intensified Form of Mind-Wandering, Based in an Augmented Portion of the Default Network. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.7.

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This chapter argues that dreaming is an intensified form of mind-wandering that makes use of embodied simulation. It further hypothesizes that the neural network that enables dreaming is very likely an augmented portion of the default network. This network is activated whenever there is (1) a mature and intact neural substrate that can support the cognitive process of dreaming; (2) an adequate level of cortical activation; (3) an occlusion of external stimuli; (4) a cognitively mature imagination system (a necessity indicated by the virtual lack of dreaming in preschoolers and its relative paucity until ages 8–9); and (5) the loss of conscious self-control, which may be neurologically mediated in the final step in a complex process by the decoupling of the dorsal attentional network from the anterior portions of the default network. If this testable theory proves to be correct, then dreaming may be the quintessential cognitive simulation.
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34

Price, Julie R., Alric D. Hawkins, Michael L. Adams, William S. Breitbart, and Steven D. Passik. Psychological and psychiatric interventions in pain control. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0911.

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Pain is a common problem in populations with advanced illness and has been best characterized in those with cancer or AIDS. Despite the high prevalence of pain in populations with advanced illness, there is evidence that pain is frequently under-diagnosed and inadequately treated. Undertreatment has multiple causes, one of which is the complex presentation of pain in these populations. Pain is not a purely physical experience, but involves many aspects of human functioning, including personality, affect, cognition, behaviour, and social relations. This complexity is best managed using a multimodality approach, including psychiatric and psychological interventions. These interventions may be psychotherapeutic, cognitive behavioural, or psychopharmacologic.
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35

Hodges, John R. Localized Cognitive Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses localized cognitive functions. The functions ascribed to the dominant, usually left, cerebral hemisphere show much more clear-cut laterality than those associated with the so-called minor hemisphere. This applies particularly to spoken language. This chapter discusses aspects of normal and abnormal language function in the framework of contemporary cognitive neuroscience with descriptions of the classic post-stroke variants of aphasia (Broca’s, Wernicke’s, conduction, etc.) although these are rarely seen in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. There is also a description of disorders of written language (the dyslexias and dysgraphias), of calculation (acalculia), and of higher-order motor control (apraxia). This is followed by descriptions of the syndromes associated with disturbed right hemisphere functions: neglect phenomena, dressing and constructional apraxia, and complex visuoperceptual disorders (agnosias). Each cognitive syndrome is placed in the context of its neural basis, disorders which affect the ability and methods of assessment at the bedside and using neuropsychological tasks.
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36

Van Dijk, Teun A. Ideology and Discourse. Edited by Michael Freeden and Marc Stears. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.007.

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This chapter focuses specifically on the neglected discursive and cognitive dimensions of the theory of ideology, as part of Critical Discourse Studies (CDS). Ideologies are defined as basic shared systems of social cognitions of groups. They control group attitudes (e.g. about immigration, abortion, divorce, etc.) and mental models of group members about specific events and experiences. Polarized (Us versus Them) ideological representations and their categories (identity, actions, goals, norms/values, reference groups, and resources) control all levels of ideological discourse (topics, lexicon, meanings, interaction, etc.). The overall strategy of ideological discourse is the enhancement of Our Good Things, and Their Bad Things, and the Mitigation of Our Bad Things and Their Good Things, at all levels of discourse structure—the so-called Ideological Square. A debate in British Parliament on Asylum Seekers is used as an illustration of the theory.
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37

Modeling And Control Of Complex Physical Systems The Porthamiltonian Approach Vincent Duindam Editors Et Al. Springer, 2009.

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38

Garrett, Christopher. Current and emerging psychological models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0015.

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This chapter critiques the current psychological and social interventions used in addressing type 2 diabetes control and depression, suggesting an alternative approach using a lifespan perspective, drawing on attachment theory and personality research. It evaluates the psychological and social interactions of the two conditions and describes how current interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy approach these difficulties and the limitations suggested in the current evidence base. It goes on to discuss the association of attachment theory and personality traits on both type 2 diabetes control and depression and proposes how this evidence might be harnessed in future interventions to improve outcomes in both conditions.
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39

Chasiotis, Athanasios. The developmental role of experience-based metacognition for cultural diversity in executive function, motivation, and mindreading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0007.

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How children obtain an understanding of mental states in others—“mindreading” or “theory of mind” (ToM)—during their cognitive development is a major concern in developmental psychology. There is also much debate about and empirical research on the developmental relationship between ToM and the set of processes that monitor and control thoughts and actions, i.e., executive functioning (EF). Until recently, little was known about the cross-cultural variation of both concepts. This chapter presents empirical findings on these concepts and takes a metacognitive perspective to clarify their relationship. A series of cross-cultural studies have been undertaken to specify the relationship between EF and ToM by verifying assumptions about the quality of conflict inhibition necessary for the development of ToM’s key aspect, false-belief understanding. The main argument is that an experience-based view of the metacognitive mechanisms involved might give a more parsimonious explanation of their relationship and their cultural variations.
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40

Anderson, James A. After Digital. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.001.0001.

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We are surrounded by digital computers. They do many things well that humans do not and have transformed our lives. But all computers are not the same. Although digital computers dominate today’s world, alternative ways to “compute” might be better and more efficient than digital computation when mechanically performing those tasks, important to humans, that we think of as “cognition.” Cognition, after all, was originally developed to work with our own specific biological hardware. Digital computers require elaborate detailed instructions to work; they are flexible but not simple. Analog computers are designed to do specific tasks. They can be simple but not flexible. Hardware matters. The book discusses two classic kinds of computer, digital and analog, and gives examples of their history, functions, and limitations. The author suggest that when brain “hardware,” with its associated brain “software” work together, it could form a computer architecture that would be useful for the efficient performance of cognitive tasks. This book discusses the essentials of brain hardware—in particular, the cerebral cortex, where cognition lives—and how cortical structure can influence the form taken by the computational operations underlying cognition. Topics include association, understanding complex systems through analogy, formation of abstractions, and the biology of number and its use in arithmetic and mathematics. The author introduces novel “brain-like” control mechanisms: active associative search and traveling waves. There is discussion on computing across scales of organization from single neurons to brain regions containing millions of neurons.
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41

Grant, Jon E., and Marc N. Potenza, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.001.0001.

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Impulsivity, to varying degrees, is what underlies human behavior and decision-making processes. As such, a thorough examination of impulsivity allows us to better understand modes of normal behavior and action as well as a range of related psychopathological disorders, including kleptomania, pyromania, trichotillomania, intermittent explosive disorder, and pathological gambling—disorders grouped under the term "impulse control disorders" (ISDs). Recent efforts in the areas of cognitive psychology, neurobiology, and genetics have provided a greater understanding of these behaviors and given way to improved treatment options. The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders provides a clear understanding of the developmental, biological, and phenomenological features of a range of ICDs, as well as detailed approaches to their assessment and treatment. Bringing together founding ICD researchers and leading experts from psychology and psychiatry, this volume reviews the biological underpinnings of impulsivity and the conceptual challenges facing clinicians as they treat individuals with ICDs.
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42

Nofsinger, John R., and Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard. Corporate Executives, Directors, and Boards. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0005.

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This chapter assesses the behavior of corporate managers and boards of directors within the framework of agency theory, stewardship theory, and psychological biases. In agency theory, a chief executive officer (CEO) is motivated to act in his or her own best interests rather than those of shareholders. Stewardship theory posits that a CEO is a self-actualizing individual seeking to grow and reach a higher level of achievement through leading an organization. A CEO exhibits self-interested behavior in managing the firm. The CEO also exhibits optimism, overconfidence, and risk-aversion behaviors that are not optimal for the company. In the context of agency theory, the board of directors should enact incentive structures and monitoring to control these behaviors. However, directors also suffer from self-interests and cognitive biases. Specifically, boards may suffer from group-dynamic problems such as social loafing, poor information sharing, and groupthink.
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43

Fox, Kieran C. R., and Manesh Girn. Neural Correlates of Self-Generated Imagery and Cognition Throughout the Sleep Cycle. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.16.

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Humans have been aware for thousands of years that sleep comes in many forms, accompanied by different kinds of mental content. This chapter reviews the first-person report literature on the frequency and type of content experienced in various stages of sleep, showing that different sleep stages are dissociable at the subjective level. It then relates these subjective differences to the growing literature differentiating the various sleep stages at the neurophysiological level, including evidence from electrophysiology, neurochemistry, and functional neuroimaging. The authors suggest that there is emerging evidence for relationships between sleep stage, neurophysiological activity, and subjective experiences. Specifically, they emphasize that functional neuroimaging work suggests a parallel between activation and deactivation of default network and visual network brain areas and the varying frequency and intensity of imagery and dream mentation across sleep stages; additionally, frontoparietal control network activity across sleep stages may parallel levels of cognitive control and meta-awareness.
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44

Clark, Luke. Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Pathological Gambling. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0035.

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Pathological gambling is an impulse control disorder (ICD) characterized by loss of control over gambling behavior. This chapter will describe the illness profile of pathological gambling. As well as summarizing the epidemiological data on the prevalence of pathological gambling and its associated comorbidities, I will also consider (1) the classificatory overlap between pathological gambling, the substance use disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder; (2) the emerging evidence for dimensional rather than categorical models of disordered gambling; and (3) some of the sources of hererogeneity among pathological gamblers, including the differences between common games. In the second part of the chapter, I will review several sets of psychological and neurobiological factors that are implicated in the etiology of pathological gambling, including the role of physiological arousal (“excitement”), conditioning influences, cognitive distortions, personality trait variables, and neuropsychological and neuroimaging markers. These mechanisms are often complementary, and a biopsychosocial theory of gambling will incorporate multiple levels of explanation.
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45

Ricciardi, Victor. The Financial Psychology of Players, Services, and Products. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0002.

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This chapter provides an overview of the emerging cognitive and emotional themes of behavioral finance that influence individual behavior. The behavioral finance perspective of risk incorporates both qualitative (subjective) and quantitative (objective) aspects of the decision-making process. An emerging subject of research interest and investigation in behavioral finance is the inverse (negative) relation between perceived risk and expected return (perceived return). The chapter highlights important topics such as representativeness, framing, anchoring, mental accounting, control issues, familiarity bias, trust, worry, and regret theory. It also examines the role of negative affective reactions on financial decisions. A host of biases that depend on specific aspects of the financial product or investment service influence the judgment and decision-making process of most financial players.
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46

Davis, Jeff, and Kristen Damron. Stress and Stress Hormones. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.26.

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During the past four decades, numerous reviews have been published on biological responses to stressful social environments. Reviews targeted for audiences in the social sciences emphasized biological outcomes while skipping over explanations of biological mechanisms. This chapter focuses on the details of the hormonal processes that “report” the state of the environment to the nervous system and regulate cognitive and motor responses to stressful social stimuli. Steroid hormones receive most attention. The chapter concludes with an outline of a sociological model of social action based on current knowledge of hormone actions. It shares some of the basic ideas of previous models such as affect control theory. However, the model proposes a broader role of stress hormones in human social behavior.
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47

Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. Nicotine addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0011.

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Cigarette smoking presents with considerable health risks and induces high costs on healthcare resources. People continue to smoke cigarettes in the face of adversity because they contain nicotine, which is highly addictive. Nicotine is a stimulant that exerts its effects within the brain by acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). nAChRs are located in areas of the brain involved in reward processing, motivation, and cognitive control, which results in disruptions to behaviour when nicotine addiction has developed. Disturbances to the brain and behaviour are particularly evident during early nicotine abstinence when people are in withdrawal. Importantly, treatments (e.g. varenicline, bupropion) that attenuate disturbances to reward and cognition in the brain during withdrawal in early nicotine abstinence are conferred with the efficacy to promote smoking cessation and protect against relapse.
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48

Bi, Xiaojun, Andrew Howes, Per Ola Kristensson, Antti Oulasvirta, and John Williamson. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the field of computational interaction, and explains its long tradition of research on human interaction with technology that applies to human factors engineering, cognitive modelling, artificial intelligence and machine learning, design optimization, formal methods, and control theory. It discusses how the book as a whole is part of an argument that, embedded in an iterative design process, computational interaction design has the potential to complement human strengths and provide a means to generate inspiring and elegant designs without refuting the part played by the complicated, and uncertain behaviour of humans. The chapters in this book manifest intellectual progress in the study of computational principles of interaction, demonstrated in diverse and challenging applications areas such as input methods, interaction techniques, graphical user interfaces, information retrieval, information visualization, and graphic design.
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49

Wilcox, Pamela, and Kristin Swartz. Social Spatial Influences. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.1.

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This chapter reviews the more macrospatial tradition of community- or neighborhood-based theory and research, as this line of inquiry is a vital part of contemporary environmental criminology’s intellectual ancestry. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2.2 discusses the relationship between neighborhood social disorganization and crime according to early Chicago school scholars. Section 2.3 highlights the role of neighborhood-based systemic control on community rates of crime, while Section 2.4 discusses the influence of community-based collective efficacy. Section 2.5 considers the influences of ecologically rooted cognitive landscapes, street culture, and legal cynicism. Finally, Section 2.6 discusses the various ways in which neighborhoods provide “crime opportunity contexts”—and it is in this section that the overlap and compatibility between community-focused criminology and contemporary environmental criminology is most explicit.
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50

Beaty, Roger E., and Rex E. Jung. Interacting Brain Networks Underlying Creative Cognition and Artistic Performance. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.10.

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Cognitive neuroscience research has begun to address the potential interaction of brain networks supporting creativity by employing new methods in brain network science. Network methods offer a significant advance compared to individual region of interest studies due to their ability to account for the complex and dynamic interactions among discrete brain regions. As this chapter demonstrates, several recent studies have reported a remarkably similar pattern of brain network connectivity across a range of creative tasks and domains. In general, such work suggests that creative thought may involve dynamic interactions, primarily between the default and control networks, providing key insights into the roles of spontaneous and controlled processes in creative cognition. The chapter summarizes this emerging body of research and proposes a framework designed to account for the joint influence of controlled and spontaneous thought processes in creativity.
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