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Books on the topic 'Cognitive disordes. eng'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

W, Wanberg Kenneth, ed. Criminal conduct and substance abuse treatment for adolescents: The provider's guide : pathways to self-discovery and change. Sage Publications, 2005.

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2

Grant, Jon E., Brian L. Odlaug, and Marc N. Potenza. Treatments for Gambling Disorder and Impulse Control Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0025.

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Specific behavioral (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT]) and pharmacological (e.g., naltrexone, nalmefene, lithium) treatments significantly reduce the symptoms of pathological gambling (now termed gambling disorder in DSM-5) in the short term compared with waitlist or placebo. The long-term benefits of pharmacological treatment for gambling disorder have not been adequately tested. Although several studies suggest that CBT is effective for trichotillomania, only two pharmacological treatment studies in adults (N-acetylcysteine, olanzapine) for this disorder have shown promise. Studies o

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3

Alosco, Michael L., and Robert A. Stern, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Adult Cognitive Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190664121.001.0001.

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The prevalence of cognitive impairment caused by neurodegenerative diseases and other neurologic disorders associated with aging is expected to rise dramatically between now and year 2050, when the population of Americans aged 65 or older will nearly double. Cognitive impairment also commonly occurs in other neurologic conditions, as well as in non-neurologic medical disorders (and their treatments), idiopathic psychiatric illnesses, and adult neurodevelopmental disorders. Cognitive impairment can thus infiltrate all aspects of healthcare, making it necessary for clinicians and clinical resear

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4

Carvalho, André F., Gilberto S. Alves, Cristiano A. Köhler, and Roger S. McIntyre. Cognitive Enhancement in Major Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0010.

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and disabling illness often associated with elevated rates of non-recovery and substantial psychosocial burden. Cognitive impairment is a common residual manifestations of MDD. Overactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, along with immune–inflammatory imbalances, a decrease in neurotrophin signaling, and an increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress, leads to neuroprogression and cognitive deterioration in MDD. “Cognitive remission” has been proposed as a novel treatment target for MDD. Cognitive remediation therapy has provided enc

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5

Buhlmann, Ulrike, and Andrea S. Hartmann. Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0022.

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According to current cognitive-behavioral models, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a vicious cycle between maladaptive appearance-related thoughts and information-processing biases, as well as maladaptive behaviors and negative emotions such as feelings of shame, disgust, anxiety, and depression. This chapter provides an overview of findings on cognitive characteristics such as dysfunctional beliefs, information-processing biases for threat (e.g., selective attention, interpretation), and implicit associations (e.g., low self-esteem, strong physical attractiveness stereotype,

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6

Dillon, Kirsten H., Patricia A. Resick, and Candice M. Monson. Psychotherapy: Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0031.

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This chapter discusses cognitive processing therapy (CPT), a trauma-focused, cognitive-behavioral treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CPT focuses primarily on identifying and challenging maladaptive beliefs that have developed about and as a result of the trauma, in order to help the client adopt a more balanced set of beliefs. Based on its long history of research support, CPT is one of the leading evidence-based treatments for PTSD. The chapter covers the theoretical background for CPT, describes the therapy, and presents a summary of research findings. Studies of CPT across

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7

Rasmussen, Jessica, Angelina F. Gómez, and Sabine Wilhelm. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0026.

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that is tailored to the unique clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is currently the psychosocial treatment of choice for BDD. Researchers have made great strides in understanding the cognitive-behavioral processes that contribute to the development and maintenance of BDD. CBT for BDD is based on this theoretical understanding and has been shown to be highly effective in reducing BDD symptom severity and associated symptoms. The key components of CBT include identifying and rationally disputing maladaptive appearance-related thoughts, and expos

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8

Chrzanowski, Daniel T., Elisabeth B. Guthrie, Matthew B. Perkins, and Moira A. Rynn. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0015.

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Common disorders of children and adolescents include neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., intellectual disability, autistic spectrum disorder, and learning disorders), internalizing disorders (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders), and externalizing disorders (e.g., oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder). The assessment of a child or adolescent patient always includes multiple informants, the context in which the child’s difficulties occur, and a functional behavioral assessment. Patients with autism spectrum disorder tend to have persistent deficits in social communication and social

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9

Scerif, Gaia, and Rachel Wu. Developmental Disorders. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.030.

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Tracing the development of attentional deficits and their cascading effects in genetically and functionally defined disorders allows an understanding of intertwined developing systems on three levels. At the cognitive level, attention influences perception, learning, and memory. Attention and other cognitive processes interact to produce cascading effects across developmental time. At a systems neuroscience level, developmental disorders can reveal the systems and mechanisms necessary to attain adults’ efficient attentional processes. At the level of cellular neuroscience and functional genomi

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10

Tamura, Manjula Kurella, Mark L. Unruh, and Ea Wha Kang. Cognitive function, depression, and psychosocial adaptation. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0272.

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Psychiatric complications of end-stage renal disease are common, often debilitating, and potentially preventable. Patients with end-stage renal disease are at higher risk for psychiatric disorders compared to patients with other chronic health conditions, and those who suffer from psychiatric complications are at higher risk for death and dialysis withdrawal. Both dementia and depression also reduce quality of life and impair adherence to prescribed therapies. In addition, patients with end-stage renal disease are confronted with multiple stressors related to their illness and treatment. This

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11

narrator, Cashman Marc, ed. The end of Alzheimer's: The first program to prevent and reverse cognitive decline. 2017.

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12

Barlow, David H., Todd J. Farchione, Shannon Sauer-Zavala, et al. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190685973.001.0001.

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The Unified Protocol (UP) for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: Therapist Guide is a treatment programv applicable to all anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders and potentially other disorders with strong emotional components (e.g., eating disorders, borderline personality disorder). The UP for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders addresses neuroticism by targeting the aversive, avoidant reactions to emotions that, while providing relief in the short term, increase the likelihood of future negative emotions and maintains disorder symptoms. The strategies incl

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13

Sutter, Raoul, Trudy Pang, and Peter W. Kaplan. EEG in Metabolic Disorders, Intoxications, and Epileptic Encephalopathies. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0017.

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This chapter provides a systematic overview of the diagnostic and prognostic value of electroencephalography (EEG) in adult patients with different types of encephalopathies in association with metabolic, toxic, and epileptic disorders. Most encephalopathies present with a fluctuating course characterized by typical but not pathognomonic symptoms such as cognitive impairment, altered mental status or confusion, lethargy, decreased or rarely increased motor activity, and disturbed sleep/wake cycles. EEG enables rapid, bedside electrophysiological monitoring, providing dynamic real-time informat

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Fox, Susan H., and Marina Picillo. “I See Them Sitting on My Bed, Doctor”. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0012.

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Many movement disorders specialists would consider dementia with Lewy bodies to be on one end of a spectrum of presentations associated with Lewy body pathology. Parkinson’s disease with preserved cognition sits at the other end of the spectrum, and over time it can be associated with a greater cortical Lewy body burden and related cognitive impairment. It is unclear what determines to what degree cognitive impairment is involved in a given patient, and the arbitrary time-based division between Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies is imperfect, although it serves to help recogniti

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15

Miu, Andrei C., Judith R. Homberg, and Klaus-Peter Lesch, eds. Genes, brain, and emotions. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793014.001.0001.

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With the advent of methods from behavioral genetics, molecular biology, and cognitive neuroscience, affective science has recently started to approach genetic influences on emotion, and the underlying intermediate neural mechanisms through which genes and experience shape emotion. The aim of this volume is to offer a comprehensive account of current research in the genetics of emotion, written by leading researchers, with extensive sections focused on methods, intermediate phenotypes, and clinical and translational work. Major methodological approaches are reviewed in the first section, includ

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Veale, David, Katharine A. Phillips, and Fugen Neziroglu. Challenges in Assessing and Treating Patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Recommended Approaches. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0024.

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Clinicians commonly encounter multiple challenges when assessing and treating individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Some of the major challenges include poor insight and low motivation for appropriate treatment, delay in seeking treatment, desire for usually ineffective cosmetic treatment (e.g., surgery or dermatologic treatment) instead of mental health treatment, co-occurring substance use disorders, and frequent and sometimes severe suicidality. This chapter discusses recommended approaches to these challenges that clinicians can implement when assessing and treating patients wit

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17

Dougherty, Darin D., Scott L. Rauch, and Michael A. Jenike. Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0061.

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Progress in treating OCD has accelerated in recent years. Effective first-line treatments include behavior therapy and medications, with overwhelming evidence supporting the efficacy of serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). Second-line medication treatments for OCD include augmentation of SRIs with neuroleptics, clonazepam, or buspirone, with limited support for other strategies at present. Alternative monotherapies (e.g., buspirone, clonazepam, phenelzine) have more limited supporting data and require further study. Behavior therapy, and perhaps cognitive therapy, is as effective as medica

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Hamilton, Nancy A., Ruth Ann Atchley, Lauren Boddy, Erik Benau, and Ronald Freche. Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Control in Pain Processing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0003.

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Chronic pain is a multidimensional phenomenon characterized by deficits at the behavioral, social, and affective levels of functioning. Depression and anxiety disorders are overrepresented among pain patients, suggesting that pain affects processes of emotion regulation. Conceptualizing the experience of chronic pain within a motivational organizing perspective offers a useful framework for understanding the emotional experiences of individuals living with chronic pain and how they balance harm-avoidant goals with generative approach oriented goals. To that end this chapter also integrates the

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19

DeRubeis, Robert J., and Daniel R. Strunk, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199973965.001.0001.

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Mood disorders are a pressing societal problem, with depression alone now constituting a leading cause of disability in Western Europe and the United States. In the most comprehensive volume of its kind, the Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders provides detailed coverage of the characterization, understanding, and treatment of mood disorders. Chapters are written by the world’s leading experts in their respective areas. The Handbook provides coverage of unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and variants of these disorders. Current approaches to classifying the mood disorders are reviewed, and co

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Hodgkiss, Andrew. Further clinical issues. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0012.

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The clinical challenges arising when a person with a severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, develops a cancer are surveyed. Delayed diagnosis and access to oncological treatment, factors contributing to reduced adherence, and the interruption of specialist community psychiatric care are discussed. Long-term psychotropic medication may complicate end-of-life care, and access to palliative care is usually limited for those in secure mental health inpatient units. The striking inverse relationship between neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer-type dementia) and prolife

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21

Bienvenu, O. Joseph, Ramona O. Hopkins, and Christina Jones, eds. Psychological and Cognitive Impact of Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398690.001.0001.

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Neuropsychiatric problems, including posttraumatic stress disorders, depression, and anxiety, after critical illness are receiving increasing attention, particularly in the critical care medicine literature, but all clinicians should be interested in these common problems, given the growing number of critical illness survivors. Patients frequently come out of the intensive care unit (ICU) with horrifying distorted memories and don’t understand what has happened to them. Not only are patients debilitated with cognitive impairment and ICU-acquired weakness, they are traumatized by actual experie

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22

Drane, Daniel L., and Dona E. C. Locke. Mechanisms of Possible Neurocognitive Dysfunction. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0005.

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This chapter covers what is known about the possible mechanisms of neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). It begins with a review of all research examining possible cognitive deficits in this population. Cognitive research in PNES is often obscured by noise created by a host of comorbid conditions (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain) and associated issues (e.g., effects of medications and psychological processes that can compromise attention or broader cognition). More recent studies employing performance validity tests

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23

Costales, Jesse, Silvia De Rubeis, Jennifer Foss-Feig, Patrick R. Hof, Joseph D. Buxbaum, and Alexander Kolezvon. Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0063.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by impairments in social communication, along with the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. Approximately half of affected children also suffer from intellectual disability (ID), which is defined by cognitive and adaptive functioning at least two standard deviations below the mean (e.g., standard scores <70). It is now well established that genetic factors are major contributors to both ASD and ID. The following chapter will outline emerging themes and integrate data from human and animal studies using genetic, imaging, and histopatholog

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24

SHARON MORGILLO, Ph.D. FREEMAN (Editor) and Arthur Freeman (Editor), eds. Cognitive Behavior Therapy In Nursing Practice. Springer Publishing Company, 2004.

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25

M, Dattilio Frank, and Freeman Arthur 1942-, eds. Cognitive-behavioral strategies in crisis intervention. Guilford Press, 1994.

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26

South, Mikle, John D. Herrington, and Sarah J. Paterson. Neuroimaging in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0003.

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This chapter reviews several major themes in the neuroimaging of ASDs to date (see summary of representative themes in Table 3.1), including substantial and essential contributions from the modular framework. The chapter begins, however, with a discussion of several challenges related to the diversity of ASDs in terms of factors such as age, level of functioning, and symptom presentation. Progress in the ability to identify more homogenous subgroups, based on targeted phenotypic measures, opens the door to link neuroimaging with genetics findings and also with treatment outcome data. This shou

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M, Dattilio Frank, and Freeman Arthur M, eds. Cognitive-behavioral strategies in crisis intervention. 2nd ed. Guilford Press, 2000.

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28

Dattilio, Frank M. Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies in Crisis Intervention. 2nd ed. The Guilford Press, 2000.

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29

Glannon, Walter. Psychiatric Neuroethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758853.001.0001.

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This book is an analysis and discussion of questions at the intersection of psychiatry, neuroscience, philosophy, and law that have arisen from advances in psychiatric research and clinical psychiatric practice in the last 30 years. Are psychiatric disorders diseases of the brain, caused by dysfunctional neural circuits and neurotransmitters? What role do genes, neuroendocrine and neuroimmune interactions, and a person’s response to the environment play in the development of these disorders? How do different explanations of the etiology and pathophysiology of mental illness influence diagnosis

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Grassi, Luigi, Maria Giulia Nanni, and Rosangela Caruso. Psychotherapeutic interventions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806677.003.0010.

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Psychotherapy is an integrative and integrated part of modern patient/relation-centered care in the advanced and terminal phases of physical illness. Psychiatric disorders (e.g. depressive spectrum, stress-related, and anxiety disorders), other clinically significant psychosocial conditions (e.g. demoralization, existential pain) and interpersonal, psychological, and spiritual needs have to be addressed by psychological intervention. Supportive-Expressive Group Psychotherapy (SEGT), Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCT), Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully Therapy (CALM), cognitive-existent

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Sousa Alves, Gilberto, Felipe Kenji Sudo, and Johannes Pantel. The treatment of bipolar disorder in the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0022.

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Bipolar disorder (BD) is an extremely disabling condition characterized by mood switches, and cognitive and functional impairment. The current chapter discusses the updated review on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions targeting BD in the elderly. The risk of concurrent medical diseases (eg, metabolic syndrome) and relatively lower tolerability than young BD make the patient safety a major concern in most cases. Evidence-based guidelines, although useful for promoting rational and effective therapy, are generally lacking in elderly BD. Current recommendations for acute mania

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Hari, MD, PhD, Riitta, and Aina Puce, PhD. MEG-EEG Primer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497774.001.0001.

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This book provides newcomers and more experienced researchers with the very basics of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG)—two noninvasive methods that can inform about the neurodynamics of the human brain on a millisecond scale. These two closely related methods are addressed side by side, starting from their physical and physiological bases and then advancing to methods of data acquisition, analysis, visualization, and interpretation. Special attention is paid to careful experimentation, guiding the readers to differentiate brain signals from various biological and n

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Baldock, Emma, and David Veale. The Self as an Aesthetic Object : Body Image, Beliefs About the Self, and Shame in a Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0023.

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This chapter describes a cognitive-behavioral model of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), focusing on a core concept of “processing of the self as an aesthetic object.” This concept refers to the experience of being intensely self-focused on a distorted and negative “felt sense” of how one appears to others, and of anticipating or experiencing negative evaluation and rejection because of how one looks. The model proposes that this “felt sense” is informed by intrusive imagery derived from aversive memories, which many individuals with BDD experience. Appearance may become an “idealized value” (i.

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C, Kendall Philip, ed. Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures. 2nd ed. Guilford Press, 2000.

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35

Williams, Arthur Robin, and Olivera J. Bogunovic. Benzodiazepines and Other Sedative-Hypnotics in the Older Adult. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0007.

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Sedative-hypnotic-use disorder is a serious problem in the elderly and is a growing concern in the United States. The American Geriatrics Society’s “Choosing Wisely” initiative cautions against the use of any benzodiazepines or other sedative-hypnotics as initial treatment in older adults, yet benzodiazepines are the most frequently prescribed drugs in the elderly for both insomnia and anxiety. Other classes of medication (e.g., serotoninergic antidepressants) may be substituted for benzodiazepines based on diagnosis. With advancing age, the elderly are more sensitive to the potential side eff

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Kaplan, Tamara, and Tracey Milligan. Seizures and Epilepsy (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650261.003.0008.

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The video in this chapter explores seizures and epilepsy, including definitions or focal or generalized seizures and epilepsy, as well as the differences between the two. It discusses risk factors for epilepsy (family history, history of febrile seizures, brain injury) and its diagnosis (by history and EEG), as well as comorbidities of epilepsy (mood and cognitive disorders, accidents, and sudden unexpected death).

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Abrams, Gary M. Parathyroid, Adrenal, Gonadal, and Pituitary Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0187.

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Endocrine disorders can cause diverse changes in cognition and affect as well as changes in neuromuscular function that may simulate primary neurologic disease, and they generally require a specialized endocrine workup to make a diagnosis. For example, hypoparathyroidism, which may be congenital (e.g., DiGeorge syndrome or Kearns-Sayre syndrome) or disease-acquired (e.g., autoimmune hypoparathyroidism) can present as neuromuscular irritability or tetany due to hypocalcemia, the most distinctive features, which may manifest as carpopedal spasm or laryngospasm. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the

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Sullivan, Maria A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0012.

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Addiction in older adults very often goes unrecognized, for several reasons: social biases about the elderly, age-related metabolic changes, and the inappropriate use of prescription benzodiazepines and opioids to address untreated anxiety and mood conditions. Alcohol or substance-use disorders (SUDs) in older individuals may present in subtle and atypical ways. Strategies to overcome such difficulties include systematic screening using validated instruments, patient education regarding the impact of psychoactive substances on health, and cautious prescribing practices. Relying on standard DSM

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Budimirovic, Dejan B., and Megha Subramanian. Neurobiology of Autism and Intellectual Disability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0052.

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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests with a range of cognitive, behavioral, and social impairments. It is a monogenetic disease caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene, in contrast to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is a behaviorally-defined set of complex disorders. Because ASD is a major and growing public health concern, current research is focused on identifying common therapeutic targets among patients with different molecular etiologies. Due to the prevalence of ASD in FXS and its shared neurophysiology with ASD, FXS has been extensively studied as a

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Fulford, K. W. M., Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, et al. Introduction. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, et al. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0065.

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This Section examines several moral dilemmas and epistemological aporias in clinical practice and shows how clinicians can benefit from the introduction of philosophical methods and discourse. The authors develop these issues having in mind emblematic mental disorders (e.g. depression, personality disorders, schizophrenia) and typical clinical situations (e.g. how to establish an effective therapeutic relationship with borderline persons, dream interpretation, cognitive-behavioural therapy). One important claim shared by the Authors is that a great effort has been made to ground psychiatry on

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Steinberg, Martin. Treatment of Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0006.

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Most depression in the elderly can be effectively treated in the primary care setting. Psychiatric referral should be considered in the setting of severe depression, suicidal ideation, prior suicide attempts, multiple risk factors, psychotic symptoms, bipolar disorder, poor response to prior treatment, or high medical comorbidity. Combining pharmacological and psychosocial interventions is most likely to be effective. Available antidepressants include serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, novel mechanism agents, tricyclic antidepressants, and mon

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Koutroumanidis, Michalis, and Robin Howard. Encephalopathy, central nervous system infections, and coma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0032.

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This chapter provides an overview of the indications for and the diagnostic and prognostic value of acute video-electroencephalogram (EEG) and continuous video-EEG monitoring in patients with encephalopathies, encephalitides, and coma. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to acute and sub-acute cerebral insults, including post-cardiac arrest hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, and on the related pitfalls and uncertainties. It also discusses key technical aspects of the EEG recording, including artefact identificat

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Wiers, Reinout W., Matt Field, and Alan W. Stacy. Passion’s Slave? Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.009.

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This chapter reviews the literature on cognitive processes in substance use disorders from a dual-process perspective. In dual-process models, behavior is viewed as the joint outcome of “impulsive” and “reflective” processes. Reflective processes rely on a single limited capacity mechanism and can be depleted, resulting in a stronger influence of impulsive processes. Recent studies confirmed this, both for state variables (e.g., reduced moderation of impulses after acute alcohol) and for trait variables (stronger prediction of addictive and related behaviors by impulsive processes in individua

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Steketee, Gail, and Brian H. McCorkle. Future Research on Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Conditions. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0108.

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This chapter reviews comments raised by authors of 25 chapters of the Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders. Among the challenges raised are those within the areas of diagnosis and features of the several OC spectrum conditions, including revisions to the diagnostic nomenclature for DSM-V under consideration, especially with regard to the possible addition of hoarding disorder to distinguish this more clearly from OCD. Research on clinical versus nonclinical samples, and controversies regarding possible subtypes of OCD and of some of its spectrum conditions like BDD and hoard

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Winters, Ken C., and Kevin A. Sabet, eds. Contemporary Health Issues on Marijuana. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190263072.001.0001.

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Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States; currently, 29 states either allow medical and/or recreational use of the drug. As policy shifts toward medicalization and legalization of marijuana, it is reasonable to expect that prevalence rates and resulting health consequences will increase. But overall the research field regarding marijuana’s possible negative health effects and potential as medicine is still relatively young. Use of marijuana has been linked to negative deleterious effects, but the evidence varies as a function of the age of the user, whether use is

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Foggensteiner, Lukas, and Philip Beales. Bardet–Biedl syndrome and other ciliopathies. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0314.

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Ciliopathies encompass a genotypically complex and phenotypically variable and overlapping series of disorders that makes the general term ‘ciliopathies’ very useful. The genes behind these conditions encode parts of the machinery of the primary cilium. This is also true of the major cystic kidney disorders autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, but the ‘long tails’ of other ciliopathies are characterized by variable nephropathy (often without cyst formation), retinopathy, and effects on brain and skeletal development. Not all have subst

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Widera, Eric, and Rachelle Bernacki. Dementia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0154.

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Dementia is caused by a variety of disorders that result in a progressive loss of both cognitive and functional abilities. Despite the heterogeneity of disorders, there is a common set of problems that patients and families face living with this syndrome. Symptoms such as pain, eating difficulties, depression, and agitation are all common. As the disease progresses to the advanced stages, the different disorders share a common functional trajectory that includes persistently severe disability with complete dependence on others for basic activities of daily living. Care for individuals with dem

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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.

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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic whi

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Ekas, Naomi V., Abdallah M. Badahdah, and Azza O. Abdelmoneium. The Well-Being of Families living with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Qatar. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137969.

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Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 1% of children worldwide. Children with autism have difficulties in social interactions and communication and often engage in repetitive behaviors or have restricted interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). As a result of their child’s autism diagnosis, parents of children with autism often experience increased stress and poorer psychological well-being. Moreover, relationships within the family (e.g., marital relationship) may be negatively impacted. Addressing the needs of family members, particularly pare

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Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, et al. The legal market: prescription and diversion of psychopharmaceuticals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0006.

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The growth of modern medicine, is paralleled by substantial growth in psychopharmaceutical medications designed to treat psychiatric disorders, pain, cognitive dysfunction, mental distress, and sleep disorders. These medications, many of which have high dependence potential, are primarily distributed through a prescription system. Diversion of psychopharmaceuticals from this system for non-medical use constitutes a substantial part of the illicit drug market in a growing number of countries. While there is considerable criminal or organized diversion from the prescription system, much of the l

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