Dissertations / Theses: 'Cognitive Ergonomic'

1

Pan, Yan. "A cognitive ergonomic approach for user code design : from PIN-code to face." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26549.

Full text

Abstract:

The overall goal the research upon which this thesis is based concerns the development of personal security coding that is superior to today's systems that use digit-based codes. In exploring alternate coding strategies, emphasis has been on identification of methods/systems that are more user-friendly. Within populations such as the elderly and disabled, there are groups that experience considerable difficulty when using today's personal identification systems. Speed of movement and rapidity of recall are some of the challenges faced by these two groups that the line of research reported in the thesis seeks to address. Four studies and a narrative summary are contained in the thesis. The four studies report on the following: Study I. The aim of the study was to gather empirical data on the use of code focusing among disabled persons. It was conducted during the exploratory phase of a larger research program dealing with security and memory aspects on codes used in different contexts. Study II. The study purpose is to compare how well people remember two types of codes: picture codes and number codes. Study III. The main objective of this study was to test whether the residential experience in an other-race country effects face recognition performance. Study IV. In this paper the processes of usability evaluation of codes that are based on portraits of human faces is described.
Godkänd; 2001; 20070314 (ysko)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Malti, Ikram. "Ergonomie cognitive des manuels scolaires numériques." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20032.

Full text

Abstract:

Le domaine des apprentissages a connu une évolution rapide ces dernières années avec l’arrivée de nouveaux supports informatiques. Depuis l’apparition des ordinateurs jusqu’aux tablettes de nos jours, le milieu scolaire n’a cessé de s’adapter à ces outils et par conséquent proposer de nouveaux supports d’apprentissage. Dans ce contexte de digitalisation, l’évolution du manuel scolaire papier vers une autre forme de présentation est devenue nécessaire. Pour cela, la présente recherche a été mise en place en partenariat avec les Editions Nathan afin d’apporter des réponses scientifiques aux questionnements des éditeurs. Ainsi, nous avons fourni des préconisations de conception pédagogique des futurs manuels scolaires numériques.Trois études distinctes ont été réalisées en lien avec les travaux sur l’apprentissage multimédia. Tout d’abord, en s’appuyant sur la théorie de la charge cognitive et la théorie de l’apprentissage multimédia, des évaluations ergonomiques par inspection des manuels scolaires numériques ont été effectuées afin de présenter des axes d’améliorations futurs. Ensuite, une enquête d’usage exploratoire a été menée dans plusieurs établissements scolaires connectés (collège-lycée) pour déterminer la nature des difficultés de l’usage de ces manuels scolaires numériques en classe. Les résultats nous ont permis de dégager des facteurs d’usage et des facteurs de non usage des manuels scolaires numériques. Enfin, les conclusions de ces deux études ont orienté notre choix vers une troisième étude de nature empirique qui a consisté à expérimenter plusieurs formes d’animations sur des tablettes dans les collèges. Les résultats ont montré une absence d’effet du contrôle utilisateur et du format de présentation de l’information sur l’efficacité de l’apprentissage des élèves. L’ensemble de ces travaux ont donné lieu à des recommandations visant l’amélioration des futurs outils pédagogiques numériques destinés aux élèves
The learning domain has recently experienced a fast evolution with the arrival of new computer media.Since the onset of computers to the emergence of tablets today, the school field hasn’t stopped adapting to these tools and, as a result, offering new ways of learning. Therefore, the evolution of the paper textbook to another presentation mode has become necessary. For this, the current research was set up in partnership with Nathan's Edition to provide scientific arguments to the questioning of publishers. Thus, we have provided an instructional design recommendations for the future digital textbooks.Three separate studies were conducted based on researches about multimedia learning. First, using the Cognitive Load Theory and Multimedia Learning Theory, an ergonomic assessment by inspection of digital textbooks were conducted to consider future improvement. Then, an exploratory survey was designed to typify the using difficulties of digital textbooks in class and in several connected high schools. The results allowed us to identify use factors and non-use factors of digital textbooks. Finally, the conclusions of these two studies had led us to achieve an empirical third study which consisted of testing several forms of animations on tablets in high schools. The results showed a lack of effect of user control and presentation mode on student learning efficiency.The results of these studies have highlighted the necessary future improvements for the instructional design of student’s digital uses

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Ishisaki, Jane Matie. "O design de interação dos equipamentos informatizados: a usabilidade da máquina de auto-atendimento de informações sobre serviços públicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16134/tde-20012010-112915/.

Full text

Abstract:

Os avanços tecnológicos levam a novas formas de relação entre o usuário e o equipamento, e a interface com os artefatos informatizados adquire maior complexidade em suas condições de uso. Em vista das diversas possibilidades que os recursos computadorizados oferecem, a facilidade de uso é um requisito fundamental no projeto desse tipo de equipamento, especialmente para pessoas com dificuldade de acesso aos computadores. Proporcionar a inclusão digital é uma forma de reduzir as diferenças sociais através do acesso à informação e aos serviços digitais, tornando-se um fator a ser considerado pelo projetista. Desenvolver um produto requer a observação de uma variedade de condições, que tendem a tornarem-se cada vez mais complexos com as novas funções e possibilidades de uso que os produtos têm adquirido. A diversidade de formação e características culturais dos usuários apenas reforça a necessidade de uma maior atenção às condições humanas no projeto de equipamentos. O repertório informacional que cada indivíduo adquire ao longo de sua vivência influencia na capacidade de cognição e compreensão das informações, fazendo com que a experiência do usuário interfira na condição de uso do equipamento. A ergonomia, através de seus estudos sobre as relações entre o homem e a máquina, mostra-se uma importante base metodológica para a pesquisa de situações de interação entre o usuário e o artefato. Baseada nos estudos da ergonomia cognitiva, esta pesquisa realiza uma análise da máquina de autoatendimento de informações sobre serviços públicos do Poupatempo, de forma a analisar as condições cognitivas de seu uso, e obter dados que auxiliem no processo de concepção do equipamento informatizado.
Technological advances lead to new forms of relations between the user and equipment, and the interfaces with computerized devices get complexity in their condition of use. Given the numerous possibilities that computerized resources offer, the ease use of the device is a fundamental requirement in designing computerized equipment, especially for people with difficult access to computers. This digital inclusion provides a way to reduce social differences through access to information and digital services. Developing a product requires to consider a variety of factors, which tend to become increasingly complex with new functions incorporated and possibilities of using these products. The variations of the users background and their cultural characteristics only reinforce the need for greater attention to human conditions in designing a computerized equipment. The information repertoire that each person acquires over their experience reflects on the ability to understand and its cognitive associations, making the user experience interfere with the use condition of the equipment. The ergonomics, through its studies of the human-machine relationship shows up as an important methodological basis for the research of the situations of interaction between the user and the device. Based on studies of cognitive ergonomics, this research performs an analysis of the self-service information machine at the public services of Poupatempo in order to analyze the cognitive conditions of use and obtain data that help in designing computerized equipment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

BRUNZINI, Agnese. "Effectiveness analysis of traditional and mixed reality simulations in medical training: a methodological approach for the assessment of stress, cognitive load and performance." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/287675.

Full text

Abstract:

La simulazione nell'educazione in medicina è considerata un metodo di formazione in grado di migliorare le competenze cliniche e il comportamento degli operatori sanitari e, di conseguenza, la qualità dell'assistenza per il paziente. Inoltre, l'utilizzo di nuove tecnologie come la Realtà Aumentata, offre ai discenti l'opportunità di esercitarsi in un ambiente immersivo. L'opportunità di sperimentare questo innovativo metodo didattico è efficace non solo nel ridurre il rischio di errori e approcci sbagliati ma anche nel provare ansia e stress simili a quelli avvertiti nella pratica reale. La sfida sta nel trovare il giusto equilibrio. I discenti devono infatti provare lo stesso stress che avvertirebbero lavorando ad un vero caso clinico ma, allo stesso tempo, devono essere controllati ed evitati possibili disturbi da stress post-traumatico, verificabili soprattutto nel campo della gestione delle emergenze (pronto soccorso). Inoltre, è fondamentale anche ottenere alte prestazioni e un apprendimento adeguato, evitando sovraccarichi cognitivi che influenzerebbero negativamente l’apprendimento. Tuttavia, ad oggi mancano ancora studi approfonditi sull'impatto che le simulazioni mediche hanno su stress, frustrazione, carico cognitivo e apprendimento dei discenti. Per questo motivo, l'obiettivo principale di questo studio è valutare l'efficacia del training tramite simulazione, analizzando prestazioni, ansia, stress e carico cognitivo durante simulazioni cliniche tradizionali (con manichino) ed avanzate (in realtà mista). A questo scopo, è stato sviluppato un approccio metodologico strutturato e completo per valutare le prestazioni, le condizioni emotive e cognitive degli studenti. Questo comprende l'acquisizione e l'analisi di parametri psicologici (valutazione soggettiva), segnali biometrici (valutazione oggettiva) e prestazioni. Questa indagine consente di evidenziare i punti deboli delle simulazioni e offre l'opportunità di definire utili linee guida per la riprogettazione e l'ottimizzazione delle stesse. La metodologia è stata applicata su tre casi studio: il primo si riferisce a simulazioni ad alta fedeltà per la gestione del paziente in pronto soccorso, il secondo si riferisce a simulazioni a bassa fedeltà per la pratica della rachicentesi. Per il terzo caso studio, è stato progettato e sviluppato un prototipo di simulatore in realtà mista per la rachicentesi, con l'obiettivo di migliorare il senso di realismo e immersione della simulazione a bassa fedeltà. 148 studenti sono stati coinvolti nei primi due casi studio osservazionali, mentre soltanto 36 studenti hanno preso parte allo studio pilota sulla simulazione in realtà mista. In tutti i casi di studio sono state effettuate analisi descrittive delle prestazioni, degli stati cognitivi ed emotivi. Per le simulazioni ad alta e bassa fedeltà, le analisi di regressione statistica hanno evidenziato quali variabili influenzano le prestazioni, lo stress e il carico cognitivo degli studenti. Per lo studio pilota sulla realtà mista, l'analisi della user experience ha sottolineato i limiti tecnici della nuova tecnologia.
Simulation in medical education is considered a training method capable of improving clinical competence and practitioners’ behaviour, and, consequently quality of care and patient’s outcome. Moreover, the use of new technologies, such as augmented reality, offers to the learners the opportunity to engage themselves in an immersive environment. The opportunity to experiment with this innovative instructional method is effective not only in reducing the risk of errors and wrong approaches but also in experiencing anxiety and stress as in real practice. The challenge is to find the right stress balance: learners have to feel as if they were practicing in the real stressful clinical case, and, at the same time, post-traumatic stress disorders, verifiable especially in the emergency field, must be controlled and avoided. Moreover, it is fundamental also to obtain high performance and learning, thus avoiding cognitive overloads. However, extensive researches about the impact of medical simulations on students’ stress, frustration, cognitive load, and learning are still lacking. For this reason, the main objective of this study is to assess simulation training effectiveness by analysing performance, anxiety, stress, and cognitive load during traditional (with manikin) and advanced (with augmented reality) clinical simulations. A structured and comprehensive methodological approach to assess performance, emotional and cognitive conditions of students has been developed. It includes the acquisition and analysis of psychological parameters (subjective assessment), biometric signals (objective assessment), and task performance. This investigation allows to point out simulations’ weaknesses and offers the opportunity to define useful optimisation guidelines. The methodology has been applied to three case studies: the first one refers to high-fidelity simulations, for the patient management in the emergency room, the second one refers to low-fidelity simulation for rachicentesis. For the third case study, a prototype of a mixed reality simulator for the rachicentesis practice has been designed and developed aiming at improving the sense of realism and immersion of the low-fidelity simulation. While 148 students have been enrolled in the first two case studies, only 36 students have taken part in the pilot study about mixed reality simulation. Descriptive analysis about performance, cognitive and emotional states have been done in all the case studies. For the high-fidelity and low-fidelity simulations, the statistical regression analysis has pointed out which variables affect students’ performance, stress, and cognitive load. For the pilot study about mixed reality, the user experience analysis highlighted the technical limitations of the new technology.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Lacabanne, Marie. "Qu'est-ce que naviguer ? : analyse d'une tâche de pilotage comme préalable à la conception d'un système d'aide à la gestion d'un vol." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20119/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Cette étude est fondée sur deux constats dans le domaine du transport aérien : la conception des systèmes automatisés, et notamment du système de gestion de vol, découle d’un point de vue techno-centré ne prenant pas en compte le point de vue des opérateurs ; le système de gestion de vol est un système complexe entrainant une difficulté à l’appréhender pour optimiser l’accès aux fonctions existantes. Cette recherche a pour objectif de fournir des recommandations en vue de la conception d’une nouvelle interface du système de gestion de vol partant d’un point de vue centré sur l’opérateur. Pour cela, deux études ont été menées ayant pour objectif la réalisation d’une analyse cognitive de la tâche de navigation (tâche pour laquelle le système de gestion de vol a été initialement conçu). Pour ce faire, nous avons conduit des entretiens auprès de pilotes aux expériences diverses. Les résultats de ces deux premières études fournissent des éléments d’informations quant aux besoins informationnels des pilotes et nous informent aussi sur les exigences de la tâche et leur impact sur la conscience de la situation des pilotes. A la suite de ces résultats, des recommandations de conception pour une nouvelle interface de système de gestion de vol ont été émises visant à répondre aux besoins informationnels des pilotes et ainsi à améliorer leur conscience de la situation. Ces recommandations ont été testées lors d’une troisième étude. Les résultats enregistrés montrent que la réduction de l’effet de dissociation de l’attention ainsi que la contextualisation de l’information de manière cohérente par rapport à l’activité des pilotes permet d’améliorer leur conscience de la situation
This study is based on two observations in the airway field: (i) the design of automated systems - particularly of the flight management system - is currently based on a techno-centered point of view that doesn’t take into account the user point of view; (ii) the flight management system is a complex system resulting in a long time of training and in a difficulty in both the knowledge and the access to the existing functions. This study aims to provide design recommendations for a new flight management system interface from the point of view of the pilots. In order to do this, two studies were carried out with the objective to produce a cognitive task analysis, and more particularly a cognitive task analysis of the navigation task (which is the task for which the system was initially created). Interviews were thus conducted with pilots with different experiences. The results of these two first studies provide information on the informational needs of the pilots, on the task requirements as well as on their impacts on the situation awareness of the pilots. Following these results, design recommendations for a new flight management system interface were produced in order to answer to the informational needs of the pilots and thus to improve their situation awareness. These recommendations were tested during a third study. The results show that the decrease of the attention dissociation’s effect as well as the consistency of the information contextualization of the pilot activity improves the situation awareness

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Giraud, Stéphanie. "L'accessibilité des interfaces informatiques riches pour les déficients visuels." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2035/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Les déficients visuels rencontrent de nombreuses difficultés lors de leur navigation web avec un lecteur d’écran, d’autant plus que les interfaces web deviennent de plus enplus riches de par leurs interactions et leur densité et diversité informationnelles. Cette thèse confronte ainsi 2 approches de l’accessibilité : l’approche dite « exhaustive » quivise à assurer l’accessibilité normative - garantissant l’accès à l’information par l’application de normes - et l’approche dite « holistique » qui vise à assurer l’accessibiliténormative mais également l’accessibilité effective - garantissant l’utilisabilité de l’interface - par la prise en compte du contexte d’utilisation des utilisateurs.Les 2 premières études ont analysé l’activité des utilisateurs déficients visuels qui a donné lieu à un modèle de la navigation web de ces utilisateurs. Ce modèle permet deconcevoir une interface suivant l’approche holistique par la prise en compte de leurs besoins, notamment celui de filtrage des informations non pertinentes et redondantes. Lorsde 3 expérimentations, les déficients visuels ont été confrontés à l'approche exhaustive par la retranscription exhaustive des informations et à l'approche holistique par l’accèsdirect au contenu associé à l’action réalisée. Les résultats montrent le bénéfice substantiel apporté par la version holistique concernant l’allègement de la charge cognitive etl’utilisabilité de l’interface selon les 3 critères : efficacité, efficience et satisfaction. Ainsi, cette thèse fournit des arguments probants pour promouvoir l’approche holistique pourguider la conception d’interfaces et l’élaboration de solutions d’assistance pour cette population
Visually impaired people face many difficulties when navigating on the web with a screen reader, especially as web interfaces become increasingly rich because of theirdynamic interactions and their informational density and diversity. This thesis compares two approaches to accessibility: the current approach called "exhaustive" which aims toensure normative accessibility - guaranteeing access to information through the application of standards - and the approach called "holistic" which aims to ensure bothnormative and effective accessibility - guaranteeing the usability of the interface - by taking into account the context of its use (difficulties, strategies, needs, etc.).The first 2 studies analysed the activity of visually impaired users resulted in a model of the web navigation of these users. This model allows for designing interfaces followingthe holistic approach by taking into account their needs, especially the filtering of irrelevant and redundant information. In 3 experiments, visually impaired users performedtasks in two versions of websites: a version based on the holistic approach that gives access directly to content associated with the user’s action and a version using theexhaustive approach that transcribes exhaustively all the information present on the screen. The results show substantial benefit provided by the holistic version as regards thecognitive load and the usability of the interface according to 3 criteria: effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. Thus, this thesis provides cogent arguments promoting theholistic approach in order to guide the design of interfaces and the development of assistance solutions for screen reader users

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Dilax, Albert. "Informatisation d'une situation de travail : l'exemple d'un test cognitif, la batterie factorielle d'aptitudes de Manzione." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUEL202.

Full text

Abstract:

Dans une phase de croissance spectaculaire, l'évaluation psychologique informatisée est la cible de nombreuses interrogations concernant les règles de déontologie et l'identité même de la profession de psychologue. L'élément central de cette problématique est l'équivalence des formes informatiques et traditionnelles d'un même test. En réalisant nous-même l'informatisation des différents subtests d'une batterie factorielle d’aptitudes, nous voulions éprouver l'hypothèse que le respect des principes ergonomiques de conception d'une application interactive que la maîtrise de l'interface utilisateur permet d'éviter tout risque d'invalidation de la présentation informatique. Cette hypothèse n'est pas vérifiée pour de nombreux subtests. Seuls les scores aux subtests de vocabulaire et de représentation spatiale restent constante. La nouvelle version perd les qualités psychométriques de la version initiale. L'informatisation modifie l'attitude du sujet face à la tâche; elle l'oblige à changer de stratégies dans la résolution des problèmes ou à adopter de nouveaux modes opératoires. Cependant, l'informatisation se justifie si le logiciel permet de faire l'analyse ne serait-ce que d'un seul processus ou style cognitif de l'activité de l'utilisateur
Although in dramatic growth, computer-based testing is the target of many interrogations concerning the rules of the ethic and the identity itself of the psychologists. The central element of its paradigm is the equivalence between the traditionnal and the informatic forms of a same test. When working myself the computerization of different subtests of a factorial battery of aptitudes, i should prove that the respect of the principles of the conception of an interactive application and the knowledge of the user interface enable to reduce the risk of the invalidity of the informatic presentation. This hypothesis is not verified for many subtests. Only the subtests of vocabular and spatial representation are constant. The new form lose the psychometrics properties of the initial test. The computerization modify the attitude of the user in the task; she forces him into changing his strategies or his operationnal modes. However, the assumption is made that even if only cognitive process or style can be performed with this software, computerization is justified

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Barddal, Rodrigo. "Raciocínio clínico e ergonomia cognitiva." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/167957.

Full text

Abstract:

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Florianópolis, 2016.
Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T04:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 341383.pdf: 1393747 bytes, checksum: bfb3afcba762051272f1c7b26fb80a5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
O raciocínio clínico e a tomada de decisão são os fundamentos da medicina e estão inseridos no contexto dos processos mentais estudados pela Ergonomia Cognitiva. A Teoria dos Dois Sistemas é uma abordagem reconhecida no estudo da tomada de decisão humana, mas sua aplicação no estudo do raciocínio clínico e na tomada de decisão dos médicos ainda é incipiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi esclarecer os pontos convergentes entre a Teoria dos Dois Sistemas e a Ergonomia Cognitiva a fim de melhor explicar o processo do raciocínio clínico e entender a formulação de diagnósticos, com vistas a diminuir os erros de condutas médicas. Para tanto se utilizou de uma metodologia de revisão sistemática para o rastreio e levantamento das informações relevantes em artigos científicos publicados nas áreas da engenharia nas bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct, Cohcrane, Lilacs, Scielo e EBSCO, tendo como descritores as palavras: teoria do processo dual, tomada de decisão, erro diagnóstico, cognição clinica. Foram selecionados 22 artigos que versam sobre a utilização da Teoria dos Dois Sistemas na prática médica. Os resultados demonstram que as publicações são atuais (mais antiga de 2009); 54,54% das publicações investigaram a relação da Teoria dos Dois Sistemas com o erro médico, 86,36% relacionaram a Teoria dos Dois Sistemas a tomada de decisão e ao erro médico, sendo que 63,64% também abordaram questões da educação médica; 36,36% focaram no treinamento e nas ferramentas de reforço cognitivo para os médicos e apenas dois artigos relacionaram a Ergonomia aos erros médicos. Conclui-se que a Teoria dos Dois Sistemas está diretamente relacionada à Ergonomia Cognitiva, por utilizar parte dos seus conceitos e definições, e se apresenta como uma abordagem abrangente para entendimento do raciocínio clínico, tomada de decisão e erro médico. Embora haja dúvidas quanto à eficácia de se ensinar os vieses cognitivos que induzem os erros médicos a profissionais experientes, algumas escolas médicas já incluíram nos seus currículos o ensino dos processos cognitivos que sustentam o raciocínio clínico a partir de situações de aprendizagem reais com feedback de tutores. Como essas aplicações ainda são recentes, novos estudos serão necessários para avaliar a eficácia do uso da Teoria dos Dois Sistemas na melhoria do ensino médico e na diminuição dos erros médicos. Apesar da metade dos erros médicos estar relacionada a erros cognitivos associados a falhas dos sistemas, poucas publicações salientam o papel da ergonomia organizacional na prevenção dos erros.

Abstract : The clinical reasoning and decision making are the foundations of medicine and are inserted in the context of mental processes studied by Cognitive Ergonomics. The Theory of the Two Systems is a recognized approach in human decision making study, but its application in the clinical reasoning study and decision-making of doctors is still incipient. The aim of this study was to clarify the converging points between the Theory of the Two Systems and the Cognitive Ergonomics in order to better explain the process of clinical reasoning and understand the diagnostics decision making, in order to reduce medical errors. For this purpose we used a systematic review to screen and collect relevant information in published scientific articles in engineering fields in the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Cohcrane, Lilacs, Scielo and EBSCO having as words descriptors: theory of dual process , decisionmaking, misdiagnosis, clinical cognition. It was selected 22 articles that approach the use of the Theory of the Two Systems in medical practice. The results were based on recent publications (oldest from 2009); 54.54% of the publications investigated the relationship of the Two Systems Theory with medical error, 86.36% investigated the relationship between the Two Systems Theory with decision making and malpractice, and 63.64% also addressed issues of medical education; 36.36% focused on training and cognitive enhancement tools for physicians and only two articles were related to Ergonomics with medical errors. We conclude that the Theory of the Two Systems is directly associated with Cognitive Ergonomics by using some of its concepts and definitions, and presents itself as a comprehensive approach to understanding of clinical reasoning, decision making and medical errors. Although there are doubts about the effectiveness of teaching the cognitive biases that induce medical errors to experts, some medical schools have included in their curricullum the teaching of cognitive processes that support clinical reasoning from real learning situations with feedback from tutors . As these applications are still recent, further studies will be needed to assess the effectiveness of the use of the theory of two systems in the improvement of medical education and the reduction of medical errors. Although half of the medical errors are related to cognitive errors associated with system failures, few publications emphasize the role of Organizational Ergonomics in preventing errors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Jahncke, Helena. "Cognitive performance and restoration in open-plan office noise." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arbetsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18374.

Full text

Abstract:

This dissertation presents four experimental studies (in four papers) with the overall aim to investigate the effects of office noise on cognitive performance and restoration. In the first two papers the focus was on the effects of different sound levels (i.e., the mean level from all sound sources at an office, such as speech, phones, people walking) on performance, fatigue and stress. In the last two papers the focus was on the effects of background speech, as this has previously been shown to be the most disturbing noise source in open-plan offices. Paper I demonstrated decreased word memory performance, increased fatigue and motivational deficits when the background sound level increased by 12 dB, from 39 to 51 dB LAeq. Paper II showed that the sound level effects were more pronounced for individuals with a hearing impairment. Unexpectedly, no effects were found of acute noise exposure on the participant´s stress hormone levels (Paper I and Paper II).Regarding effects of irrelevant speech, Paper III showed that cognitive performance decreased as a function of background speech intelligibility, the higher the intelligibility depicted by the Speech Transmission Index (STI), the worse the performance. The results indicated that the STI-value must be less than 0.50, to avoid a negative influence on performance. Further, both Paper III and IV showed that performance is more impaired by background speech if the focal task requires episodic memory and rehearsal—such as word memory and information search. Interestingly, some tasks were insensitive for speech.The restorative effects of a break were addressed in Paper I and II (i.e., directly after the work sessions in noise). The break period differed in content between the participants. Paper I showed that a break with a nature movie with corresponding sound increased energy ratings compared to just listening to river sounds or office noise. Continued exposure to office noise gave the lowest ratings of motivation after the break. Paper II showed improved arithmetic performance and motivation after the break with a nature movie and decreased performance and motivation after continued noise exposure. For the hearing impaired participants, however, continued noise during the break increased motivation and performance, while the movie did not.Taken together, the current thesis demonstrates that open-plan office noise can have a negative impact on fatigue, motivation and performance. How much performance is impaired varies with the cognitive processes required by the tasks performed and hearing status. Moreover, continued noise exposure during a short break can further decrease motivation and subsequent performance.

Godkänd; 2012; 20120831 (heljah); DISPUTATION Ämne: Teknisk psykologi/Engineering Psychology Opponent: Docent Mats Nilsson, Psykologiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet Ordförande: Professor Håkan Alm, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 23 november 2012, kl 10.30 Plats: F719J, Luleå tekniska universitet

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Ljung, Robert. "Room acoustics and cognitive load when listening to speech." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arbetsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18057.

Full text

Abstract:

The present thesis investigated the effects of background noise or a long reverberation time in learning situations. All studies used spoken texts that were presented above the speech intelligibility threshold, but were degraded enough to make listening more effortful. The basic hypothesis for the whole project was that listening to speech in a bad acoustic environment should increase the cognitive load for the listener, which should impair memory of the text. In Paper I the auditory stimuli were lists of words and sentences that were degraded by a background noise. Paper II was a replication of the experiment from paper I, but the independent variable was changed from the level of the background noise to reverberation time. Paper III included two experiments where the stimulus material was 10 minutes lectures.Paper IV included two studies. The first experiment investigated whether serial recall performance is affected when words are presented in long reverberation time (Exp 1a). In experiment 1b word lists were presented in long or short reverberation time or with a background noise. The stimuli were recorded in one classroom with extremely good and one with very bad acoustic design. In experiment 2 word lists with many or few phonological neighbours were presented with long or short reverberation time. In all studies some measure of working memory capacity was included. Taken together, the overall results could be summarized in two sentences: Hearing what is said is a necessary but not a sufficient criterion for people to remember what is said, which means that spoken information should be heard without special effort, otherwise proper learning is jeopardized. No consistent relation was found between working memory capacity and the learning effect in the unfavorable listening conditions.

Godkänd; 2010; 20100416 (roblju); DISPUTATION Ämnesområde: Teknisk psykologi/Engineering Psychology Opponent: Docent Mats E. Nilsson, Stockholms universitet Ordförande: Professor Håkan Alm, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Torsdag den 3 juni 2010, kl 14.00 Plats: F 436, Luleå tekniska universitet

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Houard, Olivier. "Les interactions aptitude-traitement dans des tâches procédurales assistées par un document multimédia." Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUEL018.

Full text

Abstract:

Les présents travaux sont ancrés dans une double perspective de psychologie et d’ergonomie et se focalisent sur l’analyse d’une tâche d’assemblage assistée par un document procédural numérique et multimédia. En nous positionnant dans le courant des interactions aptitude-traitement, nous abordons la problématique des effets différentiels des formats de présentation de l’information du document selon les caractéristiques cognitives des utilisateurs. Trois études ont été menées. La première relève d’un double objectif : (a) identifier la structure de la tâche en examinant les relations fonctionnelles entre prise d’informations et action, selon deux modes de présentation de l’information, (b) étudier les différences interindividuelles en repérant des profils comportementaux et en analysant leur sensibilité aux aptitudes cognitives. La seconde se focalise sur la granularité de l’information à présenter aux utilisateurs et sur l’apport d’une présentation dynamique de l’information, en examinant l’effet éventuel de suppléance (a) d’une micro-segmentation de l’information chez des utilisateurs faibles en visualisation spatiale, (b) d’un dispositif de rotation de l’image-but chez des utilisateurs faibles en rotation mentale. La troisième étudie le fonctionnement cognitif individuel en « pistant » les stratégies de traitement (globale, analytique et synthétique) de l’information, selon la présence ou non d’un dispositif d’affichage d’informations complémentaires : le « pop-up ». On cible la variabilité intra-individuelle (vii) – amplitude et forme – des stratégies et le pouvoir explicatif de variables d’aptitudes sur cette vii
The present work is rooted in a double perspective of psychology and ergonomics and focus on the analysis of an assembly task assisted by a digital and multimedia procedural document. By positioning ourselves in the aptitude-treatment interactions theory, we address the issue of differential effects of presentation formats of the document according to users' cognitive skills. Three studies were conducted. The first one has a dual purpose: (a) identify the structure of the task by examining the functional relationships between information and action taken, according to two presentation formats of the document, (b) examine differences between individuals identifying "behavioural profiles" and analyzing their sensitivity to cognitive skills. The second one focuses on the granularity of information to be presented to users and on making a dynamic presentation of information by examining the possible effect of remediation of (a) a micro-segmented information among low spatial ability users, (b) a device for rotating the goal-image among low mental rotation users. The third one explores the individual cognitive functioning by "tracking" information processing strategies (global, analytic and synthetic), depending on the presence or absence of an additional information display device: the "pop-up". We target the intra-individual variability (amplitude and shape) strategies and investigate the explanatory power of skills on this variability

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Jahchan, Nataly. "To what extent does text simplification improve human comprehension? : cognitive evaluations for the optimization of the Airbus cockpit controlled language for future aircraft." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20009.

Full text

Abstract:

Cette thèse a pour origine la volonté d'Airbus d'améliorer la langue contrôlée utilisée dans les cockpits de ses futurs avions. Une communication claire et non ambiguë est essentielle dans les domaines où la sécurité est engagée. La langue contrôlée actuellement utilisée dans les cockpits Airbus, a été soigneusement élaborée pour éviter toute ambiguïté et complexité. Elle est conçue pour aider les pilotes dans leur tâche de pilotage en temps normal et dans des situations anormales (en cas d’urgence ou de défaillance). Afin d’optimiser la langue existante, nous avons entrepris d’évaluer les niveaux appropriés de simplification qui permettraient une compréhension plus précise et plus rapide, réduisant ainsi le temps de formation des pilotes. Nous avons tout d’abord exploré le domaine des langues contrôlées afin d’avoir un aperçu des langues contrôlées existantes, de leur contexte et de leurs règles. À partir de cette recherche, nous avons tenté de trouver des solutions d’optimisation, tout en nous efforçant d’apporter une contribution originale à ce domaine
This PhD was initiated by the Human Factors and Ergonomics in Design department at Airbus with the aim of optimizing an existing cockpit controlled language to integrate in future disruptive design. The need for clear and unambiguous communication is vital in safety critical domains, and the current controlled language was carefully constructed to avoid ambiguity and complexity, and is designed to help pilots operate and navigate the aircraft in normal and abnormal (in cases of emergency or failures) situations. In order to optimize the existing language, we set out to assess the appropriate levels of simplification that would achieve more accurate and faster comprehension with minimum pilot training. We first delved into the controlled language domain to form an overview of the existing controlled languages, their context, and rules. From this research we attempted to find solutions for optimization, but at the same time we strove to offer an original contribution to the field through this work

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Lima, Sergio Luis dos Santos. "Ergonomia cognitiva e a interação pessoa-computador." Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/85770.

Full text

Abstract:

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-20T22:52:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 201372.pdf: 781969 bytes, checksum: a2c28d2b014194a39dfaea11fb2aab52 (MD5)
Transformar o trabalho e as condições em que este é realizado, visando adaptá-lo às características e às necessidades de quem o executa, constituem os principais objetivos da ergonomia. Desta forma, a análise da URNA ELETRÔNICA segundo o referencial teórico e metodológico desta disciplina diagnostica sua usabilidade e eficácia, ao identificar as estratégias operatórias empregadas pelos eleitores e as dificuldades que estes enfrentam durante a interação.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Hoareau, Charlotte. "Elaboration et évaluation de recommandations ergonomiques pour le guidage de l'apprenant en EVAH : application à l'apprentissage de procédure dans le domaine biomédical." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0042/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Les environnements virtuels sont des outils de plus en plus fréquemment utilisés dans le domaine de la formation sans que leur conception soit systématiquement guidée par des préconisations ergonomiques. Ce travail de thèse propose d’élaborer et d’évaluer des recommandations ergonomiques relatives au guidage de l’apprenant au cours de son apprentissage en EVAH (Environnement Virtuel pour l'Apprentissage Humain). Après avoir évalué l’utilité pour l’apprentissage d’un EVAH destiné à des techniciens de laboratoire, deux expériences ont été menées afin de déterminer un guidage optimal de l’apprenant lors de sa formation au lancement de tests de coagulation. La première expérience analysait l’impact d’une organisation hiérarchique d’instructions sonores sur l’apprentissage. La deuxième évaluait les modalités de présentation d’un guidage visuel et leurs conséquences sur l’acquisition de la procédure. Les résultats obtenus à l’issue de ces deux expériences ont permis de proposer des recommandations ergonomiques quant à la conception d’un guidage sonore et d’un guidage visuel de l’apprenant lors de l’acquisition d’une procédure. Enfin, ces recommandations ont été implémentées dans l’EVAH. Ainsi « amélioré », il a été confronté à l’environnement virtuel de référence dans le but d’évaluer l’efficacité des préconisations. Les résultats montrent que la prise en compte des recommandations ergonomiques proposées améliore les performances des apprenants
Virtual environments are tools that are becoming more frequently used in the field of training, however their design is not systematically guided by ergonomic considerations. This thesis presents the development and evaluation of ergonomic recommendations to guide the learner during VET (Virtual Environment for Training) training. After evaluating the usefulness of STA-R Virtuel, a VET for laboratory technicians, two experiments were conducted to determine optimal ways of cueing the learner during their training in the execution of coagulation tests. The first experiment analyzed the impact on learning of a hierarchical organization of auditory instructions. The second evaluated different ways of presenting a visual guide and their impact on learned proficiency in the procedure. The results obtained at the end of these two experiments were then used to develop ergonomic recommendations for the design of auditory and visual cues to enhance learner performance. Finally, these recommendations were implemented in the VET. The improved version was compared with the reference virtual environment in order to assess the effectiveness of the recommendations. The results show that the inclusion of the proposed ergonomic recommendations improves the learners' performance

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Zompero, Eric Fernando Teixeira. "Produção industrial de refeições em cozinhas profissionais: um estudo dos equipamentos tradicionais e digitais sob o ponto de vista da ergonomia cognitiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16134/tde-07072014-150706/.

Full text

Abstract:

A ideia central dessa pesquisa de mestrado é analisar, sob o ponto de vista da ergonomia cognitiva, o papel dos fornos combinados na transição do modelo tradicional de produção alimentar em cozinhas profissionais da década de 1990, para o modelo atual, com equipamentos digitais, ou seja, aqueles que utilizam tecnologia não analógica. Na operação da cozinha, percebida como processo industrial de produção, considera-se a utilização e uso dos equipamentos, principalmente os de cocção, como elemento de convergência dessa transição. Desde sua origem no pós-guerra, as cozinhas profissionais, utilizam equipamentos mecânicos de fácil operação, e a introdução do novo modelo de produção, com equipamentos digitais, trouxe mudanças na relação de uso entre usuário e máquina. Assim, busca-se, através desse novo modo de operar a cozinha, compreender como o usuário interage com o novo sistema de produção e com os equipamentos digitais, qual a compreensão deste das solicitações dos novos modelos de fornos, quais suas dificuldades e suas perdas nessa transição. A pesquisa baseia-se em três momentos, antes do advento dos fornos de alta tecnologia, a cozinha hoje com os fornos digitais e, por último, quais as previsões de futuro no quesito produção industrial de alimentos. Sendo este último capítulo a visão de um cenário onde a produção digital customizada será realidade.
The first idea of this research is the analysys, from the cognitive ergonomics point of view, of the transition between the traditional model of food production into professional kitchens in the 1990s, to the current model, with the use of the digital ovens. The operation in the kitchen, perceived as an industrial production process, the use of equipment, mainly for cooking, is an element of convergence for this changes. Since the beginning in the post-war, industrial kitchens have been using types of mechanical equipments, easy to operate, and, the introduction of new model of production brought changes in the relationship between users and machines. Through this new way of operating the kitchen, to understand how the users interacts with this new production system and digital equipment, we need know how them understand the applications of this model, their difficulties, and the losses that occur with this transition. The research is based on three periods of time, before the advent of high-tech ovens, the kitchens today and the future in the industrial food production. This last chapter is a vision of a new scenario where the customized digital production will be a reality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Carré, Alice. "L'analyse des processus cognitifs comme aide à la formation initiale et au perfectionnement des traducteurs." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAL034/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Les formations à la traduction pragmatique offrent un enseignement professionnalisant dense et multiforme. Or il n’est pas certain que les étudiants intègrent au mieux compétences déclaratives et opérationnelles, faute d’avoir suffisamment conscience de leurs méthodes de travail. Par ailleurs, les recherches sur l’expertise montrent qu’une formation initiale solide et des années d’expérience ne suffisent pas à garantir le développement optimal des compétences professionnelles. Outre un environnement de travail favorable au développement de ces compétences, la solution résiderait dans l’adoption d’une démarche d’apprentissage autorégulé.La présente contribution vise à évaluer la capacité des étudiants à adopter ponctuellement une telle démarche à la suite d’une séquence d’enseignement renforçant leurs compétences métacognitives. Une collecte de données de référence et deux expérimentations ont permis d’estimer l’effet de la régulation sur l’activité traduisante et d’évaluer l’intérêt du dispositif d’enseignement proposé.Il en ressort que les étudiants qui ont eu l’occasion d’analyser leurs propres processus cognitifs et de les comparer à ceux de leurs pairs et à ceux de professionnels présentant un degré élevé de régulation auraient les capacités d’agir consciemment sur leurs habitudes de travail. Ces résultats, qui demandent néanmoins à être vérifiés auprès de cohortes plus larges, indiquent que le dispositif d’enseignement proposé pourrait donner aux étudiants des clés pour intervenir sur leurs habitudes de travail et, plus largement, sur leur environnement de travail. Ce faisant, il s’inscrirait dans la dynamique actuelle qui sensibilise les étudiants en traduction à l’ergonomie cognitive, physique et organisationnelle au poste de travail
Translator training programmes comprise a wide range of contents and of instructional methods. But it would appear that students do not bridge the gap between declarative and procedural competences to the best of their abilities as a result of their lack of knowledge and understanding of their own working habits. Moreover, expertise research has shown that however robust the initial training, the mere accumulation of experience does not automatically lead to the optimal development of professional competence. The key to expertise would rest both in a suitable working environment and in deliberately self-regulated practice.The present contribution aims at assessing the ability of students to deliberately alter a given aspect of their translation habits after taking part in a workshop designed to strengthen their metacognitive skills. Reference data were collected and analysed to work out the effect of regulation on translating. Our proposed teaching sequence was then tested on two groups of students.It would seem that those students who were able to analyse their own habits and to compare them to those of their fellow students and of professional translators displaying a high level of regulation were able to consciously alter their working habits to a certain extent. Due to the limited number of participants, these results need confirmation through repetition on wider cohorts. But it seems that the proposed teaching sequence could provide students with a tool to proactively improve their working habits or their working environment. As such, it could be part of the wider movement of raising students’ awareness of the importance of cognitive, physical and organisational ergonomics at the workplace that is currently taking place in translator training

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Ulfvengren, Pernilla. "Design of Natural Warning Sounds in Human-Machine Systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3679.

Full text

Abstract:

The goal of this research is increased safety in aviation. Aviation is a highly automated and complex, as well as, safety critical human-machine system. The pilot communicates with the system via a human-machine interface in cockpit. In an alerting situation this interface is in part an auditory alerting system. Human errors are often consequences of actions brought about by poor design. Pilots complain that they may be both disturbed and annoyed of alerts, which may affect performance, especially in non-normal situations when the mental workload is high. This research is based on theories in ergonomics and cognitive engineering with the assumption that improved human performance within a system increase safety. Cognitive engineering is a design philosophy for reducing the effort required by cognitive functions by changing the technical interface, which may lead to improved performance. Knowledge of human abilities and limitations and multidisciplinary interrelated theories between humans, sounds and warnings are used. Several methods are involved in this research, such as literature studies, field studies, controlled experiments and simulations with pilots. This research defines design requirements for sounds appropriate in auditory alerts as Natural Warning Sounds. For example, they have a natural meaning within the user’s context, are compatible with the auditory information process, are pleasant to listen to (not annoying), are easy to learn and are clearly audible. A design process for auditory alerting systems is suggested. It includes methods of associability and sound imagery, which develop Natural Warning Sounds, and combines these with an appropriate presentation format. Associability is introduced and represents the required effort to associate sounds to their assigned alert function meaning. An associable sound requires less effort and fewer cognitive resources. Soundimagary is used to develop sound images. A sound image is a sound, which by its acoustics characteristics has a particular meaning to someone without prior training in a certain context. Simulations of presentation formats resulted in recommendations for cancellation capabilities and avoiding continuously repeated alerts. This research brings related theories closer to practice and demonstrates general methods that will allow designers, together with the users of the system, to apply them in their own system.
QC 20100910

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Brolin, Anna. "An investigation of cognitive aspects affecting human performance in manual assembly." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Forskningscentrum för Virtuella system, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-12946.

Full text

Abstract:

Modern manufacturing systems seem to be shifting from mass production to mass customisation, which means that systems must be able to manage changes in customer demands and requirements, new technology as well as environmental demands. This in turn leads to an increase in product variants that need to be assembled. To handle this issue, well designed and presented information is vital for assembly workers to perform effective and accurate assembly tasks. In this thesis the main focus has been to find factors that affect human performance in manual assembly. A literature review was made on the subject of manufacturing and usability as well as basic cognitive abilities used to utilise information, such as memory. This investigation identified applicable factors for assessing human cognitive performance within the research field of manufacturing. The thesis further investigates how some of these factors are handled in manual assembly, using case studies as well as observational studies. The results show that how material and information are presented to the assembler needs to be considered in order to have a positive effect on the assembly operation. In addition, a full factorial experimental study was conducted to investigate different ways of presenting material and information at the workstation while using mixed assembly mode with product variants. The material presentation factor involved the use of a material rack compared to using an unstructured kit as well as a structured kit and the information presentation factor involved using a text and number instruction compared to a photograph instruction. The results showed that using a kit is favourable compared to the traditional material rack, especially when using a structured kit combined with photographic instruction. Furthermore, the use of unstructured kits can lead to better productivity and reduced perceived workload, compared to a material rack. Although they are perhaps not as good as using a structured kit, they most likely bring a lower cost, such as man-hour consumption and space requirements. However, the number of components in an unstructured kit needs to be considered in order to keep it on a manageable level. As a conclusion, several scenarios were developed in order to understand how different assembly settings can be used in order to improve human performance at the assembly workstation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Carriel, Ivan Ricardo Rodrigues. "Recomendações ergonômicas para o projeto de cadeira de rodas : considerando os aspectos fisiológicos e cognitivos dos idosos /." Bauru : [s.l.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89722.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Luis Carlos Paschoarelli
Banca: José Alberto de Souza Freitas
Banca: José Carlos Plácido da Silva
Resumo: Segundo o último censo realizado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (2002), o Brasil possuía um contingente de aproximadamente 15 milhões de pessoas com idade acima de 60 anos, ou seja, as pessoas idosas representavam 8,6% da população brasileira na época. Portanto, o crescimento da populaçã de idosos tanto no Brasil quanto no mundo, já está bastante delineado pelas estatísticas demográficas. Outras pesquisas apontam que uma parcela representativa desses idosos, necessita de assistência tecnológica específica para que as Atividades da Vida Diária (AVD's) sejam realizadas com maior plenitude. O uso de cadeiras de rodas, por exemplo, além de facilitar a realização da locomoção e o processo de reabilitação do estado de saúde, tem por objetivo integrar socialmente o indivíduo. Porém, idosos quando fazem uso de cadeiras de rodas acabam se tornando vítimas dessa tecnologia, ora pela falta de conforto ou segurança, ora pela ineficiência que o produto gera para interface tecnológica, o que favorece a complicação do quadro patológico e do processo de reabilitação. As "Tecnologias Assistivas", em especial as cadeiras de rodas, não estão adequadas tecnicamente às necessidades fisiológicas e psicológicas dos idosos. Diante desse quadro crítico e analítico buscou-se entender porque esses equipamentos não oferecem condições mínimas para a manutenção e muito menos para a reabilitação do estado de saúde do indivíduo. Inferiu-se que a falta de recomendações projetuais estava diretamente relacionado com esse problema. Portanto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi buscar considerações de relevância para a prática projetual de cadeira de rodas e fundamentou-se a busca desas considerações nos conceitos do Design Ergonômico. A sistemática metodológica desenvolvida em três partes esteve apoiada em abordagens de caráter teórico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: According to the last demographic census conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (2002), Brazil possessed a contingent of approximately 15 million inhabitants aged above 60 years old, in other words, the elderly people represented 8,6% of the Brazilian population at that time. Therefore, the growth of the seniors' population in Brazil and in the world, is already quite delineated by the statistics. Other researches show that a representative portion of those seniors, needs specific technological attendance so that the Activities of the Daily Life (ADL's) can be accomplished at full. The use of wheelchairs, for example, besides facilitating locomotion as well as the process of rehabilitation of the health condition, has the objective of integrating the individual socially. However, when the elderly make use of wheelchairs they end up turning into victims of that technology, either for the comfort they bring lack of safety, or for the inefficiency that the product generates for the technological interface, which in turn favors the complication of the pathological picture and the rehabilitation process. The "Technologies Assistive", especially the wheelchairs, are not adapted technically to the seniors' physiologic and psychological needs. In face of that critical and analytical picture it has been sought to understand why such equipment does not offer the minimum conditions for the maintenance nor for the rehabilitation of the individual's health condition. It was inferred that the lack of design specification were directly related with that problem. Therefore, the objective of that research was to look for considerations of relevance to propose the design of a wheelchair. Those considerations were based in the concepts of the Ergonomic Design. The sytematic methodology which was developed in theree parts was based on the approaches of theoretical...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Mestre

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Carriel, Ivan Ricardo Rodrigues [UNESP]. "Recomendações ergonômicas para o projeto de cadeira de rodas: considerando os aspectos fisiológicos e cognitivos dos idosos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89722.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-04-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:30:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carriel_irr_me_bauru.pdf: 7679368 bytes, checksum: dd42f0c2a51d2721fb2c679fa380f777 (MD5)
Segundo o último censo realizado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (2002), o Brasil possuía um contingente de aproximadamente 15 milhões de pessoas com idade acima de 60 anos, ou seja, as pessoas idosas representavam 8,6% da população brasileira na época. Portanto, o crescimento da populaçã de idosos tanto no Brasil quanto no mundo, já está bastante delineado pelas estatísticas demográficas. Outras pesquisas apontam que uma parcela representativa desses idosos, necessita de assistência tecnológica específica para que as Atividades da Vida Diária (AVD's) sejam realizadas com maior plenitude. O uso de cadeiras de rodas, por exemplo, além de facilitar a realização da locomoção e o processo de reabilitação do estado de saúde, tem por objetivo integrar socialmente o indivíduo. Porém, idosos quando fazem uso de cadeiras de rodas acabam se tornando vítimas dessa tecnologia, ora pela falta de conforto ou segurança, ora pela ineficiência que o produto gera para interface tecnológica, o que favorece a complicação do quadro patológico e do processo de reabilitação. As Tecnologias Assistivas, em especial as cadeiras de rodas, não estão adequadas tecnicamente às necessidades fisiológicas e psicológicas dos idosos. Diante desse quadro crítico e analítico buscou-se entender porque esses equipamentos não oferecem condições mínimas para a manutenção e muito menos para a reabilitação do estado de saúde do indivíduo. Inferiu-se que a falta de recomendações projetuais estava diretamente relacionado com esse problema. Portanto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi buscar considerações de relevância para a prática projetual de cadeira de rodas e fundamentou-se a busca desas considerações nos conceitos do Design Ergonômico. A sistemática metodológica desenvolvida em três partes esteve apoiada em abordagens de caráter teórico...
According to the last demographic census conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (2002), Brazil possessed a contingent of approximately 15 million inhabitants aged above 60 years old, in other words, the elderly people represented 8,6% of the Brazilian population at that time. Therefore, the growth of the seniors' population in Brazil and in the world, is already quite delineated by the statistics. Other researches show that a representative portion of those seniors, needs specific technological attendance so that the Activities of the Daily Life (ADL's) can be accomplished at full. The use of wheelchairs, for example, besides facilitating locomotion as well as the process of rehabilitation of the health condition, has the objective of integrating the individual socially. However, when the elderly make use of wheelchairs they end up turning into victims of that technology, either for the comfort they bring lack of safety, or for the inefficiency that the product generates for the technological interface, which in turn favors the complication of the pathological picture and the rehabilitation process. The Technologies Assistive, especially the wheelchairs, are not adapted technically to the seniors' physiologic and psychological needs. In face of that critical and analytical picture it has been sought to understand why such equipment does not offer the minimum conditions for the maintenance nor for the rehabilitation of the individual's health condition. It was inferred that the lack of design specification were directly related with that problem. Therefore, the objective of that research was to look for considerations of relevance to propose the design of a wheelchair. Those considerations were based in the concepts of the Ergonomic Design. The sytematic methodology which was developed in theree parts was based on the approaches of theoretical...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Uzan, Gérard. "Ergonomie cognitive du handicap visuel : une contribution à la conception d'aides informatiques." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S027.

Full text

Abstract:

La thèse de G. Uzan porte sur les interfaces informatiques conçues pour permettre à des aveugles d'accèder par l'audition à des informations visuelles. Le cas typique est celui des écrans d'ordinateurs traduits par synthèse vocale. Après l'exposé des déficiences visuelles et de leurs conséquences , plusieurs expériences ont été réalisées sur l'interaction d'aveugles face à des interfaces sonorisées pour la lecture de textes, la navigation sur Internet et la méssagerietéléphonique. Des feux de croisement urbains sonorisés ont également été évalués. L'idée de base est que les difficultés observées sont due en grande partie au fait que ces systèmes transposent les informations visuelles en informations auditives tout en gardant la structure propre au mode visuel au lieu de recréer une structure propre au mode auditif. Un modèle d'interface fondé sur des auxiliaires coopérants est développé, dont une application brevetée est un système fonctionnant sur des ordinateurs Macintosh
G. Uzan thesis deals with computer interfaces designed to allow blind people to perceive visual information by hearing it. A typical case is the computer screen translated by voice synthesis. Different visual impairments and their consequences in terms of handicap are first explained. Then, several experiments are carried out to analyze the interaction of the blind facing different hearing interfaces designed for reading texts, navigating on the Internet, or telephone mailing. A hearing system of traffic lights is also evaluated. The basic idea is that difficulties mainly result from the fact that such systems transpose visual information in an auditory mode, but mantain the genuine frame of the visual mode instead of shaping a structure proper to the auditory mode. A general model of interface, based on the concept of auxiliary co-operators, is developed and applied to a Macintosh patented system

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Siqueira, Ana Lucia Farão Carneiro de. "Acessibilidade em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem: possibilidades para estudantes com deficiência visual." Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2017. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/1026.

Full text

Abstract:

Submitted by Jakeline Ortega (jakortega@unoeste.br) on 2017-07-07T18:24:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Ana Lucia Farão Carneiro de Siqueira.pdf: 1203537 bytes, checksum: bd1d26c88608f979c99314677b5c47ed (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T18:24:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Ana Lucia Farão Carneiro de Siqueira.pdf: 1203537 bytes, checksum: bd1d26c88608f979c99314677b5c47ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24
This dissertation was developed in the Master's Program in Education, in the research's line of Pedagogical Formation and Practice of Professional Teacher, from the University of Western Sao Paulo. The research aims to analyze the resources needed so that virtual learning environments can enable accessibility, autonomy and independence for students with visual impairment. This research adopts a qualitative approach. The study was carried out at a Public Higher Education Institution (HEI), located in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, which has been offering distance education courses since 2009, period in which was set up its Distance Education Center (known as NEaD). In this context, the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) used by this HEI in the offer of courses in distance learning was analyzed. In addition to the analysis of this VLE, with the purpose of enriching the data and analyzes carried out, as well as to identify the level of accessibility of the learning environment and resources available, this study considered the participation of two subjects, that is, two Students Target Audience of Special Education (known as EPAEE) with visual impairment. The following instruments were used to collect data: observation and semi-structured interview. Researchers such as Moran, Santarosa, Sonza, Schlünzen, Trentin, Valente among others were studied in order to address aspects related to accessibility and technologies. Based on data gathered from the researcher's observation, added to information obtained with the invited participants and the theoretical basis studied, it was possible to present indicators needed for the inclusion of people with visual impairment in VLE in online courses, understanding which changes HEIs should trigger to adjust the attendance to these people
A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida no Programa de Mestrado em Educação, na linha de pesquisa de Formação e Prática Pedagógica do Profissional Docente, da Universidade do Oeste Paulista. A pesquisa apresenta como objetivo geral, analisar os recursos necessários para que os ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem possibilitem a acessibilidade em um curso a distância, autonomia e independência de estudantes com deficiência visual. Esta pesquisa adota um enfoque qualitativo. O estudo foi realizado em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) pública, localizada no estado de São Paulo/SP, que oferta cursos na modalidade a distância desde 2009, período no qual implantou seu Núcleo de Educação a Distância (NEaD). Nesse contexto, foi analisado o Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) utilizado por essa IES na oferta de cursos em EaD. Além da análise desse AVA, com o propósito de enriquecimento dos dados e análises realizadas, bem como da identificação do nível de acessibilidade do ambiente de aprendizagem e recursos disponíveis, foi considerada, nesta pesquisa, a participação de dois sujeitos, ou seja, de dois Estudantes Público Alvos da Educação Especial (EPAEE) com deficiência visual. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: observação e entrevista semiestruturada. Também foram consultados pesquisadores como Moran, Santarosa, Sonza, Schlünzen, Trentin, Valente, entre outros, para abordar aspectos relacionados à acessibilidade e tecnologias. A partir dos dados levantados da observação da pesquisadora, somados às informações obtidas através dos sujeitos convidados e da base teórica estudada, tornou possível a apresentação de indicadores necessários para a inclusão de pessoas com deficiência visual (PDV) em AVA, em cursos na modalidade on-line e quais mudanças as IES devem desencadear para adequar o atendimento a essas pessoas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Teplov, Sergey. "SmartLight: design inclusivo: sistema luminoso inteligente para o controlo de tráfico de veículos e de peões nas estrada." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20967.

Full text

Abstract:

O presente projeto pretende, numa ótica de Design Inclusivo e no âmbito do Design Industrial, redesenhar, melhorar e criar um novo semáforo. Após uma pesquisa sobre estas sinalizações de trânsito e verificando o funcionamento destes equipamentos estandardizados e globalizados foram encontradas falhas e, consequentemente, possibilidades de melhoramento funcional e sensorial para o bem de todos os utilizadores. Uma das principais lacunas, que se destaca no presente projeto, relaciona-se com a falta de visibilidade do peão que é fortemente condicionada também por questões climáticas. Pretende-se assim, com este projeto desenvolver uma proposta tendo em conta os pressupostos do Design Inclusivo para um novo semáforo, destinado à diminuição da sinistralidade rodoviária e aplicado a diferentes contextos físicos: aldeias, vilas ou cidades de pequena, grande ou média dimensão; Inclusive Design – Intelligent light system for traffic control vehicles and pedestrians on the road Abstract: The presented projects intends to, through an Inclusive Design perspective and whitin the scope of Industrial Design, redesign, improve and create a new semaphore. After researching these traffic signs and verifying the functioning of this standardized and globalized equipments, failures and, consequently, possibilities of functional and sensorial improvements were found for the benefit and well being of all users. One of the main gaps, which stands out in this project, relates to the lack of visibility of the pedestrians which is strongly conditioned by climatic issues. The aim of this project is to develop a proposal taking into account the assumptions of Inclusive Design for a new semaphore, aimed at reducing road accidents and applied to different physical contexts: villages, towns and small, medium or big cities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Esperança, Maria Christina Themistocles. "Mapas cognitivos como ferramenta para a construção de programas de formação." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90301.

Full text

Abstract:

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T08:17:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 240536.pdf: 804397 bytes, checksum: c8c0f07f4d82f2bda36821816805559e (MD5)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo tornar declarativo através de mapas cognitivos o conhecimento tácito de operadores de empilhadeira no setor de armazém e expedição de frigorífico. A partir da análise das atividades dos operadores de empilhadeira deste setor, o estudo revela as reais exigências e condicionantes deste tipo de atividade propondo uma abordagem em programas de treinamento e capacitação mais abrangente das que têm sido feito tradicionalmente. A necessidade de tornar declarativo o conhecimento tácito dos operadores de empilhadeira derivou da intenção em realizar treinamentos para esta atividade com foco no conhecimento de operadores mais experientes e nas exigências principalmente cognitivas específicas desta atividade. Os cursos habilitadores obrigatórios pelas leis trabalhistas brasileiras pressupõem que em todas as atividades com empilhadeira existe um único tipo de conhecimento referente a equipamentos e a normas de segurança, sem interesse em buscar o conhecimento tácito dos operadores que se perde ao longo dos anos principalmente quando saem da empresa. Com a formalização destes conhecimentos tácitos representados graficamente pelos Mapas Cognitivos pretende-se ampliar os temas desenvolvidos em cursos de formação e treinamento nesta atividade e ao mesmo tempo proporcionar sua inserção numa memória organizacional. O embasamento teórico diz respeito à ergonomia, à gestão do conhecimento, à capacitação e aos mapas cognitivos. A metodologia usada foi a Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho dos operadores de empilhadeira de um frigorífico com ênfase na análise das atividades. Evidenciando as atividades realmente feitas e não tão somente as prescritas, representaram-se graficamente em Mapas Cognitivos as exigências cognitivas de cada etapa da atividade e suas relações. Concluímos que ao revelar o conhecimento tácito de operadores envolvidos nesta situação específica de trabalho pela representação dos Mapas Cognitivos, temos uma melhor compreensão dos conceitos meio e fim verbalizados pelos operadores de suas representações mentais das etapas da atividade com suas conexões para alcançar a meta final ou o objetivo da produção. Concluímos também que a externalização destes conhecimentos tácitos traz importante contribuição para a formação e treinamento de atividades específicas sob a ótica da Ergonomia Cognitiva e que os Mapas Cognitivos constituem-se uma eficaz ferramenta na representação da imagem do operador.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Abi-Tannous, Sarkis. "Intégration d'outils innovants (interfaces tactiles) chez une population de patients ayant une schizophrénie dans le cadre d'un processus de rééducation et de réadaptation de la mémoire de travail." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H114.

Full text

Abstract:

Les déficits de la mémoire de travail en schizophrénie constituent des cibles préférentielles de par leur fréquence, leur lien avec le pronostic fonctionnel et leur implication dans tous les aspects de la vie quotidienne. Ces déficits sont présents dès l'entrée dans la maladie et ils sont peu améliorés par les psychotropes et les psychothérapies. La remédiation cognitive est amenée à occuper une place de plus en plus formelle dans le traitement de la schizophrénie, du fait d'une efficacité démontrée et de l'absence d'autres moyens thérapeutiques susceptibles d'améliorer les déficits visés. Les nouvelles technologies ont un impact de plus en plus important sur le développement de méthodes de prévention et de rééducation. L'utilisation des interfaces tactiles dans les domaines médicaux et paramédicaux se développe pour des raisons à la fois d'utilisabilité, d'efficacité et d'habitude liées à l'appartenance à une nouvelle génération. Face aux données nouvelles des neurosciences et aux développements des technologies innovantes, il nous a semblé important de poser la problématique suivante : l'usage de la technologie tactile pourrait-il contribuer au processus de remédiation de la mémoire de travail visuo-spatiale en schizophrénie ? Une étude longitudinale d'une durée de 4 mois a été réalisée auprès de 20 personnes ayant une schizophrénie (DSM-IV-TR), hospitalisées en long séjour à l'Hôpital Psychiatrique de la Croix (Beyrouth-Liban). L'échantillon de l'étude a été divisé en deux groupes équivalents (10 sujets par groupe) et homogènes (âge, performance, niveau d'éducation). Le premier groupe (groupe Contrôle) a été pris en charge par un programme utilisant l'activité classique comme moyen de remédiation. Le deuxième groupe (groupe Expérimental) a suivi le programme utilisant une tablette tactile de type iPad comme outil de remédiation. Les épreuves expérimentales de cette étude longitudinale ont été réalisées, en présence du thérapeute, en 16 séances de prise en charge : 12 séances hebdomadaires de remédiation et 4 séances mensuelles d'évaluation. La technique utilisée dans le programme de remédiation cognitive a pour objectif de rééduquer la mémoire de travail visuo-spatiale par une pratique et un entrainement intensifs via des activités thérapeutiques spécifiques. Par conséquent, deux activités ont été utilisées dans chaque séance : Memory Cartes et Rappel d'images, qui ont été présentées sous forme tactile (iPad) et non tactile (matériel en bois et carton) selon le programme de remédiation de chaque groupe. Enfin, un questionnaire d'appréciation a été présenté à la fin de chaque séance afin de recueillir des données globales quant à l'intérêt, à la motivation des patients et l'acceptabilité des outils de remédiation. Les évaluations cognitives mensuelles ont consisté en une batterie de tests neuropsychologiques (MEM-III, WAIS-IV, Memtrax) recouvrant les composantes de la mémoire de travail et l'attention visuelle sélective. Une évaluation « à distance » a également été réalisée 5 mois après le programme de la remédiation afin d'apprécier le maintien des capacités mnésiques à long terme. Les résultats statistiques obtenus par le biais d'ANOVAs et d'une Analyse en Composantes Principales sont prometteurs en termes d'amélioration des fonctions cognitives : la remédiation cognitive par l'interface tactile permet d'améliorer la mémoire de travail visuo-spatiale chez les personnes ayant une schizophrénie. Ces résultats amènent à considérer la nécessité d'intégrer les nouvelles technologies tactiles dans les programmes de remédiation cognitive en schizophrénie
The working memory deficits in schizophrenia form the preferred target regardless of their frequency, their relation with the functional prognosis and their involvement in all the aspects of everyday life. The cognitive remediation aims at occupying an important place in the treatment of schizophrenia, due to its proven efficiency as well as to the lack of other therapeutic means suspected of improving the targeted deficits. New technologies have a gradually important impact on the development of the methods of prevention and reeducation. Touch technology is remarkably evolving nowadays creating a new usage context, especially in the medical and paramedical domains. The use of innovative technologies in the medical and paramedical fields turns out to grow for reasons of usability, efficiency and habit related to the fact of belonging to a new generation. In this perspective, our research aims toward using new interactive technologies especially the touch interfaces in the cognitive remediation. Reflecting on the subject and following the ergonomic process will concern the modalities of integrating the touch interfaces in the process of the remediation of the visuo-spatial working memory within the schizophrenia. It is now to evaluate the usage of the new touch technologies and precisely the touch pads accused of improving the functioning of the visuo-spatial working memory through memory exercises, which is supposed to lead to a major contribution to the cognitive remediation techniques. The longitudinal study has been conducted with 20 individuals suffering from schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR), hospitalized for a long time at the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross (Beirut - Lebanon). This study specimen was divided into two equivalent (10 male subjects per group) and homogeneous (age, performance, level of education) groups. The first group (Classic Group) followed a program using classical activity as a remediation mean. Whereas the second (Touch Group), followed a program having touch pad as a remediation tool. Experimental tests along this longitudinal study of 4 months were conducted in 16 sessions of regaining control. Each patient participated in 4 evaluation sessions. The technique used in cognitive remediation program aims to reeducate the visuo-spatial working memory through intensive practice and training via specific therapeutic activities. In consequence, two activities were used in each session: Memory Cards and images Recall. They were presented through touch and non-touch forms according to the re-educational program of each group. Then, evaluation sessions were offered every month to measure patients' progress during the treatment. Finally, a Remote evaluation was realized after 5 months of the end of the remediation to assess the maintenance of the long-term mnesic abilities. Some promising results were obtained concerning the improvements of cognitive functions. The cognitive remediation through a touch pad allows better performance of visuo-spatial working memory of schizophrenic people. These results lead us to consider the necessity of integrating new touch technology in remediation programs to treat cognitive disorders associated with schizophrenia

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Yahya, Alfandi Nugroho. "A Cognitive Ergonomics Framework of Smartphone User Interface Design for Late Adulthood Users." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/79579.

Full text

Abstract:

A comparative study will engage with elderly participants in two different geographic or cultural locations - Australia and Indonesia. Each group must be over 70 years of age, and either still working professionally or active in a volunteer organisation. The study invites elderly participants to actively participate in identifying the specific features they would like to see included in a new phone design that would match their daily needs in their professional and personal life.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Lins, Leonardo Diego. "Construindo ergonomias cognitivas para o ensino da Dinâmica." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/1649.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Diego Lins.pdf: 998692 bytes, checksum: fc07616f62603f53cdf45368f9743730 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-14
The role of physics education in the advancement of scientific and technological knowledge in our society is paramount. In Brazil, this teaching is recognized as inadequate both in regard to training students and professors translated into weak learning of physical concepts and mathematical apparatus. In general it is characterized by excessive attention given the repetitive exercises, problems solved, mechanically, by using a succession of "formulas" are often decorated literal and arbitrary, rather than a deeper analysis in order to understand the physical phenomena involved. Particularly, we wish to emphasize that a major problem has been the inappropriate use of mathematical tools and disconnected from the formulation and use of physical concepts. This creates a conceptual mathematical-physical dichotomy that undermines the understanding of the profound connection between these two sciences. Considering these problems of mathematical order in the learning process of physical concepts, this research aims to constructive criticism from the language used in mathematical physics, to introduce a methodological approach physical-mathematical concept using the core concepts of dynamics. This means that as we present a mathematical concept suitable for their representation. We chose the Clifford algebra as the mathematical language appropriate to this approach physical-mathematical concepts. The operationalization of the teaching content is baptized by the cognitive model Subsumption. We understand that it is more adaptable to the design of courseware in science, therefore, allows the exploration of a hierarchical cognitive universe of the learner but also allows for the deliberate manipulation of this universe to provide a meaningful learning.
O papel desempenhado pelo ensino de física no avanço do conhecimento científico e tecnológico na nossa sociedade é de suma importância. No Brasil esse ensino é reconhecido como deficiente tanto no que se refere à formação docente como discente traduzido na débil aprendizagem dos conceitos físicos e do aparato matemático. De maneira geral ele é caracterizado pelo excesso de atenção dada a exercícios repetitivos, problemas resolvidos, mecanicamente, pela utilização de uma sucessão de fórmulas , muitas vezes decoradas de forma literal e arbitrária, em detrimento de uma análise mais profunda visando à compreensão dos fenômenos físicos envolvidos. Particularmente, gostaríamos de destacar que um grave problema tem sido o uso inadequado e desvinculado do ferramental matemático com relação à formulação e uso dos conceitos físicos. Isso gera uma dicotomia conceitual físico-matemática que prejudica a compreensão da profunda conexão entre estas duas ciências. Tendo em vista esses problemas de ordem matemática no processo de aprendizagem dos conceitos físicos, esta pesquisa pretende partir da crítica construtiva da linguagem matemática usada em física, introduzir uma abordagem metodológica físico-matemática conceitual utilizando os principais conceitos da dinâmica. Isto significa que ao apresentarmos um conceito matemático adequado a sua representação. Escolhemos a álgebra de Clifford como a linguagem matemática apropriada a esta abordagem físico-matemática conceitual. A operacionalização didática dos conteúdos é batizada pelo modelo cognitivista ausubeliano. Entendemos que o mesmo é o mais adaptável à concepção de material didático em ciências, pois, permite a exploração de forma hierárquica do universo cognitivo do aprendiz como também possibilita a manipulação deliberada deste universo para propiciar uma aprendizagem significativa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Salembier, Pascal. "Le diagnostic cognitif dans les interactions tutorielles." Paris, CNAM, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CNAM0181.

Full text

Abstract:

L'objectif de cette these est d'illustrer, au travers d'une breve presentation d'une etude centree sur une activite de diagnostic cognitif, une demarche d'analyse des activites cognitives dans les situations complexes reelles ou recreees. Selon cette approche la complexite des situations de travail constitue un element permettent de reconsiderer et d'enrichir un certain nombre de questions theoriques, et de conduire a l'elaboration de nouveaux modeles qui prennent davantage en consideration les aspects contextuels et finalises des activites cognitives. Des etudes menees dans cette perspective peuvent contribuer a questionner certaines conceptions lgicistes de la cognition qui n'envisagent l'utilisation dans le raisonnement de structures schematiques simplificatrices telles que les stereotypes, que sous l'angle de la manifestation d'une rationalite imparfaite
This thesis brings up some methodological and epistemological implications that result from a study based on the analysis of a congnitive diagnosis task. It attempts to emphasize the importance of the analysis of cognitive activities in complex work situations. It shows that these field studies can provide some elements for the investigation of research topics in cognitive science, and for the development of models capable of taking into account the contextual aspects of cognitive activities. We assume that they are also able to provide elements for the discussion of the logicist views of cognition, which regard certain cognitive structure (e. G. Stereotypes) solely as the manifesation of an imperfect rationality

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Henriqson, Éder. "Analysis of joint cognitive systems : a study of take-off speeds calculation in commercial aviation." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/27954.

Full text

Abstract:

Esta tese tem como problema de pesquisa “como analisar atividades e eventos na perspectiva da teoria dos sistemas cognitivos correlacionados com foco no trabalho e nos fenômenos emergentes das interações entre humanos e seus sistemas tecnológicos?” A partir disso, busca como objetivo, propor um protocolo para realização dessa análise. A pesquisa é realizada por meio de um estudo etnográfico no contexto da análise da atividade de cálculo das velocidades de decolagem em aeronaves de transporte comercial, sendo apresentada em cinco artigos. O primeiro descreve de que modos o campo da Engenharia de Sistemas Cognitivos (CSE) vem sendo constituído. Adicionalmente, é proposta uma agenda de pesquisa em sistemas socio‐técnicos complexos enfatizando a necessidade de trabalhos com o foco de análise nos fenômenos emergentes das interações, tomando o sistema cognitivo como unidade de análise. O segundo artigo visa à identificação e caracterização da atividade de cálculo das velocidades de decolagem e dos protótipos de falhas nessa atividade. Os resultados indicam a existência de fragilidades caracterizadas por 12 protótipos de falhas. O terceiro artigo tem por objetivo analisar o cálculo das velocidades de decolagem como um processo de cognição situada e distribuída, a fim de identificar possíveis vulnerabilidades nessa atividade. O estudo constatou quatro vulnerabilidades, vistas aqui muito mais como características nos processos da atividade: as representações ao nível do cockpit são sempre parciais e incompletas; algumas interações requerem, além da corporificação, interpretações; as interações entre os agentes não seguem um processo canônico de coordenação; e o controle da prevenção de falhas é preciso, porém, não é adequado. O quarto artigo descreve como a coordenação pode ser interpretada como um fenômeno cognitivo distribuído e situado em cockpit de aeronaves. Nesse sentido, o estudo parte da integração da perspectiva da teoria dos sistemas cognitivos correlacionados com quatro requisitos de coordenação descritos na literatura: representação compartilhada (common ground), interprevisibilidade, diretividade e sincronia. A automação, além dos pilotos, é concebida como um terceiro agente da cabine. Como resultados dessa integração, são propostos quatro modos de coordenação no cockpit, os quais ocorrem em diferentes etapas de um voo. O quinto artigo apresenta o protocolo para análise dos fenômenos emergentes resultantes de interações em sistemas cognitivos correlacionados A aplicação do protocolo é ilustrada por meio da análise do cálculo das velocidades de decolagem. Os resultados do estudo são usados para a avaliação do protocolo, segundo critérios de validade, confiabilidade, usabilidade e potencial para alavancagem de melhorias.
This thesis seeks to answer the research question “how to analyze activities and events in the perspective of joint cognitive systems as focused on the work and the phenomena emerging from interactions between humans and their technical system?” Hence, the study aims at proposing a protocol to carry out this analysis. The research is conducted by means of an ethnographic research in the context of the activity of takeoff speeds calculation in commercial transport aircraft, and is presented in five articles. The first one describes how the conceptual field of Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) has been made up. In addition, a research agenda in complex socio‐technical systems is proposed, emphasizing the need for the analysis of work with focus on phenomena emerging from interactions. The second article aims at identifying and characterizing the activity of take‐off speeds calculation and its prototypes of failure. The results indicate the existence of fragilities, that were organized in 12 prototypes of failure. The third article aims at analyzing take‐off speeds calculation as a situated and distributed process in order to identify possible vulnerabilities in this activity. The study has found four vulnerabilities, which are seen as characteristics of the process: the representations at the cockpit level are always partial and incomplete; some interactions require interpretations instead of corporifications; the interactions between agents do not follow a canonical coordination process; and the failure prevention control is accurate, although, not adequate. The fourth article describes how coordination may be interpreted as a situated and distributed phenomenon in the cockpit of an aircraft. In this respect, the study draws on the integration of the perspectives of joint cognitive systems theory with four coordination requirements described in the literature: shared representation (common ground), interpredictability, directability and synchrony. Automation, rather than only pilots, is conceived of as a third agent in the cabin. As a result of this integration, four modes of coordination in the cockpit are proposed, which occur at different stages of the flight. The fifth article presents a protocol for the analysis of emerging phenomena in joint cognitive systems. The application of the protocol is illustrated by means of the analysis of take‐off speeds calculation. The results of the study are used for the evaluation of the protocol, according to criteria of validity, reliability, usability and potential for the leverage of improvements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Darses, Françoise. "Gestion des contraintes dans la résolution de problèmes de conception." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080840.

Full text

Abstract:

On connaît bien certains des processus cognitifs invoqués dans l'activité de conception : mise en œuvre de plans descendants, organisation opportuniste de la résolution du problème, transformations des représentations de l'artefact au sein d'une hiérarchie d'abstraction, évocation de schémas et réutilisation de solutions analogues. La gestion de contraintes est également un processus crucial de l'activité de conception, mais on connaît mal encore ses conditions de mise en œuvre et son rôle dans la résolution du problème. Cette recherche précise les représentations qui sont associées à la contrainte et les traitements qui lui sont appliqués. Une investigation expérimentale conduite dans le domaine de la conception de réseaux informatiques met en évidence qu'il est utile de formaliser la contrainte comme une relation de dépendance entre paramètres de l'artefact. On montre que les deux tiers des variables des protocoles sont impliquées dans l'expression de contraintes. Les concepteurs manipulent essentiellement deux types de contraintes : (i) des contraintes qui prennent naissance dans les données initiales du problème et qui génèrent des traits structurels ou physiques de l'artefact (environ 40% des contraintes); (ii) des contraintes qui mettent en relation les traits de solution structurels ou physiques entre eux (environ 25%). On fait apparaître que les contraintes sont presque toutes organisées en réseaux dont la complexité excède rarement une dizaine de contraintes. Ces réseaux sont structurés en faisceaux convergeant directement de la formulation des spécifications initiales vers la particularisation d'un trait structurel de l'artefact. On montre par ailleurs que la satisfaction des contraintes est généralement immédiatement réalisée. Le choix de la valeur d'une contrainte est arrêté de plusieurs façons : (i) le domaine de valeurs est préalablement réduit par le jeu de contraintes. .
Many cognitive processes involved in design activity are now well-known : top-down planning, opportunistic process, artefact representation changes within an abstraction hierarchy, schemata evocation and analogical solution reuse. Constraint management is also a crucial process in design, but its role and the way that it is brought into play must be further investigated. This PhD dissertation studies the mental representations which are attributed to the constraints and the way they are implemented. An experimental investigation in the domain of computer network design has stressed that it is worth to formalize the constraints as a relationship between the parameters of the artefact. It has been pointed out that 2 3 of the protocol variables are involved in constraints. Designers essentially use two different types of constraints: (i) constraints which come from the initial problem specifications and generate structural or physical parameters of the artefact (around 40% of the whole constraints set); (ii) constraints which link structural or physical parameters of the artefact together (around 25% of the whole constraints set). It appears that constraints are organized in networks, whose complexity is rarely beyond ten arcs. These networks are almost all organized as convergent beams, arising from various initial specifications and ending at a physical specification of the solution. It is also pointed out that constraint satisfaction is usually realized as soon as the constraint is formulated. The choice of the constraint value is done in many different ways: (i) the constraint domain is reduced beforehand through the use of implicit constraints bounded to the considered constraint. .

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

von, der Heyde Ananda Verfasser], Annette [Akademischer Betreuer] Kluge, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] [Rietz. "Understanding the determinants of safety-related rule violations : Integration of ergonomic, organisational and cognitive perspectives and discovering empirical evidence regarding the impact of the framing of production outcomes, goods at stake, personality and the communication and implementation of audits on rule-related behaviour / Ananda von der Heyde. Gutachter: Christian Rietz. Betreuer: Annette Kluge." Duisburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1067055193/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Heyde, Ananda von der [Verfasser], Annette [Akademischer Betreuer] Kluge, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Rietz. "Understanding the determinants of safety-related rule violations : Integration of ergonomic, organisational and cognitive perspectives and discovering empirical evidence regarding the impact of the framing of production outcomes, goods at stake, personality and the communication and implementation of audits on rule-related behaviour / Ananda von der Heyde. Gutachter: Christian Rietz. Betreuer: Annette Kluge." Duisburg, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:464-20150212-152412-8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Heyde, Ananda von der [Verfasser], Annette Akademischer Betreuer] Kluge, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] [Rietz. "Understanding the determinants of safety-related rule violations : Integration of ergonomic, organisational and cognitive perspectives and discovering empirical evidence regarding the impact of the framing of production outcomes, goods at stake, personality and the communication and implementation of audits on rule-related behaviour / Ananda von der Heyde. Gutachter: Christian Rietz. Betreuer: Annette Kluge." Duisburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1067055193/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Priot, Anne-Emmanuelle. "Perception du mouvement propre : contributions des différentes modalités sensorielles et applications en ergonomie cognitive." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685781.

Full text

Abstract:

La perception du mouvement propre met en jeu différents systèmes sensoriels (principalement visuel, vestibulaire et somatosensoriel). Ces informations sont traitées par le système nerveux central pour élaborer une représentation tridimensionnelle des mouvements de la tête et du corps dans l'espace, permettant ainsi des fonctions comme l'orientation spatiale, la perception des distances (distances relatives et distances parcourues), le maintien de l'équilibre et de la posture. La perception au niveau du récepteur périphérique ne reflète que très rarement la sensation consciente du mouvement. L'étude de la perception du mouvement doit donc s'intéresser aux interactions entre les différentes modalités sensorielles, plus qu'à l'étude de chaque canal sensoriel séparément. Les signaux provenant des différents systèmes sensoriels peuvent ne pas congruer, générant des situations d'illusions et de conflits sensoriels étudiées par l'ergonomie cognitive.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Abbasi, Sarwan. "Human-computer interaction in 3D object manipulation in virtual environments : a cognitive ergonomics contribution." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00603331.

Full text

Abstract:

It is proposed to investigate the cognitive processes involved in assembly/disassembly tasks, and then to apply the findings to the design of 3D virtual environments (VEs). Virtual Environments are interactive systems that enable one or more users to interact with the simulation of objects and scenes usually in three dimensions, in a realistic fashion, by means of a set of computational techniques covering one or more sensory modalities (vision, touch, haptic, hearing, etc.). Often described as the ultimate direct manipulation interface, this technology seeks to make the interface eventually 'disappear' in order to provide users with a 'natural' mode of interaction. Virtual reality (VR) is the experience of being within a VE. One objective of the VR technology is indeed to exploit natural human behaviour without requiring any learning from their users [Fuchs2003], [Bowman2005]. Moreover, VEs are a stimulating field of research because they involve perceptually and cognitively novel situations [Burkhardt2003]. VEs also offer a large potential of innovative solutions to existing application problems. Among others, assembly tasks are a major focus for VEs [Boud2000], [Brooks1999], [Lok2003‐a], [Lok2003‐b], due to their numerous potential applications, such as assembly/disassembly of objects, scientific research (e.g., molecular docking [Ferey2009] etc.). The common feature in VEs is the use of representations and devices to support the users in handling and arranging several distinct elements in a three dimensional (3D) space under specific constraints. Most of the current devices and interaction techniques have focused on providing users with high‐fidelity sensory stimulations, rather than targeting real‐life or task‐centred functions associated with the corresponding interfaces. While many contributions have been made to the field of VR, there are only few empirical data that have been published. We believe that it is very unlikely that more adapted VEs and assistance to users' task - in the specific context of assembly tasks - will follow either just by chance [Brooks1999], by making repeated trials, by tuning what we already have at hand, or by more realistic sensory renderings, without any reference to the 'specific properties of the tasks' including its cognitive dimension. Consequently, a clear picture of the cognitive processes and constraints in real tasks involving spatial manipulation should lead to a significant enhancement of the users' interactions with VEs. This enhancement can be made by creating better or new guidance mechanisms (e.g., video feedback, object collision detection, or avoidance mechanisms) adapted to the users' goals and strategies. This project thus involves work both from the cognitive side and its implications on 3D interactions in industrial VEs. The objective of this doctoral work is to contribute to a better understanding of human factors (HF) - including performance and cognitive processes - related to assisting spatial 3D manipulation and problem‐solving in assembly/disassembly tasks in VEs. For that purpose, we compared performance and strategies of subjects while they solve a simplified spatial task requiring them to assemble pieces to form a specified shape in various conditions of interfacing actions in real and virtual environments. The assembly task chosen was neither very easy such as put peg‐in‐a‐hole type task, as in [Zhang2005], [Pettinaro1999], or [Unger2001], nor highly complex and specific, such as performing open heart or liver surgery [Torkington2001] (one whose results could be applied only to that specific kind of task). The chosen task was semi‐complex, in which the users were required to construct a 3D cube using seven rectangular blocks of different sizes and shapes. The methodology used had two tiers: real and virtual. For the chosen assembly task, a study was first conducted in real settings, which was to provide inspiration, input, and insight for the main experiment to follow. The main experiment that followed was similar in design, but the difference was that it was conducted in virtual settings. The experiment in virtual settings was conducted in three modalities - the classical keyboard‐mouse, the gestural modality, and the vocal modality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Carvalho, Filho Juarez Solino de. "Ergonomia e internet : a competência como suporte à construção de componentes de navegação." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2007. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/2767.

Full text

Abstract:

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, 2007.
Submitted by mariana castro (nanacastro0107@hotmail.com) on 2009-12-14T14:42:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_JuarezSolinodeCarvalhoFilho.pdf: 3068302 bytes, checksum: b6d44100662a539146e1179c806d2879 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Lucila Saraiva(lucilasaraiva1@gmail.com) on 2009-12-16T22:34:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_JuarezSolinodeCarvalhoFilho.pdf: 3068302 bytes, checksum: b6d44100662a539146e1179c806d2879 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2009-12-16T22:34:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_JuarezSolinodeCarvalhoFilho.pdf: 3068302 bytes, checksum: b6d44100662a539146e1179c806d2879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27
A crescente informatização e utilização estratégica da Internet têm demandado mais atenção ao fenômeno da interação humano-computador. Facilitar essa interação pode significar a possibilidade ou não de o usuário lograr êxito em sua navegação. Para a Ergonomia a facilidade de uso passa pela incorporação de características na interface, que privilegiem as competências dos usuários, tornando-se fundamental conhecê-las. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar se um menu construído a partir das representações do público-alvo para o qual foi concebido aumenta a sua probabilidade de utilização e a efetividade da navegação. O estudo foi realizado com o sítio Internet, que disponibiliza informações dos programas sociais. O delineamento metodológico do trabalho adotou como fio condutor a análise da atividade e foi realizado em três etapas. Na primeira, por meio de análise intrínseca e extrínseca, buscou-se identificar proposições que aproximassem a lógica e estruturação da interface às necessidades e competências dos usuários. Na segunda, foram elaborados ícones para a construção de um novo menu que pudesse favorecer a navegação. Na terceira este novo componente foi validado. Os resultados, à luz da Ergonomia Cognitiva, apontaram mudanças em relação ao uso do novo menu, quando comparadas as condições de estudo (Etapas 1 e 3). No bojo da discussão vislumbrou-se a possibilidade de concepção de interfaces eletrônicas compatíveis com as competências de seus usuários, de forma a facilitar a navegação. A conclusão reforça que o caminho para a simplificação da relação homem-sistema-tarefa, passa pela adoção de práticas de re-concepção de interfaces e sistemas que busquem compatibilizar as estruturas de navegação e sua lógica às competências do público-alvo. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The increasing of informatics and use of Internet has requested more attention for the phenomenon of the human-computer interaction. Making easy this interaction means the possibility or not the user being successes in his/her navigation. For Ergonomics, the easiness of use goes through the incorporation of some features on the interface that favors the user´s competencies, becoming important knowing them. This present study aims at verifying if some site on internet, that places information about social programs, makes easy its target user’s interaction. It aims at investigating if a new navigation feature, developed by the user’s representations, increases the probability of use and the effectiveness of the navigation. The methodological outline has adopted the analyses of the navigation activity as the main stream and it was developed in three stages. In the first one, it aimed at identifying some propositions which make the logic and structure of the interface close to the users needs and competencies through the intrinsic an extrinsic analysis. In the second one, some icons were developed to the construction of a new menu that has the capability to improve the navigation. And the third stage, this feature was validated. In the view of Cognitive Ergonomics, the finds pointed changes in relation to the use of the new menu when the conditions of the study have been matched (stages 1 and 3). During the discussion, the possibility of electronic interface conception compatible with user’s competencies has been lightened in order to make the navigation easer. The conclusion shows up the way for making easy the relation task-human-system goes through the adoption of some re-conception interfaces and systems practices that objectives making compatible the navigation structure and its logic to the target user’s competencies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Mari, Carina Morais Magri. "Avaliação da acessibilidade e da usabilidade de um modelo de ambiente virtual de aprendizagem para a inclusão de deficientes visuais." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3670.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3683.pdf: 1656161 bytes, checksum: 4370a1447dc3a35ca039441a5aa052d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-05
This work presents collaborations of the ergonomics for the virtual learning environment, for its configuration and its use, seeking the inclusion of people with visual disabilities. These collaborations go along with the cognitive principles of ergonomics in which the focus is on the aspects of the usability and accessibility of interfaces of such environments. The virtual learning environment used was Moodle which is applied at Universidade Federal de São Carlos in order to offer distance education courses and where a visually impaired student takes subjects from the technological sugar-cane alcohol production course. The aim of this work is to analyse the interfaces under the view of accessibility, usability and ergonomics so as to facilitate the usage of the virtual learning environment from visually disabled students, contributing to the improvement of the UFSCar‟s distance education system, providing opportunity of inclusion to people with visual disabilities concerning distance education.
RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta colaborações da ergonomia para o projeto de ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem, para a sua configuração e sua utilização, buscando a inclusão de pessoas com deficiência visual. Essas colaborações estão perfiladas com os princípios ergonômicos cognitivos, em que o recorte do trabalho recai sobre os aspectos de usabilidade e acessibilidade de interfaces desses ambientes. O ambiente virtual de aprendizagem utilizado foi o Moodle, implantado na Universidade Federal de São Carlos para a oferta de cursos na modalidade a distância, utilizado por um deficiente visual em disciplinas ofertadas no curso de tecnologia em produção sucroalcooleira. A atenção desse trabalho está voltada para uma análise das interfaces sob a óptica de acessibilidade, usabilidade e ergonomia, com o objetivo de facilitar o deficiente visual a utilizar o ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, contribuindo para aprimorar o sistema de ensino a distância da UFSCar, dando oportunidade para a inclusão de deficientes visuais na educação a distância.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Debue, Nicolas. "TIC et cognition humaine :rôles des caractéristiques instrumentales des technologies sur la charge cognitive de l'utilisateur." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/241229.

Full text

Abstract:

Les Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) touchent aujourd’hui tous les secteurs de l’activité humaine et ont investi les sphèresfamiliales, éducatives et professionnelles. La quasi-totalité des foyers dispose d’un ordinateur, d’une tablette ou d’un ou plusieurs smartphones reliés à internet. Les écoles s’équipent toujours davantage en matériels informatiques en proposant ordinateurs et tablettes aux jeunes qu’elles cherchent à former à la société de l’information numérique. Dans les entreprises, les TIC se déploient massivement et sont perçues comme des catalyseurs de la flexibilité et de la productivité des travailleurs. Les travaux de recherche présentés dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat interrogent le rôle des caractéristiques de ces nouveaux outils numériques sur la cognition humaine. Les études présentées mettent en évidence que les caractéristiques des hypermédias telles que la qualité ergonomique de l’interface ou la présence de contenus multimodaux peuvent influencer la performance de l’utilisateur et ses perceptions à l’égard de ces systèmes. L’influence des caractéristiques des dispositifs technologiques est également explorée au travers derecherches comparant les comportements d’utilisation des ordinateurs portables et tablettes tactiles pour effectuer des recherches d’informations sur internet. Il apparaît que dans ce contexte la tablette n’apporte pas de bénéfices de performance par rapport à un ordinateur portable, ce qui s’expliquerait notamment par un accroissement de l’effort cognitif requis. Au travers de ces recherches, des méthodes de mesure de la charge cognitive sont explorées au moyen de mesures subjectives et de mesures physiologiques telles que l’activité oculomotrice ou corticale.
Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Dequidt, Clotilde. "Étude des conditions d'efficacité d'une analogie mécanique instrumentée pour l'enseignement de l'électrocinétique en terminale scientifique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20014/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Depuis plus de trente années, des recherches en didactique de la physique ont montré dans un grand nombre de pays que les élèves rencontrent des difficultés d'apprentissage en électricité et ce, quel que soit le niveau scolaire. Ces difficultés s’expliquent notamment par un certain nombre de conceptions qui viennent entraver la compréhension des phénomènes électriques. Pour palier ces difficultés, les didacticiens, et de fait les enseignants, utilisent des analogies plus ou moins adaptées et performantes. Pour réaliser notre travail de recherche, nous étudions une analogie innovante entre les domaines mécanique (domaine source) et électrique (domaine cible), cette analogie a la particularité d'être instrumentée, ce qui permet d'expérimenter dans le domaine source. Notre travail de recherche s’intéresse aux conditions d’efficacité de cette analogie pour l'apprentissage des élèves. La revue bibliographique dans les domaines de la didactique de la physique, l'ergonomie et la cognition incarnée a permis, dans un premier temps, d'établir un ensemble de conditions auxquelles doit répondre l'analogie pour être efficace. Notre travail a permis de montrer que cette analogie possède les critères requis pour être considérée comme une analogie potentiellement efficace. Dans un second temps, nous avons vérifié l'impact de la mise en oeuvre de cette analogie avec des élèves de terminale scientifique. Pour cela nous avons réalisé des questionnaires et des entretiens avec les élèves. Les résultats aux questionnaires mettent en évidence une efficacité moindre que celle que laissait supposer l'étude sur le potentiel didactique de l'analogie. C'est par le biais d'entretiens auprès des enseignants et d'enregistrements de cours qu'une très grande disparité d'utilisation de l'analogie a été repérée. L'étude des données recueillies permet de mieux comprendre les raisons qui expliquent la faible utilisation de l'analogie. Ces résultats ont permis la conception d'une première version d'un guide d'utilisation à destination des enseignants
For over thirty years, research in didactics of physics have shown in many countries that students encounter learning difficulties in electricity and that, regardless of the grade level. These difficulties can be especially explained by a number of misconceptions that prevent the understanding of electrical phenomena. To overcome these difficulties, researchers in didactics and teachers use analogies which are more or less adapted and powerful. To achieve our research, we study an innovative mechanical analogy between mechanical domain (source domain) and electrical domain (target domain). This analogy has the feature of being instrumented, which allows to experiment in the source domain. Our research focusses on the conditions of effectiveness of this analogy for student learning. The literature review in physics, science education, ergonomics and embodied cognition allowed, firstly, to establish a set of conditions to be met by the analogy to be effective. Our work has shown that this analogy has the necessary criteria to be considered an effective analogy. Secondly, we tested the impact of the implementation of this analogy with scientific 12th grade students. For this, we made tests and interviews with students. The test results show a lower efficiency than suggested by the study of the potential of the analogy. Through interviews with teachers and course records, we note a great disparity of use of the analogy. The study of collected data allows to better understand the reasons of the low use of the analogy. These results allowed to design a first version of a manual for teachers

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Gerber, Adriano Schaun. "Análise dos sistemas de trabalho do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência - SAMU sob a ótica sociotécnica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26871.

Full text

Abstract:

Essa dissertação é formada por três artigos que versam sobre o Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência – SAMU, da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. O primeiro artigo analisa a extensão na qual o SAMU opera como um sistema sociotécnico, considerando os 19 princípios propostos por Clegg (2000), tendo ficado claro que o sistema atende a 4, parcialmente a 3 e não atende a 12 deles. O segundo artigo foca o sistema de regulação do SAMU à luz dos quatro subsistemas do sistema sociotécnico: o pessoal, do projeto de trabalho, o tecnológico e do ambiente externo. O método utilizado para análise foi a Análise Macroergonômica do Trabalho – AMT (GUIMARÃES, 2010), que viabilizou a identificação de demanda ergonômica dos envolvidos no sistema, a partir de entrevistas e/ou questionários com 118 pessoas, sendo 41 trabalhadores da regulação e 77 das bases.Os resultados mostraram que os ítens de maior impacto para o desenvolvimento do serviço advém do ambiente externo, principalmente o despreparo da população para o uso do serviço (os trotes chegam a 69% das chamadas) e o risco de omissão de socorro. O terceiro artigo avalia o SAMU como um sistema complexo sob a ótica da Engenharia de Sistemas Cognitivos (ESC), que considera os fatores de coordenação, resiliência e “affordance” que emergem nas interações entre tecnologia e pessoas que compõem um sistema de trabalho. Concluiu-se que o SAMU possui diversas características de um sistema sociotécnico complexo, e que o sistema é descoordenado e clumssy, pois não possui artefatos e procedimentos de trabalho que agilizem o processo de trabalho. As características de resiliência são pró ativas e emergentes, pois os agentes diretos estão em constante adaptação para contornar os obstáculos encontrados no sistema de trabalho. Foram feitas algumas sugestões para melhoria do serviço, que poderão ser efetivadas a longo prazo, tendo em vista as dificuldades impostas pelo ambiente externo (legislação e questões políticas e sócio-culturais).
This dissertation consists of three articles that focus on the Mobile Emergency Service – SAMU of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. The first article examines the extent to which the SAMU operates as a sociotechnical system, considering the 19 principles proposed by Clegg (2000), it was clear that the system meets the 4, 3 and partially does not meet 12 of them. The second article focuses on the system of regulation of SAMU in the light of the four subsystems of the socio-technical system: staffing, project work, the technological and the external environment. The method of analysis was the Macroergonomic Work Analysis - MWA (GUIMARÃES, 2010), which enabled the identification of ergonomic demands of those involved in the system, based on interviews and / or questionnaires to 118 people, including 41 employees of regulation and 77 bases. The results showed that the items of greatest impact on service development comes from the external environment, especially the unpreparedness of the population using the service (hazing reach 69% of calls) and the risk of failure to save. The third article assesses the SAMU as a complex system from the perspective of Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE), which considers the factors of coordination, resilience and "affordance" that emerge in the interactions between technology and people that make a system work. It was concluded that the SAMU has several characteristics of a complex socio-technical system and the system is patchy and clumssy as it has no artifacts and work processes that streamline the work process. The characteristics of resilience are clear, as the direct agents are constantly adapting to bypass the obstacles encountered in the work. There have been some suggestions for improving the service, which could take effect in the long term, in view of the difficulties imposed by the external environment (legislation and policy issues and socio-cultural).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Lim, Dokshin. "Modélisation du processus de conception centrée utilisateur, basée sur l'intégration des méthodes et outils de l'ergonomie cognitive : application à la conception d'IHM pour la télévision interactive." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006623.

Full text

Abstract:

Les technologies de l'information atteignent une maturité en ce qui concerne leur application sur les produits grand public. A ce stade, la conception poussée par technologies doit se tourner vers la conception centrée utilisateur. Nous avons observé les tendances suivantes dans le domaine des Appareils Numériques Electroniques Grand Public (ANEGP) : la convergence de fonctions et de fonctionnalités et la diversité de dispositifs d'entrée et de sortie de l'information. Dans ce contexte, l'ergonome est appelé le plus tôt possible dans le processus de conception et ce, en tant que porteur du projet. La phase de développement de concepts demande à l'ergonome de jongler constamment entre la créativité et l'évaluation. Il a besoin d'élaborer des Représentations Intermédiaires (RI) précoces et de repositionner les méthodes classiques. Nous avançons deux hypothèses : Les différentes RI formalisées au cours de l'Analyse des Tendances Conjointes peuvent être utilisées en tant qu'outil de dialogue interdisciplinaire. Les techniques dites économiques peuvent être utilisées afin de tester les pré-concepts. Nous avons expérimenté ces hypothèses dans le cadre d'un projet RNRT Télévision Interactive (TVi). Le résultat de cette recherche est un modèle du processus de conception des ANEGP pour générer des concepts adaptés aux utilisateurs. Au cours de la construction de ce modèle nous avons pu contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des démarches de l'ergonome dans le domaine des ANEGP.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Saouaya, Roberto. "Avaliação das demandas de usuários operadores e engenheiros na elaboração de uma interface gráfica de um sistema supervisório (SDCD) de uma planta petroquímica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3513.

Full text

Abstract:

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar, analisar e selecionar as variáveis prioritárias para o controle de um Sistema Digital de Controle Distribuído (SDCD) de transporte pneumático de esferas de uma Petroquímica. O método adotado no estudo foi o Desenho Comentado de Guimarães (1993), onde o usuário é filmado enquanto desenha e verbaliza sobre como se dá o funcionamento e o controle do sistema em estudo. O método permitiu conhecer as necessidades e prioridades dos sujeitos envolvidos na pesquisa e identificou diferenças entre as opiniões, que impactam na concepção da interface: basicamente, os operadores e engenheiros entendem o funcionamento do sistema de forma semelhante mas divergem na forma de conceber uma tela para o controle do mesmo sistema. Os sujeitos engenheiros foram mais detalhistas e preocupados com a segurança do sistema, ao verbalizarem mais variáveis nos dois modos de operação (funcionamento e controle) se comparados com os operadores. Os operadores mostraram preferência por uma interface que represente a área. Pode-se concluir que os operadores têm uma visão local (operacional) do sistema supervisório e os engenheiros têm uma visão global (gerencial) do mesmo sistema. Uma proposta de interface que concilie os conhecimentos teórico e tácito dos dois sujeitos parece ser a melhor alternativa de interface a ser testada.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Nazin, Remi. "Ergonomie théorique de l’humain-machine : quels fondements épistémologiques pour une conception sûre ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0012/document.

Full text

Abstract:

La conception sûre et le développement maîtrisé des systèmes humain(s)-machines(s)s est un enjeu majeur pour l’ensemble de la société et, spécialement, dans les domaines critiques comme les domaines militaire, aérospatial et médical qui sont amenés à évoluer conjointement, grâce aux progrès réalisés par l’automatisation. Parallèlement, les techniques disponibles pour assurer la mise en place de solutions répondant à ces besoins sont également en constante progression concernant leurs dimensions de puissance, efficacité énergétique, miniaturisation, ce qui correspond à la notion de convergence Nanotechniques-Biotechniques-Informatique-Sciences Cognitives.Tout cela rend nécessaire d’avoir une ergonomie théorique, non pas au sens parfois entendu d’un détachement de la pratique mais au sens d’une ergonomie fondée sur un cadre conceptuel et formel permettant de rendre intelligibles les méthodologies et normes utilisées à travers des principes généraux.Ainsi, l’ergonomie théorique n’est pas une théorie de l’ergonomie mais une théorie de l’anthropotechnique, qui cherche à développer une méthodologie et une épistémologie pragmatique, propre à apporter les fondements conceptuels à ce qui existe aujourd’hui et à permettre le développement futur de l’ergonomie comme champ scientifique. Elle repose sur l’idée centrale qu’à la base de toute Interface Humain(s)- Machine(s) se produit une interaction particulière ; l’interaction sémiotique.Cette interaction particulière, propre aux être vivants, est à la base de l’intégration entre l’individu et son environnement. C’est elle qui lui permet d’agir dans le monde en produisant de la signification à partir de la perception sensible. En envisageant l’humain comme un système biologique intégré, au sens de Chauvet, c’est à dire comme un système dont le comportement est le produit des couplages implicites à différents niveaux de structure, il est possible de fonder un paradigme postcognitiviste en psychologie générale. Le propre de ce paradigme est qu’il permet d’envisager le comportement de l’individu à partir de sa biologie et de façon non réductionniste.À partir des travaux de Chauvet et de Fass, il est possible d’établir une modélisation mathématique de ces phénomènes biologiques qui permette de formaliser les spécifications d’un système technique, à partir des exigences liées aux facteurs humains. Grâce à ce cadre conceptuel, il est possible d’analyser et de réformer certains outils précieux pour l’ergonome comme la critériologie de Bastien et Scapin dont nous proposons une généralisation à tous les systèmes techniques. Cette critériologie a pour fonction originelle de permettre qu’un système interactif réponde à un ensemble fondamental d’exigences liées aux facteurs humains. En la généralisant et en la formalisant, il devient possible d’envisager une modélisation des paramètres fondamentaux de l’interaction sémiotique.Cette approche aboutit dans une ontologie de conception, qui a pour ambition d’être un cadre formel de modélisation de l’interaction humain(s)-machine(s). Nous en proposons une application à MIDAS, outil de modélisation de la performance humaine, développé par la NASA. Le propos de cette ontologie est de permettre la modélisation de l’interaction de façon simultanée à la modélisation du comportement de l’utilisateur ce qui permet de mettre en évidence quels sont les paramètres hamartogènes d’une hypothèse de conception.Ainsi, l’usage d’ontologies de conception ouvre la voie à la construction de modèles formels, corrects par construction, de l’interaction humain(s)-machine(s) et de ses conditions optimales de mise en place, permettant ainsi une conception plus assurée des systèmes à dimension critique
The safe design and controlled development of human(s)-machine(s) systems is a major challenge for society as a whole and, especially, in critical areas such as the military, aerospace and medical fields that are brought to evolve, thanks to the progress made by automation. At the same time, the techniques available to ensure the implementation of solutions that meet these needs are also constantly increasing with regard to their power dimensions, energy efficiency and miniaturization, which corresponds to the notion of convergence between Nanotechniques-Biotechniques-Informatics-Cognitive Sciences.All this makes necessary to have theoretical ergonomics, not in the sense sometimes understood of a detachment of the practice but in the sense of ergonomics based on a conceptual and formal framework making possible to render the methodologies and norms used through general principles intelligible.Thus, theoretical ergonomics are not a theory of ergonomics but a theory of anthropotechnics, which seeks to develop a methodology and a pragmatic epistemology, capable of providing the conceptual foundations for what exists today and to allow the future development of ergonomics as a scientific field. It is based on the central idea that at the base of any Human(s)-Machine(s) Interface occurs a particular interaction ; semiotic interaction.This particular interaction, specific to living beings, is at the basis of the integration between the individual and his environment. It is what allows it to act in the world, by producing meaning from sensible perception. By considering the human as an integrated biological system, in the sense of Chauvet, as a system whose behavior is the product of implicit couplings at different levels of structure, it is possible to found a postcognitive paradigm in general psychology. The peculiarity of this paradigm is that it makes possible to envisage the behavior of the individual from his biology and in a non-reductionist way.From the work of Chauvet and Fass, it is possible to establish a mathematical modeling of these biological phenomena, allowing to formalize the specifications of a technical system, based on the requirements related to human factors. Thanks to this conceptual framework, it is possible to analyze and reform some valuable tools for the ergonomist like the criterium of Bastien and Scapin for which we propose a generalization to all technical systems. The primary function of this criterology is to allow an interactive system to meet a fundamental set of requirements related to human factors. By generalizing and formalizing it, it becomes possible to envisage a modeling of the fundamental parameters of the semiotic interaction.This approach results in a design ontology, which aims to be a formal framework for modeling human(s)-machine(s) interactions. We propose an application to MIDAS, a human performance modeling tool developed by NASA. The purpose of this ontology is to allow the modeling of the interaction simultaneously to the modeling of the behavior of the user which makes it possible to highlight what are the hamartogenic parameters of a given hypothesis of conception.Thus, the use of design ontologies opens the way to the construction of formal models, correct by construction, of the human(s)-machine(s) interaction and its optimal conditions of implementation, allowing a more assured design of critical systems

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Dominici, Michele. "Contributing to energy efficiency through a user-centered smart home." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869455.

Full text

Abstract:

Smart homes are residences equipped with information and communication technologies that anticipate and respond to the needs of the occupants. Despite the numerous research and industrial efforts, today only few expensive smart homes have been built and sold. The reason behind this slow uptake is the technology-driven approach characterizing existing solutions. The doctoral Thesis aims at demonstrating that a smart home can provide functionalities designed with a user-centered approach, taking into account ergonomic considerations about domestic activity and human cognition. This is achieved in collaboration with cognitive ergonomists, which help "minding the gap" between human context and machine-understandable context. Using off-the-shelf and lightweight instrumentation (also minimizing privacy concerns), extending existing context modeling, reasoning and management tools and following the Ubiquitous Computing principles, the doctoral work led to the following achievements: (i) the inter-disciplinary design of suitable functionalities, in collaboration with cognitive ergonomists; (ii) the design of a context-aware system that captures and reasons about uncertain contextual information in a distributed fashion; (ii) the realization of a working prototype that demonstrates the provision of energy-saving and comfort-preserving functionalities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Coelho, Denis. "A growing concept of ergonomics including pleasure. comfort and cognitive engineering: an engineering design perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/660.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this dissertation is to study and assess comfort, pleasure and cognitive engineering for relevance in engineering design processes, working towards finding an integrated theoretical structure. From this overall aim, operative aims and research questions were derived and pursued with the support of literature studies and analysis of five empirical studies. The operative aims are: establish the levels of scientific knowledge (in terms of development potential and feasibility); test the levels of development in practice of theoretical structures, data collection methods and representation formats; and, apply activity theory to attempt compatibilizing the three theoretical structures (broken down into subconcepts, operatives and measurable variables). Conclusions and conclusive remarks are delivered, springing from the analyses made. The results of the assessments of model validity and maturity showed that universal design methods in comfort, pleasure and cognitive engineering, for direct application by engineering design, are presently not available, with an exception found for thermal comfort. Predictability concerning seat comfort, cognitive engineering and pleasure with products has not yet been achieved, but it is deemed feasible for some of their sub-areas: modelling physical discomfort in sitting, modelling pleasurable product properties for cultural sub-groups and predicting patterns of the impact of change on joint cognitive systems. Other sub-areas are not considered worthwhile pursuing for attaining engineering systematization, since their predictability is not deemed attainable. This situation hence precludes the development of a complete integrated comfort, pleasure and cognitive engineering design method for unaided application by engineering design. In these areas, design problems are thus better tackled using a combined process of research and design, which recurs to the existing theoretical structures but also to context based research intended to fill in the gaps of theory. A moderate level of compatibility between the theoretical structures of comfort, pleasure and cognitive engineering was attained. While pleasure pursues in practice the goal of adding gains, comfort and cognitive engineering struggle in practice with relieving pain and minimizing loss. The psychological human aspect is common to all three areas, although it is not pursued in practice in comfort, nor does cognitive engineering pursue in practice the psychological aspect of emotions. Partial commonalities were found between comfort and pleasure (in what concerns physical aspects) and between cognitive engineering and pleasure (in what concerns psychological aspects) at the level of subconcepts. A common underlying activity structure of activity-goal-user-artefact was demonstrated for the empirical studies dealing with comfort and cognitive engineering. This showed, for both areas, that deriving measurable variables and identifying operatives could be done from the operation level of activity theory, once the elements relevant to the design problem are classified according to the activity-user-goal-artefact categories. Activity theory also enabled structuring and organizing a common research-design process underlying the conduction of specific design studies in comfort and cognitive engineering. This process is also suggested as applicable for designing Human Factors and Ergonomics quality wherever theory gaps are found.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Brito, Gabrielle de. "Analyse ergonomique du suivi de procédures écrites dans les environnements dynamiques (speed) appliquée à l'aéronautique." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05H057.

Full text

Abstract:

Dans le domaine aéronautique, la sécurité des vols repose sur un grand nombre d'automatismes et sur respect de procédures écrites, élaborées par les constructeurs et les compagnies. La problématique recherche de cette thèse est née du constat que parmi les causes d'accidents graves dans le domaine aéronautique, les déviations aux procédures constituent la cause le plus souvent invoquée. Si la nécessité de ces procédures semble aujourd'hui globalement admise par l'ensemble des acteurs du milieu de l'aviation civile, il n'en est pas de même concernant leur contenu et leur utilisation. Cette thèse présente une analyse psycho-cognitive de la tâche d'utilisation des procédures écrites. Pour se faire, nous avons proposé un modèle appelé SPEED (suivi de procédures écrites dans les environnements dynamiques) en vue de comprendre l'usage des procédures écrites dans les environnements dynamiques ainsi que les raisons qui conduisent les opérateurs, à ne pas toujours utiliser les procédures conformément règles établies par le constructeur et leurs compagnies. Ce modèle décompose en neuf étapes les activités impliquées dans le suivi de procédures écrites : (1) la détection des conditions d'emploi des écrites, (2) l'élaboration d'un diagnostic, (3) l'estimation du besoin de procédure écrite, (4) la recherche de procédure écrite, (5) la lecture des items de la procédure écrite, (6) l'évaluation de la pertinence, (7) la planification des actions écrites, (8) l'exécution des instructions lues et (9) l'évaluation des résultats de l'action. SPEED ne doit pas être considéré comme un modèle séquentiel mais plutôt comme un itératif, ou les étapes peuvent être facultatives.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Silva, Gustavo de Andrade. "Ergonomia cognitiva do uso de relógio inteligente durante condução simulada de automóvel : movimento dos olhos e desempenho de motoristas experientes e novatos /." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157270.

Full text

Abstract:

Submitted by GUSTAVO DE ANDRADE SILVA (obscuremetaller@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T01:43:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado - Gustavo de Andrade SIlva.pdf: 6925468 bytes, checksum: 967cb2ee2e821188542fb5b1fb5af49f (MD5)
Rejected by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1 - Inserir no corpo do texto a ficha catalográfica, pois é um ítem obrigatório. 2 - Inserir no corpo do texto a cópia da ata de defesa, pois é um ítem obrigatório. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-10-09T12:05:19Z (GMT)
Submitted by GUSTAVO DE ANDRADE SILVA (obscuremetaller@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T15:27:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado - Gustavo de Andrade SIlva.pdf: 7092505 bytes, checksum: 841cdeae95494c0f93e55115aa751924 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-10-09T16:59:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ga_me_bauru.pdf: 7092505 bytes, checksum: 841cdeae95494c0f93e55115aa751924 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T16:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ga_me_bauru.pdf: 7092505 bytes, checksum: 841cdeae95494c0f93e55115aa751924 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-30
O relógio inteligente é um novo tipo de eletrônico para o punho com funcionalidades idênticas as de um celular, que também é utilizado por motoristas durante a tarefa de condução do veículo, representando uma nova forma de distração do motorista, e risco aumentado de acidentes no trânsito; uma demanda da ergonomia cognitiva. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o efeito do uso de relógio inteligente sobre motoristas experientes e novatos durante a condução simulada de automóvel, na tarefa de seguir o automóvel à frente, através da análise de movimento dos olhos, da cabeça e do desempenho na condução. Vinte motoristas experientes (EXP) e vinte motoristas novatos (NOV) realizaram a tarefa de seguir um carro à frente por um percurso de 2 km em quatro condições: somente seguir o carro (CAR), seguir o carro e receber uma notificação de texto no relógio inteligente (NOT), seguir o carro que freará de modo inesperado e brusco (FRE) e seguir o carro que freará de modo inesperado e brusco e, adicionalmente, receber uma notificação de texto (FNOT). Os dados do olhar, da cabeça e do desempenho na condução do automóvel foram submetidos à análise de variância de grupo (EXP, NOV) por condição de freada (CAR, FRE) por condição de notificação (NOT, FNOT) por tentativa (1, 2, 3). O desempenho da condução de veículo foi afetado pela freada do carro à frente e pelo uso do relógio inteligente ao receber notificação. Ao receber uma notificação no relógio, mudava-se o foco atencional do trânsito para realizar a leitura de texto, aumentando as chances de ocorrência de acidente. Experientes e novatos apresentaram diferentes estratégias para viabilizar a leitura do texto no relógio; experientes mostraram-se mais eficientes, mas ambos grupos desviaram o olhar da pista em detrimento da atenção, o que resultou em condição de risco.
Smartwatch is a new kind of electronic to be worn on the wrist with features similar to those of mobile phones, they are also being used by drivers during their driving task, representing a new form of distraction for drivers and increasing chances of traffic accidents. The goal of this project is to determine the use effect of smartwatches on experienced and novice drivers while driving on a simulated driving task following a vehicle ahead, through the analysis of eye and head movement and driving performance in a driving simulator. Twenty experienced drivers (EXP) and twenty novice drivers (NOV) will follow a car ahead for 2 kilometers in four conditions: follow a car ahead (CAR), follow a car ahead and receive a text message notification on the smartwatch (NOT), follow a car ahead that brakes abruptly (FRE) and follow a car ahead and receive a text message notification on the smartwatch while the car ahead brakes abruptly (FNOT). The gaze, head movement and driving performance data will be subjected to group variance analysis (EXP, NOV), with or without braking (CAR, FRE), with or without smartwatch notification (NOT, FNOT) and by trial (1, 2, 3). The diver’s performance showed to be affected by the car’s ahead braking and by the use of smartwatch during reading tasks. Attentional focus was shifted away from the road to the smartwatch when drivers tried to perform the reading task, thus increasing the chances of an accident. Experienced and novice drivers used different strategies to perform the reading task while driving; experienced drivers were more efficient but both groups shifted their gaze away from the road in detriment of their attention to the traffic, which resulted in risk conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Pedroso, Denise Maria Woranovicz. "A ergonomia cognitiva e a percepção humana como base para uma proposta de modelo de sinalização em ambientes universitarios." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1994. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/157882.

Full text

Abstract:

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnologico
Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-08T19:06:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 94339.pdf: 8011131 bytes, checksum: 651f026fd6a0ecf96a26fdf686c915c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994
O desenvolvimento de sistemas de sinalização é importante para que a orientação das pessoas aconteça de forma mais fácil, sobretudo em locais de grande porte. Neste trabalho procurou-se investigar a maneira como vêm sendo resolvidos os problemas ligados a projetos de sinalização interna e externa, além de considerar a percepção e a cognição humana como sendo a base teórica para analisar e desenvolver tais projetos. Foi proposto, desta forma, um modelo para desenvolvimento de sistemas de sinalização em ambientes universitários, onde tentou-se organizar um fluxograma de atividades, visando abordar as diferentes fases da organização do trabalho de projeto. O modelo foi aplicado na UNIVILLE - Universidade da Região de Joinville, mediante a implementação de algumas placas, a nível de protótipo, no referido campus. Trata-se de um teste piloto, através do qual pretendeu-se validar este modelo mediante uma aplicação prática, que identificou dados mais representativos a respeito da influência da sinalização sobre o usuário.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Garrigou, Alain. "Les apports des confrontations d'orientation socio-cognitives au sein de processus de conception participatifs : le rôle de l'ergonomie." Paris, CNAM, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993CNAM0160.

Full text

Abstract:

Ce travail de these porte sur la problematique de la participation d'operateurs aux processus de conception dans le cadre d'une intervention ergonomique. La reflexion menee a eu pour point de depart le constat d'ecarts importants entre la methodologie retenue en debut d'intervention et celle reellement mise en oeuvre. L'analyse a posteriori de l'intervention met alors en evidence une contradiction majeure : malgre des difficultes methodologiques, l'intervention a permis de transformer de nombreuses situations de travail. Une analyse plus fine du deroulement de l'intervention fait apparaitre que c'est la participation des operateurs au processus de conception, ainsi que les interactions socio-cognitives sous-jacentes, qui ont contribue a la reussite de l 'intervention. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de these a cherche a poursuivre deux objectifs :. Un objectif d'ordre methodologique : un developpement de la formalisation de la methodologie d'ergonomie de conception elaboree par daniellou, en particulier portant sur le role de l'ergonome dans les processus de conception participatifs. Un objectif d'ordre theorique : une description des interactions socio-cognitives impliquees dans les processus de conception participatifs. Il est mis en evidence d'une part que l'activite de participation fait appel a un processus de confrontation des connaissances des operateurs et des concepteurs. ; et d'autre part que des confrontations spontanees des connaissances des operateurs et des concepteurs ne permettent pas toujours d'intervenir efficacement sur le projet
For more than 20 years, the problematic of workers participation encounters a considerable interest with management and social sciences. But some authors begin to point out that in reality several participation experiences come up against difficulties. This experiences resulted in disappointment for the staff management (difficulties and delays in reaching production and quality objectives) and for the workers (no benefice for the worker involved in). A bibliographical survey shows up that most of the explanations provided by the "participatory" literature concern : - ideological resistances, and power-struggle; - participative structures; - and individual difficulties (motivations and lack of knowledge of the participants). Without denying these explanations, it is argued here that they are not sufficient for decribing the difficulties encountered. The lack of taking into account the cognitive problems involved in the participation activities is pointed out. This work deals with the participation of workers in the design of complex industrial systems, with the aims of improvin g working conditions and productivity. An " a posteriori" analysis of an ergonomic intervention in a participative desig n process is carried out, in order to describe the socio-cognitive interactions involved in such a design process

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Garrigou, Alain. "Les apports des confrontations d'orientations socio-cognitives au sein de processus de conception participatifs : le rôle de l'ergonome /." Bordeaux : Université Victor-Segalen Bordeaux 2-ISPED, Laboratoire d'ergonomie des systèmes complexes, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376446882.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cognitive Ergonomic'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles