Books: 'Cognitive inhibition'

1

Weiner, Ina, and Robert E. Lubow. Latent inhibition: Cognition, neuroscience, and applications to schizophrenia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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2

Pailing, Patricia. Predictors of academic achievement and social competence in adolescence: Facilitation, inhibition and general cognitive processing. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Psychology, 1998.

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3

Gorfein, David S., and Colin M. MacLeod, eds. Inhibition in cognition. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11587-000.

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4

The risks of knowing: Developmental impediments to school learning. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.

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5

N, Dempster Frank, and Brainerd Charles J, eds. Interference and inhibition in cognition. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995.

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6

E, Lubow Robert, and Weiner Ina 1949-, eds. Latent inhibition: Cognition, neuroscience, and applications to schizophrenia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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7

Rationalité, développement, et inhibition: Un nouveau cadre d'analyse. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995.

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8

Rajaram, Suparna. Collaborative Inhibition in Group Recall: Cognitive Principles and Implications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0004.

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Collaborative inhibition in recall is a counterintuitive yet widely replicated phenomenon observed in experimental research on memory. Collaborative inhibition refers to the finding where the joint recall of an interacting group is significantly lower than the sum of the nonredundant items that a “nominal group,” or an equal number of individuals working alone, recall. This chapter provides a selective review of the published findings on this phenomenon from laboratory research. The goal is to familiarize the reader with evidence from our work and those of other groups to characterize the nature of the collaborative inhibition effect, to identify the conditions where this effect reduces, disappears, or even reverses, to explore its occurrence across different group structures, and to describe its post-collaborative consequences on memory.

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9

Coghill, David, Maggie Toplak, Sinead Rhodes, and Nicoletta Adamo. Cognitive functioning in ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0010.

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Inhibition, memory, temporal discounting, decision-making, timing, and intraindividual variability in reaction time have emerged as key cognitive domains for understanding neurocognitive deficits in individuals with ADHD. In the domain of inhibition, motor inhibition has been studied most extensively, with deficits demonstrated in both restraint and cancellation. Working memory difficulties have been identified using a broad range of tasks. Decision-making has been less well studied, but risky decision-making and temporal discounting have displayed relatively consistent effects. Motor timing, duration discrimination, duration reproduction, and variability on all of these tasks have also been implicated in ADHD. From a clinical perspective, whilst ADHD is clearly associated with a broad range of neuropsychological deficits, there is considerable heterogeneity and none of these deficits is required or necessary for a diagnosis. However, neuropsychological measures may help define cognitive subgroups within ADHD and these may in turn be useful in predicting course, outcome, and treatment response.

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10

Houdé, Olivier. 3-System Theory of the Cognitive Brain: A Post-Piagetian Approach to Cognitive Development. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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11

Houdé, Olivier. 3-System Theory of the Cognitive Brain: A Post-Piagetian Approach to Cognitive Development. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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12

Houdé, Olivier. 3-System Theory of the Cognitive Brain: A Post-Piagetian Approach to Cognitive Development. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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13

3-System Theory of the Cognitive Brain: A Post-Piagetian Approach to Cognitive Development. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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14

Bartolomeo/Lupi. Inhibitory After-Effects in Spatial Processing: Experimental and Theoretical Issues on Inhibition of Return (Cognitive Neuropsychology). Psychology Press, 2006.

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15

Daskalakis, Zafiris J., and Robert Chen. Evaluating the interaction between cortical inhibitory and excitatory circuits measured by TMS. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0012.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation was first introduced in the late 1980s. Numerous studies have used TMS as an investigational tool to elucidate cortical physiology and to probe cognitive processes. This article introduces TMS paradigms and presents information gathered on cortical neuronal connectivity. TMS paradigms that demonstrate intracortical inhibition include short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), cortical silence period (cSP) and long interval cortical inhibition (LICI). There are two types of cortical inhibitions from the stimulation of other brain areas, interhemispheric inhibition and cerebellum inhibition. The inhibition of the motor cortex can also be induced through the stimulation of peripheral nerves. This article talks about studies that describe interaction between inhibitory and facilitatory paradigms, the results of which are discussed in terms of cortical physiology and connectivity. The study of the interactions among cortical inhibitory and excitatory circuits may help to elucidate pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric diseases.

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16

Desoete, Annemie. Cognitive Predictors of Mathematical Abilities and Disabilities. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.033.

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The cognitive predictors of mathematical abilities and disabilities/disorders (MD) were investigated. An overview is given of the prediction by early numeracy skills such as Piagetian logical thinking, counting, and number comparison skills. In addition, studies of relationships between language and numeracy in kindergarten and grade 1 are discussed. Moreover, the chapter sought out to extend our knowledge regarding the relationship between motor, visual and visuomotor skills and mathematical abilities and disabilities. Furthermore, the chapter discusses studies of working memory, inhibition, naming speed and inference control as cognitive predictors for mathematical abilities and MD. Finally findings about the sensitivity of number sense for MD are provided.

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17

Hodges, John R. Testing Cognitive Function at the Bedside. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the second component of assessment in patients with suspected cognitive dysfunction: testing cognitive function at the bedside. The first part of the examination should assess distributed cognitive functions, notably orientation and attention, episodic and semantic memory, and frontal executive function (initiation in the form of verbal fluency, abstraction, response inhibition, and set shifting); deficits in these indicate damage to particular brain systems, but not to focal areas of one hemisphere. The second part of the assessment deals with localized functions, divided into those associated with the dominant (i.e. the left side, in right-handers) and non-dominant hemispheres. The former relates largely to tests of spoken language with supplementary tests of reading, writing, calculation, and praxis when applicable. Testing right hemisphere function focuses on neglect (personal and extrapersonal), visuospatial and constructional abilities, and the agnosias including object and face agnosia.

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18

Rustin, Charlotte. Working memory, speed of processing, inhibition and interference: Contributions to cognitive development in 5- to 10-year-old children. 2003.

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19

Hodgkiss, Andrew. Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: ‘small molecule’ molecularly targeted agents. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0008.

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The psychiatric consequences of a range of small-molecule, molecularly targeted systemic treatments for cancer are reviewed. Psychopathology may arise from the endocrine complications of VEGFR/multiple TK inhibitors. The mechanisms by which PI3K/AKT inhibition and proteasome inhibition can provoke anxiety and depressive phenomena in animals and humans are discussed. PARP-1 inhibition impairs memory acquisition in animal models and is neuroprotective. PARP-2 inhibitors display anti-neuroinflammatory properties in mice. The cognitive enhancing, mood stabilizing, and neuroprotective effects of HDAC inhibitors are considered.

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20

Inhibition in cognition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2007.

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21

Effects of Sleep Deprivation: Fatigue, Confusion, Stress, Emotional Changes, Increased Rate of Infections, Paranoia, Memory Problems, Diminished Cognitive Performance, Hallucinations, Loss of Inhibition. Independently Published, 2021.

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22

Hammond, Christopher J., Marc N. Potenza, and Linda C. Mayes. Development of Impulse Control, Inhibition, and Self-Regulatory Behaviors in Normative Populations across the Lifespan. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0082.

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Impulsivity represents a complex multidimensional construct that may change across the lifespan and is associated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including substance use disorders, conduct disorder/antisocial personality disorder, and traumatic brain injury. Multiple psychological theories have considered impulsivity and the development of impulse control, inhibition, and self-regulatory behaviors during childhood. Some psychoanalytic theorists have viewed impulse control and self-regulatory behaviors as developing ego functions emerging in the context of id-based impulses and inhibitory pressures from the superego. Object relationists added to this framework but placed more emphasis on mother–child dyadic relationships and the process of separation and individuation within the infant. Cognitive and developmental theorists have viewed impulse control and self-regulation as a series of additive cognitive functions emerging at different temporal points during childhood and with an emphasis on attentional systems and the ability to inhibit a prepotent response. Commonalities exist across all of these developmental theories, and they all are consistent with the idea that the development of impulse control appears cumulative and emergent in early life, with the age range of 24–36 months being a formative period. Impulsivity is part of normal development in the healthy child, and emerging empirical data on normative populations (as measured by neuropsychological testing batteries, self-report measures, and behavioral observation) suggest that impulse control, self-regulation, and other impulsivity-related phenomena may follow different temporal trajectories, with impulsivity decreasing linearly over time and sensation seeking and reward responsiveness following an inverted U-shaped trajectory across the lifespan. These different trajectories coincide with developmental brain changes, including early maturation of subcortical regions in relation to the later maturation of the frontal lobes, and may underlie the frequent risk-taking behavior often observed during adolescence.

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23

Zelan, Karen. Risks of Knowing: Developmental Impediments to School Learning. Springer, 2013.

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24

Zelan, Karen. Risks of Knowing: Developmental Impediments to School Learning. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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25

Bancroft, John. Sexual problems. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780192627254.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 discusses sexual problems, the sex therapy approach (including topics such as improving communication and understanding, conflict resolution, cognitive restructuring of sexual meanings, and direct modification of sexual responses), experimental evidence in the male, the role of central inhibition, and experimental evidence in women.

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26

Carrión, Victor G., John A. Turner, and Carl F. Weems. Executive Function. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190201968.003.0001.

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In the first chapter, the relationship between traumatic stress and the broad domain of executive function (EF) and their neurofunctional correlates is discussed. The phenomenology of this relationship is reviewed in terms of the preclinical lesion and adult neuroimaging studies that have established a link between stress and deficits in executive functions. The myriad executive functions that have demonstrated vulnerability to traumatic stress are categorized as either updating, inhibiting, or shifting. Considerations from each domain establish clearly that the experience of trauma and the manifestation of posttraumatic stress symptoms can lead to or predispose individuals to deficits throughout the brain, resulting in slower processing speed, the formation of negative decision-making biases, and difficulties in emotional regulation, attention regulation, and response inhibition. The transition from psychometric cognitive tests to structural and functional neuroimaging and future directions for the study of executive function are also discussed.

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27

(Editor), David S. Gorfein, and Colin M. Macleod (Editor), eds. Inhibition in Cognition (Decade of Behavior). American Psychological Association (APA), 2007.

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28

Interference and Inhibition in Cognition. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-208930-5.x5000-4.

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29

Brainerd, Charles J., and Frank N. Dempster. Interference and Inhibition in Cognition. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1995.

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30

Wyer, Jr Robert S. Stereotype Activation and Inhibition: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume XI (Advances in Social Cognition). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998.

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31

Wyer, Jr Robert S. Stereotype Activation and Inhibition: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume XI (Advances in Social Cognition Series , Vol 11). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998.

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32

Wyer, Jr Robert S. Stereotype Activation and Inhibition: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume XI. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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33

Wyer, Jr Robert S. Stereotype Activation and Inhibition: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume XI. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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34

Wyer, Jr Robert S. Stereotype Activation and Inhibition: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume XI. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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35

Wyer, Jr Robert S. Stereotype Activation and Inhibition: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume XI. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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36

Weiner, Ina, and Robert Lubow. Latent Inhibition: Cognition, Neuroscience and Applications to Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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37

Weiner, Ina, and Robert Lubow. Latent Inhibition: Cognition, Neuroscience and Applications to Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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38

Weiner, Ina, and Robert Lubow. Latent Inhibition: Cognition, Neuroscience and Applications to Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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39

Holder, Christen M., and Nicole Shay. Imaging the Networks of Executive Functions. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.17.

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This chapter examines the different theoretical conceptualizations of executive functions and how neuroimaging can reveal their neuroanatomical mechanisms. After briefly considering various definitions and descriptions of executive function, it discusses the results of lesion studies that look into specific executive functions; namely, attention, working memory, inhibition, decision-making, planning and organization, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility or shifting. It also evaluates measures that are used to capture the executive functions just cited, along with the advances that have been achieved with the help of neuroimaging studies. On the basis of neuroimaging evidence, the authors show that the right prefrontal cortex, as well as the parietal and temporal lobes, plays an important role in executive function.

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40

Rubia, Katya. ADHD brain function. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0007.

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ADHD patients appear to have complex multisystem impairments in several cognitive-domain dissociated inferior, dorsolateral, and medial fronto-striato-parietal and frontocerebellar neural networks during inhibition, attention, working memory, and timing functions. There is emerging evidence for abnormalities in motivation and affect control regions, most prominently in ventral striatum, but also orbital/ventromedial frontolimbic areas. Furthermore, there is an immature interrelationship between hypoengaged task-positive cognitive control networks and a poorly ‘switched off’ default mode network, both of which impact performance. Stimulant medication enhances the activation of inferior frontostriatal systems, while atomoxetine appears to have more pronounced effects on the dorsal attention network. More studies are needed to understand the neurofunctional correlates of the effects of age, gender, ADHD subtypes, and comorbidities with other psychiatric conditions. The use of pattern recognition analyses applied to imaging to make individual diagnostic or prognostic predictions are promising and will be the challenge over the next decade.

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41

Brandeis, Daniel, Sandra K. Loo, Grainne McLoughlin, Hartmut Heinrich, and Tobias Banaschewski. Neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0009.

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Neurophysiology allows us to understand and modulate the neural mechanisms in ADHD with high time- and/or frequency-resolution. These non-invasive methods include electroencephalographic recordings at rest and during tasks, with spontaneous and event-related oscillations and potentials tracking covert processing and transcranial neuromodulation through magnetic or electric fields. The findings indicate consistent cognitive and neural deficits in ADHD related to impaired attention and deficient inhibition. Advanced signal processing and source imaging methods often converge with other imaging approaches. Neurophysiological findings also reveal considerable heterogeneity in ADHD regarding cognitive, affective, and genetic subtypes. This illustrates the importance of dimensional approaches and of pathophysiological mechanisms partly shared with other disorders. Although several potential neurophysiological markers of ADHD have been considered, a clinical use for individual diagnostics and classification is not supported to date. More research should clarify the clinical potential of multivariate multimodal classification and prediction of treatment outcome to advance individualized treatment.

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42

Ryckeghem, Dimiti van, and Geert Crombez. Pain and Attention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0006.

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Attention plays a pivotal role in the experience of pain and its impact upon daily activities. Accordingly, research on the interplay between attention and pain has a long scientific history. This chapter discusses the theoretical frameworks that aim to explain the relationship between attention and pain. It argues for a motivational perspective on pain that highlights the critical role of cognitive, affective, and contextual factors in explaining the interplay between attention and pain. To substantiate this argument, the chapter provides an overview of available research addressing the bottom-up capture of attention by pain and the top-down modulation (both inhibition and facilitation) of attention for pain. It concludes with guidelines and suggestions for future research and discusses clinical implications of adopting a motivational perspective on pain.

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43

Anderson, James A. The Brain Doesn’t Work by Logic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0008.

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This chapter gives three examples of real neural computation. The conclusion is that the “brain doesn’t work by logic.” First, is the Limulus (horseshoe crab) lateral eye. The neural process of “lateral inhibition” tunes the neural response of the compound eye to allow crabs to better see other crabs for mating. Second, the retina of the frog contains cells that are selective to specific properties of the visual image. The frog responds strongly to the moving image of a bug with one class of selective retinal receptors. Third, experiments on patients undergoing neurosurgery for epilepsy found single neurons in several cortical areas that were highly selective to differing images, text strings, and spoken names of well-known people. In addition, new selective responses could be formed quickly. The connection to concepts in cognitive science seems inevitable. One possible mechanism is through associatively linked “cell assemblies.”

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44

Chasiotis, Athanasios. The developmental role of experience-based metacognition for cultural diversity in executive function, motivation, and mindreading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0007.

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How children obtain an understanding of mental states in others—“mindreading” or “theory of mind” (ToM)—during their cognitive development is a major concern in developmental psychology. There is also much debate about and empirical research on the developmental relationship between ToM and the set of processes that monitor and control thoughts and actions, i.e., executive functioning (EF). Until recently, little was known about the cross-cultural variation of both concepts. This chapter presents empirical findings on these concepts and takes a metacognitive perspective to clarify their relationship. A series of cross-cultural studies have been undertaken to specify the relationship between EF and ToM by verifying assumptions about the quality of conflict inhibition necessary for the development of ToM’s key aspect, false-belief understanding. The main argument is that an experience-based view of the metacognitive mechanisms involved might give a more parsimonious explanation of their relationship and their cultural variations.

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45

Chirimuuta, Mazviita. The Development and Application of Efficient Coding Explanation in Neuroscience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777946.003.0009.

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In the philosophy of neuroscience, much attention has been paid to mechanistic causal explanations, both in terms of their theoretical virtues, and their application in potential therapeutic interventions. Non-mechanistic, non-causal explanatory models, it is often assumed, would have no role to play in any practical endeavors. This assumption ignores the fact that many of the non-mechanistic explanatory models which have been successfully employed in neuroscience have their origins in engineering and applied sciences, and are central to many new neuro-technologies. This chapter examines the development of explanations of lateral inhibition in the early visual system as implementing an efficient code for converting photoreceptor input into a data-compressed output from the eye to the brain. Two applications of the efficient coding approach are considered: in streamlining the vast datasets of current neuroscience by offering unifying principles, and in building artificial systems that replicate vision and other cognitive functions.

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46

Padhi, Ashwini K., Ali M. Mehdi, Kevin J. Craig, and Naomi A. Fineberg. Current Classification of Impulse Control Disorders: Neurocognitive and Behavioral Models of Impulsivity and the Role of Personality. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0017.

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Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are common disabling disorders that have impulsive behavior as a core feature. They emerge early in life and run a chronic lifelong course. They are assumed to lie at the severest end of a continuum of impulsivity that connects normal with pathological states. People with ICDs experience a drive to undertake repetitive acts. Although the consequences are damaging, performance of the impulsive act may be experienced as rewarding, or alternatively may relieve distress, implicating dysfunction of the neural circuitry involved in reward processing and/or behavioral inhibition. Clinical data are increasingly pointing toward an etiological association between some ICDs, such as pathological gambling and addiction, and others, such as trichotillomania and compulsive disorders. Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders is also common, and hints at overlapping psychobiological processes across several diagnostic groups. The results of neurocognitive studies suggest that impulsivity is multidimensional and comprises dissociable cognitive and behavioral indices governed by separate underlying neural mechanisms. For example, trichotillomania may primarily involve motor impulsivity, whereas problem gambling may involve reward impulsivity and reflection impulsivity. Exploring neurocognitive changes in individuals with ICDs and other mental disorders characterized by poor impulse control, and among their family members, may help to elucidate the underpinning neurocircuitry and clarify their nosological status.

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47

Rucci, Jennifer M., and Robert E. Feinstein. Neurocognitive Disorders and Mental Disorders Due to Another Medical Condition. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0005.

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The defining feature of neurocognitive disorders is a decline in cognitive functioning. Patients suffering from delirium experience an acute change in mental status, fluctuating levels of consciousness, and an inability to acquire new information. Patients with major neurocognitive disorder experience significant cognitive decline in complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, and social cognition. The chapter also discusses mental disorders due to another medical condition. These patients can experience psychotic, mood, or anxious symptoms or a personality change; their intellectual functioning usually remains intact. A patient presenting with a first episode of psychiatric symptoms and no prior psychiatric history should be evaluated for an acute medical etiology causing the psychiatric symptoms, particularly if he or she is over 40 years of age. Anticholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine) may slow the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease, and the combination of an anticholinesterase inhibitor and memantine may be more effective than either medication alone.

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48

Kitay, Brandon M., and Rajesh R. Tampi. Memantine in Patients with Moderate to Severe Alzheimer’s Disease Already Receiving Donepezil. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0018.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on the pharmacological management of cognitive disorders. In patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease treated with a cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil), is the addition of a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibitor (memantine) a safe and efficacious augmentation strategy? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and controversy within the field, concluding with a discussion of implications, and an exemplary clinical case applying the study evidence.

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49

Iversen, Leslie. Peripheral and Central Effects of THC. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846848.003.0003.

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Although there is currently only limited knowledge of how activation of the CB-1 receptor in brain leads to the many actions of THC, some general features of cannabinoid control mechanisms are emerging. This chapter discusses THC in relation to the inhibition of neurotransmitter release, cardiovascular effects, effects on motility and pain, and behavioral models including the “Billy Martin tetrad.” It also discusses human laboratory models, including studies on learning and memory. A key effect of cannabis is intoxication, and the subjective effects of cannabis are reported in detail. Finally, the value of animal behavior studies is discussed, including discriminative stimulus effects, effects on cognition, and anti-anxiety effects.

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50

Hodgkiss, Andrew. Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: conventional chemotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0006.

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The psychiatric consequences of a range of conventional chemotherapy agents are reviewed. Anti-folates can cause frank demyelination (methotrexate-induced leucoencephalopathy) or more subtle cognitive impairment. The latter is attributed to reduced hippocampal neurogenesis due to the excitotoxic effects of homocysteine. Low mood, due to reduced availability of SAM, is also found during anti-folate chemotherapy. Ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy is described. Depression and encephalopathies are found with mitotic spindle poisons. Procarbazine is considered as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Finally, the developing appreciation of the mixed neuropsychiatric actions of bexarotene, an RXR activator, is reviewed.

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Books on the topic 'Cognitive inhibition'

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