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Roberts, Henrietta Whitley. "Rumination and cognitive inhibition." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/10281.
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The focus of the thesis is the investigation of the causal nature of the established association between rumination and that ability to resolve interference from task-irrelevant information, and prepotent responses. Rumination is a term used to refer to both unhelpful dwelling on negative moods and depressive symptoms (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991), and repetitive intrusive thoughts around the theme of unresolved personal goals (Martin & Tesser, 1996). It has been proposed that rumination occupies working memory resources, thereby depleting cognitive control capabilities necessary for the performance of concurrent effortful tasks (Hartlage, Alloy, Vasquez, & Dykman, 1993; Hertel, 2004; Watkins & Brown, 2002). This model constitutes one possible account of the considerable data demonstrating an association between depressive rumination and deficits on tasks invoking inhibitory processes (Joormann, Yoon, & Gotlib, 2007). An inhibition construct is invoked to account for the empirical observation of interference; however there are few instances where inhibition is unambiguously driving interference (MacLeod, 2007). Moreover, there is evidence that inhibition is not a unitary construct (Friedman & Miyake, 2004). Five experiments manipulated rumination on depressive symptoms and on personal goals in dysphoric and unselected samples in order to test Watkins and Brown’s (2002) hypothesis that state rumination impairs interference control capabilities. The causal impact of state rumination was examined on interference control tasks that implicate different inhibitory sub-types: resistance to proactive interference from positive and negative material (Studies One, Two, and Five), and prepotent response inhibition on a go/no-go paradigm (Studies Three and Four). No evidence was found to support the prediction that state rumination about depressed mood (Studies One and Two) or on-going personal goal discrepancies (Study Five) causes difficulties resolving interference from irrelevant emotional material relative to non-ruminative control conditions in both dysphoric (Studies One and Two) and unselected (Study Five) samples. No evidence was found to support the prediction that state rumination about personal goal discrepancies impairs prepotent response inhibition relative to non-ruminative control conditions (Studies Three and Four). There was some tentative evidence to suggest that ruminating on personal goal discrepancies increased efficiency in holding a single goal active in working memory without reinforcement (Study Four). The implications of these findings for existing models of the causal nature of the relationship between rumination and interference control processes is discussed (Chapter Nine). It is concluded that models proposing a causal impact of state rumination on available working memory capacity are insufficient to fully account for the established association between the trait tendency to ruminate and increased susceptibility to interference from irrelevant material.
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Heduy, Fabrice. "Inhibition cognitive et schizophrénie : étude en situation d'auto-inhibition." Lille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LIL30010.
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L'inhibition cognitive est généralement représentée comme un processus qui limite et contrôle l'accès des informations à la conscience. Sa défaillance participerait à la genèse des hallucinations et des délires et pourrait sous-tendre un grand nombre de troubles observés dans la schizophrénie. Par ailleurs, deux processus différents sont proposés pour rendre compte de l'inhibition. Le premier, étudié principalement grâce au paradigme d'amorçage négatif, est appelé inhibition latérale. Son étude a montré qu'il était souvent déficient chez les patients schizophrènes. En revanche, le second processus, dispositif du type "reset" facilitant un retour au niveau de base aussi rapide que possible, n'a encore fait l'objet d'aucune recherche chez ces patients. A cette fin, nous avons éléboré une épreuve où une activité cognitive automatisée, la lecture analogique de l'heure, doit être inhibée pour laisser place à une activité sérielle et contrôlée de lecture inversée. D'autre part, notre protocole expérimental contenait plusieurs phases permettant l'étude de l'auto-inhibition lors de contextes facilitateur ou freinateur. Dans ces conditions, nous avons relevé que les schizophrènes dans leur ensemble présentaient des pertubations et qu'ils éprouvaient des difficultés particulières et distinctes selon les sous-groupes définis par le D. S. M. IV. Nous avons poursuivi par l'étude de l'influence de l'âge et du sexe des patients sur leurs performances inhibitrices et complété nos recherches en prolongeant notre étude dans la population générale selon le niveau de schizotypie. Des aptitudes diverses à l'auto-inhibition ont été relevées, certaines en accord avec les données de la littérature concernant l'inhibition latérale, d'autres originales. Nous avons terminé notre travail par une proposition d'intégration des processus inhibiteurs dans les principaux modèles rendant compte des défaillances dans la schizophrénie
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Pollux, Petra. "Cognitive inhibition in Parkinson's disease." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263964.
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Spokes, Tara. "Ageing and Cognitive Inhibition: An ERP analysis." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365459.
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Impaired cognitive inhibition is one of a number of changes in cognitive functioning that are associated with healthy ageing. Cognitive inhibition is the ability to suppress or withhold some cognitive process and includes the ability to block out distracting information. Successful cognitive inhibition underlies improved performance on a range of executive functions including problem solving, long-term planning and goal-directed behaviour (Darowski, Helder, Zacks, Hasher, & Hambrick, 2008). One theory posits that age-related deficits in cognitive inhibition may underlie general cognitive decline associated with older adults (Hasher & Zacks, 1988; Hasher, Zacks, & Rahhal, 1999). Previous behavioural studies have found that automatic, or unintentional cognitive inhibition is preserved with age while controlled, intentional cognitive inhibition is impaired in older adults (Collette, Germain, Hogge, & Van der Linden, 2009). In contrast, a number of neuroimaging studies suggest that older adults show less differentiation than young adults in neural processing of automatic and controlled tasks. In particular, it has been suggested that automatic tasks are processed more like controlled tasks, suggesting increased cognitive effort required to complete them (Germain & Collette, 2008).Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Cook, Joanna Clare. "Ageing and inhibition in memory." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288442.
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Martin, Michelle M. "The development of cognitive inhibition in bilingual children." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ56190.pdf.
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Magnard, Justine. "Inhibition cognitive et fonction sensorimotrice : d'une mise à l'épreuve méthodologique à l'exploration des interactions liés au vieillissement." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2018/document.
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L’inhibition cognitive est caractérisée par de multiples processus spécifiques. Il est possible de distinguer une inhibition dite perceptive (IP), chargée de supprimer les stimuli non-pertinents, d’une inhibition dite motrice (IM), responsable de la suppression des réponses inadaptées à la tâche. Dans ce cadre, cette thèse a mis à l’épreuve deux questionnements centrés sur l’IP et l’IM, évaluées via les tâches de temps de réaction de choix de Nassauer & Halperin (2003). Le premier questionnement (3 études / 200 sujets) testait la robustesse des résultats originaux soutenant la distinction théorique des processus d’IP et d’IM. Quelle que soit la complexité expérimentale testée (assis vs. debout, réponse manuelle vs. podale, avec vs. sans vibrations localisées), les résultats ont soutenu cette distinction IP vs. IM chez le jeune adulte. Le second questionnement (3 études / 100 sujets) interrogeait le rôle suggéré de l’IP chez l’adulte âgé dans le processus d’intégration des informations proprioceptives nécessaires aux régulations posturales. Malgré de moindres performances inhibitrices en configuration posturale statique ou dynamique, les résultats n’ont pas attesté chez l’adulte âgé d’un contrôle inhibiteur spécifique de la perturbation proprioceptive imposée (i.e vibrations). L’interprétation de ces résultats s’articule autour des modifications avérées de la sensibilité proprioceptive avec l’âge et de la charge attentionnelle associée aux tâches testées. Cette thèse ouvre des perspectives théoriques et cliniques qui permettraient une meilleure appréhension de ces processus d’IP et d’IM, notamment en ce qui concerne l’effet de l’âge sur la distinction de ces capacités inhibitrices spécifiquesInhibition is a cognitive function characterized by specific inhibitory processes. It can be distinguished a so-called perceptual inhibition (PI), responsible for inhibiting of irrelevant stimuli, from a so-called motor inhibition (MI), in charge of the suppression of inappropriate motor responses. In this context, this thesis raised two major issues concerning the PI and MI processes, by using the reaction time conflict tasks designed by Nassauer & Halperin (2003). Firstly, we tested the robustness of original results underlying the theoretical independence of PI and MI processes. Whatever the experimental complexity (seated vs. standing position, responses with hands vs. feet, with vs. without localized vibrations), the results (3 studies / 200 subjects) confirmed the independence of PI vs. MI processes in young adults. Secondly, we examined in healthy older adults the possible role of PI in the integration process of proprioceptive inputs essential for efficient postural performance. The results (3 studies / 100 subjects) showed altered inhibitory performances while performing dynamic and static postural tasks in older adults. But no specific inhibitory control of the imposed proprioceptive perturbation (i.e., vibrations) was shown. The discussion is structured around issues of the agerelated decline of proprioceptive sensitivity and the high attentional load associated with the tasks in older adults. Finally, this work opens theoretical and clinical perspectives which could allow for a better characterization of PI and MI processes, such as agerelated discrimination of these specific inhibitory capacities
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Gendry-Gohier, Bénédicte. "INHIBITION COGNITIVE, TRAITEMENT EMOTIONNEL IMPLICITE et TROUBLE DEPRESSIF MAJEUR." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00971735.
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Le trouble dépressif majeur se caractérise par des troubles mnésiques, attentionnels et exécutifs, en particulier au niveau de l'inhibition cognitive et un biais dans le traitement des informations émotionnelles. L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer les processus de traitement émotionnel dans le trouble dépressif majeur en nous intéressant à l'inhibition cognitive et au traitement implicite des informations émotionnelles. Dans une première expérimentation, nous avons évalué les capacités d'inhibition cognitive auprès d'une population de vingts patients souffrant d'un trouble dépressif majeur en nous basant sur le modèle de Hasher et Zacks (1988), en utilisant du matériel d'évaluation neutre. Une tâche d'amorçage émotionnel avec différents types d'amorce (visages, sans, mots) a été utilisée pour évaluer les processus implicites. Nous avons expérimenté cette tâche auprès de 275 sujets sains afin de mettre en évidence un possible effet de genre, puis auprès d'une population de patients déprimés. Les principaux résultats confirment des capacités d'inhibition cognitive déficitaires dans le trouble dépressif majeur, notamment au niveau des fonctions d'accès et de freinage. La tâche d'amorçage émotionnel nous permet de confirmer le biais vers les informations négatives, corrélé au déficit d'inhibition cognitive. Une sensibilité des femmes non déprimées plus importante du côté des informations négatives se retrouve également chez les femmes déprimées. Nous discutons l'impact du déficit d'inhibition cognitive sur les processus de régulation émotionnelle, mais aussi la question d'une vulnérabilité féminine et les aspects psychopathologiques et thérapeutiques.
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Mishra, Sushmit. "Exploring Cognitive Spare Capacity : Executive Processing of Degraded Speech." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutet för handikappvetenskap (IHV), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104946.
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Cognitive resources, specifically working memory capacity are used for listening to speech, especially in noise. Cognitive resources are limited, and if listeners allocate a greater share of these resources to recovering the input signal in noise, fewer resources are available for interpreting and encoding its linguistic content. Although the importance of CSC for individual success in communicative situations has been acknowledged, this concept has not hitherto been explored experimentally. In this thesis, a CSC test (CSCT) was developed and administered to young adults with normal hearing and older adults with age-related hearing loss. CSCT required executive processing of speech at different memory loads with and without visual cues in different noise conditions. A free recall task using the same material was administered for comparison purposes and a battery of cognitive tests was administered to understand the relation between CSC and established cognitive concepts. The aims of the thesis were to investigate how CSC is influenced by 1) different executive demands and memory loads; 2) background noise; 3) visual cues; 4) aging and concomitant hearing loss. The results showed that 1) CSC was sensitive to memory load, and updating demands reduced CSC more than inhibition demands; 2) CSC was reduced in background noise compared to quiet; 3) visual cues enhanced CSC especially in noise; 4) CSC was reduced with ageing and concomitant hearing loss especially when visual cues were absent, memory demands were increased and background noise was speech-like. The main finding of this thesis was that visual cues enhanced CSC for older individuals with hearing loss, specifically in adverse listening conditions. This demonstrates the importance of audiovisual testing in audiological assessment. Further, specific cognitive resources depleted during listening in noise were at least partially compensated by other cognitive functions. This thesis is the first step towards a theoretical understanding of CSC and in future, tests of CSC may play a crucial role in planning rehabilitation of persons with hearing loss.Kognitiva resurser, speciellt arbetsminneskapacitet, förbrukas när vi lyssnar på tal, framförallt i bakgrundsbrus. De kognitiva resurserna är begränsade och ju större del som används till att rekonstruera en inkommande signal, desto färre finns fortsatt tillgängliga för att koda in och tolka dess språkliga innehåll. Trots att betydelsen av kognitiv reservkapacitet för framgångrik kommunikation är erkänd har kognitiv reservkapacitet hittills inte blivit undersökt experimentellt. I detta avhandlingsarbete utvecklades CSCT som ett test av kognitiv reservkapacitet. CSCT administrerades till unga vuxna med normal hörsel och äldre individer med åldersrelaterad hörselnedsättning. CSCT kräver exekutiv bearbetning av talat språk under olika minnesbelastningar, med och utan tillgång till visuell information och med och utan bakgrundsbrus. En fri återgivningsuppgift, baserad på samma material som i CSCT, administrerades för att kunna göra jämförelser. Slutligen administrerades ett kognitivt testbatteri för att förstå relationen mellan kognitiv reservkapacitet och andra kognitiva funktioner. Avhandlingens syfte var att undersöka hur kognitiv reservkapacitet påverkas av 1) olika krav på de exekutiva förmågorna och olika grad av minnesbelastning; 2) bakgrundsbrus; 3) tillgång till visuell information; 4) åldrande och åldersrelaterad hörselnedsättning. Resultaten visade att kognitiv reservkapacitet 1) var känsligt för minnesbelastning och reducerades mer av uppdaterings- än inhibitionskrav; 2) reducerades av bakgrundsbrus; 3) ökade med tillgång till visuell information, framförallt i bakgrundsbrus; 4) var reducerad hos äldre med åldersrelaterad hörselnedsättning, speciellt när visuell information saknades, minnesbelastningen ökades och bakgrundsbruset bestod av talspråk. Huvudfyndet var att visuell information frigjorde kognitiv reservkapacitet hos äldre individer med nedsatt hörsel, speciellt när lyssningssituationen var ogynnsam. Detta visar på betydelsen av audiovisuell testning vid audiologisk bedömning. Resultaten visade vidare att när specifika kognitiva resurser förbrukades under ogynnsamma lyssningsförhållanden kunde andra kognitiva funktioner kompensera för detta. Denna avhandling utgör det första steget mot en teoretisk förståelse av kognitiv reservkapacitet. På sikt kan utvärdering av kognitiv reservkapacitet spela en avgörande roll för planering av rehabilitering i samband med hörselnedsättning.
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Poulin, Sandra. "Inhibition cognitive sémantique et spatiale : source unique ou mécanismes distincts?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60744.pdf.
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Pinet, Svetlana. "Exploration cognitive de l'écriture au clavier." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3031/document.
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Bien qu'elle soit omniprésente dans notre société, l'écriture au clavier reste assez mal caractérisée. L’étudier impose de s'intéresser à l'intersection de plusieurs champs de recherche tels que la psycholinguistique, le contrôle moteur et la programmation de séquence. Le but de cette thèse était d'étudier les processus linguistiques et moteurs mis en jeu lors de l'écriture au clavier. Une première étude comportementale a démontré l'importance des processus linguistiques pour expliquer les performances d'écriture (temps de réaction, intervalles inter-frappes et proportion de réponses correctes). Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons évalué la fiabilité d’une plateforme de récolte de données en ligne pour enregistrer des séquences de frappe à grande échelle. Ensuite, trois études d'EEG ont permis de caractériser les processus de préparation de réponses motrices et leur éventuelle interaction avec des processus linguistiques. Nous avons observé à plusieurs reprises un patron d'activation/inhibition des cortex moteurs, précédemment caractérisé dans le contexte de tâches de choix forcé. Nous avons pu également observer la dépendance de cet index aux effecteurs engagés dans la séquence tapée. Les résultats présentés sont discutés en termes de processus linguistiques et moteurs sous-jacents. L'écriture au clavier se présente comme une modalité appropriée pour étudier leur interaction potentielle lors de la production écrite et la question générale de la transmission d'information entre processus cognitifs. Les données présentées ici contribuent à la caractérisation de ce comportement désormais omniprésent et ouvrent ainsi de nombreuses perspectives de recherche dans ce domaineTyping has become a ubiquitous skill in our modern information societies. It constitutes an important language production modality and probably our preferred way to produce written language. Still its investigation is rather scarce. Understanding typing behavior pertains to several research domains such as language production, motor control and sequence programming. The aim of this thesis was to characterize linguistic and motor processing during typing. The methodology combined fine grained behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) investigations.The first study aimed to assess the importance of linguistic processes during typing. It revealed a composite pattern of effects on response latencies, inter-keystroke intervals and accuracy rates. The second study assessed the reliability of an online platform to perform large-scale studies of typing skills. Then, three EEG studies aimed to characterize motor planning during typing and their putative interaction with linguistic processing. While linguistic processing was harder to trace with EEG, all three studies revealed a reliable pattern over motor cortices prior to the striking of the first keystroke of a word, interpreted as an index of motor preparation. The manipulation of effectors engaged in sequence production revealed versatile inhibitory processes dependent on the content of the sequence. The results are discussed in terms of linguistic and motor processes and their putative interactions during typed language production, contributing to the popular debate about information processing in cognitive science. This work provides novel data that pave the way to promising future investigations of typing
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Dupuy, Michèle. "Mécanismes d'inhibition dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H115.
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Les mécanismes neuropsychologiques sous-jacents à l’expression symptomatique du trouble obsessionnel compulsif (TOC) sont encore mal connus. Nombreuses sont les études qui mettent en évidence des déficits exécutifs mais la diversité des méthodologies et la mixité des sous-types cliniques empêchent de dégager des constantes en terme de profil neurocognitif. Les études neuropsychologiques accordent toutefois une importance à l’inhibition et à flexibilité cognitive qui pourraient participer au caractère inflexible et répétitif des pensées et des actes communs à toutes les formes du TOC. L’objectif de cette thèse est l’étude des mécanismes d’inhibition et de la flexibilité chez des patients présentant un TOC. Deux études ont été réalisées. L’étude 1 est une étude de faisabilité d’un protocole de tests neuropsychologiques où 9 patients sont comparés à 9 sujets contrôles. L’étude a fait l’objet d’une bonne faisabilité. L’étude 2 compare 14 patients présentant un TOC à 16 patients présentant des troubles phobiques avec des tests informatisés d’inhibition, de flexibilité en plus des tests de l’étude 1. Les objectifs sont : vérifier l’hypothèse d’un déficit d’inhibition chez des patients TOC, étudier les relations entre la sévérité, l’ancienneté des troubles TOC et les résultats aux tests d’inhibition et de flexibilité. Les limites méthodologiques, entre autre, l’absence d’un groupe contrôle réduisent l’interprétation comparant les deux groupes cliniques ainsi que les résultats au sein du groupe de patients TOC. Les patients se sont différenciés sur deux épreuves de rapidité d’exécution en flexibilité mentale et d’attention. Au sein du groupe des patients présentant un TOC, les données ont montré une relation entre la sévérité des symptômes TOC et des perturbations aux tests d’inhibition. Ces observations sont discutées en lien avec le concept « impulsivité et TOC »The nature of neuropsychological mechanisms underlying clinical picture of obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) has not, as yet, been clearly determined. Number of studies has emphasized the role of cognitive deficits, but diversity of methodology and overlapping of clinical sub-groups, did not allow establishing specific neuro-cognitive profile. Neuropsychological studies recognize, however, the place of inhibition and alteration of cognitive flexibility that could be at origins of inflexible and repetitive nature of thoughts and actions, typical of all obsessive-compulsive disorders. The aim of this thesis was to explore the mechanisms of inhibition and cognitive flexibility in patients with OCD. Two studies were carried out. In the first, pilot study, we wanted to verify the feasibility of neuropsychological tests comparing 9 OCD patients with 9 controls. The study demonstrated a good feasibility. In the second, 14 OCD patients were compared to 16 phobics, using computerized tests of inhibition and flexibility, in addition to a battery used in the first study. The objectives were to verify hypothesis of inhibition deficit in patients with OCD, to examine relationship between severity and length of OCD and the results on neuropsychological tests of inhibition and flexibility. Methodological limits with, amongst other, the absence of control group, diminish predictive value of the comparison of two clinical groups as well as between patients with OCD. However, we found differences between patients in two tests, the one of rapidity of execution in mental flexibility and the other of attention. In the group of patients with OCD, data indicated relationship between severity of symptoms of OCD and their results on tests of inhibition. These data are further discussed in terms of relationship between “impulsivity and OCD”
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Christensen, Karin Maria. "Initiation and inhibition deficits, syndromes, and cognitive competency in schizophrenia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0026/NQ36633.pdf.
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Jayasuriya, Chaturi. "The role of cognitive inhibition in shape and motion perception." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165408.
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Selective attention is a filtering system that focuses on relevant information in our environment while irrelevant information is suppressed. The two well-known components of selective attention, facilitation and inhibition, work hand in hand to aid the processing of relevant information. The main theme of the present thesis was to study the inhibitory component of visual selective attention using stimuli such as motion and shape in a rapid serial visual presentation. Therefore, the first three experimental chapters investigated how relevant motion and shape information are processed and perceived in the presence of similar irrelevant information. The findings showed that first order visual motion detection is impaired in the presence of distracters and this inhibition of distracters is generated in a bottom-up manner. The findings were, however, not straightforward. The findings from Experiments 6-10 showed that distracter information (shape) influences shape target detection only when distracters are made salient and the perceptual load of the task is moderately difficult. Collectively, the findings in this present thesis suggest that there may be more than one kind of inhibition generated for different kinds of stimuli.
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Vaughan, Frances Lynn. "Negative priming and inhibition of return in early Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298544.
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Hilles, Emery K. "Emotion and Inhibition: Pride Versus Happiness." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/51.
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The central question of my thesis is how different positive emotions affect inhibition. Katzir, Eyal, Meiran, and Kessler (2010) addressed this question using an antisaccade task and found that happiness decreased inhibition compared to pride, which they attribute to the links between pride and long-term goals and happiness and short-term goals. I attempted to generalize their results to a color-naming Stroop task and predicted that their results would not generalize because their study had little supporting research and their method had several limitations. I tested 45 students of the Claremont Colleges and found partial support for Katzir et al. Participants in the pride condition showed better inhibitory function than participants in the neutral condition, but I was unable to find differences in inhibitory function between participants in the pride and happiness or happiness and neutral conditions. The results suggest that pride improved inhibitory function compared to neutral emotion, but happiness had no effect. I conclude that further research is needed to confirm the supposed distinction between pride and happiness, the strength of the links between happiness, pride, and different goals, and the motivational role of emotion in inhibition.
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Gohier, Bénédicte. "Inhibiton cognitive , traitement émotionnel implicite et trouble dépressif majeur." Angers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ANGE1195.
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Le trouble dépressif majeur se caractérise par des troubles mnésiques, attentionnels et exécutifs, en particulier au niveau de l'inhibition cognitive et un biais dans le traitement des informations émotionnelles. L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer les processus de traitement émotionnel dans le trouble dépressif majeur en nous intéressant à l'inhibition cognitive et au traitement implicite des informations émotionnelles. Dans une première expérimentation, nous avons évalué les capacités d'inhibition cognitive auprès d'une population de vingts patients souffrant d'un trouble dépressif majeur en nous basant sur le modèle de Hasher et Zacks (1988), en utilisant du matériel d'évaluation neutre. Une tâche d'amorçage émotionnel avec différents types d'amorce (visages, sans, mots) a été utilisée pour évaluer les processus implicites. Nous avons expérimenté cette tâche auprès de 275 sujets sains afin de mettre en évidence un possible effet de genre, puis auprès d'une population de patients déprimés. Les principaux résultats confirment des capacités d'inhibition cognitive déficitaires dans le trouble dépressif majeur, notamment au niveau des fonctions d'accès et de freinage. La tâche d'amorçage émotionnel nous permet de confirmer le biais vers les informations négatives, corrélé au déficit d'inhibition cognitive. Une sensibilité des femmes non déprimées plus importante du côté des informations négatives se retrouve également chez les femmes déprimées. Nous discutons l'impact du déficit d'inhibition cognitive sur les processus de régulation émotionnelle, mais aussi la question d'une vulnérabilité féminine et les aspects psychopathologiques et thérapeutiquesMajor depressive disorder is characterized by impairments in memory, attention and executive functions, particularly the cognitive inhibition and in emotional regulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the process of emotional processing in major depressive disorder byfocusing on cognitive inhibition and the implicit treatment of emotional information. In a first experiment, we evaluated the ability of cognitive inhibition in a population of twenty patients suffering from major depressive disorder, based on the model of Hasher and Zacks (1988), using neutral material. A cross-modal emotional priming task (face, sound, word) was used to assess the implicit process. We used this task on 275 healthy subjects in order to evaluate a possible gender effect and with depressed patients. The main results confirm impairment in cognitive inhibition in patients suffering from major depressive disorder, particularly in terms of access and restraint functions. The emotional priming tesk allows us to confirm the bias toward negative information, correlated with lack of cognitive inhibition. The gender difference, with a greater sensibility for healthy women to negative environment was also found in depressed women. We discuss the consequence of impairment in cognitive inhibition on the processes of emotional regulation in major depressive disorder, and also the issue of female vulnerability, psychopathological and therapeutic. Major depressive disorder is characterized by impairments in memory, attention and executive functions, particularly the cognitive inhibition and in emotional regulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the process of emotional processing in major depressive disorder byfocusing on cognitive inhibition and the implicit treatment of emotional information. In a first experiment, we evaluated the ability of cognitive inhibition in a population of twenty patients suffering from major depressive disorder, based on the model of Hasher and Zacks (1988), using neutral material. A cross-modal emotional priming task (face, sound, word) was used to assess the implicit process. We used this task on 275 healthy subjects in order to evaluate a possible gender effect and with depressed patients. The main results confirm impairment in cognitive inhibition in patients suffering from major depressive disorder, particularly in terms of access and restraint functions. The emotional priming tesk allows us to confirm the bias toward negative information, correlated with lack of cognitive inhibition. The gender difference, with a greater sensibility for healthy women to negative environment was also found in depressed women. We discuss the consequence of impairment in cognitive inhibition on the processes of emotional regulation in major depressive disorder, and also the issue of female vulnerability, psychopathological and therapeutic
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Kowalczyk, Agnieszka Wioleta. "Cognitive inhibition in task switching : exploring the n-2 repetition cost." Thesis, Keele University, 2018. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/5600/.
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The current thesis provides novel insights into the n–2 repetition cost, a task-switching behavioural effect thought to reflect cognitive inhibition. The n–2 repetition cost is widely used as a measure of group and individual differences in inhibitory control; however, there was uncertainty around its reliability and the extent to which it reflects cognitive inhibition. Overall, the current thesis indicates that the n–2 repetition cost is unlikely to be a measure of cognitive inhibition. Experiment 1 showed that the n–2 repetition cost has low reliability at an individual level, which questions its use as a measure of individual differences in inhibitory control. Experiments 2–4 demonstrated that the n–2 repetition cost is considerably modulated by a non-inhibitory mechanism (i.e., episodic retrieval), which means that the common understanding that the cost reflects cognitive inhibition is incomplete. Furthermore, Experiments 5–7 show that the n–2 repetition cost seems not affected by cognitive resources as it is not modulated by working memory load; however, from Experiments 8–9 it cannot be said for certain that the cost is not modulated by attentional resources, because a trend for the cost to be smaller under conditions exhausting attentional resources was present. In terms of the individual differences in the n–2 repetition cost, this thesis shows that they are not explained with processing speed, depressive rumination, working memory capacity, or day-to-day distractibility trait (Experiments 1, 4, 7, 8–9). And, computational modelling analyses (ex-Gaussian and diffusion modelling; Simulation Studies 1–4) support the view that the n–2 repetition cost is mainly due to non-inhibitory mechanisms. Taken together, the current thesis indicates that the n–2 repetition cost is unlikely to reflect cognitive inhibition, and if used as such should be interpreted with caution.
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Lowry, Mark D. "Evaluating Theories of Bilingual Language Control Using Computational Models." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7852.
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Bilingual language control refers to how bilinguals are able to speak exclusively in one language without the unintended language intruding. Two prominent verbal theories of bilingual language control have been proposed by researchers: the inhibitory control model (ICM) and the lexical selection mechanism model (LSM). The ICM posits that domain-general inhibition is employed in order to suppress the unintended language’s activation. The LSM posits that inhibition is not used; rather a lexical selection mechanism targets only the intended language’s words. In order to better test the theories’ hypotheses, I developed computational models to estimate participants’ reaction times when naming in blocks of semantically related pictures and in blocks of semantically unrelated pictures. For these tasks, the ICM model predicts that semantic interference will be abolished when bilinguals switch languages, while the LSM model does not. In Experiment One, English-Spanish bilinguals named pictures that were either semantically related to the previous four trials, or semantically unrelated to the previous four trials. Research indicated that language switching did not abolish priming effects, supporting the ICM. These results contradict conclusions found in previous literature. To reconcile this, another experiment was conducted. It was similar to Experiment One, except filler trials separated semantically related trials. Results showed that each time a semantically related neighbor was presented, naming latency increased by ~10ms regardless of language switching or number of filler items. It suggests that the existing literature mistook incremental learning effects as priming effects, and it demonstrates a need to incorporate theories of incremental learning into theories of bilingual language control.
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Mohapatra, Leena. "N2 and Response Inhibition in Children with High-Functioning Autism." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/119.
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Discrepant findings on whether children with autism display response inhibition deficits may be partially due to the wide variety of behavioral tasks used to assess inhibition. A more useful way of understanding early cognitive/attentional processes that influence response inhibition may be to look at neurophysiological measures. Specifically, the event related potential N2, a measurement of cognitive control or the effortful decision to inhibit a prepotent behavioral response, may be useful in understanding the discrepancy in response inhibition. In the current study we measured the N2 as high-functioning autistic children and age, IQ-matched control children performed a modified Flanker task. We further examined the associations between N2 amplitude and latency and variations in social communication within the HFA sample. Behavioral and electrophysiological data from a modified Flanker task were collected from 27 HFA (1 female) and 24 typically developing controls (1 female) ranging in age from 8- to 16-years. Symptom severity was measured using the ASSQ, ADI, and SCQ. Regarding behavioral performance, HFA children committed more errors than control children when controlling for age and verbal IQ. Electrophysiological performance indicated marginal group differences in N2 amplitude when controlling for age. Typical age-related decline in N2 amplitude was observed in the control group but not in the HFA group. There were no significant group differences found for N2 latency. In addition, greater N2 amplitude was correlated with lower scores on the SCQ for the HFA children. Behavioral performance does not conclude that the HFA children show deficits in inhibition, but deficits regarding impulsivity. Electrophysiological data suggest developmental change in N2 amplitude differentiates the HFA and control groups. Finally, the relationship between larger N2 amplitude and lower scores on the SCQ, within the HFA children, indicate that social communication deficits are less when greater cognitive effort is utilized.
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Steele, Craig. "The effect of schizophrenia and schizotypal personality on cognitive inhibition and facilitation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287954.
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Kuntz, Todd Arthur. "Phasic stress measures and thought intrusions resulting from distress and cognitive inhibition." Scholarly Commons, 1994. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2784.
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Recently, a revitalized interest in the effects of cognitive inhibition and its implications for psychological and physical health has emerged. Some researchers believe that inhibition is difficult, fosters subsequent incursions of the inhibited thought, and also fosters increased phasic stress responses which can lead into increased susceptibility to stress illnesses. This study attempted to support these assertions by using a split-plot factorial 2 x 2 x 5 design exposing participants to two levels of distress and two types of inhibition and measuring suppression across five 1-min intervals. Results provided mixed support that autonomic arousal and difficulty of suppression are related to saliency of distressing experiences and type of inhibition strategy employed. Implications for methodological issues and general health are discussed.
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Carroll, Ellen Laura. "The cognitive basis of goal-directed behaviour." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/550491/.
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An unresolved issue exists in the study of mental ability: which aspect of cognition is responsible for the emergence of psychometric “g” (Spearman, 1904, 1927), a general factor that predicts performance in all kinds of cognitive tasks and many important life outcomes? On the basis of themes present in the literature on fluid intelligence (Chapter 1), this thesis explores the relative contributions of processing, storage, and task modelling demands to the recruitment of g in task performance. Six experiments are presented which employed two computer-based tasks. The tasks were designed such that the level of demand for processing and storage was separated and manipulated in order to establish their relationship to scores on a standard test of g. Task manipulations were implemented in the context of varying the number of distinct verbal chunks in which task instructions were presented, whilst controlling for the presented amount of operative task-relevant information. The findings showed that the recruitment of g in task performance was strengthened by the presence (versus the absence) of a requirement to inhibit a prepotent response tendency (Experiments 1, 2, and 3), and by the presence of requirements to inhibit a prepared response and to maintain and update information in working memory (Experiments 4 and 5). However, these effects were observed only when task instructions were presented as four (and not as two) distinct rules. Additional findings showed that reconceptualisation of task requirements—that is, flexibly imposing order on a complex set of instructions thus reducing the number of distinct verbal chunks—was dependent on performance on the test of Spearman’s g (Experiments 3 through 6). These findings are deemed consistent with a task conceptualisation theory of g, with real-time execution demand, particularly inhibition, posing as a risk factor for the recruitment of g only when task requirements are maintained in mind as a relatively large number of chunks or rules.
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Richard-Devantoy, Stéphane. "Etude des troubles de l'inhibition cognitive chez le sujet âgé déprimé suicidant." Angers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ANGE1127.
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Le suicide est un enjeu de santé publique avec plus de 10 00 décès enregistrés chaque année en france dont 28% âgés de plus de 65 ans. Il n'est pas exclu que les raisons de cette surmortalité liée à l'âge puissent être pour partie la conséquence de modifications propres au veillissement, en particulier des performances exécutives. L'inhibition cognitive est parmi les fonctions exécutives les plus sensibles au vieillissement et à l'état thymique du sujet. Au coeur des processus de contrôle de l'activité cognitive, elle permet d'éviter aux informations non pertinentes d'entrée en mémoire de travail et de réduire l'activation de représentations non pertinentes par rapport à la tâche en cours. Nous avons comparé les trois fonctions de l'inhibition cognitive selon le modèle d'Hascher et Zachs entre sujets âgés (> 65 ans ) déprmés (HAM-D 17 items>18) suicidants (N=20), des sujets de contrôles déprimés sans antécédent de conduites suicidaires (N=20) et des sujets de contrôles sains (N=20). Les trois fonctions d'accès, de suppression et de freinage de l'inhibition cognitive étaient davantage altérées chez des sujets âgés déprimés suicidants par rapport à des contrôles déprimés, après ajustement des facteurs de confusion (âge, niveau de MMSE, intensité de la dépression, vitesse de traitement de l'information). Les résultats de notre étude suggèrent une défaillance des systèmes de régulation cognitive associée au cortex préfrontal dorso-latéral chez des sujets âgés déprimés suicidants et un rôle important de ce dernier dans la mise en oeuvre de la mémoire de travail et de la capacité à inhiber l'intrusion d'affects négatifs et d'idéations suicidaires.
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Moas, Olga Lydia. "Individual Differences in Preschool Children's Temperament and its Contribution to Classroom Behavior and Cognitive School Readiness." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/138.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of temperament to childrenâ??s behaviors in the classroom and their school readiness. Data was collected on 60 preschool children enrolled in Head Start. Teachers rated temperament using the Preschool Temperament Classification System. Trained coders observed childrenâ??s engagement and play during circle time and free play, respectively. School readiness was directly assessed using the Learning Express. Three main findings emerged: (1) Temperamentally-extreme children performed lower than resilient children on the school readiness assessment, suggesting that temperamentally-extreme children begin to lag behind their resilient peers as early as the preschool years. (2) Off-task behavior in the classroom affects undercontrolled childrenâ??s school readiness; however, the degree of influence appears to depend on the complexity of learning specific domains. That is, off-task behavior in the classroom may have a larger influence on more complex subject matter than simpler ones. Classroom behaviors were not related to overcontrolled childrenâ??s school readiness scores. (3) Behavioral differences were found between temperament groups during circle time, however no differences were found during free play. This suggests that classroom context may play a role in temperamentally-extreme childrenâ??s classroom behaviors.
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Scane, Christopher Michael. "Trauma, dissociation and psychosis : investigating the role of cognitive inhibition during threat processing." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:14400.
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This Portfolio Thesis comprises three parts. Parts one and two are conceptually linked by their focus on the effect of anxiety on cognitive processes in psychosis. Part one is a systematic literature review. Biological views of psychoses such schizophrenia still dominate, but more recently research into the psychological aspects of psychosis has burgeoned. Literature in the field suggests that anxiety interacts with cognitive processes and increases the likelihood of cognitive biases associated with psychosis. The systematic literature review investigates how anxiety affects the cognitive processes associated with the onset and maintenance of psychosis. Part two is an empirical paper. Understanding the interactions between social, emotional and cognitive processes in psychosis holds promise in terms of improving psychosocial interventions. Current research suggests a link between childhood trauma, dissociation and psychosis. Studies of dissociative populations suggest cognitive inhibition, which is implicated in hallucinations, may be adversely affected by threat in psychotic populations. The empirical paper investigates the effect of anxiety on cognitive inhibition in participants with various levels of hallucination-proneness, and the associations between childhood trauma, dissociation and hallucination-proneness. It was hoped that the findings would contribute to the understanding of psychotic experiences and assist in the formulation and treatment of psychosis. Part three comprises the appendices.
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Weathers, Judah D. "Cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6a73683c-0047-4285-a251-2414a0f64d0f.
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To align the neuropsychological functioning of our adult euthymic patient group with that reported in previous studies on euthymic bipolar disorder (BD), we used a neuropsychological battery that examined sustained attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing Task), verbal memory (California Verbal Learning Task), executive functioning (Intradimensional-Extradimensional Shift Task, Barrett Impulsivity Task, and Framing Task), and emotion responsiveness/regulation (Positive Affect/Negative Affect Scales, Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation Scale, and Affective Lability/Affective Intensity Scales) in patients versus healthy volunteers (HV). Our results corroborated existing evidence of reduced sustained attention, impaired verbal memory and executive functioning, and abnormal emotional responsiveness and regulation in euthymic BD relative to healthy controls (Chapter 2). To investigate how abnormal development of brain function in BD leads to deficits in decision-making, motor inhibition, and response flexibility, we examined child and adult BD using a novel risky decision-making task, and used cross-sectional (age x diagnosis) functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) designs to examine neural activation associated with motor inhibition and response flexibility in BD relative to HV. During the risky decision-making task, adult euthymic BD patients were no different from healthy controls in their proportion of risky lottery choices over a range of competing lotteries. This matched behavioral performance was associated with similar prefrontal and striatal brain activation between the patient and control groups during response, anticipation, and outcome phases of decision-making (Chapter 3). These results are different from previous studies that have shown increased risk taking during decision-making in euthymic BD. Similarly, young BD patients were no different from age-matched healthy and patient controls in their pattern of decision making during the risky choice task. This was evidenced by a similar number of risky lottery selections over the range of changing expected values between the young BD group and control groups (Chapter 4). Using a cross-sectional, fMRI analytic design during the stop signal task, we found that child and adult BD showed similar behavioral performance to child and adult HV during motor inhibition. However, this matched behavioral performance was associated with abnormal neural activation in patients relative to controls. Specifically, during unsuccessful motor inhibition, there was an age group x diagnosis interaction, with BD youth showing reduced activity in left and right ACC compared to both age-matched HV and adult BD, and adult BD showing increased activation in left ACC compared to healthy adults. During successful motor inhibition there was a main effect of diagnosis, with HV showing greater activity in left VPFC and right NAc compared to BD (Chapter 5). These neuroimaging data support existing laboratory-based evidence of motor inhibition impairments in BD relative to HV, and indicate brain dysregulation during motor control is important to BD pathophysiology. A previous behavioral study showed impaired response flexibility in young BD patients relative to age-matched controls when using the change task. Here, we used the change task during fMRI to examine response flexibility in child and adult BD compared to child and adult HV. We found that patient and control groups showed similar change signal reaction times in response to change cues. However, this matched behavioral performance was associated with abnormal age group x diagnosis activations in brain regions important in signal detection, response conflict, response inhibition, and sustained attention. Specifically, during successful change trials, child BD participants showed frontal, parietal, and temporal hyperactivation relative to healthy children and adult BD, while adult BD showed hypoactivation in these regions relative to healthy adults. These novel fMRI findings during the change task indicate impaired neural activation during response flexibility may be important to the pathophysiology of BD development.
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Lagneau, Frédéric. "Rigidité cognitive et retard mental : la capacité de flexibilité cognitive dans des situations propices aux persévérations." Amiens, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AMIE0032.
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Vandevelde, Anaïs. "Imagerie cérébrale des mécanismes de contrôle inhibiteur dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC434.
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Le trouble obsessionnel compulsif (TOC) se caractérise par des comportements compulsifs et des habitudes inadaptées, ainsi que des pensées obsessionnelles. Ces manifestations ont pour point commun d’être incontrôlables. Les bases neuro-fonctionnelles de ce défaut de contrôle, surtout concernant les obsessions, restent pourtant largement méconnues et incomprises.Après une revue des approches historiques du TOC, nous présenterons les théories neurocognitives qui ont associé le TOC à deux dysfonctionnements essentiels des mécanismes de contrôle : un déséquilibre des comportements dirigés vers un but au profit de réponses comportementales automatiques dépendantes du striatum et un défaut des mécanismes de contrôle inhibiteur dépendant des régions préfrontales. Cependant, ces théories se sont principalement focalisées sur les symptômes compulsifs, développant des outils permettant leur modélisation mais laissant de côté les mécanismes explicatifs des obsessions. En effet, les outils actuels issus de la psychologie ou des neurosciences cliniques permettent l’étude de certaines caractéristiques de la pensée obsessionnelle mais peinent à modéliser d’autres aspects fondamentaux des obsessions : leur caractère intrusif, involontaire, inattendu, déclenché par un stimulus et nécessitant un effort de contrôle.Nous introduirons ensuite le paradigme Think/ No-think qui permet de modéliser la pensée intrusive et d’étudier ses bases neurofonctionnelles. Ce paradigme constituera le cœur d’une première étude d’imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) menée chez 24 patients souffrant de TOC et 24 participants contrôle. Les résultats de cette étude montrent une altération de la fonction de régulation inhibitrice descendante du cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral sur le striatum chez les patients souffrant de TOC lors de la présence de pensées intrusives. Contrairement aux sujets sains, les patients souffrant de TOC ne régulaient pas, de manière adaptative, la réactivation non désirée des traces mnésiques intrusives dépendantes du striatum. Les analyses de la connectivité effective ont révélé que l’hyperactivité striatale résultait d'un défaut de contrôle inhibiteur préfrontal lors des scènes intrusives et était corrélée à la gravité des symptômes obsessionnels.Nous exposerons ensuite les résultats d’une deuxième étude basée sur une méta-analyse de la littérature des études d’IRMf investiguant les modifications cérébrales de sous-domaines spécifiques de l'inhibition chez les patients souffrant de TOC, dans laquelle nous avons séparé la régulation des réponses cognitives et attentionnelles, de la régulation des comportements moteurs. Les résultats de cette seconde étude étayent l’idée selon laquelle un défaut de fonctionnement des réseaux cérébraux associés aux mécanismes d’inhibition cognitive, mais pas motrice, serait central dans l’expression des symptômes obsessionnels et compulsifs.Dans la discussion de cette thèse, nous développerons l’idée selon laquelle le défaut d’inhibition cognitive renforcerait non seulement la présence d’obsessions et leur interférence, mais limiterait également le désengagement des réponses automatiques et habituelles dépendantes du striatum. Ce phénomène accentuerait le déséquilibre entre le système des habitudes et le système orienté vers un but, ce qui, selon les théories actuelles sur le TOC, favoriserait le développement de comportements compulsifs. Enfin, nous mettrons en perspective cette idée avec les traitements non médicamenteux du TOCObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by compulsive behaviors and maladaptive habits, as well as obsessive thoughts. These manifestations share the common feature of being uncontrollable. However, the neuro-functional basis of this lack of control, particularly regarding obsessions, remains largely unknown and poorly understood.After reviewing the historical approaches to OCD, we will introduce neurocognitive theories that have associated OCD with two critical dysfunctions in control mechanisms: an imbalance between goal-directed behaviors and automatic behavioral responses mediated by the striatum, and a deficit in inhibitory control mechanisms involving prefrontal regions. Nevertheless, these theories have primarily focused on compulsive symptoms, developing tools for their modeling while overlooking the explanatory mechanisms of obsessions. Indeed, current tools derived from psychology and clinical neuroscience allow the study of some characteristics of obsessive thinking but struggle to model other fundamental aspects of obsessions: their intrusive, involuntary, unexpected nature, their stimulus-triggered occurrence, and the need for control efforts.Next, we will introduce the Think/No-think paradigm, which allows the modeling of intrusive thinking and the study of its neurofunctional basis. This paradigm will be the core of a first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study conducted on 24 patients with OCD and 24 control participants. The results of this study reveal an alteration in the top-down inhibitory regulation function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex over the striatum in patients with OCD during the presence of intrusive thoughts. Unlike healthy subjects, patients with OCD do not regulate the unwanted reactivation of intrusive memory traces dependent on the striatum adaptively. Effective connectivity analyses revealed that this striatal hyperactivity resulted from a prefrontal inhibitory control deficit during intrusive scenes and was correlated with the severity of obsessive symptoms.We will then present the results of a second study based on a meta-analysis of the literature on fMRI studies investigating brain changes in specific subdomains of inhibition in patients with OCD, in which we have distinguished the regulation of cognitive and attentional responses from the regulation of motor behaviors. The results of this second study support the idea that a dysfunction of brain networks associated with cognitive rather than motor inhibition mechanisms is central to the expression of obsessive and compulsive symptoms.In the discussion of this thesis, we will develop the idea that a cognitive inhibition deficit not only increases the presence of obsessions and their interference but also limits the disengagement of automatic and habitual striatum-dependent responses. This, in turn, amplifies the imbalance between the habit system and the goal-directed system, which, according to current OCD theories, would facilitate the development of compulsive behaviors. Lastly, we will contextualize this concept within the framework of current clinical treatments for OCD
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Clayton, Sarah. "The cognitive underpinnings of non-symbolic comparison task performance." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/20925.
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Over the past twenty years, the Approximate Number System (ANS), a cognitive system for representing non-symbolic quantity information, has been the focus of much research attention. Psychologists seeking to understand how individuals learn and perform mathematics have investigated how this system might underlie symbolic mathematical skills. Dot comparison tasks are commonly used as measures of ANS acuity, however very little is known about the cognitive skills that are involved in completing these tasks. The aim of this thesis was to explore the factors that influence performance on dot comparison tasks and discuss the implications of these findings for future research and educational interventions. The first study investigated how the accuracy and reliability of magnitude judgements is influenced by the visual cue controls used to create dot array stimuli. This study found that participants performances on dot comparison tasks created with different visual cue controls were unrelated, and that stimuli generation methods have a substantial influence on test-retest reliability. The studies reported in the second part of this thesis (Studies 2, 3, 4 and 5) explored the role of inhibition in dot comparison task performance. The results of these studies provide evidence that individual differences in inhibition may, at least partially, explain individual differences in dot comparison task performance. Finally, a large multi-study re-analysis of dot comparison data investigated whether individuals take account of numerosity information over and above the visual cues of the stimuli when comparing dot arrays. This analysis revealed that dot comparison task performance may not reflect numerosity processing independently from visual cue processing for all participants, particularly children. This novel evidence may provide some clarification for conflicting results in the literature regarding the relationship between ANS acuity and mathematics achievement. The present findings call into question whether dot comparison tasks should continue to be used as valid measures of ANS acuity.
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Bonté, Elodie. "Fonctions exécutives chez le babouin (Papio papio) : variabilités interindividuelles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5005.
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Les fonctions exécutives (FE) sont définies comme des processus de contrôle permettant d'adapter les comportements dans des situations nouvelles. La littérature sur l'homme fait état de fortes variabilités interindividuelles dans l'exécution de ces FE, notamment liées à l'âge des individus. Dans une approche comparative, nous avons cherché à savoir si le primate non humain exprimait de telles variabilités interindividuelles, dans quelle mesure, et pour quelle(s) fonctions(s). Nous avons proposé une série de tâches à un groupe de babouins Papio papio où des individus mâles et femelles d'âges différents, et de statuts sociaux différents cohabitent. Ces expériences ont bénéficié de l'environnement exceptionnel de la plateforme de Comportement et Cognition du Primate située sur la station de Primatologie CNRS de Rousset, où un groupe de babouins a accès ad libitum à dix systèmes de conditionnement opérant automatisés. Les tâches proposées impliquaient chacune une FE particulière, notamment les fonctions d'inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive. Les procédures utilisées, qui reposent sur un principe de conditionnement opérant, consistaient à présenter les tâches sur des écrans tactiles sur lesquels les babouins devaient donner leur réponse. Les expériences impliquant principalement l'inhibition ont montré que le babouin est capable de mettre en place un contrôle inhibiteur efficace. Cependant, les individus les plus âgés montrent des déficits dans leurs performances. Au contraire, lorsque la tâche d'inhibition a une forte composante motrice, les jeunes ont plus de difficultés à adapter leur mouvementExecutive functions (EF), which are defined as control processes, serve the adaptation of the behaviour in new situations. The human literature reveals important inter-individual variabilities in the efficiency of EF, in particular when age is considered. In a comparative perspective, we investigated if similar individual differences also exist in nonhuman primates, and for which function(s). Several tasks were thus proposed to a group of baboons Papio papio, comprising individuals of both sexes and different ages and social status. These experiments were run in a unique research facility, the Primate Behaviour and Cognition platform (Primatology center, Rousset-sur-Arc), where the baboons had an ad libitum free access to ten automated operant conditioning test systems equipped with touch screens. Each task targeted a particular EF, including the functions of inhibition and cognitive flexibility. The baboons demonstrated an efficient inhibitory control in our tasks. Overall, older individuals showed deficits in inhibitory control when compared to the younger subjects. However, this pattern of results is inverted when motor rather than cognitive inhibition was required. The second set of experiments studied cognitive flexibility. That EF appears deficient in adults, in comparison to the younger individuals. Thus, as in humans, monkeys show significant individual differences in executive control. It is concluded that their analysis requires to distinguish motor from cognitive inhibition, and to pay special attention to the factor of age
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Waters, Flavie. "Cognitive dysfunction underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia : a combined-deficits model." University of Western Australia. School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0047.
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[Truncated abstract] Auditory hallucinations are some of the most distressing and disabling symptoms of schizophrenia. However very little is known about the exact processes responsible for auditory hallucinations. The aim of this thesis is to provide a new perspective on the nature of the cognitive deficits underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. As a preliminary study to the investigation of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia, a factor analysis of a measure of hallucinatory predisposition, the Launay- Slade Hallucination Scale-Revised (Bentall & Slade, 1985), was carried out on data from a large sample of undergraduate students (N = 562). An overlap in characteristics between hallucinatory-like experiences in normal individuals and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia should draw attention to factors that are important to the hallucinatory experience in general. One of the findings from this study was that intrusiveness is a commonly reported characteristic of hallucinatory-like experiences in normal individuals. Intrusiveness is also one of the defining features of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Since the process of inhibition is essential for suppressing unwanted thoughts, the first set of two studies using patients with schizophrenia (N = 43) investigated the presence of an (intentional) inhibition failure in auditory hallucinations using the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT; Burgess & Shallice, 1996) and the Inhibition of Currently Irrelevant Memories Task (ICIM; Schnider & Ptak, 1999). It was found that auditory hallucinations were linked to a deficit in intentional inhibition as measured by these tasks. The process of inhibition was further investigated using the Affective Shifting task, but auditory hallucinations were not associated with a deficit on this task. Possible differences in the inhibitory demands of the HSCT, ICIM and Affective Shifting tasks are discussed.
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Chmielewski, Witold X., and Christian Beste. "Perceptual conflict during sensorimotor integration processes - a neurophysiological study in response inhibition." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-215947.
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A multitude of sensory inputs needs to be processed during sensorimotor integration. A crucial factor for detecting relevant information is its complexity, since information content can be conflicting at a perceptual level. This may be central to executive control processes, such as response inhibition. This EEG study aims to investigate the system neurophysiological mechanisms behind effects of perceptual conflict on response inhibition. We systematically modulated perceptual conflict by integrating a Global-local task with a Go/Nogo paradigm. The results show that conflicting perceptual information, in comparison to non-conflicting perceptual information, impairs response inhibition performance. This effect was evident regardless of whether the relevant information for response inhibition is displayed on the global, or local perceptual level. The neurophysiological data suggests that early perceptual/ attentional processing stages do not underlie these modulations. Rather, processes at the response selection level (P3), play a role in changed response inhibition performance. This conflict-related impairment of inhibitory processes is associated with activation differences in (inferior) parietal areas (BA7 and BA40) and not as commonly found in the medial prefrontal areas. This suggests that various functional neuroanatomical structures may mediate response inhibition and that the functional neuroanatomical structures involved depend on the complexity of sensory integration processes.
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Train, Lisa Melanie. "The psychosis spectrum; factors associated with insight and the role of affect in cognitive inhibition." Thesis, Bangor University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528323.
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LeBlanc, Vincent. "A Cognitive Model of the Same-Different Task Based on the Inhibition of "Different" Answers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38461.
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“[The] sense of sameness is the very keel and backbone of our thinking” (James, 1890). To make sense of the ever-shifting information in our environment, we constantly assess whether the world around us changes or not, if objects are the “same” or if they are “different”. This basic decision-making process is found from the lowest level of cognition (e.g. when contrasts are encoded by the retina), to the highest (e.g. when comparing concepts), and anywhere in between. In an experimental context, this process is studied with the “same-different” task, where subjects are asked if two stimuli presented sequentially are strictly identical or not. This experiment has been documented since the 1960s and its results have been replicated with diverse stimuli types (letters, shapes, faces, words, etc.). However, every attempt to model the subjects’ accuracy and response times on correct and incorrect answers simultaneously was unsuccessful so far. Part of the challenge in explaining this task is that “same” answers are faster than expected compared to “different” answers, a phenomenon called the “fast-same effect”.
This thesis aims to assess whether a formal model based on the inhibition of “different” answers is plausible, effectively changing the problem from “fast-same” to “slow-different”. In the first chapter, I review the previous theories and models of the same-different task to learn why they failed. By elimination process, I identify the only cognitive architecture that seems congruent with the data. I then propose a model prototype based on the inhibition of “different” answers that implements this architecture. In the second chapter, I test this prototype with an experimental paradigm designed specifically to assess its plausibility. I conclude that resources should be spent in developing a formal model based on the inhibition of “different” answers, as the prototype’s qualitative predictions are confirmed by both the typical same-different data and the newly acquired data.
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Quénard, Christelle. "Les fonctions cognitives de contrôle chez les personnes civiles traumatisées de la guerre du Congo." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30025/document.
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Les personnes civiles traumatisées (ESPT) de la guerre du Congo rapportent de nombreuses intrusions de pensées par des images et des scènes des évènements vécus. Ces intrusions apportent une souffrance clinique importante. Elles font revivre le traumatisme en permanence sans aucun contrôle cognitif ne soit apparemment possible. Dans notre travail de thèse nous soutenons l’idée que ces intrusions sont la conséquence d’une modification profonde des processus cognitif de contrôle chez les personnes civiles traumatisées de la guerre du Congo. Plus particulièrement, nous supposons que le processus susceptible d’être en cause dans l’absence de contrôle sur les images et les pensées serait un déficit du mécanisme d’inhibition cognitive. Afin de mettre nos hypothèse à l’épreuve nous avons construit différentes tâches composées pour chacune d’un matériel à valence « neutre » et d’un matériel à valence « traumatique, négative ». Ces tâches sont reconnues pour mesurer les capacités de contrôle cognitif. Il s’agit de la tâche de Stroop (Stroop, 1935), de la tâche d’Oubli dirigé (Bjork, Bjork, & Anderson, 1998), d’un matériel issus du paradigme DRM (Deese, 1959 ; Roediger, & McDermott, 1995) et R/K (Tulving, 1985) et enfin d’une épreuve de glissement de mémoire (Jacoby, 1991 ; Haye, & Jacoby, 1996, 1999 ; Guerdoux, 2009). Ces tâches ont été administrées à une première population de personnes civiles traumatisées de la guerre du Congo en comparaison à une population de personnes du Burkina-Faso non traumatisées. Nos résultats ont invalidé nos hypothèses quant à l’existence d’un déficit d’inhibition notamment en présence d’un matériel verbal émotionnel en lien avec les évènements traumatiques vécus. Les résultats de nos études militent pour un hypercontrôle et une hyperinhibition de tout matériel en lien avec le traumatisme. C’est pourquoi, nous tentons d’expliquer cet hypercontrôle comme le signe d’un refoulement émotionnel tel que défini par Freud (1926) ou bien encore le signe d’une dissociation psychique définie par Janet (1986, 1987)The traumatized civil persons (PTSD) of the Congo War bring back numerous interventions of thoughts by images and scenes of the lived events. These interventions bring an important clinical suffering. They make relive the trauma permanently without any cognitive control is apparently possible. In our work of thesis we support the idea that these interventions are the consequences of a deep modification of the processes cognitive of control at the civil persons traumatized by the Congo War. More particularly, we suppose that the process susceptible to be involved (to be in question) in the absence of control over the images and the thoughts would be a deficit of the mechanism of cognitive inhibition. To put our hypothesis in the test we built various tasks consisted for each of a material with "neutral" valency and a material with "traumatic, negative" valency. These tasks are recognized to measure the capacities of cognitive control. It is about the task of Stroop (Stroop, 1935), of the task of directed Forgetting (Bjork, Bjork, & Anderson, 1996), of a material stemming of paradigm DRM (Deese, 1959; Roediger, & McDermott, 1995) and R/K (Tulving, 1985) and finally a memory–slip test (Jacoby, 1991; Hay, & Jacoby, 1996, 1999; Guerdoux, 2009). These tasks were administered to a first population of civil persons traumatized by the Congo War in comparison to a population of persons of the Burkina Faso not traumatized. Our results invalidated our hypotheses as for the existence of a deficit of inhibition in particular in the presence of an emotional verbal material in connection with the lived traumatic events. The results of our studies militate for a hypercontrol and a hyperinhibition of any material in connection with the trauma. That is why we try to explain this hypercontrol as the sign of an emotional expulsion such as defined by Freud (1926) or the sign of a psychic dissociation defined by Janet (1986, 1987)
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Dinius, Cassandra. "ADAPTING TO OBSTACLES: INHIBITION AND CREATIVE POTENTIAL IN A SAMPLE OF SUCCESSFULLY AGING OLDER ADULTS." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1817.
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Studying older adults who are aging ‘successfully’ (i.e., avoiding disease/disability; maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning; engaging in meaningful interpersonal/social engagement) may offer insight into variables that contribute to cognitive change throughout the lifespan. Successful aging is related to levels of engagement, which may be promoted by the problem solving and reevaluation encouraged by the creative process (Fisher & Specht, 1999). Creative thinking requires the consideration of diverse concepts and strategies (e.g., generating many solutions), as well as the regulated filtering of these possibilities (e.g., neither too permissive nor too narrow when eliminating ideas; Baas, De Dreu, & Nijstad, 2011). Cognitive inhibition is necessary for goal-directed behavior, and may also promote creativity by influencing abilities such as plasticity and innovation. Performance on executive control tasks, especially those that draw on inhibition, are impacted by age. Performance on inhibitory (but not excitatory) tasks may be sensitive to arousal levels that fluctuate with circadian rhythm (synchrony effect). The current study examined performance on a variety of neuropsychological and creativity measures at two times of the day in a sample of successfully aging adults aged 70-79. Assessments of executive function, inhibition, and creativity (i.e., verbal and non-verbal divergent thinking) were administered to older adults twice, once at a time when inhibitory performance was expected to be ideal (synchronous) and another at a time when inhibitory performance was expected to be reduced (non-synchronous). We hypothesized that morning testing (synchronous) trials of inhibitory tasks would exhibit lower latency and error rates than evening testing (non-synchronous) trials; morning testing (synchronous) trials of creative potential tasks would exhibit lower fluency, flexibility, and originality scores than evening testing (non-synchronous) trials; and that Need For Cognition (NFC) scores and Information-Orientation ISI subscale scores would be positively correlated with overall (AM + PM) creativity scores (fluency, flexibility, originality). Participants were expected to demonstrate time of day effects on Stroop and TMT performance. Synchrony effects were not observed in this study. There was a significant relation between creative potential and Need for Cognition scores but not between creative potential and scores on the Information-Orientation subscale of the ISI. The current sample may have compensated with cognitive challenges such as those induced by testing time effects. These findings may suggest that a successfully-aging cohort is not impacted by synchrony effects. No previous research has used synchrony to compare aging trajectories (pathological, usual, successful) on cognitive performance. It is feasible that a successfully aging population would have significant cognitive reserve, brain reserve, or scaffolding strategies to compensate for the additional cognitive challenge of non-optimal testing time (Düzel, Schütze, Yonelinas, & Heinze, 2011; Reuter-Lorenz & Park, 2014). Indeed, a marker of successful aging is to compensate well with age-related changes and demonstrate minimal- to no- deficits in performance (Rowe & Kahn, 1997). Synchrony changes in cognitive performance may not be evident in a successfully aging population. The current study provides evidence that motivates intriguing questions about successful aging, inhibition, creativity, and time of day.
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McCartan, D. "The effects of antipsychotic medication on latent inhibition and other measures of cognition : studies in healthy volunteers and people with schizophrenia." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273097.
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Corbridge, Claire. "The role of emotional inhibition in bulimic disorders : evaluation of a schema-focused model of emotionally-driven eating in bulimia." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299411.
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Smith, Dylan. "Neuroelectrical Investigations Into the Sensory and Cognitive Effects of Nicotine and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition in Humans." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33418.
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Investigations into the cognitive effects of tobacco smoking have generally focused on nicotine and its effect on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. However, it is now known that chronic smokers exhibit robust inhibition of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme through the actions of non-nicotine components in tobacco smoke. Therefore, the primary aim of this thesis is to elucidate the effects of nicotine and MAO-inhibition on electroencephalographic (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP) measures of cognition. 24 healthy nonsmoking males were administered 75 mg of moclobemide, and chewed 6 mg nicotine gum, in order to simulate the effects of acute smoking. Four experimental conditions included placebo, nicotine, moclobemide, and a combination of nicotine and moclobemide. Early auditory ERPs were used as measures of cognition, such as the auditory P50 sensory gating paired-stimulus paradigm, the acoustic-change-elicited mismatch-negativity (MMN), the novel sound-elicited P3a, and the target sound-elicited P3b. Three minutes of eyes closed EEG were also recorded. Because these ERPs are often identified as biomarkers for schizophrenia, drug effects were also measured after individuals were stratified for low-baseline amplitude of each ERP measure, as a laboratory model of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Overall results showed a synergistic improvement in sensory gating via nicotine combined with moclobemide, accompanied by a reduction in theta band power. Nicotine in the absence of moclobemide increased P3b amplitude, accompanied by an increase in alpha2 band power. Moclobemide in the absence of nicotine increased P3a amplitude, accompanied by a decrease in beta2 power. Stratifying participants by placebo amplitude revealed both nicotine and moclobemide exhibited an inverted-U pattern of effect, i.e. showing greater amplitude increases in individuals with the lowest baseline amplitudes. Overall, this thesis demonstrates how these two components of tobacco smoke affect different facets of auditory processing in different ways, with synergistic effects in some paradigms but antagonizing effects in others. Therefore, chronic smokers and schizophrenia patients who seek transient cognitive improvement through smoking may actually experience cognitive detriments overall, possibly contributing to withdrawal symptoms and/or an exacerbation of already-present psychiatric symptoms.
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Heidlmayr, Karin. "Cognitive control processes and their neural bases in bilingualism." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB219/document.
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L'objectif de la présente thèse de doctorat était d'étudier la relation entre le bilinguisme et le contrôle exécutif général. Les recherches sur le bilinguisme en psycholinguistique ont montré que la co-activation permanente des langues ainsi que la nécessité de s'adapter à l'environnement linguistique peuvent produire un renforcement des capacités de contrôle chez les bilingues. Toutefois, la nature des processus de contrôle impliqués reste controversée. Trois études ont examiné cette question au niveau neuronal chez des bilingues tardifs français-allemand. Différentes tâches expérimentales mettant en jeu un conflit cognitif ont été utilisées, les unes impliquant une composante linguistique (Stroop et amorçage négatif), et une autre impliquant une composante motrice (antisaccades). Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : (1) Renforcement des processus de gestion de conflits et d'inhibition chez les bilingues, (2) Interaction entre le cortex cingulaire antérieur et le cortex préfrontal dans le contrôle cognitif plus efficace chez les bilingues que chez les monolingues et (3) Modulation du contrôle exécutif par divers facteurs linguistiques individuels inhérents au bilinguisme. Prises dans leur ensemble, ces observations corroborent l'hypothèse d'une implication de processus de contrôle général dans le bilinguisme et révèlent des capacités d'adaptation neuroplastique en fonction des contraintes linguistiquesThe present doctoral thesis aimed to study the relation between bilingualism and domain-general executive control. Psycholinguistic research on bilingualism has shown that the sustained co-activation of languages and the need to adapt to the linguistic environment lead to a reinforcement of control abilities in bilinguals. However, the nature of domain-general executive control involvement in multiple language use is a matter of debate. Three studies were conducted in order to investigate this issue at the neuronal level in French-German late bilinguals. Different experimental tasks involving a cognitive conflict were used, certain of them involving a linguistic component (Stroop and negative priming) and the other one involving a motoric component (antisaccade). The main findings collected in the present doctoral thesis showed (1) the behavioral and neurophysiological evidence of enhanced conflict monitoring and inhibition in bilinguals, (2) the more efficient dynamic interplay between the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex in executive control in bilinguals in comparison with monolinguals, and (3) a modulation of executive control by the individual linguistic factors inherent to bilingualism. Taken together, the present findings support psycholinguistic theories postulating domain-general control involvement in bilingualism and reveal the capacity of neuroplastic adaptation as a function of linguistic constraints
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Collard, Sébastien. "Développement normal et pathologique des fonctions exécutives d'après trois tests d'inhibition cognitive." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60707.pdf.
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Kitner-Triolo, Melissa Hughes. "Predicting Future Age-Related Cognitive Delcine: Processing Speed and Frontal Lobe Functioning." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27673.
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The present study assessed the impact of aging on cognitive functioning over six to 16 years in exceptionally healthy individuals (20 to 79 years) drawn from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The first study (N = 380 women, 757 men) examined the relationship between age and speed of processing as measured by five reaction time (RT) tasks (simple reaction time to complex reaction time involving varying amounts of inhibitory and working memory processing). Unlike previous research, this study additionally assessed the impact of processing speed, working memory, inhibitory processing, and interference RT measures in predicting future performance 6-16 years later (N=103) on (1) mental status (Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration, Mini-Mental State Examination), and prefrontal mediated neuropsychological tests (Trail Making A and B; verbal and category fluency; WAIS digits forward and backwards, California Verbal Learning Test proactive interference index). Regression analyses assessed which theoretical approach, speed of processing (Salthouse, 1996) or prefrontal cortex (Hasher & Zacks, 1988; West, 1996), better explained cognitive change.
Age-related cognitive slowing was observed for initial RT tasks. Especially among the oldest studied (62-79 years of age), slower speed of processing was accelerated by task complexity. Increases in response time were substantially steeper for older as opposed to younger participants. Men were faster than women were on simple RT and a RT task that involved inhibitory processing. A 6-9 year age decline in speed of processing only occurred among individuals over 60 years. RT omission and commission errors showed similar results.
Hierarchical regression analyses determined that RT tasks involving inhibitory control, working memory and interference were most predictive of future prefrontal-mediated cognitive performance (Trail Making B, digit span backwards, letter and category fluency). Prediction of the prefrontal outcome measures of Trail Making A and digit span forward performance from simple reaction time was mediated by the RT measures (inhibitory control, working memory and interference), but not the other way around. Thus, the data most strongly support the Inhibitory Deficit (Hasher & Zacks, 1988) and Prefrontal Cortex Function (West, 1996) theories. There was little support for the processing speed theory (Salthouse, 1996).Ph. D.
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Ibrahime, Stéphane. "Traitement cognitif d'une tâche prioritaire. Déterminants et influences de l'inhibition d'un processus concurrent non prioritaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS516/document.
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Alors que le traitement de nombreuses tâches ordinaires (e.g., parler à son passager, répondre à un e-mail) est en cours, l'apparition d'un stimulus important (e.g., le klaxon d'un voiture) peut nécessiter un traitement prioritaire. Paradoxalement, l'investigation de ce constat dans le champs de la psychologie expérimentale ne rend compte que très rarement compte de la possibilité d'interrompre une action en cours en vue de donner la priorité à une autre réponse motrice. Il apparait donc heuristique d'approfondir les limites et les effets de cette possibilité relativement répandue d'un point de vue écologique. Pour ce faire, nous avons articulé les problématiques inhérentes à l'interférence en double tâche et à l'inhibition motrice afin de mettre au point une série de quatre volets expérimentaux lors desquels la possibilité d'interrompre une réponse non prioritaire en vue de donner la priorité à une autre réponse motrice fut systématiquement donnée aux participants. L'ensemble des résultats convergent vers une diminution de la probabilité d'interruption de la réponse motrice non prioritaire lorsque le stimulus prioritaire apparaît tardivement et peu fréquemment. De plus, le caractère prioritaire d'une tâche motrice ne semble pas constituer un paramètre suffisant permettant d'isoler les processus correspondants de ralentissement. Corollairement, l'interruption de la réponse motrice non prioritaire ne semble pas non plus totalement prémunir le traitement de la tâche prioritaire de ralentissement notamment lorsqu'il n'est pas possible de prédire avec certitude l'apparition du stimulus correspondantWhile many ordinary task processes are ongoing (e.g., to talk with a passenger, answer an e-mail), the apparition of an important stimulus (e.g., a car honking at us) can urge a prioritized process. Paradoxically, investigations about this observation in experimental psychology's field give very few account of the possibility to interrupt a processing action in order to give all priority to another one. Thus, it seems heuristic to deepen the limits and the effects of this widespread possibility from an ecological perspective. To do so, we articulated dual task and motor inibition problematics in order to set up a serie four experimental parts where the possibility to interrupt a low priority response in order to prioritize another response was systematically given to the participants. The whole results converge toward a diminution of the capability to interrupt a low prioritized motor response when the prioritized stimulus appears belatedly and rarely. Moreover, the prioritized nature of a motor task seems to not represent a sufficient parameter alowing isolation of its processes from slowing. As a corollary, interruption of the low prioritized response seems to not prevent the prioritized process from slowing especially when corresponding stimulus apparition is not predictable
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Wodushek, Thomas R. "Performance of Adults With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on Measures of Response Inhibition and Frontal Lobe Functioning." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2590/.
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In this study 2 groups of adults, those with and without ADHD, were studied in terms of cognitive functioning and symptoms of ADHD, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Due to the difficulties in diagnosing ADHD in this population three methods of diagnosis were used and the resulting findings presented. The groups did not differ in measures of depression, anxiety, substance abuse or age. Those adults who met criteria for ADHD showed worse performance on a measure of response inhibition compared to those without ADHD. The patterns of correlations among the cognitive measures differed between the two groups. The conclusions from the findings are discussed in relation to Barkley's (1997) self-regulation model of ADHD.
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Krupa, Boris. "Dendritic sensitivity to the direction of synaptic firing mediated by inhibition; and, The effects of the release timecourse of neurotransmitter on synaptic transmission." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34484.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2006.Includes bibliographical references.
Introduction: This thesis contains two main projects that I worked on during my graduate studies at MIT. Both address the subject matter of how neurons communicate, process, and pass information within the context of larger neuronal ensembles. The first project focuses on information transfer between two neurons during synaptic transmission. The project was spurred by an initial observation that neuronal communication through synapses in young and developing neuronal networks is only "half-hearted" in that signals propagate predominantly through only one type of synaptic receptor (the NMDA receptor), and bypass the principal signaling pathway present in mature synaptic transmission (AMPA receptor) (Malenka and Nicoll 1997). The possible cause of this abnormality was either that AMPA receptors were lacking on the postsynaptic side, or that something else in the process of synaptic transmission rendered them inoperable.
by Boris Krupa.
Ph.D.
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Daniels, Teresa. "Inhibition of injury-induced cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus impairs cognitive recovery following traumatic brain injury." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2800.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces a robust cellular proliferative response among neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/NPCs) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. This proliferative effect is thought to contribute to the innate cognitive recovery observed following TBI. Inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis impairs cognitive function. Furthermore, enhancement of injury-induced hippocampal neurogenesis via intraventricular administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) improves cognitive function in animals following TBI. In this experiment, we investigated the direct association between injury-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive recovery utilizing an antimitotic agent, arabinofuranosyl cytidine (Ara-C). In this study, adult rats received a moderate lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI). Immediately following injury, Ara-C with or without bFGF was infused into the lateral ventricle via an osmotic mini-pump for 7 days. To label dividing cells animals received daily single injections of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) at 2-7 days post-injury. To examine the effect of Ara-C on cell proliferation, a group of animals was sacrificed at 1 week following injury. Brain sections were immunostained for BrdU and cell type specific markers, and the number of BrdU+ cells in the hippocampus was assessed by stereology. To examine the effect of inhibition of injury-induced cell proliferation on cognitive recovery, animals were assessed on Morris water maze tasks (MWM) either at 21 to 25 days or 56-60 days post-injury. We found that post-injury Ara-C treatment significantly reduces injury-induced cell proliferation in the DG and abolishes the innate cognitive recovery on MWM performance at 56-60 days post-injury. Additionally, Ara-C diminishes bFGF enhanced cell proliferation in the DG and cognitive recovery following TBI. These results support the causal relationship between injury-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive functional recovery. Our studies suggest that the post-TBI neurogenic response is an endogenous repair mechanism that contributes to the restoration of hippocampal function post-injury.
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Leonzino, M. "NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY AND EXCITATION/INHIBITION BALANCE IN A MOUSE MODEL OF AUTISM: CORRELATION WITH BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/229412.
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The role of oxytocin (OXT) in controlling social behavior suggests a link to neuropsychiatric conditions in which social behavior behavior is aberrant or even absent, such as autism.
Mice lacking the OXT receptor (Oxtr-/-) display an autistic-like phenotype, including deficits in social interaction, impaired cognitive flexibility (murine correlates of autism core symptoms), increased aggression and susceptibility to seizure (common co-occurring conditions).
The deficit in cognitive flexibility is particularly interesting, because it is present in few animal model of autism. For this reason we decided to investigate its underlying neurobiological and molecular mechanisms.
First, we compared Oxtr+/+and Oxtr-/- neuronal morphology and spine remodeling following a cognitive behavioral test. Interestingly, we highlighted, in the Oxtr-/- mice, an enhanced connectivity and overuse of the dorsolateral striatum, possibly arising from an hippocampal dysfunction, and we proposed it as substrate for habit-like symptoms and cognitive rigidity.
Second, we investigated, at the molecular level, possible sources of this hippocampal dysfunction. In particular, we analyzed Oxtr-/- hippocampal neurons for the expression of proteins involved in the setting and maintenance of excitatio-inhibition (E-I) balance. We found an upregulation of several inwardly-rectifying K+ channels (belonging to Kir2 and Kir3 families), which could alter membrane excitability, and a lack of the physiological upregulation of the chloride transporter KCC2 during development, that may lead to aberrant GABAergic signaling in mature neurons. These data give important indications that the E-I balance is altered at multiple levels in Oxtr-/- hippocampal neurons, as an altered ratio between Glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses was also previously observed in these cultures. These observations are particularly intriguing, because an E-I imbalance has been frequently associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.
Third, we disclosed an OXTR-mediated pathway modulating KCC2 expression that may restore a correct E-I balance in hippocampal neurons.
All this information could be useful to understand the pathophysiology of cognitive rigidity and to develop new therapies addressing specific symptoms of autism.
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Fadier-Salice, Gwenaëlle. "Etude des fonctions exécutives sur une population de seniors." Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20005.
Full textAbstract:
Les fonctions exécutives occupent un rôle de plus en plus central dans les modèles de la cognition (système attentionnel de supervision ; Norman et Shallice, 1980 ou administrateur central de la mémoire de travail ; Baddeley, 1986). L'efficacité de ces processus cognitifs de haut niveau, dont la principale fonction est l'adaptation à la nouveauté, classiquement dévolue aux lobes frontaux (Stuss, 1992), diminue avec l'âge. L'évaluation des performances à 11 tâches exécutives d'un échantillon de 94 personnes âgées de 45 à 98 ans confirme l'altération des performances exécutives avec l'âge, et montre une stabilité modeste de celles-ci entre les deux occasions de mesure. Bien qu'empiriquement dissociables, les processus exécutifs de planification, d'inhibition cognitive, de flexibilité cognitive sont corrélés, et en relation avec l'efficience intellectuelle générale. Nous défendons l'idée d'une dé-différenciation des processus cognitifs chez les personnes âgées (Li, 2002). L'effet négatif de l'âge sur l'efficacité d'un système cognitif général dont on mesurerait différentes composantes serait atténué par un niveau de scolarisation importantActually, the executive functions have got an increased central role in the models of cognition (system attentionnel of supervision; Norman and Shallice, 1980 or central executive of the working memory ; Baddeley, 1986). The efficacity of these high level cognitive processes, whose principal function is the adaptation to the novelty, classically reserved for the frontal lobes (Stuss, 1992), decreases with the age. The performance evaluation to 11 executive tasks of a sample of 94 old people from 45 to 98 years confirms the deterioration of the executive performances with the age, and shows a modest stability of those between the two occasions of measurement. Although empirically different, the executive processes of planning, cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility are correlated, and in relation to general intellectual efficiency. We defend the idea of a de-differentiation of the cognitive processes at the old people (Li, 2002). The negative effect of the age on the efficacity of a general cognitive system which one would measure various components would be mitigated by a significant level of schooling
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Hatchard, Taylor. "Impact of Regular Low-Level Alcohol Consumption on Cognitive Interference and Response Inhibition: An fMRI Investigation in Young Adults." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36336.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the present dissertation was to shed light on the neurophysiological effect of regular consumption of low amounts of alcohol on two important aspects of executive functions, cognitive interference and response inhibition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a sample of young adults. Participants were recruited from the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study (OPPS), a longitudinal study that has collected data from participants from infancy to young adulthood, which permitted control of a number of potentially confounding drug and lifestyle variables. This allowed for investigation of the unique effect of alcohol use on executive functions. The dissertation itself is comprised of two original manuscripts: the first study compared low-level alcohol users to controls on performance of the Counting Stroop, a task of cognitive interference; and the second study compared users to
controls on performance of the Go/No-Go, a task of response inhibition.Although the results of both studies found no performance differences between groups,
low-level alcohol users had significantly more brain activation in several regions, including areas not typically associated with task processing, compared to irregular or non-drinker controls. This difference in neurophysiology may be reflective of compensatory strategies within the brain, whereby the recruitment of additional regions may be attempting to compensate for potential underlying deficits that occur with increasing cognitive demand. While further research is needed to validate this hypothesis, the present findings highlight the vulnerability of the developing brain.