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Books on the topic 'Cognitive presence'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Glarden, Brand Alice, and Graves Richard L. 1931-, eds. Presence of mind: Writing and the domain beyond the cognitive. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook Pub., 1994.

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2

S, Greenberg Leslie, ed. Therapeutic presence: A mindful approach to effective therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2012.

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3

den, Ouden Bernard D., and Moen Marcia 1944-, eds. The Presence of feeling in thought. New York: P. Lang, 1991.

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4

Sychev, Vasiliy. General cognitive theory. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1819022.

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For its 125th anniversary, the famous magazine "Science" has published a list of the greatest mysteries that modern science has not yet solved. In the second place, the authors of the journal, the best scientists in the world, placed the question of the biological basis of consciousness. The general cognitive theory presented in this monograph provides an answer to this important question, as well as to many other equally important ones. Is it possible to create an artificial intelligence that can realize itself? How do we master the language? How has the culture been preserved for thousands of years? For students and teachers, as well as anyone interested in the problems of the peculiarities of the functioning of the psyche and its formation.
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5

Burns, Jeffrey M. Mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease: Detections and diagnosis. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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6

La relación cuerpo-mente: Pasado, presente y futuro de la psicoterapia corporal. México: Pax, 1999.

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7

Po tamtej stronie tekstów: Literatura polska a nowoczesna kultura obecności = The reverse side of texts : Polish literature and the modern culture of presence. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2013.

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8

Burns, Jeffrey M. Early diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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9

Burns, Jeffrey M. Early diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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10

Kislicyna, Natal'ya, and Ekaterina Novikova. Genres sports discourse: linguistic and cognitive aspect. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1077732.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of "discourse" from the perspective of its institutionality. The focus of research interest is sports discourse, presented in the form of a complex conceptual space with a particular genre-stylistic and pragmatic characteristics. As a material of study are sports articles, sports interviews and sports commentary, considered as genres of sports discourse, allocated according to criteria focus of the text and its function. The use of frame analysis, content analysis and conversational analysis have shown the peculiarities of representation of speech and thoughts of individuals, operating in the conditions of specific discursive practices. Addressed to specialists in the field of language theory, cognitive linguistics, decorology, pragmatics, teachers, postgraduates and students.
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11

Académie internationale de philosophie des sciences. Conference. The legacy of A. M. Turing: Papers presented at the Conference of the International Academy of Philosophy of Science : Urbino, 25-27 September 2012. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2013.

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12

Wigfall, Jacqueline. Diaspora Cognitive Linguistics: Black Presence and Pattern. Independently Published, 2022.

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13

Riva, Giuseppe, John Waterworth, and Dianne Murray. Interacting with Presence: HCI and the Sense of Presence in Computer-Mediated Environments. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2014.

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14

Riva, Giuseppe, John Waterworth, and Dianne Murray. Interacting with Presence: HCI and the Sense of Presence in Computer-Mediated Environments. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2014.

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15

Riva, Giuseppe, John Waterworth, and Dianne Murray. Interacting with Presence: HCI and the Sense of Presence in Computer-Mediated Environments. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2022.

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16

Graves, Emeritus Richard L., and Alice Glarden Brand. Presence of Mind: Writing and the Domain Beyond the Cognitive. Boynton/Cook, 1994.

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17

Segal, Zindel V., Susan L. Woods, Patricia Rockman, and Evan Collins. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Embodied Presence and Inquiry in Practice. New Harbinger Publications, 2019.

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18

Segal, Zindel V., Susan L. Woods, Patricia Rockman, and Evan Collins. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Embodied Presence and Inquiry in Practice. Context Press, 2019.

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19

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Embodied Presence and Inquiry in Practice. ReadHowYouWant, 2020.

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20

A Phenomenology of Langerian Mindfulness: The Psychology of Presence. Lexington Books, 2018.

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21

Shaver, Stephen R. Metaphors of Eucharistic Presence. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197580806.001.0001.

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One of the most challenging questions for Christian ecumenical theology is how the relationship between the eucharistic bread and wine and Jesus Christ’s body and blood can be appropriately described. This book takes a new approach to controverted questions of eucharistic presence by drawing on cognitive linguistics. Arguing that human cognition is grounded in sensorimotor experience and that phenomena such as metaphor and conceptual blending are basic building blocks of thought, the book proposes that inherited models of eucharistic presence are not necessarily mutually exclusive but can serve as complementary members of a shared ecumenical repertoire. The central element of this repertoire is the motif of identity, grounded in the Synoptic and Pauline institution narratives. The book argues that the statement “The eucharistic bread and wine are the body and blood of Christ” can be understood both as figurative and as true in the proper sense, thus resolving a church-dividing dichotomy. The identity motif is complemented by four major non-scriptural motifs: representation, change, containment, and conduit. Each motif with its entailments is explored in depth, and suggestions for ecumenical reconciliation in both doctrine and practices are offered. The book also provides an introduction to cognitive linguistics and offers suggestions for further reading in that field.
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22

Greenberg, Leslie S., and Shari M. Geller. Therapeutic Presence: A Mindful Approach to Effective Therapeutic Relationships. American Psychological Association, 2022.

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23

Snježana Zorić and Gert Hofmann. Presence of the Body: Awareness <i>in</i>and <i>beyond</i>Experience. BRILL, 2016.

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24

Dorsch, Fabian. Phenomenal Presence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199666416.003.0001.

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This chapter provides an overview of the debate about the phenomenal presence of features in perceptual experience. First, it delineates the theme of the volume by characterizing phenomenal presence and drawing four important related distinctions: (i) between the phenomenal presence of features pertaining to the objects of experience and features pertaining to the experiences themselves; (ii) between sensory and non-sensory phenomenal presence in perceptual experience; (iii) between the phenomenal presence of features of objects that are in view and of objects that are out of sight; and (iv) between qualitative and categorical features of perceptual experiences. Then, the chapter contrasts the debate about phenomenal presence with the closely related debates about intrinsic qualia, cognitive phenomenology, and higher-level perception. Finally, it provides detailed descriptions of the content of the contributions to the volume and highlights their main claims and their philosophical significance for the debate about phenomenal presence and beyond.
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25

Effortless Mindfulness: Genuine Mental Health Through Awakened Presence. Routledge, 2014.

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26

Miller, Lisa Dale. Effortless Mindfulness: Genuine Mental Health Through Awakened Presence. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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27

Whittal, Maureen L., and Melisa Robichaud. Cognitive Treatment for OCD. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0076.

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The cornerstone of cognitive treatment (CT) for OCD is based upon the knowledge that unwanted intrusions are essentially a universal experience. As such, it is not the presence of the intrusion that is problematic but rather the associated meaning or interpretation. Treatment is flexible, depending upon the nature of the appraisals and beliefs, but can include strategies focused on inflated responsibility and overestimation of threat, importance and control of thoughts, and the need for perfectionism and certainty. The role of concealment and the relationship to personal values are important maintaining and etiological factors. The short-term and long-term treatment outcome is reviewed, along with predictors of treatment response and mechanisms of action, and the chapter concludes with future directions regarding CT for OCD.
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28

Kiloby, Scott. Natural Rest for Addiction: A Revolutionary Way to Recover Through Presence. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013.

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29

Goswami, Usha. 4. Friendships, families, pretend play, and the imagination. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199646593.003.0005.

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‘Friendships, families, pretend play, and the imagination’ examines the influence of the people around infants as well as their imaginative games on cognitive and social/emotional development. How important is the presence of siblings to a child’s cognitive development? Research suggests having siblings is beneficial for social cognition, and even sibling disputes play a vital role. The way in which parents deal with their own emotions influences how a child learns to manage their feelings. Observing pretend play, with adults, siblings, or alone, provides a way to understand the development of mental states and is an important aspect of child development.
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30

Larocca, Nicholas G. Cognitive Impairment and Mood Disturbances. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0018.

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This chapter presents a comprehensive review of two of the most prevalent symptoms in persons with multiple sclerosis. While cognitive impairment and mood disorders may affect at least half of the MS population, and can have a significant effect on function and quality of life, they are often under recognized and under treated. The epidemiology and most common clinical manifestations of cognitive dysfunction and mood disorders are presented, along with a detailed discussion of screening and assessment tools. Pharmacologic and behavioral treatment interventions are reviewed, with analyses of their comparative efficacy.
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31

Whisman, Mark A., and Daniel BE. Cognitive Therapy for Comorbid Depression. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.009.

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Depression often co-occurs with other Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders. This chapter presents a model for how cognitive therapy (CT) of depression can be adapted in conceptualizing and treating the complex set of issues and problems that often accompany comorbid depression. It begins with a discussion of the prevalence of comorbidity in community and clinical samples, then review the research on comorbidity and outcome to CT for depression, followed by a model for adapting or modifying CT for patients who present with depression and a comorbid Axis I or Axis II disorder. The chapter concludes with specific clinical guidelines for treating depression that co-occurs with anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and personality disorders.
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32

Dillon, Kirsten H., Patricia A. Resick, and Candice M. Monson. Psychotherapy: Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0031.

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This chapter discusses cognitive processing therapy (CPT), a trauma-focused, cognitive-behavioral treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CPT focuses primarily on identifying and challenging maladaptive beliefs that have developed about and as a result of the trauma, in order to help the client adopt a more balanced set of beliefs. Based on its long history of research support, CPT is one of the leading evidence-based treatments for PTSD. The chapter covers the theoretical background for CPT, describes the therapy, and presents a summary of research findings. Studies of CPT across multiple populations, settings, cultures, and countries are discussed. Research on the efficacy of CPT for individuals with comorbid conditions (e.g., brain injury, personality disorders, depression) and the impact of CPT on health-related outcomes and psychosocial functioning is also presented.
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33

Harvey, Philip D., and Felicia Gould. Cognitive Functioning and Disability in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0016.

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In many respects, PTSD is a disorder of cognition and memory in specific: individuals with the condition have trouble remembering details of the trauma when they want to and remember them in other situations where they do not want to, such as in nightmares and flashbacks. In addition, a growing literature has explored performance on other cognitive performance measures in PTSD. A new development is the study of the ability to perform critical everyday functional skills, referred to as functional capacity, which themselves are highly cognitively demanding. Our review of the literature on cognition and PTSD suggests two main conditions. There are several areas of cognitive functioning where people with PTSD perform below normative standards, on average. These domains include memory, attention, and executive functioning. However, there is also substantial evidence to suggest that impairments in cognition are present before the onset of other symptoms and may be a risk factor for the development of PTSD. A careful examination of the levels of performance of PTSD patients suggests that performance may not be worse than pre-illness functioning. Interventions aimed at cognition may still be beneficial, because a small literature consistently finds that cognitive impairments are correlated with indicators of everyday disability in people with PTSD.
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34

Bara, Bruno G. Cognitive Pragmatics. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.14.

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Cognitive pragmatics focuses on the mental states and, to some extent, the mental correlates of the participants of a conversation. The analysis of the mental processes of human communication is based on three fundamental concepts: cooperation, sharedness, and communicative intention. All of the three were originally proposed by Grice in 1975, though each has since been refined by other scholars. The cooperative nature of communication is justified by the evolutionary perspective through which the cooperative reasoning underlying a conversation is explained. Sharedness accounts for the possibility of comprehending non-standard communication such as deceit, irony, and figurative language. Finally, communicative intention presents the unique characteristic of recursion, which is, according to most scientists, a specific trademark of humans among all living beings.
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35

Geertz, Armin W. Cognitive Science. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.7.

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The cognitive revolution reinstated the mind as a central unit of empirical and theoretical analysis and inspired the cognitive science of religion (CSR), which attempted to explain symbolic-cultural systems in terms of innate cognitive constraints. There is an ongoing debate on whether cognition is simply individual mental representations or broader interactions of minds in bodies negotiating natural and social environments. CSR produced significant foundational hypotheses during the 1990s, but it is an open question whether these hypotheses constitute ‘explanations.’ There are at present five significant new directions in CSR, namely neuropsychology, experimental science of religion, field experiments, history, and big data. CSR is an ever-expanding field of inquiry drawing on the methodologies of the natural and social sciences and using new methods and technologies to answer age-old questions about consciousness, culture, social behavior, and religion. In this sense it is crucial to the comparative study of religion.
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36

Thapar, Anita, and Stephanie van Goozen. Conduct disorder in ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0020.

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Conduct disorder (CD) is an important marker of ADHD clinical and cognitive impairment and neurodevelopmental multimorbidity. It is also predictive of poor psychiatric and functional outcomes. Although traditionally considered as a consequence of ADHD, association of ADHD and CD can be explained at multiple levels—in terms of enriched familial/genetic risks, higher levels of psychosocial adversity, a likely different pattern of cognitive and neural correlates that involve emotional processes components, earlier temperamental risk characteristics, and additional neurodevelopmental burden such as language impairments and lower cognitive ability. The presence of CD does not alter current ADHD guideline recommendations on treatment but should be taken into account when making decisions upon the intensity and nature of follow-up.
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37

Steinberg, Martin, and Paul B. Rosenberg. The Office Assessment of Depression and Cognitive Impairment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0002.

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Changes in mood and/or cognition are common complaints in the elderly population. This chapter uses case studies to illustrate insights to make clinical assessment more efficient. These include assessing for cognitive impairment when depression is present and vice versa, being mindful of assuming that patients reporting cognitive difficulties are “worried well,” avoiding overreaction to very mild symptoms, assessing the four key cortical cognitive domains (amnesia, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia), assessing for subcortical dysfunction, assessing Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), and understanding that depression in the elderly often presents with atypical symptoms. Brief cognitive instruments which can improve assessment include the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and the Mini Cog. Brief depression instruments include the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDSS), and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD).
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38

Steinberg, Martin, Antonio N. Puente, and Cynthia A. Munro. The Role of Neuropsychological Examination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0004.

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Changes in mood and/or cognition are common complaints in the elderly population. This chapter uses case studies to illustrate insights to make clinical assessment more efficient. These include assessing for cognitive impairment when depression is present and vice versa, being mindful of assuming that patients reporting cognitive difficulties are “worried well,” avoiding overreaction to very mild symptoms, assessing the four key cortical cognitive domains (amnesia, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia), assessing for subcortical dysfunction, assessing Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), and understanding that depression in the elderly often presents with atypical symptoms. Brief cognitive instruments which can improve assessment include the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and the Mini Cog. Brief depression instruments include the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDSS), and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD).
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39

Harvey, Allison G., Edward Watkins, Warren Mansell, and Roz Shafran. Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198528883.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 discusses reasoning. This includes the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, self-report paradigms, cognitive-experimental paradigms, attributions, expectancies and heuristics, covariation and illusory correlation, and the evidence for the presence of these reasoning processes across psychological disorders (anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance-related disorders).
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40

Kipps, Christopher, and John Hodges. Clinical cognitive assessment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0010.

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Cognitive symptoms arise from the location of brain dysfunction and are not linked directly to any particular pathology. In the early stages of disease, symptoms may be non-specific, and while certain symptom clusters are commonly seen in particular disorders, atypical presentations are not infrequent. For example, in Alzheimer’s disease, patients may present with a focal language syndrome instead of the more commonly appreciated autobiographical memory disturbance despite identical pathology. In our approach to the cognitive assessment, we maintain a symptom oriented approach. This facilitates the localisation of pathology and subsequent clinical diagnosis, which may then be supplemented by associated neurological signs, imaging or other investigations.
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41

Kropf, Nancy P., and Sherry M. Cummings. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0003.

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Chapter 3, “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Theory and Practice,” presents the history, examines the theoretical underpinnings, and explains the essential skills and techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Theoretical principles, such as cognitive distortions, underlying assumptions and schema, and their presentation in older adults, are discussed. The treatment approach of CBT is outlined, including the nature of the therapeutic relationship, changing cognitions, behavioral strategies, the use of homework in treatment, and special considerations and adaptations for practice with older clients. Various contexts and settings where CBT is implemented are summarized, such as individual and group settings within community-based, acute-care, and long-term-care facilities. The chapter ends with the case example of cognitive behavioral treatment with an older female caregiver, which highlights and illustrates CBT practice with older adults.
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42

Kropf, Nancy P., and Sherry M. Cummings. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0004.

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In Chapter 4, “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Evidence-Based Practice,” research on the use of CBT with older adults is summarized and evaluated. Fifteen meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2000 and 2015 are presented. The most developed area of research on CBT effectiveness with older clients is on depression and anxiety outcomes. A smaller, but still substantial, literature focuses on outcomes of CBT for insomnia. While research on the effectiveness of CBT with older adults is not as encompassing as that for younger populations, it is, nonetheless, substantive and, thus far, more advanced than that of most other psychotherapeutic interventions used with older adults. Research suggests that CBT with older clients is as effective as other psychotherapeutic interventions, with superior results in decreasing the negative outcomes of anxiety. In administration, CBT is a flexible approach that has utility across a variety of settings and contexts.
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43

Rohsenow, Damaris J., and Megan M. Pinkston-Camp. Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.010.

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Cognitive-behavioral approaches to treatment are derived from learning principles underlying behavioral and/or cognitive therapy. Only evidence-based approaches are recommended for practice. Support for different approaches varies across substance use disorders. For alcohol use disorders, cognitive-behavioral coping skills training and cue-exposure treatment are beneficial when added to an integrated treatment program. For cocaine dependence, contingency management combined with coping skills training or community reinforcement, and coping skills training added to a full treatment program, produce increased abstinence. For marijuana abuse, contingency management or coping skills training improve outcomes. For opiate dependence, contingency management decreases use of other drugs while on methadone. For smoking, aversive conditioning produces good results and key elements of coping skills training are supported, best when medication is also used. Recent advances include Web-based coping skills training, virtual reality to present cues during cue exposure, and text-messaging to remind clients to use coping skills in the natural environment.
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44

C, Morris John, and Jeffrey M. Burns. Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early Alzheimer's Disease: Detection and Diagnosis. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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45

Reber, Arthur S., and Rhianon Allen, eds. The Cognitive Unconscious. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197501573.001.0001.

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Abstract The material in The Cognitive Unconscious began as a master’s thesis that examined the manner in which knowledge of fairly complex, patterned material could be acquired without any conscious effort to learn it and with little to no awareness of what had been learned. It was dubbed implicit learning and, over more than fifty years, became a vigorously researched area in the social sciences. The Cognitive Unconscious brings together several dozen scientists from a variety of backgrounds and presents a broad (and deep) overview of how the exploration of the cognitive unconscious grew from that first study to a domain of research to which contributions have been made by sociologists, neuroscientists, evolutionary biologists, modelers, social and organizational psychologists, sport psychologists, primatologists, developmentalists, linguists, psychiatrists and psychotherapists, and measurement and assessment researchers. The core message seems fairly straightforward. Unconscious, implicit cognitive processes play a role in virtually everything interesting that human beings do. The implicit and explicit elements of cognition form a rich and complex interactive framework that make up who we are. The volume has contributions from over thirty distinguished authors from nine different countries and gives a balanced and thorough overview of where the field is today, a bit over a half-century since the first experiments were run.
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46

Bennardo, Giovanni. Cultural models in Tongan metacognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0013.

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This chapter is about a fundamental Tongan cognitive style or cultural model. What happens to an individual’s ego is not the focus of that individual’s attention. One focuses on an other-than-ego individual (or more than one individual, or a group) and the consequences of one’s behavior on that person. In other words, a point, i.e., a place, person, or event, is chosen in the field of ego—i.e., the spatial field, social field, or event field—and other points are put in relationship to the previously chosen one, either centripetally, i.e., toward it, or centrifugally, i.e., away from it. The chapter first illustrates the presence of such a Tongan mental construction in the domain of spatial relationships and then shows it repeated in other domains of knowledge, e.g., social relationships or social cognition. This finding led to the hypothesis of a fundamental role played by cultural models in metacognition.
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47

Tully, Erin C., and William Iacono. An Integrative Common Liabilities Model for the Comorbidity of Substance Use Disorders with Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.20.

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This chapter presents an integrative research-derived model to explain comorbidity among substance use disorders (SUDs), externalizing disorders, and internalizing disorders. This hierarchical model is based on phenotypic covariance among the disorders and latent common genetic liability. At the highest level of the hierarchy, general genetically influenced biological dispositions to negative emotionality and behavioral disinhibition each give rise to spectra of related personality traits, cognitive processes, behavioral tendencies, and psychopathology that account for the pattern of co-occurrence among mental disorders. At the lowest level of the hierarchy, disorder-specific genetic and environmental effects explain the presence of some and not other disorders associated with a given general liability. Interplay between the general liabilities and both other genes and environmental factors throughout development affect the likelihood of developing specific mental disorders.
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48

Frierson, Richard L., and Shilpa Srinivasan. Evaluation of Elderly Persons in the Criminal Justice System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0020.

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The assessment of the elderly defendant presents a specific set of challenges in the forensic psychiatric evaluation process. In this special population, a neurocognitive disorder or the presence of cognitive, psychiatric, and behavioral symptoms can impair a defendant’s understanding of the legal system or their ability to work effectively with an attorney in the preparation of a defense. Therefore, assessments of capacity to stand trial may require special attention to the mental health conditions and symptoms more commonly seen in elderly persons, and the evaluation process may require modification to accurately assess this population and to rule out malingering. Unique challenges are also encountered in the evaluation of elderly defendants for criminal responsibility and in presentencing evaluations. This chapter provides an overview of these challenges and strategies to promote accurate evaluation of the elderly defendant.
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49

Abramovitch, Amitai. Neuropsychological Function in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0015.

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This chapter reviews the neuropsychological literature in adult and pediatric OCD, and then reviews the limitations, current controversies, and caveats in this area. Characterization of neuropsychological deficits associated with psychological problems has the potential to integrate neurobiological and psychopathological research. The cognitive neuropsychology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has been extensively studied over the past three decades. This impressive body of literature indicates that individuals diagnosed with OCD tend to exhibit moderate underperformance on neuropsychological tests in most, although not all, cognitive domains. However, neuropsychological research in OCD has been notoriously inconsistent. Moreover, the presence of broad though modest deficits, rather than large discrete ones, raises serious challenges for attempts to integrate neuropsychological constructs into neurobiological and psychological models of OCD.
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50

Rosenberg, Paul B. Treatment of Cognitive Impairment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0007.

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Abstract:
There are lifestyle strategies that may help preserve cognition in old age and in MCI. While the evidence is still suggestive rather than definitive it is strong enough to make suggestions to patients and families. Cognitive interventions such as computer-based cognitive stimulation and brain fitness programs may be helpful, although more generalized cognitive activities such as taking a college course or learning a new skill may be equally helpful. Aerobic exercise has the best track record to date among lifestyle interventions. Having a variety of leisure activities that combine psychological, physical, and social activities is advised. As far as well can tell, diets that are helpful for preventing heart disease such as the Mediterranean diet also may be good for cognition. The mechanisms for many of these strategies likely involve 1) the brain compensating for circuit loss by engaging new circuits to solve problems and 2) improvements in vascular health.
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