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Journal articles on the topic 'Cognitive thought research'
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1
Freundschuh, Scott M., and Rob Kitchin. "Contemporary Thought and Practice in Cognitive Mapping Research: An Introduction." Professional Geographer 51, no. 4 (November 1999): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00187.
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Bruder, Johannes. "Where the Sun never Shines." Digital Culture & Society 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2018-0109.
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Abstract In this paper, I elaborate on deliberations of “post-enlightened cognition” between cognitive neuroscience, psychology and artificial intelligence research. I show how the design of machine learning algorithms is entangled with research on creativity and pathology in cognitive neuroscience and psychology through an interest in “episodic memory” and various forms of “spontaneous thought”. The most prominent forms of spontaneous thought - mind wandering and day dreaming - appear when the demands of the environment abate and have for a long time been stigmatized as signs of distraction or regarded as potentially pathological. Recent research in cognitive neuroscience, however, conceptualizes spontaneous thought as serving the purpose of, e. g., creative problem solving and hence invokes older discussions around the links between creativity and pathology. I discuss how attendant attempts at differentiating creative cognition from its pathological forms in contemporary psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and AI puts traditional understandings of rationality into question.
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Bainbridge, William Sims. "Social cognition of religion." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 5 (October 2006): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06239104.
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Research on religion can advance understanding of social cognition by building connections to sociology, a field in which much cognitively oriented work has been done. Among the schools of sociological thought that address religious cognition are: structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, phenomenology, and, most recently, exchange theory. The gulf between sociology and cognitive science is an unfortunate historical accident.
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Joyce, Eileen M. "Cognitive function in schizophrenia: insights from intelligence research." British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 3 (September 2013): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.109553.
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SummarySchizophrenia is characterised by generalised cognitive impairment that is both a risk factor and a predictor of outcome. Recent research into human intelligence supports the view that, in schizophrenia, poor performance on disparate cognitive tasks can be explained by dysfunction of a frontoparietal neural network thought to support fluid intelligence.
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Waltman, Scott H., Sarah A. Frankel, Brittany C. Hall, Michael A. Williston, and Shari Jager-Hyman. "Review and Analysis of thought Records: Creating a Coding System." Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 15, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400515666190123130725.
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Background: Thought records are a core component of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Over time, thought records have been modified to suit various needs or preferences. A diversity of thought records have been developed, which include differing components and cognitive change strategies. Yet, due to a lack of specificity in the literature and field, different thought records are often treated as though they are interchangeable. Limited extant literature suggests that differing thought records may have unique clinical effects. However, meta-analyzing the comparable or differing effects of the distinct extant thought records is impeded by the lack of a coding system for thought records. Objective: The current study sought to prepare a way for further understanding the differential utility and effectiveness of different iterations of thought records by creating a coding system, which is described in detail. This coding system will be used to guide future research into which thought records work best for which problems. Method: Thought records were gathered from seminal texts and solicited from the certified members of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy and the American Board of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology. Results: In total, 110 non-identical thought records were gathered and coded into 55 unique combinations. These results demonstrate that the variability of thought records used by qualified therapists extends well beyond those found in seminal CBT texts. Conclusion: This broad diversity justifies the need for a coding system to inform future lines of research.
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Islas Mondragón, Damián. "Evaluating the Cognitive Success of Thought Experiments." Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, no. 3 (December 22, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i3.06.
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Thought experiments are widely used in natural science research. Nonetheless, their reliability to produce cognitive results has been a disputable matter. This study is conducted to present some rules of confirmation for evaluating the cognitive outcome of thought experiments. I begin given an example of a “paradigmatic” thought experiment from Galileo Galilei: the falling bodies. Afterwards, I briefly surveying two different accounts of thought experiments: James R. Brown’s rationalism and John D. Norton’s empiricism. Then, I discuss their positions and I show that none of them may tip the balance towards the rationalism or empiricism they try to defend. Finally, I put forward that the notion of confirmation, connected to the notion of increasing plausibility, can be used to develop some confirmation rules to compare the explanatory power of thought experiments in competition, regardless of their rational or empirical nature in which the discussion of this type of experiment has been engaged in recent years.
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Shalika, Mayang Putri, and Mulyadi Mulyadi Mulyadi. "COGNITIVE INTERJECTION IN INDONESIAN AND JAPANESE." HUMANIKA 26, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/humanika.v26i1.22053.
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Cognitive interjection conveys a message that is more oriented to cognition or thought, namely something that is known as information and becomes new knowledge. This type of Interjection is different from emotive interjection and volitive interjection. This study aims to reveal the form and meaning of cognitive interjection in Indonesian and Japanese. This research is a kind of qualitative descriptive research and at the data collection stage the method used is the refer method. Natural Semantic Metalanguage Theory (NSM) is used to identify and describe the form and meaning of cognitive interjection in both languages. The forms of cognitive interjection in Indonesian are: Aha, aah, wah, ooh, hmm, oopps, hah, well, well. In Japanese the forms of interjection are: Aa (あ あ), Yaa (や あ), Maa (ま あ), Aa (あ あ), Eeto (え え と), Ee (え え), Are (あ れ), Sora (そ ら). This study found groups of meanings for cognitive interjection, which were divided into interjection expressions of thought, interjection of expressions of difficulty, interjection of agreed expressions, interjection of expressions only knowing something, interjection of expressions of distrust, interjection of expressions of guilt, interjection of expressions recalled. Keywords: Cognitive Interjection, NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage), Cognition
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Henser, Steve. "Relativistic implications of a natural-language-based format for thought." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 6 (December 2002): 688–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02380129.
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I will argue (contra Carruthers) that accepting natural language as the format of many of our thoughts should entail accepting a version of Whorfian relativism and that, rather than something to be avoided, evidence from bilingual cognition suggests that incorporating this idea into future research would yield further insights into the cognitive functions of natural language.
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de Jong, Ton. "Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought." Instructional Science 38, no. 2 (August 27, 2009): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11251-009-9110-0.
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Larsen, Karin E., Stefanie A. Schwartz, Stephen P. Whiteside, Maheruh Khandker, Katherine M. Moore, and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. "Thought Control Strategies Used by Parents Reporting Postpartum Obsessions." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcpiq-v20i4a007.
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Previous research has established that parents commonly experience intrusive harm-related thoughts pertaining to their infants (e.g., “My baby might die from SIDS”). Cognitive-behavioral models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) posit that maladaptive strategies for managing such thoughts play a role in the development and maintenance of obsessional problems. In the present study, we examined (1) the strategies parents used to manage unwanted infant-related thoughts and (2) the relationships between thought control strategies and obsessional and depressive symptoms. Non-treatment-seeking parents (n = 75) of healthy newborns completed measures of intrusive thoughts, thought control strategies, and obsessional and depressive symptoms. Mothers and fathers did not differ in their use of various thought control strategies. Strategies involving distraction, self-punishment, and reappraisal of the intrusive thought were positively related to the severity of obsessional symptoms. Punishment was also positively associated with depressive symptoms. Results are discussed in terms cognitive-behavioral models of OCD.
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Wang, Deming (Adam), Martin S. Hagger, and Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis. "Ironic Effects of Thought Suppression: A Meta-Analysis." Perspectives on Psychological Science 15, no. 3 (April 14, 2020): 778–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691619898795.
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The ironic effect of thought suppression refers to the phenomenon in which individuals trying to rid their mind of a target thought ironically experience greater levels of occurrence and accessibility of the thought compared with individuals who deliberately concentrate on the thought (Wegner, 1994, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.34). Ironic effects occurring after thought suppression, also known as rebound effects, were consistently detected by previous meta-analyses. However, ironic effects that occur during thought suppression, also known as immediate enhancement effects, were found to be largely absent. In this meta-analysis, we test Wegner’s original proposition that detection of immediate enhancement effects depends on the cognitive load experienced by individuals when enacting thought suppression. Given that thought suppression is an effortful cognitive process, we propose that the introduction of additional cognitive load would compete for the allocation of existing cognitive resources and impair capacity for thought suppression. Studies ( k = 31) consistent with Wegner’s original thought-suppression paradigm were analyzed. Consistent with our predictions, rebound effects were observed regardless of cognitive load, whereas immediate enhancement effects were observed only in the presence of cognitive load. We discuss implications in light of ironic-process theory and suggest future thought-suppression research.
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Weis, Patrick P., and Eva Wiese. "Speed Considerations Can Be of Little Concern When Outsourcing Thought to External Devices." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621004.
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Most research on human cognition has focused on processes “inside the box”. Recently, researchers questioned this monopoly, promoting the relevance of cognitive processing “outside the box”, for instance, when using a GPS to navigate. For processing that is distributed between internal and external resources to work efficiently, humans need good heuristics that help them decide when to use which resource. A novel human-computer-interaction paradigm was employed to explore whether people follow the “minimal memory” heuristic and offload cognitive processing onto external resources whenever possible or the “soft constraint” heuristic and offload cognitive processing only if it is associated with an overall higher speed than internal processing. Participants, despite lower speed, nearly exclusively cognized outside the box, which contradicts the soft constraint heuristic and mostly supports the minimal memory heuristic. Implications for human-technology interaction as well as alternative heuristics relevant for cognitive offloading are discussed.
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Zhong, Ying Hong, and Hong Wei Liu. "A Research Methodology Based on Design Science for the Construction of Cognitive Maps: The Case of a Chinese Steel Company’s Strategic Decision Making." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 2098–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.2098.
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In turbulent business environment, executives’ cognition plays an important role in their understanding and the process of decision making. Cognitive map helps the senior executives in their thought process. The construction of information-based cognitive map, however, is a wicked problem, which could hardly be tackled by hard systems methodologies. Design science provides a good solution. This paper puts forward a research methodology, which is divided into six activities, to build up an information systems (IS) based cognitive map for cognitive decision support. The methodology is demonstrated by a case study of a Chinese steel company’s strategic decision making.
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Nauha, Tero. "A thought of performance." Performance Philosophy 2, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.21476/pp.2017.2276.
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In this article I attempt to trace the path of my artistic research, which began from the application of schizoanalysis in performance and which now explores the possible limits of thought in order to regard how performance thinks in specifically different ways from discursive forms of thought, such as philosophy. The main argument starts from the notion – borrowed from French thinker, François Laruelle - that philosophical thought does not tell us more about the Real than any other gestures of thought. I begin from a speculative relationship between the apparatus of cognitive capitalism. I conclude by superpositioning the post-humanist thought of Laruelle and Karen Barad with the concept of ‘non-standard’ performance as fictioning. As a whole, the article aims to propose a performative approach to artistic research in these terms.
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Klemperer, Frances. "No twisted thought without a twisted molecule." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 3 (March 1992): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.3.167.
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There can be no doubt that schizophrenia is associated with a variety of neurophysiological disturbances and disordered cognitive functioning. But we are only beginning to identify which brain areas are involved and to discover how abnormalities in these areas are related to abnormal psychological processes. This symposium, organised by Drs David and Cutting, offered an opportunity to learn about the work of both psychologists and psychiatrists in this field. Diverse research presented ranged from PET studies to the analysis of home videos, from epidemiological work to studies of cognitive performance.
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Barrett, Justin L., R. Daniel Shaw, Joseph Pfeiffer, and Jonathan Grimes. "Where the Gods Dwell: a Research Report." Journal of Cognition and Culture 19, no. 1-2 (May 2, 2019): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340051.
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AbstractAre the places that superhuman beings purportedly act and dwell randomly or arbitrarily distributed? Inspired by theoretical work in cognitive science of religion, descriptions of superhuman beings (e.g., ancestors, demons, ghosts, gods, spirits) were solicited from informants in 20 countries on five continents, resulting in 108 usable descriptions, including information about these beings’ properties, their dwelling location, and whether they were the target of rituals. Whether superhuman beings are the subject of religious and ritual practices appeared to co-vary in relation to both features of physical geography and cognitive factors. Good gods were more likely the focus of religious practices than evil gods, and where the gods are thought to dwell mattered. If either the being was thought to dwell in a dangerous place or a resource rich place, it was more likely to have practices directed at it.
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Wilson, Charlotte, and Martin Hall. "Thought Control Strategies in Adolescents: Links with OCD Symptoms and Meta-Cognitive Beliefs." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 40, no. 4 (March 2, 2012): 438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246581200001x.
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Background: The perceived control of intrusive thoughts is important in our understanding of a variety of psychological disorders, but particularly in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Little research has explored thought control strategies in younger populations, despite the frequent onset of OCD in childhood. Aims: This study examined thought control strategies and meta-cognitive beliefs in relation to Obsessive Compulsive (OC) interference scores in an adolescent sample. Method: A non-referred sample of 151 adolescents aged 13–16 completed the Thought Control Questionnaire, the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire – Adolescent version, and the Leyton Obsessional Inventory – Child Version. Results: Adolescents reported using distraction and worry as thought control strategies as much as adults, but social control and reappraisal less frequently, with adolescent males also reporting less use of punishment as a strategy. The strategies of worry and punishment, and positive beliefs about worry, uncontrollability and danger beliefs (UCD) and superstition punishment and responsibility beliefs (SPR) predicted OC interference scores. Furthermore, these meta-cognitive beliefs mediated the relationships between punishment and worry and OC interference scores. Conclusions: Given the similarities between our results and those from research exploring these variables in adults, it is proposed that cognitive behavioural models of OCD that have been developed in adult populations may be relevant to adolescents, but that meta-cognitive beliefs about superstition, punishment and responsibility may be important in adolescence.
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Davidko, Natalya. "Symbolism in V. Woolf's “Orlando” (Cognitive Tools of Figurative Thought)." English Linguistics Research 8, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v8n4p27.
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The current research is devoted to the study of the oak tree symbolism in V. Woolf's “Orlando” (1928) with the dual purpose of defining its functional role in the literary text and educing cognitive and cultural foundations underlying conception and development of the symbol. The principles and tools employed for the analysis allow of tracing the formation of the symbolic domain of the Tree concept to the Proto-Indo-European period. Later accretions of symbolic meanings conditioned by a mythic and religious vision of the world produced a rich paradigm of symbolic attributes grounded in the primordial archetype and adapted to a new ideology. The in-depth research into textural peculiarities and semantic content of the discourses with the oak tree as a central leitmotif reveals “prominence” choices of attributes and intricate combination thereof.
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Gerasimova, Irina. "Thought and its «Garments»." Ideas and Ideals 12, no. 3-1 (September 23, 2020): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2020-12.3.1-57-76.
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The article develops a methodological conception. It is based on the principles of the philosophy of complexity. The author believes that the discussion of the problems of rationality in the space of cultural diversity will be futile if we do not take into account the cognitive and socio-cultural aspects of meaning generation. The author draws attention to the communicative nature of meaning formation, which is increasing in the context of globalization. Such forms of organization of collective thinking as an interdisciplinary and transdiciplinary dialogue spread to the philosophical community. A distinctive feature of historical and philosophical research remains a special attention to textual artifacts, but modern methodologies must also contribute to the understanding of ancient knowledge and mentality. The author offers a methodological model of meaning generation. The coordinate grid of axes is its basis. As bearing axes, the author introduces: conscious-unconscious, explicit-implicit (hidden), external-internal, linear-nonlinear, order-chaos, simple-complex, reflexive-pre-reflexive, discrete-continuum. The Genesis of ethno-cultural mentalities took place in unique natural, cultural, historical and linguistic conditions. As a result, cultures can differ in the types of perception of space-time relations. This is reflected in the variety of space-time models. The problem of pairing the personal, environmental and social worlds of time by A.A. Krushinskiy. He presented the hexagram model of time as a game of player-personality and player-society. In the complex process of meaning formation, the author identifies the conscious layer of language and speech, the semi-conscious layer of images, the unconscious layer of states and pre-reflexive understanding. In the course of global cognitive evolution, there were revolutionary turns towards the development of conscious speech from the depths of the unconscious. At the same time, different cultures had their own trajectories of rationality development, developing specific languages and mental models. Ideographic language such as Chinese stimulated the development of spatial-imaginative thinking based on visual algorithms. In alphabetic languages of Indo-European type, the linearity of speech is only the external plan of expression, while the nonlinear spatiality (geometric style) of meaning formation works in internal dimensions. Discussing the noumenal sources of meaning formation, the author addresses the understanding of the nature of thought in spiritual philosophies and modern cognitive research. Scientific research of deep, pre-reflexive layers of understanding in the general structure and dynamics of meaning formation can bring a new dimension to the discussion on the «geography of rationality». In the global world, when unique cultures interact, new harmonics of the general planetary consciousness are formed.
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Onken, Lisa S. "Cognitive Training." Clinical Psychological Science 3, no. 1 (January 2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702614561512.
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The articles in this series relate to research on the modification of cognitive processes thought to be causally related to behavioral or emotional problems. The examination of the effects of targeted cognitive interventions on specific cognitive processes and of the relationship of the modification of these processes to clinical outcome provides insight into mechanisms of behavior change. In contrast to intervention development research involving clinical trials that focus on efficacy testing without examining an intervention’s mechanism of action, the intervention development research presented here is grounded in the examination of mechanism and can inform behavior change science regardless of whether or not an intervention exerts the hypothesized effect on clinical outcome. The potential for the utility of cognitive training interventions as clinical tools is discussed. Also highlighted is the potential for a mechanism-focused approach to serve as one model for progressive integrated basic science and clinical intervention development research.
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Kaya, Asli Nazife, and Seniz Cikis. "Links Between Creative Performance and Post-Formal Thought." Creativity. Theories – Research - Applications 4, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ctra-2017-0006.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to reveal relations between creativity in design and the cognitive developmental stages of designers within a Post-Piagetian approach. In this study design processes were deeply inspected with the aim of obtaining more comprehensive information about the effects of individual’s cognitive status on the design processes, problemsolving and quality of idea generation . In this field, studies done so far have been conducted on test results as indicators of creativity. Withinthe present study, however, protocol analyses were also evaluated, in addition to test results, and thanks to this addition, it was possible to determine the qualitative and quantitative effects of cognitive developmental stages on creativity. A total of twenty-five students voluntarily participated in the research. To collect data, two different methods were employed. The Social Paradigm Belief Inventory (SPBI), was employed to determine students' cognitive stages and scores, and the Think-aloud protocol was used to elicit verbal reports of the thought sequences of the students. In order to analyse the verbal reports reflecting designers' cognitive activities, the method of Linkography was conducted and the general statistics of segments were measured. To assess the relations between creativity in design and the cognitive developmental stages of the designers, SPBI scores and the general statistical values obtained from the design sessions were correlated. Findings showed that there is a strong and significant correlation between the cognitive development levels and creativity, in favour of dialectical thinking.
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Steen, Gerard. "Metaphor in applied linguistics: four cognitive approaches." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 22, spe (2006): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502006000300004.
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This article presents some considerations into metaphor in language and thought- 'the topic and title of the first conference of its kind in Brazil'. The paper focuses on the discussions presented in the round table, which were mostly directed to the empirical research on metaphor in Applied Linguistics. This integrative and retrospective reflection on the papers presented will be conducted from the perspective of the debate into the relationship between metaphor in language and in thought. This central issue is at the core of my proposal for four different approaches to metaphor, based on the interdependence between language and thought as system and as use:1) metaphor in language as system; 2) metaphor in thought as system; 3) metaphor in language as use and 4) metaphor in thought as use. It is within the framework of these categories that metaphors should be studied, with a certain degree of autonomy, so that their interdependence can be better understood.
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Baird, Benjamin, Jonathan Smallwood, Antoine Lutz, and Jonathan W. Schooler. "The Decoupled Mind: Mind-wandering Disrupts Cortical Phase-locking to Perceptual Events." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 11 (November 2014): 2596–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00656.
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The mind flows in a “stream of consciousness,” which often neglects immediate sensory input in favor of focusing on intrinsic, self-generated thoughts or images. Although considerable research has documented the disruptive influences of task-unrelated thought for perceptual processing and task performance, the brain dynamics associated with these phenomena are not well understood. Here we investigate the possibility, suggested by several convergent lines of research, that task-unrelated thought is associated with a reduction in the trial-to-trial phase consistency of the oscillatory neural signal in response to perceptual input. Using an experience sampling paradigm coupled with continuous high-density electroencephalography, we observed that task-unrelated thought was associated with a reduction of the P1 ERP, replicating prior observations that mind-wandering is accompanied by a reduction of the brain-evoked response to sensory input. Time–frequency analysis of the oscillatory neural response revealed a decrease in theta-band cortical phase-locking, which peaked over parietal scalp regions. Furthermore, we observed that task-unrelated thought impacted the oscillatory mode of the brain during the initiation of a task-relevant action, such that more cortical processing was required to meet task demands. Together, these findings document that the attenuation of perceptual processing that occurs during task-unrelated thought is associated with a reduction in the temporal fidelity with which the brain responds to a stimulus and suggest that increased neural processing may be required to recouple attention to a task. More generally, these data provide novel confirmatory evidence for the mechanisms through which attentional states facilitate the neural processing of sensory input.
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Deacon, Brett J., Tamer I. Fawzy, James J. Lickel, and Kate B. Wolitzky-Taylor. "Cognitive Defusion Versus Cognitive Restructuring in the Treatment of Negative Self-Referential Thoughts: An Investigation of Process and Outcome." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, no. 3 (2011): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.3.218.
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Within traditional cognitive therapy, cognitive restructuring is often used to challenge the veracity of dysfunctional thoughts. In contrast, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) uses “cognitive defusion” techniques to change the function of negative thoughts rather than modify their content. Previous research has shown that a cognitive defusion technique known as the “milk exercise” (rapidly repeating a self-referential, one-word thought such as “fat”) reduces the discomfort and believability associated with negative thoughts. This study sought to replicate and extend these findings by comparing the impact of cognitive defusion with that of cognitive restructuring in a sample of participants distressed by negative thoughts about their body shape. Participants received a detailed rationale and training followed by instructions to practice the assigned technique as homework for 1 week. Results indicated that both cognitive techniques produced substantial improvements that generalized well beyond the specific thoughts targeted for treatment. Clear differences in treatment process and the course of improvement were evident. Findings are discussed in the context of theoretical and practical similarities and differences between these two approaches.
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Gibbs, Raymond W. "Introspection and cognitive linguistics." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 4 (October 25, 2006): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.4.06gib.
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Cognitive linguists typically conduct their scholarship by relying upon their own intuitions about systematic patterns of language and what these may imply about the structure of human thought. But are linguists’ introspections reliable sources of evidence? Much work in contemporary cognitive science suggests that people’s introspections about their beliefs, feelings, and the reasons for their actions are quite inaccurate. Even trained experts often fail to recognize the real reasons for their beliefs and actions. The simple fact is that our ability to introspect upon many cognitive processes is extremely limited. This article discusses the implications of this empirical evidence for cognitive linguistic research and theory. I suggest several ways, nonetheless, by which cognitive linguists can better contribute to interdisciplinary scholarship by more systematically exploring the nature and reasons for their introspections on language and thought.
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Gibbs, Jr, Raymond W. "Cognitive linguistics and metaphor research: past successes, skeptical questions, future challenges." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 22, spe (2006): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502006000300003.
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An important reason for the tremendous interest in metaphor over the past 20 years stems from cognitive linguistic research. Cognitive linguists embrace the idea that metaphor is not merely a part of language, but reflects a fundamental part of the way people think, reason, and imagine. A large number of empirical studies in cognitive linguistics have, in different ways, supported this claim. My aim in this paper is to describe the empirical foundations for cognitive linguistic work on metaphor, acknowledge various skeptical reactions to this work, and respond to some of these questions/criticisms. I also outline several challenges that cognitive linguists should try to address in future work on metaphor in language, thought, and culture.
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Bryant, Gregory A., and Raymond W. Gibbs. "You don't say: Figurative language and thought." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 6 (December 2002): 678–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02260124.
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Carruthers has proposed a novel and quite interesting hypothesis for the role of language in conceptual integration, but his treatment does not acknowledge work in cognitive science on metaphor and analogy that reveals how diverse knowledge structures are integrated. We claim that this body of research provides clear evidence that cross-domain conceptual connections cannot be driven by syntactic processes alone.
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Czachesz, István. "The transmission of early Christian thought: Toward a cognitive psychological model." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 36, no. 1 (March 2007): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000842980703600104.
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This article uses current developments in cognitive science to explore the emergence of early Christian religion. In particular, it considers Sperber's epidemiology model, Rubin's serial recall model, ritual form theory and Boyer's theory of religious concepts for understanding the transmission of early Christian thought. Whereas Sperber's approach focusses on ideas (internal representations), Rubin concentrates on the transmission of texts (public representations). Two preliminary hypotheses are put forward in an attempt to apply cognitive scientific research to formative Christianity: the cognitive relevance hypothesis about core christological concepts, and the optimal transmission hypothesis addressing the balance of tradition and conceptual innovation.
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Ford, Kenneth M., Patrick J. Hayes, Clark Glymour, and James Allen. "Cognitive Orthoses: Toward Human-Centered AI." AI Magazine 36, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v36i4.2629.
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This introduction focuses on how human-centered computing (HCC) is changing the way that people think about information technology. The AI perspective views this HCC framework as embodying a systems view, in which human thought and action are linked and equally important in terms of analysis, design, and evaluation. This emerging technology provides a new research outlook for AI applications, with new research goals and agendas.
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Wenzlaff, Richard M. "Intrusive Thoughts in Depression." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 16, no. 2 (June 2002): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.16.2.145.63997.
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This article traces the origins of intrusive thoughts in depression, devoting special attention to how misguided attempts to gain mental control can ironically fuel unwanted thoughts. A review of the research highlights the ways in which cognitive biases, stress, and thought suppression can contribute to the development and maintenance of depression. The article concludes with a consideration of the implications for treatment.
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ANDREWS, KRISTIN. "Naïve Normativity: The Social Foundation of Moral Cognition." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 6, no. 1 (2020): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2019.30.
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AbstractTo answer tantalizing questions such as whether animals are moral or how morality evolved, I propose starting with a somewhat less fraught question: do animals have normative cognition? Recent psychological research suggests that normative thinking, or ought-thought, begins early in human development. Recent philosophical research suggests that folk psychology is grounded in normative thought. Recent primatology research finds evidence of sophisticated cultural and social learning capacities in great apes. Drawing on these three literatures, I argue that the human variety of social cognition and moral cognition encompass the same cognitive capacities and that the nonhuman great apes may also be normative beings. To make this argument, I develop an account of animal social norms that shares key properties with Cristina Bicchieri's account of social norms but which lowers the cognitive requirements for having a social norm. I propose a set of four early developing prerequisites implicated in social cognition that make up what I call naïve normativity: (1) the ability to identify agents, (2) sensitivity to in-group/out-group differences, (3) the capacity for social learning of group traditions, and (4) responsiveness to appropriateness. I review the ape cognition literature and present preliminary empirical evidence supporting the existence of social norms and naïve normativity in great apes. While there is more empirical work to be done, I hope to have offered a framework for studying normativity in other species, and I conclude that we should be open to the possibility that normative cognition is yet another ancient cognitive endowment that is not human-unique.
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Arndt, F. "Assessing dynamic capabilities: Mintzberg’s schools of thought." South African Journal of Business Management 42, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v42i1.484.
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A growing body of research in strategic management has focused on dynamic capabilities as a central source of firms' competitive advantage. The theoretical roots of dynamic capabilities can be found in many of the schools of thought identified by Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel (1998). In this paper, we identify three aspects of dynamic capabilities that, we believe, require more detailed attention: Process, cognitive and decision-based micro-foundations, and human agency. We explore each of these areas from an evolutionary perspective to emphasize the fact that dynamic capability is essentially an evolutionary construct. By highlighting the evolutionary implications of these areas, we add important detail to the way “evolution” has been used in this field of research.
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Craig, Michael M., Anne E. Manktelow, Barbara J. Sahakian, David K. Menon, and Emmanuel A. Stamatakis. "Spectral Diversity in Default Mode Network Connectivity Reflects Behavioral State." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 4 (April 2018): 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01213.
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Default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity is thought to occur primarily in low frequencies (<0.1 Hz), resulting in most studies removing high frequencies during data preprocessing. In contrast, subtractive task analyses include high frequencies, as these are thought to be task relevant. An emerging line of research explores resting fMRI data at higher-frequency bands, examining the possibility that functional connectivity is a multiband phenomenon. Furthermore, recent studies suggest DMN involvement in cognitive processing; however, without a systematic investigation of DMN connectivity during tasks, its functional contribution to cognition cannot be fully understood. We bridged these concurrent lines of research by examining the contribution of high frequencies in the relationship between DMN and dorsal attention network at rest and during task execution. Our findings revealed that the inclusion of high frequencies alters between network connectivity, resulting in reduced anticorrelation and increased positive connectivity between DMN and dorsal attention network. Critically, increased positive connectivity was observed only during tasks, suggesting an important role for high-frequency fluctuations in functional integration. Moreover, within-DMN connectivity during task execution correlated with RT only when high frequencies were included. These results show that DMN does not simply deactivate during task execution and suggest active recruitment while performing cognitively demanding paradigms.
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Frankland, Steven M., and Joshua D. Greene. "Concepts and Compositionality: In Search of the Brain's Language of Thought." Annual Review of Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 273–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011829.
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Imagine Genghis Khan, Aretha Franklin, and the Cleveland Cavaliers performing an opera on Maui. This silly sentence makes a serious point: As humans, we can flexibly generate and comprehend an unbounded number of complex ideas. Little is known, however, about how our brains accomplish this. Here we assemble clues from disparate areas of cognitive neuroscience, integrating recent research on language, memory, episodic simulation, and computational models of high-level cognition. Our review is framed by Fodor's classic language of thought hypothesis, according to which our minds employ an amodal, language-like system for combining and recombining simple concepts to form more complex thoughts. Here, we highlight emerging work on combinatorial processes in the brain and consider this work's relation to the language of thought. We review evidence for distinct, but complementary, contributions of map-like representations in subregions of the default mode network and sentence-like representations of conceptual relations in regions of the temporal and prefrontal cortex.
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Gibbs Jr, Raymond W., and Ana Cristina Pelosi Silva de Macedo. "Metaphor and embodied cognition." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 26, spe (2010): 679–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502010000300014.
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The present paper briefly describes recent advances in cognitive science on the embodied nature of human cognition with the aim to better situating contemporary work on embodied metaphor in language and thought. We do this by talking about key experimental findings in five areas main areas of research in cognitive science: perception, concepts, mental imagery, memory, and language processing (Gibbs 2006a) We also describe some psycholinguistic studies on embodied metaphor understanding, and offer some details on one series of experiments in regard to people's embodied understanding of the DIFFICULTIES ARE WEIGHTS primary metaphor. Our conclusion draws connections between the research on embodied cognition and contemporary linguistic and psychological work on embodied metaphor.
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Lamanauskas, Vincentas. "Primary School Teachers’ Educational Research: Educational Practice and Professional Development Context." International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education 8, no. 3 (December 20, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2020-8-3-1-18.
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Teacher research activity is an important complex part of their work. Therefore, alongside with the other, their important professional competences, teacher research activity competence becomes a significant one. Teacher’s activity space has widened a lot. Carrying out various research, the teacher uses the obtained information firstly for their activity improvement. It is obvious that there is a lack of reliable research on this question. A deep gap exists between educational research and educational practice. This research aimed to ascertain primary school teachers’ position on educational research question. The research was carried out in 2019, in which 106 primary school teachers from various Lithuanian schools took part. A two-part research instrument was applied, which consisted of open-ended and closed-ended questions. A descriptive qualitative and quantitative content analysis was carried out. Though most of the teachers thought that educational research was important for their practical activity, however, the biggest gap between educational research and educational practice is most frequently determined by the lack of teacher competence in this sphere. There exists an obvious teacher support need as well as teacher professional development needs in the aspect of research availability/accessibility and its use in educational practice.
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Shirai, Yasuhiro. "Language and thought: methodological issues in cross-linguistic research on ontological categories." Developmental Science 6, no. 1 (February 2003): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00247_6.
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Robinson, Paul J., and Stephen Fleming. "Depressotypic Cognitive Patterns in Major Depression and Conjugal Bereavement." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 25, no. 4 (December 1992): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5ex9-086t-vvd4-ev9v.
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The reaction to the death of a spouse is thought to be very similar to a major depressive episode. What little systematic research has been done in this area, however, has indicated that the bereaved may be differentiated from the depressed in terms of cognitive style. Based on Beck's cognitive theory of depression, the primary purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences among both uncomplicated (i.e., nondepressed) and depressed reactions to conjugal bereavement, and major depression unrelated to the death of a spouse. Psychometrically-derived assessment procedures were utilized in an attempt to contrast these populations in terms of intensity of depressive mood and pattern of depressotypic cognition. Both the uncomplicated and the depressed bereaved evidenced a less intense depressive mood, and a less dysfunctional pattern of depressotypic cognition, than did the nonbereaved psychiatric depressed. It was concluded, therefore, that a “bereavement depression” was not tantamount to a “nonbereavement depression,” at least in terms of cognitive functioning. Future research will serve to clarify the role of certain “personality” characteristics, such as cognitive style, in grief and depression.
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Mujica-Parodi, Lilianne R., Cheryl Corcoran, Tsafrir Greenberg, Harold A. Sackeim, and Dolores Malaspina. "Are Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia Mediated by Abnormalities in Emotional Arousal?" CNS Spectrums 7, no. 1 (January 2002): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900022276.
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ABSTRACTWe tested 28 individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and 16 healthy individuals on a test of logical reasoning and “cognitive gating,” defined as the ability to discriminate between relevant and irrelevant information in confirming or disconfirming a given belief. The Logical Reasoning and Cognitive Gating Task tests both processes under neutral and affect-laden conditions. This is done by presenting formally identical constructs using benign and emotionally arousing language. When separated by symptom profiles, we found statistically significant differences for performance and arousal response between patients with delusions, patients with formal thought disorder, and patients with neither delusions nor formal thought disorder, as well as between patients and healthy controls. When analyzed by error type, we found that nearly all errors by delusional patients were caused by overly restrictive information choice, a pattern that may be related to a delusional patient's tendency to “jump to conclusions” on Bayesian probabilistic tasks. This is in contrast to patients with formal thought disorder, whose low performance resulted also from overly extensive information choice. The tendencies towards restriction were exacerbated by arousal, which is consistent with studies on cognition and arousal in healthy individuals. After briefly examining research on emotional arousal and SZ, and the interaction between emotional arousal and restriction of perceptual cues in healthy individuals, we conclude by suggesting a model which accounts for the distinctive cognitive characteristics of delusional patients by their possessing distinct vulnerabilities to emotional arousal. Specifically, these results suggest the possibility that delusional patients process information in a manner that is essentially intact. However, delusional patients may possess an acute vulnerability to emotional arousal that might cause delusional individuals to behave cognitively as if they were healthy individuals under significantly more severe forms of stress.
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Markowitz, Lee J., and Christine Purdon. "Predictors and Consequences of Suppressing Obsessional Thoughts." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 36, no. 2 (October 31, 2007): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465807003992.
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AbstractCognitive-behavioral models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) assert that negative appraisals of obsessional thoughts lead to distress over the thoughts and drive ameliorative actions such as thought suppression and compulsions. These responses in turn play a role in the persistence of the disorder. However, past research has not examined (a) what factors lead individuals to suppress obsessional thoughts; (b) whether certain predictors and consequences relate to suppression uniquely or can be explained by general factors such as negative mood and neuroticism; or (c) individuals' natural active suppression of obsessions. The current study addresses these limitations by examining the roles of natural suppression and distress over thought intrusions in the thought-appraisal/OC symptoms relationship while controlling for general factors. Ninety-one nonclinical participants completed a variety of measures assessing theoretically relevant constructs. After their obsessional thought was primed, they recorded their thoughts for 6 minutes and then rated their suppression effort. Four hours later, longer-term outcomes were assessed. Path analyses supported most components of cognitive-behavioral models.
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Sinnott, Jan D., and Lynn Johnson. "Brief report: Complex postformal thought in skilled research administrators." Journal of Adult Development 4, no. 1 (January 1997): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02511848.
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Tone, Erin B., and Jennifer S. Davis. "Paranoid thinking, suspicion, and risk for aggression: A neurodevelopmental perspective." Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 3 (July 11, 2012): 1031–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412000521.
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AbstractThis article represents an effort to extend our understanding of paranoia or suspicion and its development by integrating findings across clinical, developmental, and neuroscience literatures. We first define “paranoia” or paranoid thought and examine its prevalence across typically and atypically developing individuals and theoretical perspectives regarding its development and maintenance. We then briefly summarize current ideas regarding the neural correlates of adaptive, appropriately trusting interpersonal perception, social cognition, and behavior across development. Our focus shifts subsequently to examining in normative and atypical developmental contexts the neural correlates of several component cognitive processes thought to contribute to paranoid thinking: (a) attention bias for threat, (b) jumping to conclusions biases, and (c) hostile intent attribution biases. Where possible, we also present data regarding independent links between these cognitive processes and aggressive behavior. By examining data regarding the behavioral and neural correlates of varied cognitive processes that are likely components of a paranoid thinking style, we hope to advance both theoretical and empirical research in this domain.
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Dundar, Sefa, and Ulku Ayvaz. "From Cognitive to Educational Neuroscience." International Education Studies 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n9p50.
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<p class="apa">In recent years, several theoretical discussions as to the relationship between neuroscience and education have been held. Researchers have started to have cooperation over neuroscience and the interdisciplinary researches in which education is included. It was found that there were interactions between cognitive neuroscience and educational researches. It is thought that when the research results regarding the ones carried out on an educational dimension along with neuroscience and the application of their findings into classroom environments are included, then these research results will be given more importance. It is also considered that interdisciplinary researches such as cognitive and educational neuroscience will contribute to the understanding of how one can learn better.</p>
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Stanger, Nicholas, Ryan Chettle, Jessica Whittle, and Jamie Poolton. "The Role of Preperformance and In-Game Emotions in Cognitive Interference During Sport Performance: The Moderating Role of Self-Confidence and Reappraisal." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0001.
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This research examined whether prevalent preperformance (Study 1) and in-game (Study 2) emotions were associated with cognitive interference (i.e., thoughts of escape, task-irrelevant thoughts, and performance worries) and whether any effects were moderated by reappraisal and self-confidence. In Study 1, team-sport players’ preperformance anxiety positively, and excitement negatively, predicted cognitive interference during a competitive match. However, no moderating effects for reappraisal or confidence were revealed. In Study 2, badminton players’ in-game anxiety, dejection, and happiness positively predicted, whereas excitement negatively predicted, cognitive interference during a competitive match. Moreover, reappraisal and confidence moderated the relationships of excitement and happiness with task-irrelevant thoughts. The findings underscore the role that preperformance and in-game emotions can play in athletes’ thought processing during sport performance, as well as highlighting the importance of considering the effects of self-confidence and reappraisal on the role of in-game emotions in cognitive interference.
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Musa, C. Z., and J. P. Lépine. "Cognitive aspects of social phobia: a review of theories and experimental research." European Psychiatry 15, no. 1 (2000): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00210-8.
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SummaryCognitive theories of social phobia have largely been inspired by the information-processing models of anxiety. They propose that cognitive biases can, at least partially, explain the etiology and maintenance of this disorder. A specific bias, conceived as a tendency to preferentially process socially-threatening information, has been proposed. This bias is thought to intervene in cognitive processes such as attention, memory and interpretation. Research paradigms adopted from experimental cognitive psychology and social psychology have been used to investigate these hypotheses. The existence of a bias in the allocation of attentional resources and the interpretation of information seems to be confirmed. A memory bias in terms of better retrieval for threat-relevant information appears to depend on specific encoding activities.
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Coëgnarts, Maarten. "How Motion Shapes Thought in Cinema." Projections 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/proj.2020.140203.
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This article provides an embodied study of the film style of the French filmmaker Éric Rohmer. Drawing on insights from cognitive linguistics, I first show how dynamic patterns of containment shape human thinking about relationships, a concept central to Rohmer’s cinema. Second, I consider the question of how film might elicit this spatial thinking through the use of such cinematic devices as mobile framing and fixed-frame movement. Third, using Rohmer’s Comedies and Proverbs series as a case study, I demonstrate how the filmmaker applies these devices—and with them the spatial thinking they initiate—systemically to shape the relationships of his films visually. Lastly, I use the results of this analysis to provide discussion and suggestions for future research.
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Grahek, Ivan, Jonas Everaert, Ruth M. Krebs, and Ernst H. W. Koster. "Cognitive Control in Depression: Toward Clinical Models Informed by Cognitive Neuroscience." Clinical Psychological Science 6, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 464–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702618758969.
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Cognitive control dysfunctions are thought to contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression. However, the causes and nature of these dysfunctions remain unknown. Here, we critically review contemporary research on cognitive control in depression. We identify three main conceptual issues in this field: (a) uncritical use of the tripartite model, (b) reliance on descriptive explanations, and (c) lack of integration with emotional and motivational impairments. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience offer possibilities to resolve these issues. We review this progress focusing on the ability to detect the need for control, the role of motivation, and the flexibility-stability balance. We propose that depression-related dysfunctions arise from issues in detecting when, how, and for how long to engage in goal-oriented processing. In conclusion, we argue that integrating advances in cognitive neuroscience into clinical research can help to move from a descriptive toward a more mechanistic understanding of cognitive dysfunctions in depression.
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Gooding, Diane C. "Cognitive Slippage, Psychosis-Proneness, and Schizotypy: A Comment on Loas, et al. (2013)." Psychological Reports 115, no. 2 (October 2014): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.19.pr0.115c21z3.
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Loas, et al. (2013) is an interesting study that raises two important issues: namely, the validity of the Miers and Raulin Cognitive Slippage Scale and the nature of the relationship between thought disorder and schizotypy. Given that thought disorder has been observed in both schizophrenic and affective disordered patients for years, it is important to consider what aspects of thought disorder may be specifically related to a schizophrenia diathesis. In this brief commentary, I discuss some research findings that provide insights in this regard.
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Berman, Noah C., Michael G. Wheaton, and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. "Rigid Rules of Conduct and Duty: Prediction of Thought–Action Fusion." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, no. 2 (2013): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.27.2.83.
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Cognitive biases, such as thought–action fusion (TAF), play a crucial role in the cognitive-behavioral model of obsessional symptoms and have been shown to prospectively increase the risk of developing such symptoms. Much less research, however, has examined factors that might lead to the development of the cognitive biases themselves. This study aimed to replicate and extend existing work on correlates of moral (thinking about something is the moral equivalent of the corresponding action) and likelihood (thinking about a particular event increases the probability that this event will occur) TAF. A large sample of unscreened participants (N = 407) completed a measure of TAF, as well as measures of religiosity, motivation for religion, parental psychological control, and parental guilt induction. Results indicated that religion-related variables predicted the moral TAF, whereas parenting strategies were associated with likelihood TAF. Intrinsic motivation for religion also mediated the relationship between religiosity and moral TAF. Findings are discussed in terms of developmental psychopathology and limitations are addressed.
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Wettersten, John. "The Würzburg School today: The three—now four—world theory and new psychological research." Theory & Psychology 29, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 396–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319851562.
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Research in cognitive psychology has been by and large dominated by attempts to explain how psychological processes can be explained as products of biological ones; these processes are presumed to be causal. These theories fail to account for and be integrated with theories of non-causal mental activities. In order to bridge this gap a new theory of mental processes is needed. Karl Popper and John Eccles’s three world theory offers a promising path. According to this view there are biological entities, rational thought processes and ideas’. It is a revision of a view that Popper adopted as a member and student of the Würzburg School, which held that there are biological entities, causal psychological processes and ideas’. By going back towards the original and redoing it as a four world theory, by adding to it non-causal rational thought processes, the unfortunate widespread influence of associationist psychology and inductivist methods may be overcome and new social aspects of cognitive psychology may be opened.