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Journal articles on the topic 'Cohesion shifts'
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1
Astari, Nyoman Yuli. "THE SHIFT OF LEXICAL COHESION IN TRANSLATION OF THE NOVEL THE ADVENTURES OF SHERLOCK HOLMES." Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture 7, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ljlc.2019.v07.i01.p07.
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This paper aims to describe the translation equivalent of the lexical cohesion found in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; and to identify the effects of shift of cohesion in translation of “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes “ and its translation. In this paper qualitative descriptive method is used to describe or analyze the data of shift of cohesion in translation. The finding shows that the lexical cohesion in the text is built by a number of repetition, synonymy, near-synonymy, superordinate, general word and collocation. Shifts of cohesion found in the novel are shifts in the level of explicitness and shifts in the textual meaning(s). Shifts in the level of explicitness; i.e. the general level of the target texts’ textual explicitness is higher or lower than that of the source text and Shifts in the textual meaning(s); i.e. the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the source text changes through translations.
Key words: lexical cohesion, translation strategy, and shift of cohesion.
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Muller, D. A. "Core Level Shifts and Grain Boundary Cohesion." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600023953.
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The role of core level shifts at metallic interfaces has often been ignored in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) even though very small changes in bond length can lead to large core level shifts. However, the popular interpretation of core level shifts as measures of charge transfer is highly problematic. For instance, in binary alloys systems, the core level shifts can be the same sign for both atomic constituents[l]. The simple interpretation would require that both atomic species had lost or gained charge. Further, the signs of the core level shifts can be opposite to those expected from electronegativity arguments[2]. A core level shift (CLS) is still possible, even when no charge transfer occurs. As illustrated in Fig. 1, if the valence band width is increased, the position of the center of the valence band with respect to the Fermi energy will change (as the number of electrons remains unchanged).
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Al-Harahsheh, Ahmad Mohammad. "Cohesion and coherence shift in Jabra’s translation of Hamlet." Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción, no. 56 (2022): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.56.07.
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This research aims at studying the cohesion and coherence shifts in Jabra’s translation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet in Arabic. A translator is a mediator between the source text (ST) and the target readers who expect an adequate and a coherent translation of the ST. The shift of cohesion and coherence can disrupt the continuity of the target text (TT). The sample of the research consisted of 172 lines taken from different acts and scenes involving potential problems in cohesion and coherence from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, translated by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. Blum-Kulka’s approach of cohesion and coherence shifts in translation was employed as a theoretical framework. The data analysis was based on meaning shift and explicitness shift in discourse and their effects on the continuity and understanding of the TT. The study concluded that the shift of cohesion and coherence in translation does not only affect the continuity of thoughts and events but disrupts the understanding of the target readers as well.
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Shlesinger, Miriam. "Shifts in Cohesion in Simultaneous Interpreting." Translator 1, no. 2 (November 1995): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.1995.10798957.
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Al-Kharabsheh, Aladdin, and Nadeen Hamadeh. "Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in the Translation of Political Speeches." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.3p.100.
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Discourse Markers (DMs) are central to maintaining cohesive and coherent translations. Drawing on Halliday and Hassan’s (1976) model to investigate the translation of DMs in political speeches, the study has verified the premise that tampering with the SLT's cohesion grid can adversely affect its relevant undergirding coherence grid. The study has revealed that any incurred cohesion shift in the act of translating would necessarily inscribe a parallel coherence shift, which fuse together to procure a noticeable translation loss. Analysis has isolated three major problems pertinent to translating English DMs into Arabic: (a) mistranslating explicit SL DMs, (b) no translation is given for implicit SL DMs, and (c) no translation is given for explicit SL DMs.
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Károly, Krisztina. "Referential cohesion and news content." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 26, no. 3 (September 22, 2014): 406–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.26.3.04kar.
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This study explores the (re)creation of referential cohesion in Hungarian-English translation and examines the extent to which shifts of reference are motivated by the differences between the languages, the characteristics of the translation type (news translation) and the genre (news story). As referential cohesion is hypothesized to be affected by certain universals of translation, the explicitation and the repetition avoidance hypotheses are also tested. Analyses show considerable shifts of reference in translations, but these are not statistically significant. The corpus also fails to provide evidence for the universals of translation investigated; however, the in-depth analysis of optional shifts suggests that they are conditioned by the discursive features of the genre and contribute to a more explicit presentation of news content.
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Izwaini, Sattar, and Hafsa Al-Omar. "The Translation of Substitution and Ellipsis in Arabic Subtitling." Journal of Audiovisual Translation 2, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 126–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47476/jat.v2i1.14.
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This paper investigates the trends in translating cohesive devices while subtitling English-speaking films into Arabic through examining a corpus of 20 films. It looks at how translators deal in particular with substitution and ellipsis and how their approaches serve the cohesiveness of the subtitles. The paper also looks at the translation shifts resulting from those approaches. The study is based on Halliday and Hasan's model of cohesion (1976). The analysis has found a considerable number of shifts occurring while dealing with the cohesion of the target texts. Repetition stands to be the most dominant cohesive tie that is used as a counterpart of substitution and ellipsis in the English originals, making explicitation the main strategy in translating such ties in Arabic subtitles. Substitution comes second while ellipsis and reference are found to be marginal. In their tendency to avoid ellipsis, translators opt for repetition or substitution as cohesive devices in Arabic subtitles.
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Sipayung, Kammer Tuahman. "Translation Shifts on Reference by Machine Translation in Descriptive Text." Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v6i1.362.
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Translation shifts are one of strategy to get a high-quality translation. It’s also used to solve the absent meaning on the target text. The objectives of this research are to describe the translation shifts (based on the theory of Blum-Kulka about kinds of shift and Halliday and Matthiesen on cohesion theory), which are done by machine translation in descriptive texts. The researcher used a descriptive qualitative research design to achieve the aims of this research. The source of data in this research is descriptive text. The data of this research are pair of words in source and target text. The form of words (pair of words in source and target) are in reference form based on the theory of Halliday about lexical devices. The researcher used interactive data analysis (data condensation, data display, and verifying/conclusion) to get the research findings. This research shows that Yandex translation made translation shifts more (35 times) often than the others. From the whole types of translation shifts (cohesion shifts: implicitation, explicitation, and meaning change), implicitation shift placed a high frequency among machines translation, however explicitation shift placed in the low frequency, and the medium frequency is placed by meaning change. It is to indicate that machine translation still lacks to produce a high level in the target than a source.
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Al Khotaba, Eissa. "Cohesive connectivity in argumentative writing by EFL students." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 12, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v12i4.6993.
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In a study carried out on EFL students’ translation skills, it was found that they commonly encounter problems related to concepts’ structural organization in the translated text. This research aimed to examine cohesion and coherence in argumentative writing by EFL students at the University of Tabuk for the academic year 2022/2023. The theoretical framework of the study is based on Halliday and Hasan's (1976) theory of coherence and cohesion shifts in translation. This qualitative study included 15 participants in their third-year EFL students from the Department of Languages and Translation at the University of Tabuk in Saudi Arabia. Participants were selected purposively. Argumentative written texts were the instrument used to collect data in this study. Results showed that students encountered cohesion and coherence problems in achieving written texts’ unity, particularly in assigning their concepts and implementing appropriate cohesive signals, punctuation, and spelling issues. Keywords: Argumentative writing; cohesion; coherence; EFL; writing
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Reda, Maciej. "Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Several Polish Translations of G.K. Chesterton." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 26/2 (September 11, 2017): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.26.2.09.
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The paper is concerned with shifts of cohesion and coherence in several Polish translations of G. K. Chesterton from the point of view of the procedural approach, in which the choice of particular linguistic/textual devices is indicative of the text producer’s intended meaning. As regards cohesion, the paper touches upon lexical cohesion and conjunction. It discusses the effects of replacing repetition with variation, and of disambiguating and explicating conjunctions. As for coherence, an analysis is carried out which shows how the translator’s failure to render a polysemous word adequately detracted from the TT’s coherence. Also, an example is given of coherence being affected by polysemy in the TT. The aim of the paper is to find out what kind of issues and regularities connected with cohesion and coherence emerge in the translation process and how these affect target texts.
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Al Khotaba, Eissa. "Cohesive Connectivity in Arabic-English Translated Texts by English as Foreign Language Students." British Journal of Applied Linguistics 2, no. 1 (May 14, 2022): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/bjal.2022.2.1.4.
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This research aimed to examine cohesive connectivity in Arabic-English translated text by English as foreign language students at the University of Tabuk for the academic year 2022/2023. The theoretical framework of the study is based on Halliday and Hasan's (1976) theory of coherence and cohesion shifts in translation. This qualitative study included 15 participants in their third-year English as foreign language students from the Department of Languages and Translation at the University of Tabuk in Saudi Arabia. Participants were selected purposively. Translated texts were the instrument used to collect data in this study. Results showed that students encountered cohesion and coherence problems in achieving written texts’ unity, particularly in assigning their concepts and implementing appropriate cohesive signals, punctuation, and spelling issues in their Arabic-English text.
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Lewandowski, Marcin. "Cohesion in Polish-English Translation and Its Implications for Translator Training." Research in Language 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.18.2.06.
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This paper focuses on the ways of maintaining cohesive links in the translation process in the Polish-English language pair. Of primary interest is how the thematic/rhematic structure of Polish sentences can be successfully rendered in English to produce cohesive, natural-sounding and communicative target texts with a proper information flow. These aspects have implications for translation teaching. It has been observed that, in view of the differences between Polish and English word order, university students at the start of their translator training experience two general problems as they attempt to translate longer stretches of text into English: (1) they produce cohesive passages, which contain errors in word order (due to syntactic interference from Polish) or (2) they produce grammatically correct sentences, which, however, form incohesive passages (i.e. ones in which the thematic/rhematic progression is not retained) with an inappropriate information structure. For this reason, students need to become acquainted with some practical solutions that help build cohesion in Polish-English translation. These include (1) shifts from active to passive, (2) other shifts in syntactic functions, (3) fronting, and (4) inventing sentence subjects out of broader context.
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Onega, Susana. "The Notion of Paradigm Shift and the Roles of Science and Literature in the Interpretation of Reality." European Review 22, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798714000295.
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Starting from the premise that human knowledge develops in terms of paradigm shifts, the article draws attention to the problems caused by the demise of transcendent knowledge after the Newtonian paradigm shift. By the turn of the twentieth century, the ensuing ideology of endless progress, unfettered by emotional, affective and imaginative knowledge, brought about a split of cognitive cohesion observable in the increase of mental diseases and the birth of psychoanalysis. The trauma paradigm thus initiated an ‘ethical turn’ in the 1990s heralding a wider scientific and academic shift towards the recuperation of holistic knowledge.
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Faragó, László, and Krisztina Varró. "Shifts in EU Cohesion Policy and Processes of Peripheralization: A View from Central Eastern Europe." European Spatial Research and Policy 23, no. 1 (July 7, 2016): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2016-0001.
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The increasing dominance of neoliberalism as the key steering mechanism of the European Union (EU) since the early 1990s has implied the competitiveness-oriented reshaping of cohesion policy. The aim of this paper is to initiate a debate from a critical political economic perspective on the implications of this shift for Central Eastern European (CEE) member states. To this end, the paper discusses the formation of EU centre-periphery relations from a CEE point of view and formulates some preliminary suggestions as to how cohesion policy would need to be rethought in order to ensure the better integration of lagging CEE regions.
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Seo, Jungkun. "Wedge-issue dynamics and party position shifts." Party Politics 17, no. 6 (August 9, 2010): 823–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068810376184.
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Even when the stakes of party-building are high, political parties often find their members divided over a key policy position. In post-Reconstruction America, the hot-button issue of excluding Chinese immigrant workers strengthened Democratic cohesion while splitting the ‘party of Lincoln’. Previous research has not completely investigated the role of party competition and cohesiveness in paving the way for passage of the Chinese exclusion laws. In this investigation of the legislative politics of banning the Chinese from 1879 to 1882, it is found that cross-pressured members sometimes facilitate party transformation. The evidence demonstrates that partisan responses to potential wedge issues are a previously unnoticed source of explanation of eventual party position changes.
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Matityahu, Avi, and Itay Onn. "Hit the brakes – a new perspective on the loop extrusion mechanism of cohesin and other SMC complexes." Journal of Cell Science 134, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): jcs247577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.247577.
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ABSTRACTThe three-dimensional structure of chromatin is determined by the action of protein complexes of the structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) family. Eukaryotic cells contain three SMC complexes, cohesin, condensin, and a complex of Smc5 and Smc6. Initially, cohesin was linked to sister chromatid cohesion, the process that ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis. In recent years, a second function in the organization of interphase chromatin into topologically associated domains has been determined, and loop extrusion has emerged as the leading mechanism of this process. Interestingly, fundamental mechanistic differences exist between mitotic tethering and loop extrusion. As distinct molecular switches that aim to suppress loop extrusion in different biological contexts have been identified, we hypothesize here that loop extrusion is the default biochemical activity of cohesin and that its suppression shifts cohesin into a tethering mode. With this model, we aim to provide an explanation for how loop extrusion and tethering can coexist in a single cohesin complex and also apply it to the other eukaryotic SMC complexes, describing both similarities and differences between them. Finally, we present model-derived molecular predictions that can be tested experimentally, thus offering a new perspective on the mechanisms by which SMC complexes shape the higher-order structure of chromatin.
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Stead, Victoria. "Doing ‘social cohesion’: Cultural policy and practice in outer metropolitan Melbourne." Critical Social Policy 37, no. 3 (February 2, 2017): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018316681283.
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The emergence of ‘social cohesion’ as a policy concept in various Western states has been widely understood as part of a backlash against multiculturalism. This article applies an anthropological lens to the implementation of an Australian project to engage young people in order to ‘strengthen social cohesion’ in outer metropolitan Melbourne. Ethnographic analysis of the project lends empirical support to key critiques of the social cohesion paradigm, including the deployment of ‘community’ as a technology of cultural governance, the obscuring of socio-economic conditions and issues of social justice, and the foreclosing of any understanding of conflict as a potential social good. Some of the tensions evident in the project, however, are reflective not of recent shifts but rather of long-running dynamics in the governance of cultural difference. Thus, the article argues, narratives of a ‘multiculturalism backlash’ capture significant changes but also risk obscuring critical continuities in the exercise of governmentality.
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Eggers, Andrew C., and Arthur Spirling. "Party Cohesion in Westminster Systems: Inducements, Replacement and Discipline in the House of Commons, 1836–1910." British Journal of Political Science 46, no. 3 (October 13, 2014): 567–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123414000362.
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This article considers the historical development of a characteristic crucial for the functioning and normative appeal of Westminster systems: cohesive legislative parties. It gathers the universe of the 20,000 parliamentary divisions that took place between 1836 and 1910 in the British House of Commons, construct a voting record for every Member of Parliament (MP) serving during this time, and conducts analysis that aims to both describe and explain the development of cohesive party voting. In line with previous work, it shows that – with the exception of a chaotic period in the 1840s and 1850s – median discipline was always high and increased throughout the century. The study uses novel methods to demonstrate that much of the rise in cohesion results from the elimination of a rebellious ‘left tail’ from the 1860s onwards, rather than central tendency shifts. In explaining the aggregate trends, the article uses panel data techniques and notes that there is scant evidence for ‘replacement’ explanations that involve new members behaving in more disciplined ways than those leaving the chamber. It offers evidence that more loyal MPs were more likely to obtain ministerial posts, and speculates that this and other ‘inducement’-based accounts offer more promising explanations of increasingly cohesive parties.
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Abdou Moindjie, Mohamed. "The Cohesiveness of Personal Reference in Translation: A Case Study of French and English." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.4p.130.
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Personal reference is a co-hyponym of textual cohesion; it deals with the first, second and third persons singular or plural; it can occur exophorically, or endophorically as anaphora or cataphora. The present paper is a descriptive study on the cohesiveness and translatability of personal reference; it describes its occurrence and cohesiveness in translating from French into English. In doing so, the analyses are done on literary texts, Madame Bovary and Strait is the Gate. The data related to personal reference are identified and collected throughout reading the whole texts under study; then the data are analyzed. The findings indicate that English language uses more cohesive personal reference than French language due to language peculiarities like abstractness, prolixity in French language; concreteness and conciseness in English language. The research reveals that some shifts which occur in translating personal reference from French into English are obligatory in that they are required by language peculiarities, whereas some shifts which are required by language norms are found to be under the translator’s latitude. The cohesiveness of personal reference, therefore, depends on language peculiarities and language norms of both French and English, which are the determinants of the translation methods of personal reference in translating from French into English.
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Lee-Wong, Song Mei. "Coherence, focus and structure." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.11.2.03lee.
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This paper examines the usage of NE in Chinese dialogues and monologues excerpted from a Chinese collection of narratives. The analysis of NE as a constituent in discourse structure shows that linguistically it functions like a grammatical connector. From a cognitive point of view, NE signals topic shift and focuses on new, contrastive information. It is argued that coherence is achieved through semantic contrastiveness, and pragmatic relevance. It is also argued that the prosodic feature of pause i.e. NE+{Pause}, serves to further emphasize the semantic contrastiveness in topic and comment. Coherence is defined not merely in terms of structural relations but more importantly from the viewpoint of semantic connectivity. It is the focus on semantic connectivity signaled by NE, which underlies the semantic cohesion in topic shifts.
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Albaladejo, Tomás. "European crisis, fragmentation and cohesion: The contribution of ectopic literature to Europeanness." Journal of European Studies 49, no. 3-4 (August 13, 2019): 394–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244119859152.
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This article deals with the current European crisis and with the role of literature in surmounting it alongside economic, social and political shifts. Literature is proposed as one of the supportive pillars of Europe, as the existence of European literature contributes to the idea of Europe itself. Literary writing and human travel and displacement are connected in order to analyse the constitution of ‘ectopic literature’. Since one of the constituents of literature is the contact of literatures and cultures and their mutual influences, the movements of writers inside and towards Europe reinforce the cross-cultural and hybrid nature of European literature and of Europe itself. Thus, ectopic literature boosts a network of cultural cohesion and contributes to the reinforcement of this idea of Europe as well as of Europeanness.
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O'Neal, Mary A., Nassim Zecavati, Melissa Yu, Rebecca Spain, Scott M. Friedenberg, Nada El Husseini, Diego R. Torres-Russotto, Briseida Feliciano, Roderick Spears, and Christine Baca. "Effects of Fragmentation and the Case for Greater Cohesion in Neurologic Care Delivery." Neurology 98, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000013079.
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GoalsTo define fragmentation in neurologic care delivery, explain the positive and negative drivers in neurologic practice that contribute to fragmentation, illustrate situations that increase fragmentation risk, emphasize the costs and impact on both patients and providers, and propose solutions that allow for more cohesive care.Work GroupThe Transforming Leaders Program (TLP) class of 2020 was tasked by American Academy of Neurology (AAN) leadership to identify the leading trends in inpatient and outpatient neurology and to predict their effects on future neurologic practice.MethodsResearch material included AAN databases, PubMed searches, discussion with topic experts, and AAN leadership.ResultsTrends in care delivery are driven by changes in the work force, shifts in health care delivery, care costs, changes in evidence-based care, and patient factors. These trends can contribute to care fragmentation. Potential solutions to these problems are proposed based on care models developed in oncology and medicine.LimitationsThis article shares our opinions as there is a lack of evidence-based guidelines for optimal neurologic care delivery.
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Rubino, Antonia. "Trilingual women as language mediators in the family." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. Series S 18 (January 1, 2004): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.18.03rub.
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In the process of language shift from the immigrant languages to English, everyday communication within the family can become increasingly problematic due to strong divergences in the linguistic competences of the older and the younger generations. This article explores the process of language mediation between different generations, as it occurs within a Sicilian-Australian family belonging to the last wave of Italian mass immigration to Australia Through a corpus of spontaneous conversations, the study focuses on the role played by a second generation woman as a mediator within her family. The linguistic analysis shows that, in order to overcome communication breakdown, she makes full use of her competence in all three languages: Italian, Sicilian and English, and employs codeswitching extensively as a conversational strategy to accommodate participants with different language abilities. Furthermore, while she maintains Dialect as the language of the most inner family circle, she shifts to Italian as the more ‘learneable’ language that can contribute to cohesion in the extended family.
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Decter, Jonathan. "The Jewish Ahl al-Adab of al-Andalus." Journal of Arabic Literature 50, no. 3-4 (November 11, 2019): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570064x-12341390.
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Abstract This article studies the use of adab and related terminology among medieval Jewish authors with particular attention to shifts in cultural and religious sensibilities, matters of group cohesion and self-definition, and the contours of adab discourse across religious boundaries. The article demonstrates that, although Jews in the Islamic East in the tenth century internalized adab as a cultural concept, it was in al-Andalus that Jews first self-consciously presented themselves as udabā. The article focuses on works of Judeo-Arabic biblical exegesis, grammar, and poetics as well as Hebrew poetry composed after the style of Arabic poetry.
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González Espitia, Juan Carlos. "The Disease and the Hero: Representations of Belgrano’s and Bolívar’s Hidden and Public Syphilis." Revista Letral, no. 25 (January 24, 2021): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/rl.v0i25.16708.
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This essay explores discourses of disease, specifically syphilis, linked to two defining figures of Latin American independence: Manuel Belgrano and Simón Bolívar. It examines the construction of discursive myths and their relation to political and societal shifts; the manner in which different representations of the disease serve as tools of mythification in the pursuit of cohesion-seeking narratives for their countries; and how mythification is continuously reshaped and at a constant risk of failure, particularly when the understanding of these diseases is adjusted as a result of scientific changes. It concludes by showing how the tension between extolment and debasement in terms of this venereal disease ultimately results in a further rooted mythical understanding of the two independence heroes.
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Abrams, Anna M. H., and Astrid M. Rosenthal-von der Pütten. "I–C–E Framework: Concepts for Group Dynamics Research in Human-Robot Interaction." International Journal of Social Robotics 12, no. 6 (March 26, 2020): 1213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00642-z.
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AbstractThe research community of human-robot interaction relies on theories and phenomena from the social sciences in order to study and validate robotic developments in interaction. These studies mainly concerned one (human) on one (robot) interactions in the past. The present paper shifts the attention to groups and group dynamics and reviews relevant concepts from the social sciences: ingroup identification (I), cohesion (C) and entitativity (E). Ubiquitous robots will be part of larger social settings in the near future. A conceptual framework, the I–C–E framework, is proposed as a theoretical foundation for group (dynamics) research in HRI. Additionally, we present methods and possible measures for these relevant concepts and outline topics for future research.
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Bloodworth, Aryn. "Educational (de)segregation in North Macedonia: The intersection of policies, schools, and individuals." European Educational Research Journal 19, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 310–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474904120907723.
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North Macedonia’s two main ethnic groups, the Albanians and Macedonians, have experienced increasing segregation in education, though recent political shifts have made social cohesion a priority, which could replace decades of segregationist policies and break down a damaging cycle of segregation. Using a qualitative approach, I examine the complex relationship between policies, schools, and individuals through analysing 18 years of education policies, interviews/focus groups with 30 participants, and four years living and working in segregated communities. To explore how educational policies, institutions, and practices perpetuate ethnic segregation in North Macedonia, and how growing up in a divided society shapes individuals’ conceptions of themselves and other predominant ethnic groups, I employ contact theory and critical policy analysis. I find that as students grow up in divided schools and communities, their conceptions of the self and of people from other ethnic groups are constituted by these experiences of segregation. While the nation’s education policies currently include more initiatives for integrated education, these have yet to be implemented satisfactorily, meaning that public schools could teach inclusion and serve as a mechanism for dispelling negative stereotypes, but to do so requires a reconceptualization of ethnic difference and a cohesive vision of national identity.
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Moud, Halima, and Mohamed Salah Bekkouche. "Shifts of Cohesion in Subtitling from English into Arabic: A Corpus-Based Study on Explicitation of Reference, Substitution, and Ellipsis." Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 4, no. 3 (August 15, 2020): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol4no3.15.
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Giannakopoulou, Stella, Polychronis Kolokoussis, and Apostolos Arvanitis. "Territorial disparities between mountains and lowlands in Greece in the context of post-2020 Cohesion Policy." Geographia Polonica 93, no. 3 (2020): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0182.
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While mountain regions face territorial disparities when set against lowlands, the EU’s post-2020 Cohesion Policy seeks to reduce such between regions by focusing on those that are most vulnerable. Along with regions that are otherwise remote, mountainous areas are mostly seen as in decline, and deprived of opportunities to achieve sustainable development. They face serious demographic issues connected closely with migration outflows, while they are characterised by low-quality educational services and a paucity of employment opportunities compared with circumstances in the lowlands. It against this background that the work detailed here was carried out to investigate inequalities between mountain and lowland areas of Greece. Specifically, the focus is on disparities in levels of education and unemployment, as well as population shifts. While the temporal frame comprises the period 2001-2011, the locality is the mountainous Municipal Unit of Ioannina, in the Region of Epirus. The findings reveal high level of inequality in all sectors of vital importance to one of the EU’s poorest regions, while the further aim of the paper id to reveal the main drivers underpinning disparities in the context of post-2020 policy.
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HARRIS, PATRICIA. "Welfare Rewritten: Change and Interlay in Social and Economic Accounts." Journal of Social Policy 31, no. 3 (July 2002): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279402006682.
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The broad contours of the move from the old to the new welfare are well established but the changes in social theory which bear on this have been relatively neglected. Also neglected are the links between these theoretical positions and contemporaneous shifts in economic thought. Drawing on the works of Titmuss, Marshall, Putnam and Etzioni, this paper traces how understandings of social cohesion, social provision, responsibility and obligation have shifted over time. It then indicates the relationship between these constructions and parallel developments in economic theory. Here attention is drawn to a fundamental ideological tension between communitarian and neo-classical accounts. It is argued that governments attempt to resolve this tension by projecting notions of moral disintegration onto welfare claimants. Alternatives to the new welfare are canvassed in the final section of the paper.
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Muller, David A. "Why changes in bond lengths and cohesion lead to core-level shifts in metals, and consequences for the spatial difference method." Ultramicroscopy 78, no. 1-4 (June 1999): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(99)00029-7.
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Roberts, S. Craig, Kateřina Klapilová, Anthony C. Little, Robert P. Burriss, Benedict C. Jones, Lisa M. DeBruine, Marion Petrie, and Jan Havlíček. "Relationship satisfaction and outcome in women who meet their partner while using oral contraception." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1732 (October 12, 2011): 1430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1647.
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Hormonal variation over the menstrual cycle alters women's preferences for phenotypic indicators of men's genetic or parental quality. Hormonal contraceptives suppress these shifts, inducing different mate preference patterns among users and non-users. This raises the possibility that women using oral contraception (OC) choose different partners than they would do otherwise but, to date, we know neither whether these laboratory-measured effects are sufficient to exert real-world consequences, nor what these consequences would be. Here, we test for differences in relationship quality and survival between women who were using or not using OC when they chose the partner who fathered their first child. Women who used OC scored lower on measures of sexual satisfaction and partner attraction, experienced increasing sexual dissatisfaction during the relationship, and were more likely to be the one to initiate an eventual separation if it occurred. However, the same women were more satisfied with their partner's paternal provision, and thus had longer relationships and were less likely to separate. These effects are congruent with evolutionary predictions based on cyclical preference shifts. Our results demonstrate that widespread use of hormonal contraception may contribute to relationship outcome, with implications for human reproductive behaviour, family cohesion and quality of life.
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Gumul, Ewa. "Translational Shifts of Syntactic and Lexical Markers of Ideology: Reporting the Iraqi Conflict in Polish Reprint Press." Meta 56, no. 4 (July 11, 2012): 758–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1011251ar.
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The present paper focuses on the notion of mediating source-text ideology in press translation, investigating lexico-grammatical resources. This study is partly set within the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. The analysis focuses on such features as disambiguation or creation of grammatical metaphors (i.e., nominalisation and denominalisation), changes in transitivity patterns, modifications of the levels of modality, as well as shifts in lexical choice, semantic prosody and cohesion patterns. The source of the texts analysed in this paper is a Polish reprint magazine, Forum, publishing translated articles from a variety of English-language quality press titles. The articles selected for the analysis deal with the Iraqi conflict in 2003 and its aftermath. The aim of the study is to ascertain whether the lexical choice and the syntactic structures employed in the target texts engender changes in the ideological content of the source texts and the projected point of view. Given the nature of reprint press, a hypothesis has been formulated that the source-text ideology might remain unchanged in the process of translation or the translator’s intervention is expected to be minimal. The results reveal, however, that a substantial proportion of the translated texts fall within the category of partial mediation, projecting an altered point of view to a target-text audience.
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Giuliano, Patrizia. "Contrasted and maintained information in a narrative task." EUROSLA Yearbook 12 (August 8, 2012): 30–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.12.04giu.
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This paper proposes an analysis of 100 narrative texts concerned with English and Italian as L1s and L2s. We will compare the way both native speakers and learners build textual cohesion when faced with a narrative task involving several referential restrictions: contrasts of entity and polarity, maintenance of the same predication, temporal shifts etc. The stimulus used to collect the data is the film retelling The Finite Story by Dimroth (2006). Our results will add to the debate about the learners’ tendency to establish anaphoric linkage according to the specific grammaticised (readily encodable) concepts of their mother tongue. In particular, we will show that even at very advanced and almost native levels learners tend to exploit formal and conceptual means resembling those of their mother tongue, demonstrating by that that they have not completely abandoned the L1 specific “perspective taking”.
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DE MOOR, TINE. "Participating is more important than winning: the impact of socio-economic change on commoners' participation in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Flanders." Continuity and Change 25, no. 3 (December 2010): 405–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416010000287.
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ABSTRACTIn this article the participation profile of commoners of a Flemish case-study is reconstructed in order to identify their individual motivations for using the common, in some cases even becoming a manager of that common, in some cases only just claiming membership. Nominative linkages between membership lists, book-keeping accounts and regulatory documents of the common on the one hand and censuses and marriage acts on the other allow us to explain the behaviour of the commoners. It becomes clear why some decisions were taken – for example, to dissolve a well-functioning cattle-registration system – and how these affected the resource use of the common during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The analysis explains how internal shifts in power balances amongst groups of active users and those who did not have the means or willingness to participate could jeopardize the internal cohesion of the commoners as a group.
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Perez-Brumer, Amaya, Rebecca Balasa, Aarti Doshi, Jessica Brogdon, Thuy Doan, and Catherine E. Oldenburg. "COVID-19 Related Shifts in Social Interaction, Connection, and Cohesion Impact Psychosocial Health: Longitudinal Qualitative Findings from COVID-19 Treatment Trial Engaged Participants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 10264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610264.
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While effective for slowing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, public health measures, such as physical distancing and stay-at-home orders, have significantly shifted the way people interact and maintain social connections. To better understand how people sought social and psychological support amid the pandemic, we conducted a longitudinal qualitative evaluation of participants enrolled in a COVID-19 treatment trial (N = 30). All participants from the parent trial who consented to being contacted for future research studies were recruited electronically via email, and first-round virtual interviews were conducted between December 2020 and March 2021. Participants who participated in first-round interviews were contacted again, and follow-up interviews were conducted in January–February 2022. The results reported significant shifts in how participants connected to social support, including changes from physical to virtual modalities, and using different social networks for distinct purposes (i.e., Reddit/Facebook for information, WhatsApp for community connection). While having COVID-19, profound loneliness during isolation was described; yet, to mitigate effects, virtual support (i.e., emotional, knowledge-seeking) as well as in-person material support (e.g., groceries, snow-shoveling), were key. Public health efforts are needed to develop interventions that will improve the narratives about mental health challenges related to COVID-19 isolation, and to provide opportunities to share challenges in a supportive manner among social networks. Supporting social cohesion, despite the everchanging nature of COVID-19, will necessitate innovative multimodal strategies that learn from lived experiences across various stages of the pandemic.
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Lyapin, Denis A., and Yuri A. Mizis. "Behavioral Models of Population Inhabiting the Fortresses in the South of Russia in the 17th century (as Documented in Voronezhsky, Kozlovsky and Tambovsky counties)." Journal of Frontier Studies 6, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 10–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v6i3.252.
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The article discusses the process of formation of the main behavioral patterns of the population of the southern counties during the period of the settlement in and development of the South of Russia in the 17th century. The authors analyze the behavior of migrants to the steppe periphery of the country, on the basis of large archival source. An important place in the development of steppe territories was occupied by fortresses, which were military, political and religious centers for the counties. The strong influence of collectivist principles is noted in the article. Particular attention is paid to studying the dynamics of changes in the social environment in the South of Russia, the formation of property stratification, the emergence of individualism. It is argued in the paper that social changes were associated with shifts in the behavioral models of the inhabitants of the fortresses: if at the early stage of its existence the population of the towns consisted of a single mass of the servicemen, then the second half of the 17th century is characterized by a gradual destruction of social cohesion. The behavioral models of servants and townspeople were determined by the desire for personal gain, material wealth, and individual benefits. This was due to the increase in the number and importance of townspeople, whose lives were a constant competition. Discovered shifts of behavioral patterns are indicative of important changes in society.
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Mohammed, S., D. D. Dirate, D. K. Dasho, R. K. Verma, V. R. Pampana, R. B. Sangalang, A. E. Koshuma, and A. T. Ayalew. "An Inclusive Study on the Effect of Strain Rate on the Stress-Strain Behavior and the Undrained Shear Strength of Clay Soils in Kombolcha, Ethiopia." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 1 (February 12, 2022): 8107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4626.
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This research aims to study the effect of strain rate on the stress-strain association and shear strength of clay soils in Kombolcha, Ethiopia. Field and laboratory experimentations were conducted on 3 soil samples collected at 4.5m depth, considering the physical and engineering properties of the soil. Unconsolidated, undrained triaxial compression tests were performed under confining pressure on the specimens that were axially loaded at a rate of strain varying from 0.38mm/min to 1.14mm/min by taking 2 points above and below 1% of the specimen height. Stress-strain relations were developed under the stated different rates of strains to describe their effect. It was revealed that the strain rate effect was observed. By increasing the strain rate shifts the stress-strain curve upward, and the corresponding shear strength of the soil also increased under effective stress. Accordingly, the strain rate increased the shear parameters. The average angle of friction increased by 13.43%, 15.08%, 13.18%, and 14.33% when the rate of strain changed from 0.38 to 0.57mm/min, 0.57 to 0.76mm/min, 0.76 to 0.95mm/min, and 0.95 to 1.14mm/min respectively, while the average cohesion increased by 17.67%, 19.52%, 14.87%, and 16.48%. The failure at strain rate 1%/min of sample height (0.76mm/min) was uniformly distributed and there was uniform pore pressure distribution throughout the sample height. The effect is slightly more when the shear strength increased at the left side than at the right side. Average shear strength parameters such as cohesion and angle friction were recorded for strain rates from 0.57mm/min to 1.25mm/min specifically for the clay soils found in Kombolcha town, Ethiopia.
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Perez, Nicholas Michael, Max Bromley, and John Cochran. "Organizational commitment among sheriffs’ deputies during the shift to community-oriented policing." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-04-2016-0051.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the environment in which law enforcement officers operate is a main source of their job satisfaction, which is related to their overall work performance. In this line of research, a recent study by Johnson (2015) examined the organizational, job, and officer characteristics that may predict a police officer’s organizational commitment. Design/methodology/approach The current study replicates and extends the analyses performed in that study using an alternative data source to understand the influence of these measures on sheriff deputies’ organizational commitment during their organization’s shift to community-oriented policing. Findings Our results, while similar to those of Johnson (2015), revealed some unique findings. For example, in the current analyses, several organizational- and job- factors were significantly associated with deputies’ commitment to the sheriffs’ office. Specifically, deputies who report receiving higher supervisor feedback, higher peer cohesion, higher job variety and autonomy, and lower job-related stress were more highly committed to their law enforcement agency. Practical implications Key implications emerge for police administrators aspiring to influence employee organizational commitment during major agency shifts. Originality/value Overall, the present paper largely supports and progresses the findings of Johnson (2015) by extending them to sheriffs’ deputies, who are still largely underrepresented in policing research, and to an agency undergoing a dramatic organizational change. As such, the present study represents an important next step in understanding the factors that influence organizational commitment in law enforcement organizations.
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Hancock, Peter A., and James L. Szalma. "Operator Stress and Display Design." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 11, no. 2 (April 2003): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106480460301100205.
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These design guidelines, based on knowledge of how operators perform under time and task pressure, can lead to better decision making in emergencies. IT IS NEAR THE END OF A LONG SHIFT, some hours past midnight, and the combined effects of caffeine, nicotine, and sugared snacks are no longer sufficient to sustain the alertness of tired and weary operators. Circadian rhythms are at their lowest ebb while oppressive, routine operations have so long persisted that chronic boredom reigns supreme. Suddenly a warning sounds, then another, then another — the systems displays are producing a cascade of flashing lights and tone alarms. Operators rush to workstations, where information begins to overflow like a virtual Niagara of bytes. The apprehension in the air is tangible. It is evident to everyone that a coherent response must be made soon if the situation is to be recovered. As a result, time pressure is now added to anxiety and information overload and rapidly shifts the situation from boredom to terror (Hancock, 1997a). The answers to the problem are somewhere in the system, but a massive noise-to-signal problem is building by the minute. Unfortunately, the resolution is spread across a tapestry of displays. Like pieces of a dynamic jigsaw puzzle, the solution resides in separate parts distributed across many minds, but team communication and team cohesion are rapidly failing, overwhelmed by the demands of information overload and the destructive effects of situational stress. If someone doesn't do something soon…
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Nethercote, Megan. "Neoliberal Welfare, Minorities and Tenancy Support." Social Policy and Society 16, no. 1 (October 21, 2015): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746415000548.
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Under post-welfarist realignments in neoliberal democracies, the provision of welfare is increasingly conditional on claimants fulfilling certain (behavioural) obligations. Under these shifts, an increased focus on the cultural dimensions of conduct and belonging redefines the basis for citizenship and extends the risk of subversion to include incivility or cultural difference. Critically, this recasting of the state-citizen social contract occurs with potentially exclusionary effects by legitimising ethnic and culturalist explanations that attribute blame to individuals/groups based on their perceived failure to follow normative models of social and spatial integration. The significance of these neoliberal welfare shifts for many of those most at risk of exclusion—black and minority ethnics (BME) and indigenous populations—has received little attention. Responding to this gap from within housing studies, this article reports on qualitative research on the fulfillment of government responsibilities for tenancy support provision under reforms to Indigenous housing welfare in Australia. Based on interviews with Indigenous housing stakeholders, it identifies programmatic, organisational and operational issues hampering tenant support provision that challenge how the ideal of ‘fair reciprocity’ was satisfied at the outset of the reforms. Given contemporary policy discourse on community cohesion and integration, the ways in which current programmatic oversights signal this neoliberal programme and its attempts to reinforce perceptions and constructions of cultural difference to politicise and pathologise the behaviours of particular individuals and communities is significant. Key questions arise about how the needs of minority groups might inform the types of ‘opportunities’ required to achieve the conditions for fair reciprocity within the contractual welfare state.
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Schoene, Berthold. "Contemporary American Literature as World Literature: Cruel Cosmopolitanism, Cosmopoetics, and the Search for a Worldlier American Novel." Anglia 135, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2017-0006.
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AbstractWith reference to Jennifer Egan’s A Visit from the Goon Squad (2010), Amy Waldman’s The Submission (2011) and Teju Cole’s Open City (2011), the first two parts of the article attempt a reappraisal of contemporary American literature’s world-literary potential by problematizing cosmopolitanism and neoliberal globalization in close relation to 9/11, the ideal of American multiculture and non-American assertions of alterity. Introducing Lauren Berlant’s Cruel Optimism (2011) and Mitchum Huehls’ After Critique (2016), the third part then shifts its focus onto the crisis of the neoliberal condition as lived in America today. Rather than insisting merely on thematic and demographic reprioritization, Berlant and Huehls are shown to strike at the very core of the literary and the human, exposing the ‘cruelty’ of both the novel and cosmopolitanism as residual expressions of a now anachronistic and ultimately harmful optimism regarding national cohesion and global understanding. The article concludes its search for a worldlier, more cosmopoetic American novel with an analysis of George Saunders’ short story collection Tenth of December (2013).
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Baker, Christopher. "Spiritual Capital and Economies of Grace: Redefining the Relationship between Religion and the Welfare State." Social Policy and Society 11, no. 4 (July 2, 2012): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746412000279.
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This article traces the trajectory of UK government social policy since World War Two, with particular reference to the shifts in the past 10 to 15 years towards concepts such as multi-level governance, localism, the Third Way and the Big Society. It describes the shifting relationships between institutional religion and the State during that period, tracking the ‘return of faith’ in government policy and social welfare as it seeks to address a number of intractable social and economic issues related to cohesion and inequality, as well as a perceived absence of moral and ethical norms within public life. The article proposes a set of new analytical concepts (based on recent empirical research from the US and the UK) which seek to describe and evaluate this new ‘post-secular’ relationship between faith and government. The article concludes that the new ‘post-welfare’ landscape will continue to play well to the existing strengths and positionalities of religion, faith and spirituality in the UK as the twenty-first century moves into its second decade.
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Ignatov, Augustin. "Regional Development Discrepancies in the Eastern European Union Analysed through the Prism of Growth Determinants." Global Economy Journal 18, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 20180078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2018-0078.
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The twenty-first century is characterised by major shifts in the global economic paradigms. Europe constantly diminishes its importance in the world slowly drifting towards the secondary roles in determining the progress of human civilisation. The European Union as the main integrational structure on the continent is set to offer Europe a global perspective and consolidate the member countries’ common influence in international relations. Several enlargement waves were undertaken comprising countries of different economic development level. The main mechanism of the European Union in enhancing the economic cohesion among the member states is the Regional policy. The largest portion of financing is allocated towards enhancing the economic potential of least developed EU regions. Considering this fact, the present research is set to analyse the inter-regional development discrepancies in the Eastern European countries i. e. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania and Bulgaria in the context of raising global competition and to identify the key economic growth determinants of the nations. The results underline that there is a strong necessity to empower the prerogatives of the EU to increase its ability to decide the issues related to discrepancies reduction, infrastructure investments and improvement of the regional business opportunities.
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Yolles, Maurice, and Gerhard Fink. "Personality, pathology and mindsets: part 3 – pathologies and corruption." Kybernetes 43, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-12-2013-0260.
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Purpose – Context and cultural condition given, cybernetic agency theory enables the anticipation of patterns of behaviour. However, this only occurs under “normal” conditions. Abnormal conditions occur when pathologies develop in the agency, especially within its Piagetian intelligences. An understanding of these pathologies, therefore, constitutes an appreciation of how abnormal behaviour develops. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Different classifications of pathology are considered: autopathic and sociopathic, transitive and lateral pathologies, epistemological and ontological pathologies, within a system and outside system effects of pathologies. The effects of pathologies are inefficacy, loss of cohesion within a system, emerging neurosis, and not least corruption. Findings – Within Agency Mindset Theory, four types of pathologies are identified: being detached from the cultural system, behaviour does not conform to extant values; an inhibited figurative intelligence is disturbing self-reference and resulting in incapability to learn cognitively; the operative system does not respond to strategic intentions: operative decision making is not anchored in ethical, ideological or strategic specifications of the social system; action and behaviour of the organisation are driven by outside interests. Research limitations/implications – This part of the research could only provide a framework for theoretically identifying the systemic roots of pathologies within social systems, but not provide an in-depth analysis of the shifts in values and practices, which accompany the emergence of pathologies. Practical implications – The research is indicating that emergent pathologies and moves towards corruption could be either identified through underlying shifts in values and practices, but also through reduced functions (inefficacies) of the indispensable internal processes of an organisation (a social system), be it action-oriented or learning-oriented processes. Originality/value – The paper draws on earlier work undertaken in the last few years by the same authors, who in a new way are pursuing new directions and extensions of that earlier research.
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Kennerley, David. "Music, Politics, and History: An Introduction." Journal of British Studies 60, no. 2 (April 2021): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2020.245.
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AbstractMusic has been steadily rising up the historical agenda, a product of the emergence of sound studies, the history of the senses, and a mood of interdisciplinary curiosity. This introductory article offers a critical review of how the relationship between music and politics has featured in extant historical writing, from classic works of political history to the most recent scholarship. It begins by evaluating different approaches that historians have taken to music, summarizes the important shifts in method that have recently taken place, and advocates for a performance-centered, contextualized framework that is attentive to the distinctive features of music as a medium. The second half examines avenues for future research into the historical connections between music and politics, focusing on four thematic areas—the body, emotions, space, and memory—and closes with some overarching reflections on music's use as a tool of power, as well as a challenge to it. Although for reasons of cohesion, this short article focuses primarily on scholarship on Britain and Ireland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, its discussion of theory and methods is intended to be applicable to the study of music and political culture across a broad range of periods and geographies.
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Brazil, Noli. "Hispanic neighbourhood satisfaction in new and established metropolitan destinations." Urban Studies 56, no. 14 (February 28, 2019): 2953–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018809913.
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As one of the more important recent population shifts in the USA, the migration of Hispanics into new immigrant metropolitan gateways has received significant scholarly attention. Much of this attention has been paid to understanding how Hispanic residential experiences and environmental characteristics differ between new and traditional destinations. This study contributes to this literature by using 2013 American Housing Survey data to examine differences in the levels and determinants of Hispanic neighbourhood satisfaction by Hispanic destination type. The study pays specific attention to the role of neighbourhood social capital and explores differences between native- and foreign-born Hispanics. Findings reveal that Hispanics report higher neighbourhood satisfaction levels in new destinations compared with new destination white residents and Hispanics living in established destinations. The effects of social cohesion, social control and physical disorder on neighbourhood satisfaction are similar across destination type and nativity. However, the influence of metropolitan area characteristics varies by destination type and is specific to foreign-born Hispanics. Whereas low-skilled employment and Hispanic isolation affect the neighbourhood satisfaction of Hispanic immigrants in established areas, foreign-born segregation influences satisfaction levels in new destinations. The study provides evidence of Hispanic residential adaptation in new destinations with differential determinants across destination type and nativity.
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Kunz, Kerstin. "A method for investigating coreference in translations and originals." Languages in Contrast 7, no. 2 (December 7, 2007): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.7.2.10kun.
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Coreference is one essential strategy of coherence and cohesion as it establishes connectivity in texts. This connection is evoked by linguistic devices on the text surface but has to be interpreted mentally as a relation between extralinguistic referents. Since translators are concerned with the reception of connectivity in source texts and the production of the same kind of connectivity in target texts coreference is an important process taking place in translation. The present paper deals with the elaboration of a method for investigating nominal coreference in originals and translations. In order to build parameters for the empirical analysis of coreference in English and German corpora we provide an overview over various mechanisms affecting the creation of coreference relations in source and target texts. We take account of linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects as interdependent and interacting factors potentially causing shifts in coreference. The model we establish on the basis of these considerations allows us to investigate nominal coreferring expressions as well as analyse the relation of reference identity created between these expressions. Hence, our model facilitates exhaustive research on a very fine-grained scale. It allows us to capture differences on the lexicogrammatical as well as on a semantic and conceptual level and, thus, paves the way for interpretation on a more conceptual level.
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Tothova, Zuzana, John M. Krill-Burger, Daniel S. Day, J. Erika Haydu, Brian J. Abraham, Catherine C. Landers, Edyta Malolepsza, et al. "STAG2 Mutations Alter Cohesin Ring Function and Provide Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117480.
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Abstract Recurrent somatic mutations in core components and modulators of the cohesin ring - a multimeric protein complex that forms a ring structure around DNA and provides spatial genome organization - have been identified across multiple cancer types, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), where they are associated with poor overall survival. Cohesin proteins are involved in sister chromatid cohesion, chromatin organization into loops, transcriptional activation, and DNA damage repair. The mechanisms underlying clonal expansion of these driver mutations are unknown and no therapies have selective efficacy in cohesin-mutant cancers. We sought to determine the effects of mutations in the most frequently mutated cohesin subunit, STAG2, on cohesin complex composition using immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative mass spectrometry (IP-MS), genetic dependencies of STAG2-mutant cells by genome-wide CRISPR screening, and mutant cohesin association with chromatin using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq). Our goal was to understand how these mutations contribute to cellular transformation and to identify possible therapeutic targets. Applying IP-MS in AML cell lines engineered with different STAG2 mutations, we identified and validated a switch from STAG2- to its paralog STAG1-containing cohesin complexes. In addition, we observed changes in the interaction of the mutant cohesin complex with proteins involved in DNA repair and replication, including PARP1, and RNA-mediated interaction with RNA splicing machinery, including SF3B family members. We next hypothesized that these cohesin-dependent alterations could lead to shifts in genetic dependencies. Using genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screens, we identified preferential dependency of STAG2-mutant cells on STAG1, consistent with our proteomics studies. We also found a striking concordance between additional cellular processes highlighted by IP-MS experiments and observed increased dependency of STAG2-mutant cells on DNA damage repair and mRNA processing. Therefore, STAG2 mutations lead to changes in cohesin complex structure and alter interactions with proteins involved in DNA damage, replication, and RNA modification, which become genetic dependencies in this context. Prompted by this concordance, we evaluated DNA replication, DNA damage and splicing in cohesin-mutant cells. We observed a 4-fold increase in replication fork stalling in STAG2-mutant cells, which was associated with accumulation of double strand DNA breaks and activation of the ATR and ATM DNA damage checkpoints. STAG2-mutant cells demonstrated ~100-fold increased sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor talazoparib, which was consistent across models of other cohesin-mutant subunits. In addition, cohesin-mutant cells showed aberrant splicing and increased sensitivity to treatment with SF3B1 inhibitors E7107 and H3B-8800. In aggregate, genetic or pharmacologic perturbation of DNA damage repair or splicing created a synthetic vulnerability for cohesin-mutant cells in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we explored how STAG1-containing complexes alter cohesin-mediated genome compartmentalization in cohesin-mutant cells. Using ChIP-Seq, we observed that STAG2 loss leads to a global decrease in cohesin binding to chromatin, including at sites of insulated neighborhood boundaries, with subsequent gene expression changes. Loss of cohesin binding was associated with increased enhancer activity and super-enhancer expansion in STAG2-mutant cells. In addition, we identified changes in the co-localization of the mutant cohesin complex with super-enhancer enriched factors, DNA damage repair and splicing machinery. These findings are consistent with a model in which wild type and mutant cohesin complexes, defined by their unique composition and patterns of chromatin binding and architecture, have differential abilities to maintain chromatin organization as it relates to spatial organization of super-enhancers, coactivators and transcription factors, as well as DNA damage repair and splicing machinery. Perturbation of any of these components, which have been recently proposed to form phase-separated nuclear bodies, creates vulnerabilities that may be exploited therapeutically with existing drugs in patients with cohesin-mutated malignancies. Disclosures Abraham: Syros Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership. Seiler:H3 Biomedicine: Employment. Buonamici:H3 Biomedicine: Employment. D'Andrea:Intellia Therapeutics: Consultancy; Cedilla Therpeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; EMD-Serono: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sierra: Consultancy, Research Funding; Ideaya: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; Lilly: Consultancy, Research Funding; Formation Biologics: Consultancy. Young:Omega Therapeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Syros Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Camp4 Therapeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
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Luck, Werner A. P., and Stephan Peil. "Specific Interactions of CH2- and CH3-Groups of n-Paraffins with PFTB." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 46, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1991-0709.
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The OH stretching frequency νOH of perfluoro-tert.-butanol (PFTB) dissolved in different liquid n-paraffins decreases with increasing chain length n of the solvent. This observation is explained by an overlapping of two different vOH absorption bands induced by interactions between CH2- resp. CHj-groups and the OH-oscillators of PFTB. The decrease of vOH demonstrates an increase of the intermolecular interaction energies. These mean interaction energies between the OH-groups and the solvent molecules increase with n in a similar way as the densities q of the paraffins. The frequency shifts zh'OH (^vOH = vOH(Gas, -vOH) of PFTB as well as the specific volumes V of the paraffins can be described by a sum of CH2- and CH3-group contributions. In this way the role of the cohesion energy for zlvOH is demonstrated. The OH ··· CH2-interaction has been found as 2.5 times larger than OH ··· CH3-interactions. The I ··· CH2 Lennard-Jones parameter £ has been found too as 2.5 times larger than the value of I ··· CH3 interactions. This agreement demonstrates the efficiency of the intermolecular IR spectroscopy. The sum of group contributions for interactions of linear molecules seems to have some advan- tages and may be more intuitive by its simplicity in comparison to explanations with parameter for “non-central forces” as e.g. the acentric factors ω of Pitzer et al.