Academic literature on the topic 'Coins, Bosnian'

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the circulation of coinage through an analysis of finds of hoards of ‘Illyrian coins’ from the territory of Greek Illyria in the period from the 4th to the 1st century BC. To this end, hoards from modern-day Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia, that is the maximum territorial extent of the so-called ‘Illyrian state’, were compiled in a catalogue. This catalogue of hoards of Illyrian coins served as a basis for producing dedicated maps which present data in a cumulative form, as well as sorted by date and place of issue. Distribution of finds in relation to terrain and settlement patterns was studied in order to locate concentrations of coins of given centres in different periods. Additionally, important observations concerned places in which coin hoards are absent or very scarce. The catalogue was also useful for tracing patterns in the composition of the hoards – those consisting of coins most commonly minted together and those dominated by coins of differing provenance.

Robert Hayden is not alone in wondering why the expulsion of Serbs from Croatia in 1991 and 1995 was labeled a population transfer and even justified by the logic of nation-states, while the expulsion of Muslims by Serbs in 1992-96 from an area of Bosnia and Herzegovina that the Serbs claim for their state was labeled genocide and justified establishing an international war crimes tribunal. Hayden wants to protect the term genocide, and its legal standing internationally, for truly exceptional instances—to wit, the Holocaust, and nothing else until, God forbid, there should be another such instance. By contrast, he argues, population transfers, even on a massive scale and forced, are not pathological. "Ethnic cleansing" of territory in the former Yugoslavia, whether of Croatia or of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is unexceptional, a normal part of the history of the twentieth century. Although final solutions are not inevitable—Hayden criticizes Croatian President Tudjman for writings that seem to have justified the Serb expulsion as such—"ethnic cleansing" is a part of the history even of states that now sit in moral condemnation of the Balkan horrors and the Bosnian Serbs.

This paper considers some of the barriers in implementing the RFID (radio frequency identification) technology for identifying, locating, tracking and tracing goods in supply chains, along with a model for adopting cloud services that can mitigate these obstacles in the transitional environment. The analysis is based on the assessments of the implementation impediments, given by the experts in the field of logistics: university professors, assistants and entrepreneurs from three Western Balkan countries (Montenegro, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina). Since the professionals’ assessments are influenced by their experiences from the transitional economies, which are faced with limited abilities to invest in expensive business information systems, the main hypothesis is that moving the logistics into the cloud may resolve or at least alleviate the considered problems. On the basis of the available secondary literature resources on pros and cons of RFID implementation into supply chains, and the statistical analysis of the consciously completed questionnaires in the survey, the model for adopting cloud services for providing RFID-enabled goods and related activities in the considered economies is proposed at a logical level. The paper also gives some directions for further research work in this domain.

La guerre victorieuse de la Serbie et la dissolution de l?Autriche-Hongrie avaient permis l?union du Royaume du Pierre I avec les provinces orientales de la partie hongroise de l?Empire des Habsbourg. Or, avant que leur union fut accept?e par les Alli?s, selon les termes de l?armistice ? Villa Giusti, une administration temporaire est mise en place dans les r?gions du Banat, Backa et Baranja, celles avec une population hongroise cons?quente. Trait? du Trianon ent?rine en juin 1920 l?int?gration de la Croatie, de la Slavonie, de la Bosnie et Herz?govine, et de la Vojvodina au Royaume des Serbes, Croates et Slov?nes. La minorit? hongroise dans l??tat yougoslave connut une ?volution qui assura sa stabilit? num?rique ainsi que son essor culturel gr?ce au syst?me d??ducation en langue hongroise de l??cole primaire jusqu?? l?universit?.

The paper publishes the 52 specimens of the Roman Imperial coins from the coin collection of the Franciscan Museum in Tomislavgrad (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The oldest among them were dated back to the reign of Emperor Gordian in the first half of the 3rd century (238-244 AD), while the newest ones can be dated to the period of the joint reign of Valentinian I, Valens and Gratian, and to Emperor Valens’ reign, respectively. However, most of the coins belong to the bronze issues of Constantine and his sons, particularly to the series struck during the sole reigns of Constantius II and Constans. With the exception of the dupondius of Gordian III, struck in Viminacium, the specimens published here are the standard coins that circulated in the Roman province of Dalmatia in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD.

U numizmatičku zbirku Franjevačkog samostana u Kreševu u središnjoj Bosni dospjela je jedna velika bronca sjevemoafričke Kartage (Carthago Zeugitanae) iz vremena oko 200. g. prije Krista (SI. 1.). Takvi su novci već ranije pronalaženi u ostavama na japodskom području (u sjevernoj Dalmaciji, u Lici te u dolini rijeke Une u sjeverozapadnoj Bosni). S lih područja (Karta 1.) potječu još 23 primjerka ovog novca te jedan ulomak.

At a time when the world at large has gone entirely digital, we take a closer look at our students and ask whether we can call them techsavvy learners in the true sense of the word. There is some evidence in favour of the assumption that they go about their millennial lives as children of technology: we hardly ever see them without their smartphones; they always seem to have one more text message to send; they routinely take selfies to post them online before our eyes. These examples alone make it all too easy to take their digital literacy for granted. We assume that their preferences, both in and outside the classroom, are in synch with a fully digital state of mind, their study habits included. However, there is no guarantee that our students take an equally digital approach to learning and studying, as doing something for fun and doing something for education are not necessarily two sides of the same coin. In order to shed more light on the issue, a questionnaire has been designed containing five carefully framed questions with no explicit reference to proficiency in the use of modern technology, allowing for a more realistic insight into whether and how digital literacy can become part of one’s learning experience. A 100 sample size representative of students majoring in English at the University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina should provide at least some tentative answers about the extent to which they use their digital skills to learn more about the language they are studying.

Amodern Example May Help to Clarify some of the issues to be discussed in this chapter. Formerly one of the six republics forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), Bosnia- Hercegovina has since 1995’s Dayton Agreement been an uneasy international protectorate, divided into a Croat-Muslim Federation, and the Serbian ‘Republika Srpska’ (RS). Bosnia’s coinage speaks powerfully about the paradoxes of a state created through a bloody war of identity and ethnic cleansing. These two entities—the Federation and the RS— and three communities—Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian Muslim—display strong and sometimes aggrieved senses of their own individual identities, and ethnic divisions can arise over the simplest of everyday differences. For example, car registration stickers until recently identified cars as registered either in the Federation or in the RS. The International Community felt compelled to design a coinage in which ethnic differences were avoided. The currency itself is a paradox—known as the ‘Convertible Mark’ (KM), it converts to another currency, the Deutschmark, which no longer exists. But it is in the choice of iconography that the Bosnian KM is most striking; these are some of the least attractive coins ever issued, more akin to subway tokens than to genuine coinage. One side of the 1 KM coin displays the stylized shield motif of Bosnia-Hercegovina, a device approved by the International Community. The other bears the denomination and the words ‘Bosne i Hercegovina’ twice, in one language, and two alphabets, though Serbs, Muslims, and Croats might deny that the Latin script of Catholic Croatia, and the Cyrillic of Orthodox Serbia represent the same language. Aside from this need for linguistic even-handedness, no other motifs are to be found. An iconographic void appears to be the only means of compromise. What does this tell us? First, any minting authority can use coins to send an ideological and iconographical message. Coinages represent both political and economic acts. Second, coinage is in no sense an unmediated or direct guide to the ethnic identities of communities; it represents deliberate political choices made by those in control and may therefore mirror social attitudes of those not in control, attempt to modify them, or ignore them outright.