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Journal articles on the topic 'Coins, Soviet'
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1
Shustek, Zbyshek. "Interesting documents on the convertibility of the Soviet currency during 1924 –1937." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2017-1-165-172.
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In the framework of the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the currency reform of 1922-1924 the USSR currency was introduced, which was fully convertible into gold. Actually, the reform was supposed to re-introduce the old gold currency, which was in circulation in the Russian Empire before the beginning of the WWI. New Soviet copper and silver coins had the same metrological parameters as the corresponding coins before the war. Banknotes were really convenient abroad duringr 1924-1927 years and freely exchanged for other currencies, but promised to free convertibility of banknotes for gold coins has never been implemented. The reason of that was the golden blockade of the USSR and the refusal to accept these coins in the West. For this reason, the old 10-ruble coins with the portrait of Tsar Nicholas II had to continue to be minted. However, there are also internal reasons which prevented the planned exchange rate of the gold coins. The regulatory quota for issuing government bills for 500 million gold rubles was soon exceeded twice, which triggered the development of inflation. On October 1, 1926, the free export of banknotes abroad was prohibited, and in 1928 – also free entry into the USSR. Thus, the free convertibility of the new Soviet currency was abolished, and the Soviet currency became only internal. In this article we review and analyze internal instruction, which stated quite openly that the promised guarantees on new bank notes convertible into gold is in reality only a tactical maneuver relatively to other countries. From August 1, 1926, free export of the Soviet currency was prohibited in foreign countries and in 1928 it’s import from abroad. The Soviet government at that time has made some effort to foreigners who were in the USSR and were carrying Soviet money legally, they can freely convert. At the same time, this effort can be seen as an indication of the responsibility of the Soviet authorities for those who in a very short time provided free convertibility of the Soviet currency. This is evident from the passports of Czechoslovak citizens who have been visiting the USSR for 30 years. Whether its owners are not in the USSR, they were close to Soviet entry visa with a special stamp, followed by the Czech text: "Import and transfer of Soviet currency on the territory of the USSR provided to August 1, 1926". From the results obtained to date from the old passports it is not clear how the Soviet embassy began to give these stamps in the passports. Trips in the USSR were quite rare for foreigners in the interwar period. Exchange of foreign currencies in the USSR was very unprofitable for foreigners in the second half of the 1930's. However, the amount of the money received in rubles, had a much lower purchasing power than the equivalent amount in exchange currency abroad. Accordingly, in the Polish border areas of the USSR, the Soviet currency was offered much cheaper on the black market. But modern authors have noted that any purchase of Soviet money was very risky, as black markets were well controlled by the Soviet secret services. Consequently, all these documents show that the Soviet currency was very uncertain in the interwar period.
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Scarborough, Daniel. "Turkestan Diocese and Folk Orthodoxy: The Case of Life-Giving Spring." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-131-2-68-76.
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Construction of the Church of the Icon of the Mother of God, “The Life-Giving Spring,” was completed in 2008. The church was built next to a small spring that has been venerated by the local population since the 19th century. A large number of coins from the 19th and 20th centuries were discovered in the bed of this spring. These coins serve as evidence that local people have venerated this spring throughout the imperial and Soviet periods. In the 19th century, the official Church imposed strict control over popular Orthodox traditions. Yet, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Turkestan Diocesan Committee decided to recognize the veneration of the spring. In the Soviet period, very little documentary evidence of this tradition was preserved, but this evidence suggests that popular Orthodox practices were far more widespread than commonly assumed.
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Zraziuk, Z. "HISTORY OF COINS-CABINET COLLECTION OF UNIVERSITY OF ST. VOLODYMYR (1920's – 1930's)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 145 (2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.5.
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The article is dedicated to the history of one of the largest and most well-known academic numismatic collection of Russian Empire - the Coins cabinet of the University of St. Volodymyr. It was created in 1834 by combining collections from educational institutions closed after the Polish uprising of 1830-31. Over the years this institution gathered a collection of more than 60,000 coins and medals. During its existence, it was overseen by: P. Yarkovsky, M. Yakubovich, A. Krasovsky, Ya. Voloshinsky, K. Strashkevich, V. Ikonnikov, V. Antonovich, Y. Kulakovsky, P. Smirnov. The collection was studied by such famous numismatists as H. Mazurkevich, E. Gutten-Chapsky, B. Dorn, A. Kunnik, I. Tolstoy, Y. Iversen, M. Bilyashevsky, K. Bolsunovsky and others. The work on the collection of the Coins cabinet produced a number of numismatic scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of numismatic science - Y. Voloshinsky. K. Strashkevich, V. Antonovich, M. Bilyashevsky, K. Bolsunovsky. Because of the work of these scientists Kyiv became one of the centers of numismatic research. They have a credit for a considerable amount of fundamental works on numismatics, the discovery of new coins. During Soviet times in the 1920's, University of St. Volodymyr was reorganized into the Institute of People's Education. The outstanding numismatic collection was considered unnecessary for this institution. Since 1924 the collection was under the control of Ukrainian Archeological Commission at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. For 20-30 years Ukrainian Archeological Commission has been trying to find a place for coin repositories and create a numismatics museum based on this collection. Unfortunately, these plans have not been implemented. After a decade of transfers and calamities, the numismatic collection of the university was given to the Central Historical Museum. As a separate collection - the Mints cabinet of the University of St. Volodymyr ceased to exist.
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Etkind, Alexander. "Stories of the Undead in the Land of the Unburied: Magical Historicism in Contemporary Russian Fiction." Slavic Review 68, no. 3 (2009): 631–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003767790001977x.
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Combining ideas from cultural studies, psychoanalysis, and literary criticism, this essay proposes an interdisciplinary approach to the emerging field of post-Soviet memory studies. Sociological polls demonstrate that approximately one-fourth of Russians remember that their relatives were victims of terror, yet the existing monuments, museums, and rituals are inadequate to commemorate these losses. In this economy of memory, ghosts and monsters become a prominent subject of post-Soviet culture. The incomplete work of mourning turns the unburied dead into the undead. Analyzing Russian novels and films of the last decade, Alexander Etkind emphasizes the radical distortions of history, semihuman creatures, fantastic cults, manipulations of the body, and circular time that occur in these fictional works. To account for these phenomena, Etkind coins the concept “magical historicism” and discusses its relation to the magical realism of postcolonial literatures. The memorial culture of magical historicism is not so much postmodern as it is, precisely, post-Soviet.
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Kotsur, Viktor, and Andrii Boiko-Haharin. "The state policy against counterfeiting in the Russian Empire in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 2 (October 3, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190208.
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The purpose of the article is the analysis of the main parts of the state protecting politics over the process of the coins and banknotes counterfeiting in Russian Empire. Research methods: analytical, synthetic, logical, retrospective, mathematical and illustrative. Main results. The article reveals the processes of coins and banknote counterfeiting in the Russian Empire referred to the material from state historical archives, official government laws and pre-Soviet periodicals (newspapers). The authors paid main attention to the question of state policy against money counterfeiting that includes legislative analyses of that time, in particular Conclusion of Criminal Punishment and Penitentiary, issues of 1845s and 1866s, Monetary Statute, issue of 1857 as well as nominal imperial edicts, regulations and manifestos of Senate as to forgery counteractions and coins protection, published in Complete Edition of Collected Laws in the Russian Empire. Practical significance. The material presented in the article will allow a thorough analysis of the aspect of counterfeiting money in Ukraine in the imperial period. Originality. The corpus of analyzed sources allowed us to form conclusions as to efficiency state in fighting politics against money forgery in Russian Empire in the 19th and the beginning of 20th century. The perspective of the further research we see in the widening of sources base that will help us to conduct deeper aspect analyses on money forgery in Ukraine as part of Russian Empire. Scientific novelty. The basic constituents of public policy are considered in relation to a fight against forgery counteractions, which is population informing of imitations appearance with the list of their signs; implementation of investigation features based upon population encouragement to the malefactors’ exposure; state expert assessment implementation of suspicious and forged money extracted during the investigation; legal procedure and punishment for committed crimes in money and banknotes counterfeiting; in investigation cases of State Archives Fund some unknown before facts within state fight against money counterfeiting have been found and a new stamp on physical evidence has been implemented into the scientific circulation, the absence reasons for money and loan-bills forgery in the Fund of State Museums have been estimated. The research is based upon unknown sources, most of which have been implemented into the scientific circulation for the first time. Analyses of legislative system of that time against money forgery, peculiarities of investigation, trial and sentence helped us to find out some misconceptions in factual decisions from those, fixed in laws and layouts. Article type: analytical.
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Skupniewicz, Patryk, and Katarzyna Maksymiuk. "The Warrior on Claps from Tillya Tepe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.215.
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Among the objects excavated in 1978 at the site of Tillya Tepe (Northern Afghanistan) by the Soviet-Afghan archaeological expedition led by Victor I. Sarianidi, the twin golden clasps from Burial III attract special and instant attention of any military historian or a researcher of ancient arms and armour. The identity of the personage(-s) on the Tillya Tepe clasps has quite rarely been studied. Scholars are usually satisfied with a generic term a “warrior”. Kazim Abdullaev has identified the personage as Ares-Alexander. Jeannine Davis-Kimball has identified the personage as Enaree, the castrated priest of one of the epiphanies of Great Goddess. Patryk Skupniewicz supported the latter identification associating the personages from Tillya Tepe clasps with the North Indian, mainly Gandharan iconography of Skanda Kartikeya who, as a war-god, was an Indian equivalent of Ares. This article establishes the correspondence between the images on Tillya Tepe clasps with the representations of enthroned and armed goddesses which are quite common in the iconography related to the discussed clasps. The armed and enthroned goddess has been identified as the Iranian goddess Arshtat on Kushan coins. The warrior depicted on the golden clasps from Tillya Tepe should be interpreted as a portrayal of Arshtat, whose image was borrowed from the iconography of Athena. The goddess is shown seated on the throne with griffin-shaped legs known already in the Achaemenid times in the pose developed in the images in the late Hellenistic period, which is in line with the date of the entire site.
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Lieblich, Eliav. "At Least Something: The UN Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary, 1957–1958." European Journal of International Law 30, no. 3 (August 2019): 843–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chz042.
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Abstract In late 1956, the United Nations (UN) faced a remarkable test, as the Soviet Union invaded and crushed a burgeoning rebellion in Hungary, then a Soviet satellite. After the Soviet Union disregarded repeated UN calls to withdraw, the UN General Assembly established, in January 1957, a Commission of Inquiry (COI) to investigate the crisis. This article explores the forgotten story of the Special Committee on Hungary as a case study for the effects of COIs. This commission is of special interest for several reasons. Namely, it was one of the first mandated by a UN body to investigate a specific conflict, not least a Cold War struggle, in which a superpower was directly involved. Furthermore, it was clear from the beginning that the Committee was not likely to compel, in itself, the Soviet Union to change its behaviour. Moreover, 1956 was a time of global political transformation, as the non-aligned movement emerged as a key player in UN politics and, accordingly, became a target in the Cold War battle for influence. Under such circumstances, the effects of COIs are complex and difficult to gauge. While the Committee did not lead to the Soviet Union’s withdrawal from Hungary, it had many unforeseen and conflicting effects. These are grouped into two categories – effects relating mainly to times of ideological conflict and political transformation and effects that relate to parallel multilateral efforts and institutional dynamics. Among other effects, the article demonstrates how, under such political circumstances, COIs can create new points of contention and cause backlash precisely from those that they seek to influence. Having cascading and conflicting effects, the central conclusion is that COIs do not lend themselves easily to clean and linear theories. Recognition of the field’s inherent complexity is therefore needed in any attempt to study this international phenomenon.
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stakhov, dmitrii. "The Prose (and Cons) of Vodka." Gastronomica 5, no. 1 (2005): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2005.5.1.25.
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The Prose (and Cons) of Vodka Drawing extensively on his own first-hand experience as someone who came of age during the prolonged “stagnation” of the Brezhnev years, and then witnessed the upheavals of perestroika and the breakup of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the wild-West capitalism of the 1990s under Yeltsin, the writer and journalist Dmitrii Stakhov explores the changing fortunes of vodka, Russia’s “alcoholic drink No. 1,” and its enduring significance as a symbol, “cultural yardstick,” and economic unit of exchange over the last quarter of a century in this hard-drinking and hard-pressed nation. Stakhov’s essay details Russians’ long love affair with vodka, as well their sometimes dangerous dalliances with various vodka substitutes (often of unknown or highly dubious origin) and their more recent infatuation, in a new era of seemingly unlimited consumer choice, with other, more manifestly “Western” alcoholic drinks (whiskey, beer, wine). Stakhov suggests that the recent shifts in drinking habits in Russia (with Russians developing more discriminating and highbrow tastes) has in certain important ways entailed a loss of cultural values and a diminished sense of community and camaraderie. No one looks after the local drunk any more, and no one is interested any longer in going in on the proverbial “threesome” of Soviet times (a bottle of vodka split three ways): now it is a Darwinian world of “every man for himself.” For better or worse the old poetry and mythos of vodka, Stakhov concludes, has died, replaced instead by the harsher (and less interesting) prose of the free market.
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Ivanov, Alexey, and Elena Voinikanis. "A Century of Experimentation." Antitrust Bulletin 62, no. 4 (November 14, 2017): 752–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x17735194.
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The Soviet system of knowledge production based on cooperation, knowledge sharing, but also intense competition was already an inspiration for innovation policymakers in the U.S. and in Europe back in the 1950 and 1960s. Nowadays, as the global economy is moving towards a new mode of production, the Soviet case may still play an important role to help to frame a better institutional approach to innovation. With the dramatic challenges already brought by the fourth industrial revolution and the tectonic economic and social shifts it is expected to cause around the world, the Soviet case with all its pros and cons is becoming more and more relevant for this debate as it provides necessary empirical data to consider other institutional approaches to innovation distinct from the established property-focused model. In this context, intellectual property and competition law scholars hopefully would better understand the Soviet innovation system through further academic studies.
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He, Yanli. "Boris Groys and the total art of Stalinism." Thesis Eleven 152, no. 1 (May 19, 2019): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513619849651.
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This paper’s core concern is Boris Groys’ theory of the total art of Stalinism, which is devoted to rewriting Soviet art history and reinterpreting Socialist Realism from the perspective of the equal rights between political and artistic Art Power. The aim of this article is to decode Groys and the total art of Stalinism, based on answering the following three questions: 1) why did Groys want to rewrite Soviet art history? 2) How did Groys re-narrate Soviet art history? 3) What are the pros and cons of his reordering of the total art of Stalinism? Groys offers an effective paradigm that could rethink two theoretical genres: a) other Socialist Realisms inside or outside the Soviet bloc, during or after the Soviet era; b) the aesthetical rights of political artworks before, during and after the Cold War, and the historical debates about art, especially about art for art’s sake, or art for political propaganda. However, Groys’ total art of Stalinism and its core theory of the Socialist Realism frame hides some dangers of aestheticizing Stalin and Stalinism.
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Chatterjee, Choi. "Soviet Heroines and Public Identity." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1402 (January 1, 1999): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1999.112.
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The decade of the 1930s is a notoriously diffi cult period for the historian to approach with an “objective” perspective. On the one hand, the observer has to constantly grapple with the moral caveats inherent in dealing with Stalinism; on the other, Soviet culture in the 1930s was in a profound state of fl ux. This sociopolitical fl uidity makes it diffi cult to trace enduring cultural myths that span the continuum of Stalinist ideology.The Stalinist revolution had a decisive impact, not only on the material status of Soviet women, but on the state discourse reserved for them. During the 1930s the narrative structures and symbolic imagery used to represent Soviet women in the public sphere underwent important modifi cations. Perhaps the most prominent feature in the process of reimaging public female identity was the creation of Soviet heroines. Heroines were feted and lavishly promoted by the media in a language peculiarly overladen with Stalinist hyperbole. The process of heroicization, to coin a cumbersome noun, lay at the epicenter of the Stalinist discourse about women and served as a legitimizing myth in a society of uncertain social values and cultural forms.
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Tark, Triin. "Kodu- ja väliseestlaste vahelise kultuurisuhtluse institutsionaalne raamistik Nõukogude Liidu kultuuridiplomaatia kontekstis [Abstract: The institutional framework of cultural communication between Estonians in the homeland and in exile in the context of Soviet cultural diplomacy]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 4 (March 20, 2018): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2017.4.02.
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During the Cold War, a massive organisation for cultural diplomacy was developed in the Soviet Union as well as in other countries, especially in the United States. Exile Estonians were drawn into the middle of the cultural Cold War that evolved between the two superpowers. In this article, the institutional framework for influencing exile Estonians is analysed in the context of Soviet cultural diplomacy. A frequently confusing fact is that two major organisations – firstly, the Estonian Society for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and secondly, the Society for the Development of Cultural Ties with Estonians Abroad – were involved in the Soviet efforts aimed at influencing émigrés. In some cases, these organisations are even mixed up. This article clarifies the situation and shows how these organisations were formed, and how they were related to each other. However, the main aim of the article is to show how and why cultural communication with foreign countries and influencing exile Estonians were two sides of the same coin, from the point of view of the Soviet authorities, and how the respective organisations were therefore tightly intertwined.
Two important conclusions were drawn: firstly, institutions were shaped by the fact that exile Estonians, as well as Soviet diaspora overall, were an inconvenient reality for the Soviet Union because they hampered Soviet propagandistic efforts in their countries of residence. Thus, when dealing with diaspora, the aim of institutions for cultural diplomacy was on the one hand to achieve a positive, or at least neutral, attitude towards the Soviet Union within exile Estonian communities, and on the other hand to reduce the influence of émigrés on the population of their countries of residence. Secondly, during the Cold War, the Soviet Union’s diaspora policy gradually switched from repatriation to propaganda and influence through cultural communication. These political changes were conspicuously reflected in the structural transformation and name changes of the organisations analysed in this article. The Society for the Development of Cultural Ties with Estonians Abroad was formed in 1960 as a section of the Estonian Society for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and was then gradually disengaged until their final separation in 1968. Among other things, this was caused by the thaw period with a growing number of contacts across the Iron Curtain, and an increased workload in both organisations. Due to overlapping fields of activity, the two organisations maintained their cooperation until the very end in the early 1990s.
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Kemp-Welch, Anthony. "Poland and the Brezhnev Doctrine (1968–1989)." Wolność i Solidarność 10 (2017): 155–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25434942ws.17.008.13121.
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After the Sovietled invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, Moscow began to advance the notion of “limited sovereignty”, soon dubbed by Washington the “Brezhnev Doctrine”. The Doctrine was next debated during the period of Solidarity (1980-81) when Soviet leaders considered the pros and cons of a military invasion. After sixteen months of hesitation, the domestic “martial law” alternative was chosen instead. In the late eighties, Gorbachev advised his Eastern European counterparts that violence was no longer an option and that they should therefore reach peaceful accommodations with their own societies. Jaruzelski was the first to do so.
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Kemp-Welch, Anthony. "Poland and the Brezhnev Doctrine (1968–1989)." Wolność i Solidarność 10 (2017): 155–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25434942ws.17.008.13121.
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After the Sovietled invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, Moscow began to advance the notion of “limited sovereignty”, soon dubbed by Washington the “Brezhnev Doctrine”. The Doctrine was next debated during the period of Solidarity (1980-81) when Soviet leaders considered the pros and cons of a military invasion. After sixteen months of hesitation, the domestic “martial law” alternative was chosen instead. In the late eighties, Gorbachev advised his Eastern European counterparts that violence was no longer an option and that they should therefore reach peaceful accommodations with their own societies. Jaruzelski was the first to do so.
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Müller, Martin. "Market meets nationalism: making entrepreneurial state subjects in post-Soviet Russia." Nationalities Papers 39, no. 3 (May 2011): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2011.565320.
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This paper argues that nationalism and neoliberalism should not be considered as conflicting ideologies, but can enter into a productive association. This association creates an entrepreneurial nationalism that people can actively embrace as self-governing subjects in pursuit of a good life and successful career, rather than as subjects governed through state-mandated projects from above. The paper illustrates this argument with material from nine months of fieldwork at a Russian elite university. While students at that university strive to develop their potential and increase their market value to be successful in the competition for the best jobs, they also emphasize that developing themselves is not antithetical to serving Russia and being true to one's country. On the contrary, advancing Russia and advancing one's own career are articulated as two sides of the same coin. At the same time, the Russian nationalist project is reframed in entrepreneurial terms: making the Russian nation strong is about developing its potential and raising its competitiveness in the global marketplace.
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Brown, Kate. "Securing the nuclear nation." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 1 (January 2015): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.977856.
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In 1946, in the Southern Urals, construction of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics first plutonium plant fell to the GULAG-Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del (NKVD). The chief officers in charge of the program – Lavrentii Beria, Sergei Kruglov, and Ivan Tkachenko – had been pivotal figures in the deportation and political and ethnic cleansing of territories retaken from Axis forces during WWII. These men were charged with building a nuclear weapons complex to defend the Soviet Union from the American nuclear monopoly. In part thanks to the criminalization and deportation of ethnic minorities, Gulag territories grew crowded with foreign nationals and ethnic minorities in the postwar years. The NKVD generals were appalled to find that masses of forced laborers employed at the plutonium construction site were members of enemy nations. Beria issued orders to cleanse the ranks of foreign enemies, but construction managers could not spare a single healthy body as they raced to complete their deadlines. To solve this problem, they created two zones: an interior, affluent zone for plutonium workers made up almost exclusively of Russians; and anterior zones of prisoners, soldiers, ex-cons, and local farmers, many of whom were non-Russian. The selective quality of Soviet “nuclearity” meant that many people who were exposed to the plant's secret plutonium disasters were ethnic minorities, people whose exposures went unrecorded or under-recorded because of their invisibility and low social value.
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Jovanović, Aleksa. "Konstruktivizam u obrazovanju odraslih." Obrazovanje odraslih/Adult Education, no. 1 2018 (2018): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53617/issn2744-2047.2018.18.1.31.
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Constructivism is a term that takes up more space in social sciences since the second half of the 20th century, although the term itself was coines earlier, specifically in the 1920s when it signified an artistic and architectural movement in the Soviet Union. One assumption of this paper is that the activity is a central function and it is implanted in the concept of constructivism since its creation. This paper offers a brief overview of the development of term constructivism and later explains the basic epistemological assumptions on which constructivist theories are based. What is common to all constructivist theories is proactive cognition, that is, the already mentioned activity, in this case, in the process of making a meaning. Theories of adult education zhat rely on constructivist epistemology are also presented. Finally, the paper explanis the understanding of activity in teaching and the application of the constructivist principle in teaching.
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Merzanova, A. V. "THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF STUDY OF THE DISSIDENT MOVEMENT IN THE USSR IN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY (ON MATERIALS OF DISSERTATION RESEARCH)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 4 (August 25, 2019): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-4-679-685.
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The article deals with the historiography of the dissident movement in the USSR, represented by a complex of dissertations for the degree of candidate and doctor of historical Sciences. According to the classification proposed by the author, the dissertations can be divided into 2 areas depending on the researchers' assessment of the place and role of dissidents in Soviet history. Most of the works are characterized by the apologia of dissidence, the consideration of this phenomenon only from the point of view of a positive contribution to the national history, the representation of all dissidents as martyrs and «prisoners of conscience». A smaller part of the work relates to the objective-realistic direction, which considers both the pros and cons in the dissident movement, its role in the years of the «cold war». The author concludes that the studies of the second half of the 1990s - the first decade of the 2000s are more characterized by the mythologization of the dissident movement, which replaced its sharp criticism in the 1960s - the first half of the 1980s.
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Mariam Galdava, Mariam Galdava. "Influence of Basic Actors in Globalization in Developing and Post-Soviet Countries on the Example of Georgia." New Economist 16, no. 02 (August 20, 2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/nec6102202166.
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In the 21st century, globalization is becoming more and more extensive as a phenomenon. The article discusses the popularization of globalization and its transformation as a world dilemma caused by new world rules. The aim of our research is to determine what kind of impact globalization has had, because judging by the example of our country, the country has undergone a transformation as well as political, economic, cultural, and social factors. One of the main integration processes is the goal of bringing individual groups into a single social and cultural framework of self-identification, which has become irreversible and poses a major problem for the identity of countries, as well as economic, social, political stability and security of the population. In this article, we use the following research methods: Qualitative research methods, which include a qualitative study of written documents, focus groups, monographic research, etc. A specific case study, on the example of Georgia, the same Case study method that helped us to better study and analyze the facts. The processes of globalization have somewhat reduced the sovereignty of states. Modern states are powerless to control or deal with globalization, to reduce or limit its scope. However, this did not lead to the destruction of the states. By the way, some states have become more powerful. This is especially noticeable in the example of post-Soviet countries, one of the highlights of which is Georgia. Globalization, like all events, has its pros and cons, but the most worthy positive side of globalization is that it has created and established independent and sovereign states that are becoming stronger day by day in the scientific, social, cultural, political, and economic spheres. Keywords: Independence, Georgia, Globalization, Post-Soviet Country, State.
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Franyuk, V. "Eddy-current transducer based on flat spiral coils Soviet journal of nondestructive testing, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 235–238 (Dec. 1988)." NDT & E International 23, no. 6 (December 1990): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(90)90233-9.
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Arshakyan, Aram A., and Zarui G. Mamyan. "TASKS OF URBAN PLANNING TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL ZONES." Architecture, Construction, Transport, no. 2(96) (2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/2782-232x-2021-2-17-23.
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The article touches upon the issues of urban planning transformations, which is due to economic realities and the state of the spaceplanning frame of the city. The territorial growth of cities in the 60s of the last century led to the creation of suburban areas, most of them are monofunctional residential areas with “moderate” urban centers and typical green areas. However, modern society requires the creation of new territories with multilayered public and business zones, residential units, educational institutions, needs to form an understandable and acceptable environment for all social and age groups. Reconstruction of territories is currently carried out mainly according to individual projects developed on the basis of plans for the development of urban areas in general and in strict accordance with zoning plans. How to organize this process for the city painlessly, what functions are needed to be foreseen and how to determine all pros and cons of the planned changes – the issues that city authorities, urban planners and developers face today everywhere, including all over the post-Soviet space and the Republic of Armenia in particular. For reveal the topic of transformation of functional zones, the article gives the examples of the urban planning experience of the USA, Germany and France.
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Nikitina, Bela A. "“Zimniaya Vishnia” and the “Yadrovo” landfill as two sides of the same coin: difficulties in comprehending the obvious." VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII 28, no. 1 (2019): 29–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2019.28.1.555.
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Russia was affected by a waste management crisis at a later point than developed countries, due to the fact that during Soviet times everyday consumption was limited by a shortage of goods. After our country made the transition to capitalism, especially during the years of abundance, Russia’s population strived towards compensating the deprivation of the past by actively consuming goods with no regard for the affects on the environment. The reason for such behavior lies in the population’s peculiar system of values, defined by our country’s history. Meanwhile the government had been completely ignoring the need for developing a waste management system which would suit the people’s new lifestyle. It is quite obvious that such a crisis was imminent. However, its nature came as a surprise to government and municipal management. Due to this fact, the decisions they make are very much flawed, and they do not contribute to stability in our society, but rather postpone the resolution of the issue in question. Actual change to the situation lies not at the end of a product’s life cycle, but rather at its beginning. Which is why the experience of European nations must be taken into consideration, where they actively implement circular (cyclical) economy principles into social and economic activity. This means that goods can not only be purchased, but also repaired, reused, modernized, passed on or resold etc. In order to implement such actions, there is a need for specific infrastructure, with the internet being a key component of such. We are already witnessing the spontaneous advancement of sharing platforms, where people swap goods or give them away for free, but this is not enough. Similarly to centers of overconsumption such as the “Zimnyaya Vishnya” shopping mall, dispersed prosumerism platforms need to appear, where people would engage in the various stages of reproducing goods for personal or public use. Such public spaces would allow for developing activities which consolidate local communities and family groups, and which eliminate consumers’ detachment from produced goods by means of developing an understanding of their content and their reproduction life cycle. One of the conditions or manifestations of transforming society’s lifestyle would be a shift in city infrastructure, away from widespread centralized consumption. This would decrease the environmental and technological risks, as well as increase the population’s living standards.
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Saro, Anneli. "Mobility and Theatre: Theatre Makers as Nomadic Subjects." Nordic Theatre Studies 27, no. 1 (May 12, 2015): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v27i1.24242.
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This article discusses the pros and cons of theatrical mobility, investigating situ- ations where theatre is breaking its traditional practices of being local and urban by becoming mobile, international and rural. The main features in this context are guest performances at home and abroad, the importation of guest directors, performers, designers et cetera, and finally, site-specific and open-air productions. The structure of the analysis is based on these features, partly derived from the historical development of theatre but partly also from the aim of contrary thinking, insisting that contrary to the widespread assumption of nomadism as something indigenous or postmodern, nomadic attitudes can also be detected in quite traditional forms of theatre making and living. While touring at home and abroad provides opportunities for theatre makers to practice nomadic life style, summer theatre creates an opportunity for spectators to experience nomadism in more local spaces. The above mentioned features are analysed in the context of Estonian theatre, drawing occasional parallels with the neighbouring country of Finland. Each section goes through three periods of Estonian theatre history; 1) the period before the Second World War when theatres belonged to societies; 2) the period between 1940 and 1991 when Estonia was a part of the Soviet Union and all theatrical activities were subject to state control; 3) the period of independence and globalization. Since each period had a different imprint on theatrical mobility, the phenomenon will be investigated in relation to the political, social and cultural contexts, using Bruno Latour’s concept of actor-network-theory as a methodological tool.
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Bunyatyan, Ekaterina P., and Elena E. Fialko. "A Scythian Burial-Mound with a Sarcophagus Bearing Painted Decoration." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17, no. 2 (2011): 225–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x595130.
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Abstract In 1976 an expedition of the Archaeology Institute of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic investigated Scythian Burial-mound No. 9 in a group of burial-mounds near the village of Mar’evka in the Zaporozhie District of the Zaporozhie Region. The mound had been erected from blocks of turf in the manner traditional for the Scythians. Later on a Polovtsian shrine was evidently erected on top of the mound but in the post-Medieval period this would appear to have been destroyed (the base and the lower part of a statue have survived intact). The mound was erected over a grave in the form of a catacomb with two entrances and a burial of a bridled horse in a separate pit. The grave was looted in antiquity. Among the remains of grave goods typical for Scythian burials of various levels rare items were also discovered, including fragments of a sword with one cutting edge, a gold ring with a coin used for its bezel (a Pantikapaion stater). The most remarkable find of all was a board from the lid of a sarcophagus bearing painted decoration. The decoration, applied in three tiers, consisted of battle scenes depicting three pairs of fighting warriors. The attire, weaponry and poses of the warriors make it possible to assume that the decoration illustrates one of the motifs from the mythology of Ancient Greece – Amazonomachy. The dimensions and arrangement of the burial-chamber and the diverse grave goods indicate that a number of individuals had been buried in it – an individual of high rank accompanied by his servants. Details of the funerary rite (the overall lay-out of the grave and its details, features of the horse burial) and also the range of artefacts enable us to date the burial-mound to the very end of the 4th or beginning of the 3rd century BC.
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Gorbanyov, V. A. "NATURE-USE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-180-189.
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The fundamental difference between a traditional economy and geoecological economy is discussed in the article. The deeper the economy is being introduced into the ecosystem, the stronger it will be pressure on it that is outside the ecosystem, the more destructive is this incompatibility. It is concluded that the geoecological sustainable economy requires that the laws of geoecology became the basis of economic policy. Rational nature-use is impossible without an understanding of the unity of society and nature, their historical development of mutual. Our challenge is to create a new economy, acting on geoecological laws, this task is quite feasible, but if we can make the market called the true price of goods and services, that is taking into account the ecosystem services. The article shows that humanity is now faced with two interrelated problems: First - this is a problem of rational use of geoecosystem services, including natural resources, and secondly - the problem of environmental protection of pollution and save geoecosystem services, that is there are two "sides of the coin" - geoecological and resource. The relationship of the concept of rational nature-use, developed by Soviet scientists in the mid-twentieth century, and the concept of sustainable development, suggested by Western scientists is studied. It is shown that sustainable development - this is more a slogan than a scientific concept, which is unlikely to be implemented at the local level. At the same time, the concept of rational nature-use is feasible in regions or individual countries. At the same time, it is concluded that there is no sense to abandon the idea of sustainable development, as it is in itself a very humane, has received wide international recognition, does not carry negative consequences, but you should always keep in mind that essentially - we are not talking about sustainable development but about rational nature-use in a given area of the globe. The examples of indicators of sustainable development are given in the article.
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"POS Materials as an Instrument for Forming Visions of Kharkiv in the Second Half of the 20th – the Early 21st Century." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: History, no. 57 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2220-7929-2020-57-16.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of POS materials as a tool for shaping the visions of Kharkiv in the second half of the 20th – the early 21st century. The primary sources are Soviet and modern envelopes, stamps and coins dedicated to Kharkiv. It was found that in the Soviet times, several key images of the city were shown by means of the visual culture: industrial and theatrical images of Kharkiv together with Kharkiv as a university city. Such architectural structures and monuments as the main building of O. M. Horkiy Kharkiv State University, T. G. Shevchenko monument, the South Railway Station and the Railway Station, etc. tended to appear on the soviet envelopes, stamps and coins. At the present stage the images of the city are being transformed in some ways on the envelopes, stamps and coins, in contrast to the Soviet visions which remained unchanged for decades. Above all, Kharkiv is losing its image of a large industrial city due to the economic crisis which has caused a significant decline in the capacity of the plants in the city. Today, the dominating images on the envelopes, stamps and coins give us an idea of Kharkiv as one of the largest educational and tourist centers in Eastern Ukraine. Especially, one of the main business cards of Kharkiv on coins, envelopes and stamps are Assumption, Annunciation, Intercession Cathedrals, Derzhprom (the House of State Industry), the fountain «Mirror Stream». An analysis that was aimed to measure the dynamic of the appearance of the envelopes, stamps and coins dedicated to Kharkiv self-presentation showed that the increase in the image numbers is associated with the anniversary celebrations. During the Soviet period, in particular, 1954, which was the year of the 300th anniversary of Kharkiv, became such a date. At the present stage, the sharp increase in the appearance of coins, stamps and envelopes happened in 2004 as it was the celebration of the 200th anniversary of Kharkiv National University and the 350th anniversary of Kharkiv.
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Bazhin, V. Yu, V. V. Vedernikov, and D. V. Gorlenkov. "Silver 50 kopecks coins made by the metallurgist and the Mining Institute graduate Petr Latyshev." Tsvetnye Metally, February 26, 2021, 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17580/tsm.2021.02.08.
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This paper continues a series of publications on the history of Russian silver 1 Rouble coins and the contribution of the Saint Petersburg münzmeisters, who graduated from the Mining University, to the coin business. The study focused on silver 50 Kopecks coins of the 1922–1924ss made by the former münzmeister of the Saint Petersburg Mint Petr Latyshev, who graduated from the Mining School. A study of archives confirmed his involvement in the minting of the first silver coins issued by the Soviet State in the 1920s at both the Leningrad Mint and the London Mint. The authors examined silver 50 Kopecks coins of the 1922–1925ss and established certain features of their production. By means of modern technology, the authors examined the distribution of chemical elements across the surface and defined the structure of the silver matrix. A relationship was established between certain elements and the hardness of different areas of the coin. All experiments were conducted using state-of-the-art equipment of specialized laboratories at the Saint Petersburg Mining University. The new approach to the study of historic artefacts enables to get a deeper insight into the production technology that was used. Vickers microhardness tests helped establish that the segregation can be primarily linked to such elements as nickel, copper and lead, which may affect the quality of the final product if their concentration is high. This research study was carried out as part of the preparation research work for the exhibition of the Coin Collection of the Saint Petersburg Mining University’s Museum of Mining, as well as in the framework of the cooperation agreement signed on 29/11/2019 between the Saint Petersburg Mining University and the Museum für Naturkunde at the Leibnitz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science in Berlin, Germany.
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Karpovich, O. G., and L. A. Smagina. "Implementation of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative in the post-Soviet space: pros and cons for Russia." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 2 (February 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2102-03.
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The implementation of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative, designed as a fl agship foreign policy concept, in the post-Soviet space in modern conditions is associated with such processes as expanding the real horizons for launching investment projects, involving more participants, diversifying existing and developing new tools, clarifying the regulatory framework, etc. These trends, in turn, require updating the system of criteria and practices for cooperation between China and the post-Soviet states. Initially, the "One Belt, One Road" format was perceived as a concept of creating an acceptable investment and trade and economic space used to maintain regional stability and create investment attractiveness for more economic niches of the countries involved, on the one hand, and building a more or less stable geopolitical infl uence of China and fi nding new niches for the transnationalization of Chinese business, on the other hand. The dynamics of the growth of exports of Chinese technologies and ideas in the context of the post-Soviet region reveals, among other things, serious concerns of less infl uential participants interested in protecting national economies and maintaining the eff ectiveness of state regulation, which is associated at least with increasing the pace of economic development and the establishment of their own rules of the game by the Chinese side. Accordingly, the commercial and political elite of the People's Republic of China is interested in ensuring more trusting and open relations through the development of special free trade zones and the adjustment of public diplomacy methods.
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Vvedenskaya, EV, NV Lepkova, and AV Egorova. "Ethical issues in disclosing diagnostic and prognostic information to cancer patients." Медицинская этика, no. 2021(1) (March 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.24075/medet.2021.005.
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The article talks about the ethical dilemmas of diagnostic and prognostic disclosure in oncology. Below, we discuss the principles of diagnostic and prognostic disclosure to curable and terminally ill patients proposed by Soviet medical deontology. Despite its evolution, the principle of benevolent deception applied to incurable patients in the USSR still persists into the present. The article discusses the cons and pros of withholding the diagnosis from terminally ill patients and the Russian legislation on the patient’s rights. The article places a special focus on the strategy of disclosing an unfavorable diagnosis to a cancer patient adopted in Russian oncology.
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"FORMS OF DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE." Bulletin of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Economic Series, no. 99 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2311-2379-2020-99-01.
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The article reveals the role and features of the digitalization in the economy as an objective prerequisite for the innovative development of the economic system of the state. It examines and determines pros and cons of the digital economy in countries in the post-Soviet space. The features of the digital information presentation, the background, implementation and consequences of digitalization are considered. The analysis of the relationship between the concepts of “digitization,” “digitalization,” “digital economy”, “digital transformation” is carried out on the basis of specific features studying of these categories as a process, an application and an implementation of its’ results for business models construction The advanced experience in the digitalization development in a number of post-Soviet countries has been considered. The forms and methods of assessing the degree of digitalization coverage in individual countries considered on the example of Ukraine and Uzbekistan for obtaining new opportunities of digital technologies usage in business, the creation of information technology platforms, new values, benefits, and virtual services’ provision. It has proposed to intensify cooperation between IT companies of the countries in such areas as media content, e-commerce, e-government, digital banking technologies, experience exchange, innovation centers development, management of technology parks and the development of technological infrastructure. The important role of private business in stimulating the use of the results of the digital economy pointed out.
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Охріменко, Т. В. "ШАГ ЯК ОДИНИЦЯ ДИСКУРСУ ГРОШОВИХ ВІДНОСИН СХІДНОСЛОВ’ЯНСЬКОГО МОВНОГО ПРОСТОРУ." Лінгвістичні дослідження, 2019, 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/23127546.2019.50.24.
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The article analyzes the interdisciplinary object of research, which is interesting for the modern globalized era. These are monetary nominations that reflect the material and spiritual culture of the everyday life of nations and are manifested in the types of discourse of monetary relations. The purpose of this study is lexicographic, historical and discursive analysis of the semantics of the monetary nomination SHAH. This name arose in the East Slavic language space and denoted the monetary unit of small-scale. The monetary nomination SHAH is fixed on the material of the vocabulary articles of East Slavic lexicography, in printed numismatic directories and in various types of discourse. It is noted that the semantics of the metaphorical SHAH is associated with the original value of ‘step’ and the secondary one is ‘the smallest currency (most commonly coin) in circulation among the main population of the country’. The SHAH is a member of the lexical-semantic group, which is characterized by the common historical meaning of ‘small amounts of money’: tryhroshevyk (troyak), pivkopiyky, hrish, denha, postage stamp, miniature. The lexeme SHAH in the sense of the monetary unit has become outdated with time; instead, after the revolution, the significance of the SHAH as a move, the portable significance of an unbridled forward movement, which corresponded to the ideology of Soviet politics, was actualized. The notion of the smallest small money was replaced by the Russian and subsequently all-Soviet nomination of a kopiyka. However, the linguistic memory of the Eastern Slavs retained the remote semantic connections of the notion of money with a postage stamp (postal payment sign).