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GOOTENBERG, PAUL. "Secret Ingredients: The Politics of Coca in US–Peruvian Relations, 1915–65." Journal of Latin American Studies 36, no. 2 (May 2004): 233–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x04007424.
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This article explores the hidden politics around so-called ‘Merchandise No. 5’, a secret formula extract of Peruvian coca-leaf used in the American beverage Coca-Cola since the early twentieth century. It analyses the peculiar early political economy of US cocaine control which by the 1920s lent the Coca-Cola Company (and its associate, Maywood Chemical Co. of New Jersey) special roles in drug diplomacy with Peru. It then follows the paradoxical transnational politics of this coca flow during the era of emerging world restrictions on cocaine and coca (1915–65). Coca-Cola was deeply engaged in drug politics with Peru.
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Hens, Bart, Marival Bermejo, Patrick Augustijns, Rodrigo Cristofoletti, Gregory Amidon, and Gordon Amidon. "Application of the Gastrointestinal Simulator (GIS) Coupled with In Silico Modeling to Measure the Impact of Coca-Cola® on the Luminal and Systemic Behavior of Loratadine (BCS Class 2b)." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060566.
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In the present work, we explored if Coca-Cola® had a beneficial impact on the systemic outcome of the weakly basic drug loratadine (Wal-itin®, immediate-release formulation, 10 mg, generic drug product). To map the contribution of underlying physiological variables that may positively impact the intestinal absorption of loratadine, a multi-compartmental and dynamic dissolution device was built, namely the Gastrointestinal Simulator (GIS). The luminal behavior of one immediate-release (IR) tablet of 10 mg of loratadine was tested under four different fasted state test conditions in the GIS: (i) with 250 mL of water and applying a predetermined gastric half-life (t1/2,G) of 15 min; (ii) with 250 mL of water and applying a t1/2,G of 30 min; (iii) with 250 mL of Coca-Cola® and a t1/2,G of 15 min; (iv) with 250 mL of Coca-Cola® and a t1/2,G of 30 min. After initiating the experiments, solution concentrations and solubility were measured in the withdrawn samples, and pH was monitored. To address the impact of the present CO2 in Coca-Cola® on the disintegration time of the tablet, additional disintegration experiments were performed in a single-vessel applying tap water and sparkling water as dissolution media. These experiments demonstrated the faster disintegration of the tablet in the presence of sparkling water, as the present CO2 facilitates the release of the drug. The buffer capacity of Coca-Cola® in the presence of FaSSGF was 4-fold higher than the buffer capacity of tap water in the presence of FaSSGF. After performing the in vitro experiments, the obtained results were used as input for a two-compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling approach to predict the systemic concentrations. These simulations pointed out that (i) the present CO2 in Coca-Cola® is responsible for the enhancement in drug release and dissolution and that (ii) a delay in gastric emptying rate will sustain the supersaturated concentrations of loratadine in the intestinal regions of the GI tract, resulting in an enhanced driving force for intestinal absorption. Therefore, co-administration of loratadine with Coca-Cola® will highly likely result in an increased systemic exposure compared to co-administration of loratadine with tap water. The mechanistic insights that were obtained from this work will serve as a scientific basis to evaluate the impact of Coca-Cola® on the systemic exposure of weakly basic drugs for patients on acid-reducing agents in future work.
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Santos, Luiz Cezar. "ÁGUA, AÇÚCAR E CO²: A MISTURA POÉTICA DA COCA-COLA." Linguagens - Revista de Letras, Artes e Comunicação 9, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.7867/1981-9943.2015v9n2p211-224.
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<p>O presente trabalho buscar discutir a inter-relação entre publicidade e literatura, como formas intrínsecas de comunicação e arte, ao discutir as semelhanças e as diferenças do fazer criativo-artístico da publicidade e do fazer artístico-criativo da literatura tomando por objeto de estudo a Coca-Cola. E assim, questionar conceitualmente como que um produto industrializado (Refrigerante) se transforma em um signo possuidor de um corpus imagético e sonoro com uma infinidade de significados e significantes, características presentes tanto na criação do texto publicitário como na criação do texto literário.</p>
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Egede, Ehikwe Andrew, and Felix O. Egboro. "Challenges of Channel Conflicts Management in Soft Drink." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 1520–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v9i1.673.
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Producing products that customers want, pricing them correctly and developing well designed promotional plans are necessary but not sufficient conditions for customer satisfaction. The final part of the Jigsaw is distribution, the place element of the Marketing Mix. Products need to be available in adequate quantities, in convenient locations and at the time when customers want to buy them. Producers need to consider not only the needs of their ultimate customers but also the requirements of channel intermediaries, those organizations responsible for facilitating the distribution of products to customers. When producers and channel members are independent, inevitably conflict occurs from time to time. The intensity of conflict can range from occasional, minor disagreements that are quickly forgotten, to major disputes that fuel continuous bitter relationships. This paper focused on the challenges of channel conflicts management in soft drink industry with particular reference to coca-cola. The paper x-rayed the channels of distribution, generally and specifically in coca-cola; causes of channel conflicts and conflict resolutions. Recommendations were made on how best channel conflicts could be resolved through partnership approach, market partitioning, co-operation and adoption of super ordinate goals.
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Paolino, D. A., Q. Yang, B. Doty, J. L. Kinter, J. Shukla, and David M. Straus. "A Pilot Reanalysis Project at COLA." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 76, no. 5 (May 1995): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<0697:aprpac>2.0.co;2.
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Knoebel, Randall W., and Richard A. Larson. "Pepsi® or Coke®? Influence of acid on dasatinib absorption." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 24, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155217692152.
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Dasatinib is a second generation ABL kinase inhibitor used in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia or Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). Dasatinib's bioavailability is highly dependent on gastric pH. When proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are co-administered with dasatinib, absorption is significantly reduced. Cola intake at the time of drug administration has been demonstrated to lead to relevant increases in the bioavailability for other acid labile drugs during PPI treatment. This manuscript reviews the relevant literature supporting a strategy of temporarily lowering the gastric pH with a carbonated beverage at the time of drug administration. The use of cola provides an easy to implement way to significantly improve dasatinib bioavailability, especially during concomitant use of a PPI.
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Smajevic, Izet, Anes Kazagic, Mustafa Music, Kemal Becic, Ilijas Hasanbegovic, Seval Sokolovic, Nermin Delihasanovic, Almedin Skopljak, and Nihad Hodzic. "Co-firing Bosnian coals with woody biomass: Experimental studies on a laboratory-scale furnace and 110 MWe power unit." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120120122s.
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This paper presents the findings of research into cofiring two Bosnian cola types, brown coal and lignite, with woody biomass, in this case spruce sawdust. The aim of the research was to find the optimal blend of coal and sawdust that may be substituted for 100% coal in large coal-fired power stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Two groups of experimental tests were performed in this study: laboratory testing of co-firing and trial runs on a large-scale plant based on the laboratory research results. A laboratory experiment was carried out in an electrically heated and entrained pulverized-fuel flow furnace. Coal-sawdust blends of 93:7% by weight and 80:20% by weight were tested. Co-firing trials were conducted over a range of the following process variables: process temperature, excess air ratio and air distribution. Neither of the two coal-sawdust blends used produced any significant ash-related problems provided the blend volume was 7% by weight sawdust and the process temperature did not exceed 1250?C. It was observed that in addition to the nitrogen content in the co-fired blend, the volatile content and particle size distribution of the mixture also influenced the level of NOx emissions. The brown coal-sawdust blend generated a further reduction of SO2 due to the higher sulphur capture rate than for coal alone. Based on and following the laboratory research findings, a trial run was carried out in a large-scale utility - the Kakanj power station, Unit 5 (110 MWe), using two mixtures; one in which 5%/wt and one in which 7%/wt of brown coal was replaced with sawdust. Compared to a reference firing process with 100% coal, these co-firing trials produced a more intensive redistribution of the alkaline components in the slag in the melting chamber, with a consequential beneficial effect on the deposition of ash on the superheater surfaces of the boiler. The outcome of the tests confirms the feasibility of using 7%wt of sawdust in combination with coal without risk to the efficiency of the unit, its combustion process and with the benefits of emissions reductions. Furthermore, they show that no modification to the existing coal transport system and boiler equipment is necessary to achieve this outcome.
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Kirtman, Ben P. "The COLA Anomaly Coupled Model: Ensemble ENSO Prediction." Monthly Weather Review 131, no. 10 (October 2003): 2324–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2324:tcacme>2.0.co;2.
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Melo, Eliane S. P., Elaine Melo, Daniela Arakaki, Flavio Michels, and Valter A. Nascimento. "Methodology to Quantify and Screen the Demineralization of Teeth by Immersing Them in Acidic Drinks (Orange Juice, Coca-Cola™, and Grape Juice): Evaluation by ICP OES." Molecules 26, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 3337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113337.
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Oral health problems may occur as a result of the ingestion of acid drinks. The objective of this in vitro study was to quantify and screen the concentration of potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), barium (Ba), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and vanadium (V) released from bovine incisors during an erosive challenge at different times of exposure when immersed in Coca-Cola™, orange juice, and grape juice. A total of 240 samples of bovine incisor teeth were used for the erosive challenge and allocated in groups. Digestion of drinks was performed using microwave-assisted digestion. The content in acidic drinks was monitored before and after the erosive challenge at exposure times of 1, 5, and 60 min using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The drinks’ pH varied slightly during the erosive challenge but remained below the critical value of pH 5 to cause tooth demineralization. The concentrations of elements released from the bovine incisors during the in vitro erosive challenge depend on exposure times when immersed in acidic beverages. For some elements such as Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ba, Pb, As, and Cd, quantified in acidic drinks, grape juice had greater erosive potential than Coca-Cola™ and orange juice. Quantification and monitoring of chemical elements in bovine teeth can be performed considering a longer erosive time and other types of acidic drinks. Further analysis using human teeth is still not available and must be conducted. The demineralization of teeth not only occurs in acidic beverages; physical and chemical factors play other roles and should be investigated.
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Koivuluoto, Heli, Andrea Milanti, Giovanni Bolelli, Jyrki Latokartano, Francesco Marra, Giovanni Pulci, Jorma Vihinen, Luca Lusvarghi, and Petri Vuoristo. "Structures and Properties of Laser-Assisted Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coatings." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.984.
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In the cold spray process, solid particles impact on a surface with high kinetic energy, deform plastically and form a coating. This enables the formation of pure and dense coating structures. Even more, coating performance and deposition efficiency can be improved by assisting the process with a laser. Laser-assisted cold spraying (LACS) has shown its potential to improve coating properties compared with traditional cold spraying. In this study, coating quality improvement was obtained by using a co-axial laser spray (COLA) process which offers a new, cost-effective laser-assisted cold spray technique, for high-quality deposition and repair. In the COLA process, the sprayed surface is laser heated while particles hit the surface. This assists the better bonding between particles and substrate and leads to the formation of tight coating structures. This study focuses on the evaluation of the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties (e.g., hardness and bond strength) of LACS metallic coatings.
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Benjamin, Ludy T., Anne M. Rogers, and Angela Rosenbaum. "Coca-Cola, caffeine, and mental deficiency: Harry Hollingworth and the Chattanooga trial of 1911." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 27, no. 1 (January 1991): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(199101)27:1<42::aid-jhbs2300270105>3.0.co;2-1.
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Kirtman, Ben P., Yun Fan, and Edwin K. Schneider. "The COLA Global Coupled and Anomaly Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCM." Journal of Climate 15, no. 17 (September 2002): 2301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2301:tcgcaa>2.0.co;2.
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McHaffie, Patrick. "Decoding the Globe: Globalism, Advertising, and Corporate Practice." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15, no. 1 (February 1997): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d150073.
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The current graphical rhetoric of advertising includes everything from images of the globe borrowed from the US space program (for example, Hewlett-Packard Corp. computer systems), to pseudotribal renderings of a very different sort [for example, Minute Maid's (The Coca Cola Co.) Fruitopia]. The use of these images are part of what Goldman calls the economy of ‘commodity signs’, where produced meanings are linked to commodities through the medium of the print or broadcast advertisement. The increased incorporation of global images in Western advertising presents an opportunity to analyze the ideological underpinning of the ‘new global economy’. The sheer volume of purchased advertising space places these often confusing images before our eyes at an increasing pace, producing meanings which tend to obfuscate and fetishize discourse related to globalism. A decoding of specific advertisements with the use of the Hewlett-Packard Corporation as a case study, juxtaposed against the real spatial practices of the company will reveal ruptures, contradictions, and incoherence in advertising messages which appropriate the symbolic power of global images.
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Pereda, I., R. Irusta, S. Montalvo, and J. L. del Valle. "Solid mining residues from Ni extraction applied as nutrients supplier to anaerobic process: optimal dose approach through Taguchi's methodology." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 9 (November 1, 2006): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.871.
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The use of solid mining residues (Cola) which contain a certain amount of Ni, Fe and Co, to stimulate anaerobic processes was evaluated. The effect over methane production and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was analysed. The studies were carried out in discontinuous reactors at lab scale under mesophilic conditions until exhausted. 0, 3, 5 and 7 mgCola l−1 doses were applied to synthetic wastewater. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) and sucrose were used as substrate, sulphur and nitrogen concentration, being the noise variable. Cola addition at dose around 5 mg l−1, turned out to be stimulating for the anaerobic process. It was the factor that most influenced on methane production rate together with VFA and high content of volatile suspended solids. In the case of methane yield, pH was the control factor of strongest influence. Higher values of COD removal efficiency were obtained when the reactors were operated with sucrose at relatively low pH and at the smallest concentration of nitrogen and sulphur. Solid residues dose and the type of substrate were the factors that had most influence on COD removal efficiency.
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AI, LUNHONG, and JING JIANG. "PREPARATION, STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF La-SUBSTITUTED Co FERRITES VIA A MODIFIED CITRATE PRECURSOR ROUTE." Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 27 (October 30, 2009): 3289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909021302.
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CoLa x Fe 2-x O 4 (x = 0.00, 0.05 and 0.1) nanoparticles were prepared simply by a modified citrate precursor route. Effects of La -substituting level on the their magnetic properties were investigated on the basis of the structural analysis. The thermal evolution of the precursor, as well as the microstructure of as-prepared products were studied by means of a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The magnetic properties of the as-prepared samples were measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It was found that the magnetic properties were dependent on many factors such as La -substituting level, particle size and microstructure. The observed saturation magnetization decreased with increasing La content, whereas coercivity exhibited reverse behavior.
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Cavalcanti, Iracema F. A., José A. Marengo, Prakki Satyamurty, Carlos A. Nobre, Igor Trosnikov, José Paulo Bonatti, Antonio Ocimar Manzi, et al. "Global Climatological Features in a Simulation Using the CPTEC–COLA AGCM." Journal of Climate 15, no. 21 (November 2002): 2965–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2965:gcfias>2.0.co;2.
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Lucena, Maurilio Toscano de, Carlos Augusto Mathias, Nicodemos Teles de Pontes Filho, Ana Cláudia Luna Cândido, and Emiliana Vasconcelos. "Influência da cola Bioglue® na deiscência de anastomose colônica: estudo experimental." Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia 27, no. 2 (June 2007): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-98802007000200005.
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A grande parte da morbimortalidade associada com a cirurgia colorretal, é associada com a deiscência anastomótica. Trabalhos experimentais sobre a utilidade de adesivos tissulares nas anastomoses colônicas são controversos, assim como estudos clínicos prospectivos randomizados são ausentes. O adesivo cirúrgico BioGlue®, formado por dois componentes - albumina sérica bovina purificada e glutaraldeído, forma uma ligação co-valente entre esses dois componentes e as proteínas teciduais no local de aplicação. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar a eficácia da BioGlue® na prevenção da deiscência anastomótica colônica em ratos. Foram utilizados 30 ratos machos da raça Wistar albino. A anastomose colocolônica foi confeccionada com sutura em pontos separados com polipropileno 5-0 (grupo 1) e aplicação da cola BioGlue® envolvendo a anastomose (grupo 2). Avaliaram-se a formação e extensão das aderências, a pressão de ruptura nas anastomoses e as alterações histológicas. Apenas um animal do grupo 1 (7%) faleceu, sendo constatada na necropsia, obstrução intestinal com grande distensão de alças. A mortalidade no grupo 2, por outro lado, foi de 10 animais (67%), sendo observado: distensão de alças intestinais, vazamento anastomótico e, em algumas situações, franca peritonite fecal por deiscência quase que total da anastomose. O presente trabalho nos permitiu concluir que, o uso da Bioglue® nas anastomoses colônicas realizadas em ratos, promoveu um aumento na morbimortalidade que foi estatisticamente significante comparado à sutura convencional.
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Shobhavat, Lakshmi, Antonio D’Costa, and Karthik Shroff. "Anemia That Presented with Desaturation: A Focus on Core Concepts." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2021 (May 17, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5583840.
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Background. Methemoglobinemia is a potentially life-threatening condition which presents with cyanosis and characteristic “chocolate-coloured blood.” Although a co-oximetry would give a prompt diagnosis, there have been multiple reports of misdiagnosing this treatable condition—from being diagnosed as sepsis to asthma and even being operated for “ruptured ectopic pregnancy.” Here, we report a case which presented without the classical signs of poisoning and methemoglobinemia—without vomiting, cyanosis, or chocolate-coloured blood. We also discuss the common misconceptions regarding anemia physiology and the pitfalls in diagnosing this condition and warn the reader regarding the reflexive use of antidotes like methylene blue. Case Presentation. A well-grown 3-year old boy presented with an acute history of irritability, cola-coloured urine, and desaturation on examination. The child was pale, with tachypnoea and in failure. Blood smear was suggestive of severe hemolytic anemia. Methemoglobinemia was diagnosed on co-oximetry. By focussing on physiologic principles of management rather than a specific antidote, the child was discharged home, well and active within 3 days of intensive care admission.
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Wajsowicz, Roxana C., and Edwin K. Schneider. "The Indonesian Throughflow's Effect on Global Climate Determined from the COLA Coupled Climate System." Journal of Climate 14, no. 13 (July 2001): 3029–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3029:titseo>2.0.co;2.
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Galetcaia, Tatiana, and Loreena Thiessen. "Who is the Real Owner? Or How a Simple Pepsi-Cola Story Can Help Students Build Critical Thinking Skills." TESL Canada Journal 28, no. 1 (November 3, 2010): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v28i1.1063.
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Besides language competence, international students must develop a systematic approach to processing information and follow up with co-construction of the knowledge acquired. Critical thinking is a crucial principle commonly required in North American universities for evaluating academic texts. This practice may present certain difficulties for English-as-an-additional-language (EAL) students, as they may be influenced by cultural norms accepted in the academic environment of their home country or by dissimilar approaches to evaluating academic texts. This article discusses our classroom experience with assisting EAL students, predominantly from China and Saudi Arabia, in developing critical thinking skills; however, the operational model offered may also be useful with students from other cultural backgrounds.
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Silva, Daniela Amaral, Marcelo Dutra Duque, Neal M. Davies, Raimar Löbenberg, and Humberto Gomes Ferraz. "Application of in Silico Tools in Clinical Practice using Ketoconazole as a Model Drug." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 1s (October 23, 2018): 242s—253s. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/jpps30227.
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Hypochlorhydria is a condition where the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is decreased. As a result, the intragastric pH is elevated. This condition can be due to a series of causes, such as disease (gastric mucosal infection caused by Helicobacter pylori and is prominent in AIDS patients), ethnicity, age and also the use of antisecretory agents. This may significantly impact the absorption of other drugs that have pH-dependent solubility, such as ketoconazole, a weak base. Within this context, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate how GastroPlusTM – a physiological based software program- can be used to predict clinical pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole in a normal physiological state vs. elevated gastric pH. A simple physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was built and validated to explore the impact that different physiologic conditions in the stomach (hypochlorhydria, drug administered with water and Coca Cola®) had on ketoconazole’s bioavailability. The developed model was able to accurately predict the impact of increased pH and beverage co-administration on dissolution and absorption of the drug, and confirmed that complete gastric dissolution is essential. Particle size only mattered in hypochlorhydric conditions due to the incomplete gastric dissolution, as its absorption would depend on intestinal dissolution, which corroborates with previous studies. Therefore, in silico approaches are a potential tool to assess a pharmaceutical product’s performance and efficacy under different physiological and pathophysiological states supporting the assessment of different dosing strategies in clinical practice.
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Toledo, Luciano Augusto, and Felix Hugo Aguero Diaz Leon. "Crowdsourcing as production model that uses collective intelligence, the collaborative culture and the formation of communities." Innovation & Management Review 16, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/inmr-06-2018-0040.
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Purpose It has been verified that companies are using crowdsourcing to carry out tasks related with the market, concentrating on three main areas: product development, advertising and promotion and market research. This study aims to carry out qualitative research using the case study method. The analysis unit that will be used will be marketing activities based on crowdsourcing. Finally, the study subjects used to understand the phenomenon are Coca Cola, PepsiCo, Netflix and Amazon. Design/methodology/approach For this study, the decision was made to use the case study method due to its qualitative character. Thus, the analysis unit of the study is composed of the activities of the company investigated related to the activities of the marketing information system. For this study, a unique case study was used. The object companies were Coca Cola, PepsiCo, Netflix and Amazon. Findings A significant number of advantages are therefore perceived for companies that adopt mass collaboration practices in the research and development of products. The strategic importance of this concept for companies that launch themselves into these surprising endeavors is ever more clear and consolidated in their planning. It is up to those sectors that are responsible for communication to think of strategies that incorporate the collaborative work of consumers into their actions. Research limitations/implications The study presents some limitations that give rise to the opportunity to embark on future studies. As it is an exploratory study, there was no validation of causality between variables, which may diminish the empirical value of the findings. In this context, the sample is small and non-probabilistic, which on one hand made applying the interviews in the field study viable, but on the other does not enable the results to be generalized. Practical implications The transfer of power to crowds of consumers has led to a reduction in costs. This combination of innovative and cost reduction constitutes value innovation, a basic factor for customer retention, standing apart from the competition and obtaining appreciable results, thus reducing mortality. Social implications A collaborative action is an integrated marketing and communication action. In the same way, using bloggers to evaluate products today is a basic form of research and development, networking and communication with consumers, who become co-creators of products and services, as well as interlocutors with those responsible for corporate communication. Originality/value A significant number of advantages are therefore perceived for companies that adopt mass collaboration practices in the research and development of products. The strategic importance of this concept for companies that launch themselves into these surprising endeavors is even more clear and consolidated in their planning. It is up to those sectors that are responsible for communication to think of strategies that incorporate the collaborative work of consumers into their actions.
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Ketola, Raimo A., Jukka Heikkonen, Sulo Piepponen, Frants R. Lauritsen, and Tapio Kotiaho. "Classification of cola beverages on the basis of mass spectra measured by membrane inlet mass spectrometry." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 12, no. 15 (August 15, 1998): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19980815)12:15<1011::aid-rcm268>3.0.co;2-x.
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Carrascoza, João Anzanello. "O consumido e o consumado: Apropriações antológicas e inéditas de Borges." Lumina 14, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/1981-4070.2020.v14.30063.
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Selecionar, alterar e editar são atos constitutivos do processo de criação no domínio das artes. Incontáveis são os exemplos de artistas cuja produção apresenta singularidades em relação a essas etapas, e sua prática determina como resultado o seu próprio estilo, o que o diferencia dos demais. Expoente da arte de se apropriar de narrativas clássicas para construir a sua obra, escolhendo delas partes nucleares, Jorge Luis Borges figura neste ensaio com sete contos inéditos em língua portuguesa, nos quais suas tramas se mostram compostas de fragmentos de histórias míticas de tradição greco-romana, reelaboradas pelo seu talento ficcional, ratificando-o como um dos pioneiros da técnica de escrita não-criativa. O procedimento de “corta e cola” não se restringiu, em seu caso, à camada superficial do texto, mas deslizou para a micro e macro-estrutura de suas narrativas. Além de sua “contribuição” para essa corrente literária que se alimenta mais estreitamente dos intertextos como matéria-prima primordial de seu fazer, realçamos também nesse contexto o tema da tradução como transcriação, reapropriação e co-autoria, abrindo discussão acerca da inautenticidade da arte não apenas no contemporâneo digital, mas em sua própria genealogia.
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Miako, Mary Jane Mukami, and Dr Vincent Machuki. "CHALLENGES OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AT ADRIAN COMPANY LIMITED KENYA." Journal of Business and Strategic Management 1, no. 1 (October 14, 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jbsm.7.
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Purpose: The objectives of the study were to determine strategy implementation practices at Adrian Company Limited Kenya and to establish challenges of strategy implementation at Adrian Company Limited Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a cases study research design and an interview guide was used to collect data. The respondents of the study were drawn from the top management team, who were drawn from the various departments comprising of human resource manager, project manager, marketing manager, logistics & procurement manager. Other respondents were drawn from the functional level and operational level departments. Data was analyzed using content analysis.Results: Findings indicated that the strategy implementation practices carried out by Adrian co Ltd consisted of the following critical tasks; the management commitment, team appointment, training for all levels, developing an implementation plan, and establishing an internal auditing system. Findings also indicated that that there existed various challenges to strategy implementation at Adrian Co Ltd. These challenges included inadequate resources and manpower for strategy implementation were inadequate, poor compensation as a challenge to strategy implementation, poor training for the current work force, mismatch between strategy and structure and poor bottom up as well as top bottom communication, organization politics, communication and clarity understanding during strategy implementation.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: From the discussions and the conclusions, the study recommended that for an efficient and effective strategy implementation process senior management should be involved and committed throughout the process. The management should ensure that the critical strategy implementation tasks were considered during strategy implementation. In addition, the management should address the challenges of strategy implementation. For instance, regular training should be conducted and compensation should be facilitated through cost of living adjustments (COLA).
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Jäälinoja, Juha, Joni Ylöstalo, William Beckett, David J. S. Hulmes, and Leena Ala-Kokko. "Trimerization of collagen IX α-chains does not require the presence of the COL1 and NC1 domains." Biochemical Journal 409, no. 2 (December 21, 2007): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20070984.
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Collagen IX is a heterotrimer of three α-chains, which consists of three COL domains (collagenous domains) (COL1–COL3) and four NC domains (non-collagenous domains) (NC1–NC4), numbered from the C-terminus. Although collagen IX chains have been shown to associate via their C-terminal NC1 domains and form a triple helix starting from the COL1 domain, it is not known whether chain association can occur at other sites and whether other collagenous and non-collagenous regions are involved. To address this question, we prepared five constructs, two long variants (beginning at the NC4 domain) and three short variants (beginning at the COL2 domain), all ending at the NC2 domain (or NC2 replaced by NC1), to study association and selection of collagen IX α-chains. Both long variants were able to associate with NC1 or NC2 at the C-terminus and form various disulfide-bonded trimers, but the specificity of chain selection was diminished compared with full-length chains. Trimers of the long variant ending at NC2 were shown to be triple helical by CD. Short variants were not able to assemble into disulfide-bonded trimers even in the presence of both conserved cysteine residues from the COL1–NC1 junction. Our results demonstrate that collagen IX α-chains can associate in the absence of COL1 and NC1 domains to form a triple helix, but the COL2–NC2 region alone is not sufficient for trimerization. The results suggest that folding of collagen IX is a co-operative process involving multiple COL and NC domains and that the COL1–NC1 region is important for chain specificity.
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Melo-Reis, PR, LSA Bezerra, MAAB Vale, RFR Canhête, and L. Chen-Chen. "Assessment of the mutagenic and antimutagenic activity of Synadenium umbellatum Pax latex by micronucleus test in mice." Brazilian Journal of Biology 71, no. 1 (February 2011): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000100024.
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Synadenium umbellatum Pax, popularly known as "cola-nota", is a medicinal plant that grows in tropical regions. The latex of this plant is used against various diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, leprosy, tripanosomiasis, leukemia, and several malignant tumors. The mutagenic, antimutagenic, and cytotoxic effects of the latex of this plant were investigated by measuring the frequency of micronuclei in mice bone marrow cells. To evaluate mutagenicity, the animals were treated with four doses of latex (10, 30, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight). To study the antimutagenic activity, the animals were simultaneously treated with latex and mitomycin C (4 mg/kg). The cytotoxicity was evaluated by polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio. Our results showed a significant increase of frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). Concerning antimutagenicity, the doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg co-administered with mitomycin C showed significant decrease in MNPCE frequency compared to the positive control group (p < 0.05). However, no significant reduction in MNPCE frequency (p > 0.05) was detected at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. Under our experimental conditions, the results obtained indicate strong mutagenic and cytotoxic activity of S. umbellatum latex except the dose of 10 mg/kg and moderate antimutagenic effect at lower doses.
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Calvo Caravaca, Alfonso Luis, and María Pilar Canedo Arrillaga. "Casos escogidos de Derecho antitrust europeo." Estudios de Deusto 54, no. 1 (May 23, 2014): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ed-54(1)-2006pp285-373.
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Caso N.º 1. Ententes: Dec.Com. 7 abril 2004, Société Air France/Alitalia Linee Aeree Italiane SpA, DO L 362 de 9 diciembre 2004 Caso N.º 2. Ententes: STJCE 29 abril 2004, C-359/01 P, British Sugar plc/Comisión Caso N.º 3. Ententes: STPI de 29 de abril de 2004, Tokai carbón Co. Ltd y otros/Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas As. T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01, T-245/01, T-246/01, T-251/01 y T-252/01 Caso N.º 4. Ententes: Sentencia del Tribunal de Primera Instancia 15 junio 2005, Graphites spéciaux, As. T-71/03, T-74/03, T-87/03 y T-91/03 Caso N.º 5. Ententes: STPI 8 julio 2004, Mannesmannröhren-Werke/ Comisión, T-44/00; STPI 8 julio 2004, Corus/Comisión, T-48/00; STPI 8 julio 2004, Dalmine/Comisión, T-50/00; STPI 8 julio 2004, asuntos acumulados JFE Engineering/Comisión, T-67/00, Nippon Steel/Comisión, T-68/00, JFE Steel/Comisión, T-71/00, y Sumitomo Metal Industries/ Comisión, T-78/00 Caso N.º 6. Ententes: Dec.Com. 9 diciembre 2004, Cloruro de colina, DO L 190 de 22 julio 2005. Caso N.º 7. Ententes: STJCE 28 junio 2005, Dansk Rørindustri A/S (C-189/02 P), Isoplus Fernwärmetechnik Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH y otros (C-202/02 P), KE KELIT Kunststoffwerk GmbH (C-205/02 P), LR af 1998 A/S (C-206/02 P), Brugg Rohrsysteme GmbH (C-207/02 P), LR af 1998 (Deutschland) GmbH (C-208/02 P) y ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd (C-213/02 P)/Comisión, Tubos de calefacción urbana (tubos preaislados), Asuntos acumulados C-189/02 P, C-202/02 P, C-205/02 P a C-208/02 P y C-213/02 P Caso N.º 8. Ententes: STPI 18 julio 2005, Scandinavian Airlines System AB/Comisión, T-241/01 Caso N.º 9. Ententes: STPI (Sala Segunda) de 27 de julio de 2005, Asuntos acumulados T-49/02 a T-51/02, Brasserie nationale SA (anteriormente Brasseries Funck-Bricher y Bofferding), Brasserie Jules Simon et Cie SCS y Brasserie Batín SNC v. Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas Caso N.º 10. Ententes: Comunicación publicada de conformidad con el artículo 27, apartado 4, del Reglamento (CE) n.º 1/2003 del Consejo, en los asuntos COMP/C2/3912-BUMA y COMP/C2/39151-SABAM (Acuerdo de Santiago-COMP/C2/38126, DO C 200 de 17 agosto 2005, pp. 11-12) Caso N.º 11. Ententes: STPI 15 septiembre 2005, DaimlerChrysler AG/ Comisión, T-325/01 Caso N.º 12. Abuso de posición dominante: Dec.Com. 24 marzo 2004, Microsoft Europe, COMP/C-3/37.792: Noción de abuso de posición dominante (la tensión entre el Derecho de la competencia y el Derecho de la propiedad intelectual) Caso N.º 13. Abuso de posición dominante: Dec. Com. 20 octubre 2004, Deutsche Post AG y RFA, COMP/38.745: Abuso de posición dominante cometido por el operador postal histórico de Alemania, por el hecho de una disposición legislativa que deberá ser modificada Caso N.º 14. Abuso de posición dominante: STPI 26 enero 2005, Piau/ Féderation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), T-193/02, Rec., p. I-1113: Posición dominante colectiva Caso N.º 15. Abuso de posición dominante: Dec.Com. 22 junio 2005, Coca-Cola, COMP/A.39.116/B2, DO L 253 de 29 septiembre 2005: Decisión compromiso (Coca-Cola se compromete a no abusar de su posición dominante y se libra de toda sanción) Caso N.º 16. Concentraciones: Decisión de la Comisión 19 julio 2004, SONY/BMG, M. 3333 Caso N.º 17. Concentraciones: Dec.Com. 15 julio 2005, Procter & Gamble/ Gillette, M. 3732 Caso N.º 18. Concentraciones: Dec.Com. 29 julio 2005, Maersk/Ponl, M. 3829 Caso N.º 19. Concentraciones: STJCE 15 febrero 2005, Tetra Laval, C-12/03P, Rec., p. I-1113. Caso N.º 20. Concentraciones: STPI 21 septiembre 2005, EDP/Comisión, T-87/05
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Borsari, Marco, Gianantonio Battistuzzi, and Raffaele Battistuzzi. "Preparation, Spectroscopic, Magnetic, Conductometric and Polarographic Characterization of Cobalt(II)-1-phenyl-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine-2-thione Complexes." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 7 (1993): 1569–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19931569.
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The following coordination compounds of cobalt(II) with 1-phenyl-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine-2-thione: CoLX2 . n H2O ( X = Cl-, n = 1; X = Br-, n = 2; X =SCN-, n = 0; X = NO3-, n = 4), Co2L3Cl4 . H2O, CoL2X2 (X = Br-, I-, SCN-, NO3-), CoL2X2 . n H2O . p Me2CO (X = I-, ClO4-, n = p = 2; X = NO3-, n = 1, p = 0), CoL3(ClO4)2 . 0.5 Me2CO, Co2L5(NO3)4 and Co2L7X4 (X = Cl-, Br-, I-) have been isolated and characterized by chemical analyses, visible and IR spectra, paramagnetic susceptibility, conductivity and polarographic measurements. Solid phase IR spectra suggest that the heterocyclic ligand is almost always bonded through non-substituted ring nitrogen and exocyclic sulfur atoms. The solid compounds with the exception of the [CoL(SCN)2]2, [CoL2(H2O)2][CoCl4] and [CoL3][CoCl4] . H2O have originally a distorted octahedral geometry. By grinding the solid [CoL2(SCN)2], Co2L7Cl4 and all the bromide complexes the cobalt(II) coordination undergo octahedral (T> tetrahedral geometry change. Spectral evidences and polarographic results in DMF solution have shown that for these and [CoL(SCN)2]2, [CoL2(H2O)2][CoCl4] and [CoL3][CoCl4] . H2O complexes, the solvolysis gives rise to equilibria between tetrahedral anionic [CoX4]2- (X = SCN-, Cl-), [CoX3(DMF)]- (X = SCN-, Cl-, Br-) and some possible [Co(DMF)6]2+, [CoX(DMF)5]+, [CoXL(DMF)4]+, [CoL(DMF)5]2+ (L = N-monodentate ligand) cationic octahedral species. Polarographic data for perchlorate complexes and for [Co(DMF)6](ClO4)2-L system at increasing ligand concentration have shown that in DMF solution the solved ions [Co(DMF)6]2+ are the prevailing species and that the thiopyrimidine-containing species [CoL(DMF)5]2+ (β = 3.78 . 105) and [CoL2(DMF)4]2+ (β =9.59 . 107) can be formed only in presence of large excess of the free ligand.
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Lima, José Ossian Gadelha de, and Glaylton Batista De Almeida. "ELABORAÇÃO DE HOLOGRAMA PARA O ENSINO DE GEOMETRIA MOLECULAR." Revista ENCITEC 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31512/encitec.v10i1.3010.
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<p class="ResumoRevista">Uma das dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da Química se refere à abordagem dos conteúdos relacionados ao mundo submicroscópico (atômico e molecular), os quais são difíceis de serem compreendidos pelos alunos. Um exemplo é a Geometria Molecular, conteúdo que exige habilidades visuoespaciais do estudante para entender a disposição das moléculas no espaço e, consequentemente, muitas de suas propriedades químicas e físicas. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo desse trabalho foi apresentar o processo de elaboração de um produtor educacional (holograma), desenvolvido a partir de materiais simples (capa de CDs, cola, faca de mesa, tablete, etc.), que pode ser utilizado como recurso didático nas aulas de Geometria Molecular, possibilitando aos alunos uma melhor compreensão sobre o formato espacial das estruturas moleculares. Assim, a partir de depoimentos de alunos do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio, após uma aula com apresentação de um holograma elaborado com a molécula de CO<sub>2</sub>, foi possível perceber uma melhora significativa no entendimento desses estudantes sobre a disposição das moléculas no espaço.</p><div id="janelamailtopopupMail" style="z-index: 1;"><div id="janelamailtocontentPopupModalMail"><div id="janelamailtomailClosePopup"> </div><div id="janelamailtopopupMailModal">What do you want to do ?</div><a id="janelamailtobuttonOpenEmailAppNew">New mail</a><button id="janelamailtoclipboardButtonCopyEmail">Copy</button><textarea id="janelamailtotoSelectClipboardCopyText"></textarea></div></div><div><img src="/seer/index.php/encitec/sectionEditor/viewMetadata/" alt="" /></div>
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Alhammadi, Sara, and Alex Milosevic. "The Restoration of Severe Generalized Dental Erosive Wear using Direct Composite: A Case Report." Open Dentistry Journal 15, no. 1 (September 17, 2021): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210602115010520.
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Introduction: This case report describes a conservative restorative approach in the management of severe generalized tooth wear. Case report: The male, aged 57 years, was mainly concerned with the poor appearance of his teeth with short and discolored upper incisors. History revealed that he suffered from gastric reflux for 25 years, for which he was prescribed Ranitidine and was advised to self-medicate with cider vinegar. Furthermore, he divulged that he ground his teeth at night and during the day and had a high intake of carbonated cola drinks. On examination, dentine was exposed in several areas, and to a significant extent, on the incisal aspects of the lower incisors, the palatal surfaces of the upper incisors, and the occlusal surfaces of the molars. Mandibular tori were present. The primary diagnosis was erosive tooth wear with elements of attrition and abrasion. The intervention included dietary advice and restoration with direct composite resin at an increased occlusal vertical dimension of 1.5mm on the retruded axis. The patient reported no functional problems and was pleased with the aesthetic result. Conclusion: Vinegar is promoted to have health benefits, especially with respect to glucose response, but the dental implications are overlooked. This paper reviews the literature on vinegar as a medicament and considers its role as a co-factor for erosion in this case. The clinical steps used to restore the eroded dentition by direct composite are described. The use of this approach is a safe, conservative and successful treatment option without recourse to complex and biologically costly conventional alternatives. The application of direct composite in tooth wear cases meets the European consensus requirements.
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Cretulescu, Vladimir. "The Memoirs of Cola Nicea: A Case-Study on the Discursive Identity Construction of the Aromanian Armatoles in Early 20th Century Macedonia." Res Historica, no. 41 (September 29, 2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2016.41.125.
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Artykuł rozpoczyna się od ogólnego omówienia </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><em>Wspomień</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"> Coli Nicei – dokumentu, który został poddany analizie z wykorzystaniem metod zaczerpniętych z krytycznej analizy dyskursu. W artykule wyjaśniono etnonimy używane przez Niceę w jego opowieści, co prowokuje do dyskusji o tożsamościach macedońsko-słowiańskiej i macedońsko-arumuńskiej na początku XX w.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">W dalszej kolejności omówiono formy i powody współpracy między arumuńskimi </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><em>armatoles</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"> a </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><em>comitadji</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"> Tajnej Macedońskiej Organizacji Rewolucyjnej w Adrianopolu, tak jak zostało to ukazane w tekście Niecei.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Informacje zawarte w tym źródle prowadzą do konkluzji, że filorumuński dyskurs okazał się nieprzydatny w obliczu zaostrzenia kryzysu macedońskiego, a Arumuni,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">miłośnicy Rumunii, przyjęli drugi dyskurs, przez twórcze połączenie go z programem politycznym Tajnej Macedońskiej Organizacji Rewolucyjnej w Adrianopolu.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Artykuł odnosi się również do rozmaitych tekstowych i metatekstowych narzędzi, które odgrywają rolę w iteracji pozycji podmiotu arumuńskich </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><em>armatole </em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Coli Nicei. </span></span></span></p>
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MUTHURAMAN, Marisamy, Tomoaki NAMIOKA, and Kunio YOSHIKAWA. "213 CONVERSION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INTO FUEL FOR CO-FIRING APPLICATION WITH COAL BY HYDROTHERMAL TREATEMENT : PART II : CO-FIRING PERFORMANCE WITH COAL." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2009.19 (2009): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2009.19.170.
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Tan, Bo, Gang Cheng, Xianbing Yang, Xiaoman Zhu, Mingming Hu, and Haiyan Wang. "Relationship Between the Nanopore Structure and Basic Characteristics of Coal with the Protogenetic CO Content." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18478.
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In the prediction and forecasting of spontaneous coal combustion, protogenetic CO produced in the process of coal oxidation is used as the indicator gas, but the sources of CO gas in coal seams are extensive. Protogenetic CO in coal seams often interferes with predictions of spontaneous coal combustion. To predict the content of protogenetic CO gas in coal seams and its emission, this study established an experimental system of protogenetic CO content and emission in coal seams. Six groups of coal samples were tested, and the CO emission content was determined per hour within 24 hours of obtaining each coal sample. Four kinds of protogenetic CO gas emission indexes were defined. Then, internal factors of coal, including industrial components, elemental content and pore structure, were analysed. Finally, the relationship between the protogenetic CO gas emission index of coal seams and the internal factors of coal was obtained. The results indicate that the relation between the CO dispersion concentration and the time of the coal sample follows an exponential power distribution. The internal factors of coal influence the content and emission of protogenetic CO in coal seams, but there is no strict correlation with each parameter as it is a multi-parameter correlation synthesis process.
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ROBERT, A. "BOOK REVIEW: FRACTALS IN GEOGRAPHY edited by N. Siu-Ngan Lam and L. De Cola, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993. No. of pages: ix + 308. ISBN 0-13-105867-3." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21, no. 5 (May 1996): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199605)21:5<492::aid-esp533>3.0.co;2-i.
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Ying, Wu, Zhong Yong-lu, and Yin Guo-mingi. "Study on test of coal co-firing for 600MW ultra supercritical boiler with four walls tangential burning." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801006.
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On account of nine commonly used coals in a Jiangxi Power Plant,two kinds of coal were selected to be applied in coal co-firing test through industrial analysis,elementary analysis and thermogravimetric analysis of coal.During the coal co-firing test,two load points were selected,three coal mixtures were prepared.Moreover,under each coal blending scheme, the optimal oxygen content was obtained by oxygen varying test. At last,by measuring the boiler efficiency and coal consumption of power supply in different coal co-firing schemes, the recommended coal co-firing scheme was obtained.
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Demirbaş, Ayhan. "Biomass Co-Firing for Coal-Fired Boilers." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 21, no. 3 (June 2003): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459803769520070.
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In this study ground biomass and pulverized coal were used for co-firing test. The tests of co-firing of coal and biomass were carried out in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Biomass is an attractive and sustainable renewable fuel to supplement coal combustion in utility boilers. Coal co-firing was successful with up to a 20% biomass mix boilers. Coal and biomass fuels are quite different in composition. Ash composition for the biomass is fundamentally different from ash composition for the coal. Chlorine in the biomass may affect operation by corrosion. Ash deposits reduce heat transfer and may also result in severe corrosion at high temperatures. Biomass and coal blend combustion is a promising combustion technology; however, significant development work is required before large-scale implementation can be realized. Issues related to successful implementation of coal biomass blend combustion are identified. Co-firing of coal and biomass is an effective method of control NOx. Formation of NOx decreases with the increase of biomass fraction.
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Wang, Qi Min, Hao Wang, Jia Hao, and Shuo Guo. "Coal and Wood Chips Co-Pyrolysis Study." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.422.
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As a clean, renewable energy, rational use of biomss can effectively solve the problem of energy shortage and environmental pollution. Co-combustion and Co-gasification of biomass and coal are important ways of biomass utilization. Co-pyrolysis reaction is one of the most important processes in the co-combustion and co-gasification. In order to study the different mix ways of coal and wood chips affections on the co-pyrolysis process, TGA was used to study the co-pyrolysis characters of wood chips and coal mixed by different methods with mass ratio 1:1. it is founded out that there is certain interaction between wood chips and coal by the comparison of TGA curves and calculation curves. There is promoting affection at the high temperature if wood chips and coal had been mixed up. There is inhibiting affection if wood chips and coal are tiering distributed.
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Du, Lun, Guanghua Zhang, Dongdong Yang, Jie Luo, Yewei Liu, Wanbin Zhang, Ce Zhang, Junguo Li, and Junfeng Zhu. "Synthesis of a novel amphoteric copolymer and its application as a dispersant for coal water slurry preparation." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 201480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201480.
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In this work, a novel amphoteric copolymer named Poly(sodium p-styrenesulfonate– co -acrylic acid- co -diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (P(SS- co -AA- co -DMDAAC)) was synthesized via free radical polymerization. Afterwards, P(SS- co -AA- co -DMDAAC) was explored for use as a dispersant in coal water slurry (CWS) preparation. The structure of P(SS- co -AA- co -DMDAAC) was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. The synthetic conditions were optimized as the feed ratio of AA to SS was 1 : 1 (for Yulin coal) or 1.5 : 1 (for Yili coal), and DMDAAC dosage was 4.0 wt% (for Yulin coal) and 6.0 wt% (for Yili coal) toward total monomers. The performances of P(SS- co -AA- co -DMDAAC) as a dispersant for CWS were evaluated by various technologies, such as apparent viscosity, zeta potential, static stability and contact angle measurements. The results revealed that the optimized dosage of P(SS- co -AA- co -DMDAAC) in CWS preparation was 0.3 and 0.4 wt% for Yulin coal and Yili coal respectively. In this optimum condition, CWS prepared using P(SS- co -AA- co -DMDAAC) as dispersant showed a typical shear thinning behaviour and excellent stability, which are desired in industries. The rheological models also confirmed the pseudo-plastic characteristics of CWS. Finally, compared with the widely used anionic dispersant naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensate (NSF) and poly(sodium p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), P(SS- co -AA- co -DMDAAC) developed in this work exhibited better slurry making performance. The introduction of cationic functional groups promoted the adsorption of the dispersant, which further enhanced the electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance among coal particles. Accordingly, the viscosity of CWS decreased and static stability enhanced.
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Hao, Jia, and Qi Min Wang. "The Interaction Mechanism of Biomass and Coal Co-Gasification." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.330.
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The development of biomass and coal co-gasification technology not only helps to alleviate the energyshortage crisis, but also reduces the pollution of fossil fuels to ecological environment. Co-gasification of biomass and coal can overcome in a certain extent tar emerge in biomass gasification, alkali chloride corrosion, low reaction temperature etc, can increase the calorific value of the gasified gas, can also improve the gasification characteristics. However, due to the biomass compositions differences and the gasification technologies differences, there are the different studies results of co-gasification of biomass and coal. This paper summarized and analyzed the biomass and coal co-gasification study literatures, it is conclude that the biomass compositions can enhance the coal gasification reaction if the biomass compositions intensive mixed with the coal compositions. If not, the biomass gasification and the coal gasification would react separately. This conclusion provides a theoretical basis of the biomass and coal co-gasification and accelerates the biomass gasification technologies development.
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Zahra, Aghietyas Choirun Az, Hendi Aviano Prasetyo, Jenny Rizkiana, Winny Wulandari, and Dwiwahju Sasongko. "Model Validation of Biomass-Coal Blends Co-Pyrolysis to Produce Hybrid Coal." Indonesian Journal of Energy 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/ije.v2i2.41.
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Co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass blend to produce hybrid coal has recently been experimentally studied by some previous researchers. For similar generated energy, a newly developed hybrid coal is claimed to be more environmentally friendly compared to the coal only due to the release of neutral CO2. To acquire a better understanding of co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass blend, an experiment had been carried out in a tubular furnace reactor. For this purpose, the blends of constant mass composition of 20 wt% sawdust and 80 wt% low-rank coal were used throughout the study. It was found from the experiment that approximately 42.1% carbon, and 1.6% of ash were produced from the co-pyrolysis blend. Then, a steady state simulation of co-pyrolysis was developed using Aspen Plus v8.8 to predict the hybrid coal carbon content and required heat to perform the co-pyrolysis. The model simulation showed that hybrid coal yielded 44.0% carbon, which was at 4.5% deviation from the experimental study. The model had also been successfully used to estimate heat required to produce hybrid coal. It predicted that the equivalent heat of 336.2 kW was required to produce hybrid coal from 1,000 kg/h blend feed. The heat generated by the modeling of sawdust biomass combustion for fuel purposes was also estimated to supply heat for endothermic co-pyrolysis. It was found that 1,000 kg/h sawdust was predicted to be equivalent to 371.4 kW. This suggests that for scaling up purpose, ratio of sawdust fuel to blend feed of 1:1.1 is sufficient for this process.
Keywords: co-pyrolysis, hybrid coal, low-rank coal, sawdust, Aspen Plus
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Wei, Chia Chieh, Chaur Jeng Wang, Horng Yih Liou, and Kuo Ming Chen. "The High-Temperature Corrosion of Fe-Cr-Mo Alloy by Co-Firing of Coal and Biomass." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1555.
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Co-firing of biomass and coal has drawn many attentions because it can reduce the amount of CO2 release of the coal power plant/incinerator. However, the higher amount of sulfur, chlorine, potassium and calcium in biomass could lead to a more serious corrosion. In this study, the high-temperature corrosion of Fe-Cr-Mo alloy at 400 °C to 600 °C in co-firing of biomass and coal was performed. The results show that the weight change of specimen tested in co-firing of biomass and coal is 1.7 to 2.4 times of that for specimen tested in dry air. Also, the weight change of specimen tested in co-firing increased with the tested temperature and time increased. For the specimen tested in co-firing with different ratio of biomass/coal, the weight change of specimen increased with the ratio of biomass/coal increased.
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Shi, Kai Qi, Tao Wu, Hai Tao Zhao, Edward Lester, and Yao Dong Wang. "Microwave Induced Co-Processing of Biomass/Coal Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (May 2013): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.227.
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Co-processing of biomass with coal has become a promising approach for the efficient utilization of biomass and a feasible option to reduce coal consumption. Normally, biomass and coal blends are normally processed using conventional heating methods, such as co-pyrolysis, co-firing and co-gasification. Due to the fact that microwave heating has many advantages against conventional heating methods in terms of its volumetric heating and instant heating nature, in this study, biomass and coal blends were co-processed under microwave heating to enhance possible synergistic effect to improve the yield and quality of products. Biomass and coal blends were prepared in different mass fraction. Both conventional pyrolysis and microwave induced co-processing tests were carried out. The solid, liquid and gas products were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gas chromatography – mass spectrum (GC-MS). Results showed that in conventional pyrolysis, mole fraction of CO2 is relatively high whilst that of H2 is relatively low. However, for microwave induced co-processing of biomass coal blends with a mass fraction of biomass around 10wt%, the mole fraction of H2, CO and CH4 could be as high as 85%. This indicates the existence of synergy when biomass is co-processed with coal. In the liquid product, it was also found that the distribution of liquid products under microwave induced pyrolysis is much narrow compared with that of liquid products produced under conventional pyrolysis.
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Chen, Yongchun, Herong Gui, Ziwei Xia, Xing Chen, and Liugen Zheng. "Thermochemical and Toxic Element Behavior during Co-Combustion of Coal and Municipal Sludge." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 4170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144170.
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The thermochemical and kinetic behavior of co-combustion of coal, municipal sludge (MS) and their blends at different ratios were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. Simulation experiments were performed in a vacuum tube furnace to determine the conversion behavior of toxic elements. The results show that the combustion processes of the blends of coal and municipal sludge are divided into three stages and the combustion curves of the blends are located between those of individual coal and municipal sludge samples. The DTGmax of the sample with 10% sludge addition reaches a maximum at the heating rate of 20 °C/min, indicating that the combustion characteristics of coal can be improved during co-combustion. Strong interactions were observed between coal and municipal sludge during the co-combustion. The volatilization rates of toxic elements decrease with an increasing proportion of sludge in the blends during co-combustion, which indicates that the co-combustion of coal and sludge can effectively reduce the volatilization rate of toxic elements. The study reflects the potential of municipal sludge as a blended fuel and the environmental effects of co-combustion of coal and municipal sludge.
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Song, Garam, Changsang Cho, Deakyeom Lee, and Eui Chan Jeon. "Development of Non-CO₂ Emission Factor of the Coal Briquette Boiler." Journal of Climate Change Research 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15531/ksccr.2017.8.2.163.
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Ying, Li Ming, Jie Chen, Chao Du, Lin Xiang Pang, and Yong Jiang Wen. "The Research Progress of Coal and Gas Co-Mining." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.489.
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The coal bed methane is an important part of the Chinese energy. To finding some effect ways to collect gas during the coal mining process will increasing the using rate of coal mine and reducing greenhouse gas emission. The most effective way is coal and gas co-mining, and the main technology of the coal and gas co-mining are gas pre-extraction before mining, gas extraction of pressure relief, gas extraction of adjacent layer, gas extraction of goaf and top fractured zone, Gas extraction of excavation roadway and so on. Based on the technique system of coal and gas co-mining and the key problems existing in coal and gas extraction technology, to improve energy efficiency and reduce coal mine disaster.
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Ardila-Barragán, Marco Antonio, Carlos Francisco Valdés-Rentería, Brennan Pecha, Alfonso López-Díaz, Eduardo Gil-Lancheros, Marley Cecilia Vanegas-Chamorro, Jesús Emilio Camporredondo-Saucedo, and Luis Fernando Lozano-Gómez. "Gasification of coal, Chenopodium Album biomass, and co-gasification of a coal-biomass mixture by thermogravimetric-gas analysis." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 28, no. 53 (October 2, 2019): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v28.n53.2019.10147.
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Gasification studies were performed on sub-bituminous coal of the province Centro in Boyacá state of Colombia, vegetable biomass Chenopodium album (cenizo) and co-gasification of coal-biomass mixtures agglomerated with paraffin in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Biomass synergistically promoted thermochemical transformation of the coal was observed. Experimental results were compared to equilibrium composition simulations. Ash fusibility tests of the coal-biomass mixture were carried out, which allowed to clarify its behavior, such as dry or fluid ash according to own chemical composition, during the gasification process. The experimental tests allowed determining the differences in thermal decomposition, between coal, cenizo and coal-biomass blend, which are attributable to the physicochemical properties of each one solid fuel. During the tests, gas chromatography analyses were performed to establish the compositions of the syngas. The syngas obtained from biomass had the highest concentration of CO and the lowest H2; the coal and the coal-biomass mixture were slightly minor respectively. Concentrations of CH4, CO2 and C2H4 were similar between coal and biomass. This result is consistent with the higher calorific value of the coal syngas. The production of syngas from the coal-biomass mixture had the lowest contents of H2 and CO due to synergistic phenomena that occur with the fuel mixture. The co-gasification of the mixture gave the highest syngas production, carbon conversion, and thermal efficiency. These results indicate the viability of co-gasification of coal-Chenopodium album agglomerated mixtures. In gasification of non-agglomerated mixtures of coal-cenizo, the biomass can be burned directly without producing syngas.
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Tang, Qing Jie, and Zhi Hong Wang. "The Effect of Technological Parameter on the Co-liquefaction of Coal with Lignin." Advanced Materials Research 577 (October 2012): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.577.167.
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The co-liquefaction of coal with lignin was studied by minisize high pressure reactor, tetralin and Fe2O3 were used as solvent and catalyst, and the study was focused on the reaction temperature, initial pressure of hydrogen and mixture ratio of lignin with coal. The results showed that the reaction temperature, the initial pressure and mixture ratio has the important influence on the conversion rate of coal, the oil production rate in the process of co-liquefaction with coal and the lignin. Effect of co-liquefaction is best in reaction temperature 440°C, initial pressure 9Mpa, mixture ratio of lignin and coal for 2∶8, the conversion rate of coal and the oil production rate respectively achieves 87.66% and 50.39%.
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Gu, Ming Yan, Xu Hui Liu, Biao Ma, and Jia Xin Li. "Study on Co-Combustion Characteristics of Coals under Pure Oxygen Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 882–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.882.
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In this study, the combustion behaviors of three kinds of coal and their mixtures under the pure oxygen and air atmosphere were studied by using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The combustion characteristics such as ignition and burnout behavior were investigated in the temperature from 20°C to 800°C. The influence of mixing Shenhua coal with Huaibei bituminous and Sanming anthracite coal on combustion characteristics was conduced. The results obtained show that pure oxygen content accelerated the coal burning process greatly; the coal volatile matter started to release at a lower temperature and the coal burning process was finished earlier compared with the burning process under the air atmosphere. The addition of Shenhua coal improved the combustion characteristics of both Huaibei bituminous coal and Sanming anthracite in a different way. For the Huaibei bituminous coal, both the ignition and burnout temperature decreased linearly with the increasing ratio of Shenhua coal; while for the Sanming anthracite, the addition of Shenhua coal greatly lowered the mixture ignition temperature, and the burnout temperature was nearly the same. The activation energy of the mixture coal with Shenhua and Huaibei coal reduced with the ratio of Shenhua coal. For the Shenhua and Sanming coal mixture, the activation energy changed differently at the two burning stages.
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Xu, Yan, Kun Yang, Jiahui Zhou, and Guohao Zhao. "Coal-Biomass Co-Firing Power Generation Technology: Current Status, Challenges and Policy Implications." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 3692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093692.
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The severity of climate change and the urgency of ecological environment protection make the transformation of coal power imperative. In this paper, the relevant policies of coal-biomass co-firing power generation are combed, and the technical and economic evaluation of coal-biomass co-firing power generation technology is carried out using Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) model. The result is that the LCOE of coal-biomass indirect co-firing power generation project is significantly higher than that of the pure coal-fired unit, with the LCOE rising by nearly 8%. Through sensitivity analysis, the LCOE will increase by 10.7% when it combusts 15% biomass, and increase by 19.1% when it combusts 20% biomass. The LCOE corresponding to wood chips increased by 5.71% and the LCOE to rice husks decreased by 6.06%. Finally, this paper puts forward some relevant policy suggestions, hoping to provide some reference for the promotion of coal-biomass co-firing power generation in China.