Academic literature on the topic 'Cold, adverse effects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cold, adverse effects"
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Jawad, M., R. Schoop, A. Suter, P. Klein, and R. Eccles. "Safety and Efficacy Profile ofEchinacea purpureato Prevent Common Cold Episodes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/841315.
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Objective. To investigate the safety (risk) and efficacy (benefit) ofEchinacea purpureaextract in the prevention of common cold episodes in a large population over a 4-month period.Methods. 755 healthy subjects were allocated to receive either an alcohol extract from freshly harvestedE. purpurea(95% herba and 5% root) or placebo. Participants were required to record adverse events and to rate cold-related issues in a diary throughout the investigation period. Nasal secretions were sampled at acute colds and screened for viruses.Results. A total of 293 adverse events occurred withEchinaceaand 306 with placebo treatment. Nine and 10% of participants experienced adverse events, which were at least possibly related to the study drug (adverse drug reactions). Thus, the safety ofEchinaceawas noninferior to placebo.Echinaceareduced the total number of cold episodes, cumulated episode days within the group, and pain-killer medicated episodes.Echinaceainhibited virally confirmed colds and especially prevented enveloped virus infections (P<0.05).Echinaceashowed maximal effects on recurrent infections, and preventive effects increased with therapy compliance and adherence to the protocol.Conclusions. Compliant prophylactic intake ofE. purpureaover a 4-month period appeared to provide a positive risk to benefit ratio.
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Dimić, E., T. Premović, and A. Takači. "Effects of the contents of impurities and seed hulls on the quality of cold-pressed sunflower oil." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 4 (June 13, 2012): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/179/2011-cjfs.
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The effects of different contents of impurities and seed hulls in the raw material on the sensory characteristics, chemical quality, and oxidative stability of sunflower oil prepared by the procedure of cold pressing on a screw press were investigated. It was found that the presence of impurities (up to 10%) and hulls (up to 32%) had an adverse effect on the sensory and chemical characteristics of the oil. The adverse influence on the oils colour was also evidenced from the results of measuring their transparency, which ranged from 14.75% to 43.60%. The presence of impurities and seed hulls caused also a decrease in the oxidative stability of oils, as the values of the induction period ranged from 3.63 h to 4.63 h, while the Totox values were in the range from 2.25 to 5.87.
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Golpour, Monireh, Mina Alimohammadi, Alireza Mohseni, Ehsan Zaboli, Farshad Sohbatzadeh, Sander Bekeschus, and Alireza Rafiei. "Lack of Adverse Effects of Cold Physical Plasma-Treated Blood from Leukemia Patients: A Proof-of-Concept Study." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010128.
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common blood malignancy with multiple therapeutic challenges. Cold physical plasma has been considered a promising approach in cancer therapy in recent years. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of cold plasma or plasma-treated solutions (PTS) on hematologic parameters in the whole blood of CLL patients. The mean red blood cell count, white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet and hemoglobin counts, and peripheral blood smear images did not significantly differ between treated and untreated samples in either CLL or healthy individuals. However, both direct plasma and indirect PTS treatment increased lipid peroxidation and RNS deposition in the whole blood of CLL patients and in healthy subjects. In addition, the metabolic activity of WBCs was decreased with 120 s of cold plasma or PTS treatment after 24 h and 48 h. However, cold plasma and PTS treatment did not affect the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, nor hemolysis in either CLL patients or in healthy individuals. The present study identifies the components of cold plasma to reach the blood without disturbing the basic parameters important in hematology, confirming the idea that the effect of cold plasma may not be limited to solid tumors and possibly extends to hematological disorders. Further cellular and molecular studies are needed to determine which cells in CLL patients are targeted by cold plasma or PTS.
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Lekić, S., I. Draganić, M. Milivojević, and G. Todorović. "Germination and Seedling Growth Response on Sunflower Seeds to Priming and Temperature Stress." Helia 38, no. 63 (December 1, 2015): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helia-2015-0003.
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AbstractThe present paper shows results obtained on effects of priming of sunflower seeds, subjected to accelerated ageing and the cold test, on seed vigour. Seeds were primed with distilled water, the potassium nitrate solution (0.2%) and the gibberellic acid solution (0.04%). The following parameters were tested: energy of germination, germination, proportion of abnormal seedlings, lengths of roots and shoots of normal seedlings. Accelerated ageing in the course of 3 and 5 days resulted in a statistically significant reduction in energy of germination and germination; it adversely affected the length of roots and shoots and it increased the proportion of abnormal seedlings. Seed priming with all three solutions mitigated adverse effects of 3-day accelerated ageing on energy of germination. Furthermore, seed priming with gibberellic acid prior to 3-day accelerated ageing positively affected seed germination and neutralized a negative effect of accelerated ageing on the number of abnormal seedlings, as well as on lengths of shoots and roots of normal seedlings. The cold test (at 5°C for 7 days) negatively affected energy of germination and the root length, increased the proportion of abnormal seedlings and did not affect seed germination. Priming of seeds with distilled water prior to the cold test completely neutralized the adverse effect of low temperatures on energy of germination. Finally, priming of seeds with all three solutions completely neutralized the adverse effect of cold test on the root length.
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Lam, Holly Ching Yu, Zhe Huang, Sida Liu, Chunlan Guo, William Bernard Goggins, and Emily Ying Yang Chan. "Personal Cold Protection Behaviour and Its Associated Factors in 2016/17 Cold Days in Hong Kong: A Two-Year Cohort Telephone Survey Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051672.
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Background: Despite larger health burdens attributed to cold than heat, few studies have examined personal cold protection behaviours (PCPB). This study examined PCPB during cold waves and identified the associated factors in a subtropical city for those without central heating system. Methods: A cohort telephone survey was conducted in Hong Kong during a colder cold wave (2016) and a warmer cold wave (2017) among adults (≥15). Socio-demographic information, risk perception, self-reported adverse health effects and patterns of PCPB during cold waves were collected. Associated factors of PCPB in 2017 were identified using multiple logistic regression. Results: The cohort included 429 subjects. PCPB uptake rates were higher during the colder cold wave (p < 0.0005) except for ensuring indoor ventilation. Of the vulnerable groups, 63.7% had low self-perceived health risks. High risk perception, experience of adverse health effects during the 2016 cold wave, females and older groups were positive associated factors of PCPB in 2017 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: PCPB changed with self-risk perception. However vulnerable groups commonly underestimated their own risk. Indoor ventilation may be a concern during cold days in settings that are less prepared for cold weather. Targeted awareness-raising promotion for vulnerable groups and practical strategies for ensuring indoor ventilation are needed.
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Steinman, Alan M. "Adverse Effects of Heat and Cold on Military Operations: History and Current Solutions." Military Medicine 152, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/152.8.389.
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Anaise, D., W. C. Waltzer, A. N. Arnold, and F. T. Rapaport. "Adverse Effects of Cyclosporine A on the Microcirculation of the Cold Preserved Kidney." Journal of Urology 138, no. 3 (September 1987): 688–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)43327-1.
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Chen, Gin-Fu, and Zhongjie Sun. "Effects of chronic cold exposure on the endothelin system." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 5 (May 2006): 1719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01407.2005.
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Cold temperatures have adverse effects on the human cardiovascular system. Endothelin (ET)-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor. We hypothesized that cold exposure increases ET-1 production and upregulates ET type A (ETA) receptors. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cold exposure on regulation of the ET system. Four groups of rats (6–7 rats/group) were used: three groups were exposed to moderate cold (6.7 ± 2°C) for 1, 3, and 5 wk, respectively, and the remaining group was maintained at room temperature (25°C) and served as control. Cold exposure significantly increased ET-1 levels in the heart, mesenteric arteries, renal cortex, and renal medulla. Cold exposure increased ETA receptor protein expression in the heart and renal cortex. ET type B (ETB) receptor expression, however, was decreased significantly in the heart and renal medulla of cold-exposed rats. Cold exposure significantly increased the ratio of ETA to ETB receptors in the heart. An additional four groups of rats (3 rats/group) were used to localize changes in ETA and ETB receptors at 1, 3, and 5 wk of cold exposure. Immunohistochemical analysis showed an increase in ETA, but a decrease in ETB, receptor immunoreactivity in cardiomyocytes of cold-exposed rats. Increased ETA receptor immunoreactivity was also found in vascular smooth muscle cells of cold-exposed rats. Cold exposure increased ETA receptor immunoreactivity in tubule epithelial cells in the renal cortex but decreased ETB receptor immunoreactivity in tubule epithelial cells in the renal medulla. Therefore, cold exposure increased ET-1 production, upregulated ETA receptors, and downregulated ETB receptors.
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Galic, Andrei, Heather Grab, Nicholas Kaczmar, Kady Maser, William B. Miller, and Lawrence B. Smart. "Effects of Cold Temperature and Acclimation on Cold Tolerance and Cannabinoid Profiles of Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)." Horticulturae 8, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060531.
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Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a multi-use crop garnering newfound attention from researchers and consumers. While interest has emerged, a lack of substantiated research still exists regarding effects of adverse weather events on physiological health and secondary metabolite production of hemp. The aim of this experiment was to assess cold tolerance of hemp using the cultivars ‘FINOLA’ and ‘AutoCBD’. Effects of cultivar, plant age, cold acclimation, frequency of cold treatments, and intensity of cold treatments were all considered in regard to their influence on physiological stress, biomass, and cannabinoid profile. Few effects of sequential cold treatments were noted, and they were not moderated by cold acclimation, which tended to have negative effects across many responses. This detrimental effect of cold acclimation conditions was further observed in decreased total CBD % and total THC % compared to non-acclimated plants. These findings bear consideration when assessing the unpredictability of a changing climate’s effects on the heath and cannabinoid profile of hemp.
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Huhn, Andrew S., Eric C. Strain, George E. Bigelow, Michael T. Smith, Robert R. Edwards, and D. Andrew Tompkins. "Analgesic Effects of Hydromorphone versus Buprenorphine in Buprenorphine-maintained Individuals." Anesthesiology 130, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002492.
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Abstract EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE What We Already Know about This Topic The prevalence of patients prescribed buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder is increasing Managing acute pain in buprenorphine-maintained individuals can be challenging What This Article Tells Us That Is New Large doses of intravenous hydromorphone can provide analgesia in buprenorphine-maintained individuals However, the use of hydromorphone for analgesia in buprenorphine-maintained individuals confers greater abuse liability and side effects than does supplemental intravenous buprenorphine Background Managing acute pain in buprenorphine-maintained individuals in emergency or perioperative settings is a significant challenge. This study compared analgesic and abuse liability effects of adjunct hydromorphone and buprenorphine using quantitative sensory testing, a model of acute clinical pain, in persons maintained on 12 to 16 mg sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone. Methods Participants (N = 13) were enrolled in a randomized within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled three-session experiment. Each session used a cumulative dosing design with four IV injections (4, 4, 8, and 16 mg of hydromorphone or 4, 4, 8, and 16 mg of buprenorphine); quantitative sensory testing and abuse liability assessments were measured at baseline and after each injection. The primary analgesia outcome was change from baseline cold pressor testing; secondary outcomes included thermal and pressure pain testing, as well as subjective drug effects and adverse events. Results A significant two-way interaction between study drug condition and dose was exhibited in cold pressor threshold (F10,110 = 2.14, P = 0.027) and tolerance (F10,110 = 2.69, P = 0.006). Compared to after placebo, participants displayed increased cold pressor threshold from baseline after cumulative doses of 32 mg of IV hydromorphone (means ± SD) (10 ± 14 s, P = 0.035) and 32 mg of buprenorphine (3 ± 5 s, P = 0.0.39) and in cold pressor tolerance after cumulative doses of 16 mg (18 ± 24 s, P = 0.018) and 32 mg (48 ± 73 s, P = 0.041) IV hydromorphone; cold pressor tolerance scores were not significant for 16 mg (1 ± 15 s, P = 0.619) or 32 mg (7 ± 16 s, P = 0.066) buprenorphine. Hydromorphone and buprenorphine compared with placebo showed greater ratings on subjective measures of high, any drug effects, good effects, and drug liking. Adverse events were more frequent during the hydromorphone compared with buprenorphine and placebo conditions for nausea, pruritus, sedation, and vomiting. Conclusions In this acute clinical pain model, high doses of IV hydromorphone (16 to 32 mg) were most effective in achieving analgesia but also displayed higher abuse liability and more frequent adverse events. Cold pressor testing was the most consistent measure of opioid-related analgesia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cold, adverse effects"
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Veras, Mariana Matera. "Efeitos da poluição do ar da cidade de São Paulo sobre o processo reprodutivo de camundongos com ênfase no desenvolvimento da placenta e cordão umbilical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-31102008-125138/.
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A poluição do ar é um importante fator ambiental de risco para muitos desfechos gestacionais e reprodutivos negativos. Neste estudo nós investigamos os efeitos da poluição particulada em dois períodos de exposição (antes da concepção e durante a gestação) sobre alguns desfechos reprodutivos e gestacionais em camundongos. Utilizando câmaras de exposição, uma recebendo ar filtrado (F) e outra ar não-filtrado (nF), observamos que as fêmeas expostas ao ar não filtrado apresentaram alterações na duração do ciclo estral, estro persistente e o número de folículos antrais reduziu cerca de 36% (75±35,2, P=0,04) comparado às expostas ao ar filtrado (118,6 ±18,4). Nossos resultados mostram ainda um aumento significativo no tempo necessário para que o acasalamento ocorra, uma diminuição nos índices de fertilidade e gestação (P=0.003) nos casais expostos ao ar não filtrado (nF). A taxa média de perdas pós implantacionais (PPI) está aumentada em 70% (P0,005) no grupo de fêmeas expostas ao ar não filtrado antes e durante a gestação quando comparada ao grupo exposto antes de durante a gestação ao ar filtrado. O peso fetal (PF) é significativamente maior no grupo exposto nos dois períodos ao ar filtrado quando comparado aos demais grupos expostos antes e/ou durante a gestação ao ar não filtrado. O PF e a taxa média de PPI são influenciados tanto pela exposição durante a gestação quanto a exposição que ocorre antes da gestação. A exposição materna prévia a gestação e durante a primeira fase gestacional são críticas para o aumento no risco de baixo peso em camundongos. Nós também verificamos que a exposição ao ar não filtrado está associada a uma redução no volume, calibre e área de superfície dos espaços sanguíneos maternos, a um aumento na área de superfície dos capilares fetais, e na condutância de difusão da placenta. Alterações morfológicas no cordão umbilical também foram encontradas. Este estudo demonstra que a exposição aos níveis ambientais de poluição particulada de origem veicular afeta diferentes funções e estágios do processo reprodutivo. Nossos resultados também indicam que a exposição materna prévia está ligada a desfechos gestacionais negativos mesmo quando a exposição ocorre somente antes da concepçãoAir pollution is an important environmental health risk factor for many different gestational and reproductive negative outcomes. In this study we have investigated the effects of two different timing of exposure (before conception and during pregnancy) to urban ambient particulate matter on reproductive and pregnancy outcomes in mice. Using exposure chambers receiving filtered (F) and non-filtered (NF) we observed that exposed females presented changes in the length of estrus cycle, extended estrus and antral follicles number declined by 36% (P=0.04) in mice exposed to non filtered air (75±35.2) compared to mice exposed to filtered air(118.6 ±18.4). Our results further indicate a significant increase in time necessary to mating and decreased fertility and pregnancy indices (P=0.003) in NF couples. Mean postimplantation loss (PIL) rate was increased by 70% (P0.005) in the group exposed before and during pregnancy to non-filtered air when compared to the group exposed before and during pregnancy to filtered air. Fetal weight (FW) was significantly higher in group exposed during both periods to filtered air when compared to other groups exposed before and/or during pregnancy to non filtered air. FW and PIL mean rate were influenced by both pre-gestational (p<0.01) and gestational (p<0.01) period exposure. Maternal pre-gestational and the first stage of pregnancy exposure are critical to increased risk for low birth weight in mice. We also found that gestational exposure to non-filtered air was associated with reduced volumes, calibres and surface areas of maternal blood spaces and with greater fetal capillary surfaces and diffusive conductances of the placenta. Umbilical cord morphology was also altered. This study demonstrated that exposure to ambient levels of urban traffic generated particulate matter negatively affects different functions and stages of the reproductive process. Our results also indicate that maternal exposure to air pollution is linked to negative pregnancy outcomes even if maternal exposure occurs only before conception
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Vaz, Ana Francisca. "Qualidade de vida e eventos adversos após a radioterapia em mulheres com câncer ginecológico = um estudo de coorte prospectivo." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313674.
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Orientador: Aarão Mendes Pinto-NetoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T03:36:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vaz_AnaFrancisca_D.pdf: 1602661 bytes, checksum: 0dbc9ea54c85593a5a17af092c3b8961 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Objetivos: Investigar a frequência de eventos adversos antes e após a radioterapia, a proporção de mulheres sexualmente ativas, avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) e identificar seus preditores em uma coorte de mulheres com câncer ginecológico. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com 107 mulheres com câncer ginecológico (colo do útero ou endométrio), idade (21 a 75) anos, tratadas com radioterapia, 89 (teleterapia e braquiterapia) 10 (braquiterapia) 8 (teleterapia) no Hospital da Mulher Prof. Dr. José Aristodemo Pinotti CAISM/UNICAMP. A QV foi avaliada através do questionário da Organização Mundial da Saúde - (WHOQOL-breve), antes da radioterapia (T0), 4 meses (T1), 1ano (T2) e 3 anos (T3) após o tratamento. Os eventos adversos após a radioterapia foram graduados de acordo com a escala Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Event (CTCAE) v 3.0. Os escores de QV foram avaliados através do teste de Wilcoxon pareado e os seus preditores identificados por meio de regressão linear. Utilizou-se o teste de McNemar para avaliar as diferenças entre as frequências de sintomas sexuais e da menopausa, e da proporção de mulheres sexualmente ativas após a radioterapia em relação à avaliação inicial. Resultados: A mediana da idade das participantes antes da radioterapia foi 60 anos. O domínio meio ambiente e a saúde geral eram os mais comprometidos antes da radioterapia. Dor (49,5%) e sangramento vaginal (36,9%) foram as queixas mais frequentes. Anemia (p<0,01) e náusea e/ou vômito (p=0,01) interferiram negativamente no domínio físico; dor no domínio físico (p<0,01), QV global (p=0,02) e saúde geral (p=0,01), e história de cirurgia positivamente na saúde geral (p<0,01). Três anos após a radioterapia observou-se uma redução da frequência de secura vaginal (26,7% em T0 vs 8,3% em T3; p<0,005), aumento da proporção de mulheres sexualmente ativas (21,5% em T0 vs 44,2% em T3; p=0,005) em relação à avaliação inicial, e aumento significativo dos escores de QV para o domínio psicológico, saúde geral e QV global. Dor associou-se negativamente com os domínios físico, psicológico e relacionamento social (p<0,05); dispareunia com os domínios físico e relacionamento social (p<0,05); diminuição do interesse sexual com o domínio psicológico (p<0,01) e maior renda positivamente com o domínio psicológico e saúde geral (p<0,05). Conclusão: O domínio meio ambiente e a questão relacionada à saúde eram os mais prejudicados antes da radioterapia. Os sintomas do câncer foram os fatores de maior interferência na QV. Três anos após a radioterapia verificou-se melhora da QV e aumento significativo do número de mulheres sexualmente ativas em relação à avaliação prévia. A presença de dor, dispareunia e diminuição do interesse sexual interferiram negativamente na QV
Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the frequency of adverse events before and after radiotherapy, the proportion of sexually active women, evaluate quality of life (QOL) and identify their predictors in a cohort of women with gynecologic cancer. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 107 women with gynecologic cancer (cervical or endometrial), aged (21 to 75) years, treated with radiotherapy, 89 (teletherapy and brachytherapy) 10 (brachytherapy) 8 (teletherapy) in the Prof. Dr. José Aristodemo Pinotti Women?s Hospital-CAISM/UNICAMP. QOL was assessed by the World Health Organization- (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire, before radiotherapy (T0), 4 months (T1),1year (T2) and 3 years (T3) after treatment. The adverse events following radiotherapy were scored according to the Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Event (CTCAE) scale, v 3.0. QOL scores were assessed by the paired Wilcoxon test and their predictors were identified by linear regression analysis. The McNemar test was used to assess the differences between the frequencies of sexual symptoms and menopause, as well as the proportion of sexually active women after radiotherapy compared to baseline evaluation. Results: The median age of the participants before radiotherapy was 60 years. The environmental domain and general health were the most impaired before radiotherapy. Pain (49.5%) and vaginal bleeding (36.9%) were the most frequent complaints encountered. Anemia (p<0.01), nausea and/or vomiting (p=0.01) negatively interfered with the physical domain. Pain negatively interfered with the physical domain (p<0.01), global QOL (p=0.02) and general health (p=0.01). A history of surgery positively interfered with general health (p<0.01). Three years after radiotherapy, there was a decrease in the frequency of vaginal dryness (26.7% in T0 vs 8.3% in T3; p<0.005), an increase in the proportion of sexually active women (21.5% in T0 vs 44.2% in T3; p=0.005) in comparison to baseline assessment, and a significant increase in QOL scores for the psychological domain, general health and global QOL. Pain was negatively associated with the physical, psychological and social relationship domains (p<0.05). Dyspareunia was negatively associated with the physical and social relationship domains (p<0.05). Decreased sexual interest was negatively associated with the psychological domain (p<0.01). A higher income was positively associated with the psychological domain and general health (p<0.05). Conclusion: The environmental domain and the question related to general health were the most compromised before radiotherapy. Cancer symptoms were the factors that most interfered with QOL. Three years after radiotherapy, there was an improvement in QOL and a significant increase in the number of sexually active women compared to prior evaluation. Pain, dyspareunia and decreased sexual interest negatively interfered with QOL
Doutorado
Fisiopatologia Ginecológica
Doutor em Ciências da Saúde
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Alves, Carina Carneiro. "Vírus, Cancro e Vacinas – Efeitos adversos da vacina contra o Vírus do Papiloma Humano." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/2487.
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Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas.Introdução – As vacinas profiláticas são importantes para a saúde pública, mas podem estar associadas a efeitos adversos (EA), que contribuem para a sua menor aceitação pela população. A infecção pelo vírus do papiloma humano (VPH) é uma das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) mais comuns a nível mundial, infectando mulheres e homens. Este vírus é responsável, principalmente, por verrugas genitais e cancro do colo do útero (CCU). As vacinas Gardasil® e Cervarix® são duas vacinas de partículas semelhantes a vírus (VLP) profiláticas contra infecção por VPH, aprovadas pela FDA e pela EMEA. O vírus da hepatite B (VHB) pode originar hepatite aguda ou hepatite crónica e é a maior causa de carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC). As vacinas profiláticas contra esta infecção são, também, vacinas de VLP. Objectivos – Efectuar uma actualização do conhecimento científico sobre os EA conhecidos e associados à vacinação contra o VPH e comparar com os EA descritos para a vacina contra o VHB. Material e métodos – Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os EA da vacina contra o VPH e da vacina contra o VHB, utilizando-se a base de dados MEDLINE do National Center for Biotechnology dos EUA, com interface de pesquisa Pubmed para pesquisar artigos de revisão entre 2004 e 2010 para a vacina contra o VPH e 1995 e 2010 para a vacina contra o VHB. Efectuou-se uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa dos EA descritos na literatura encontrada para uma posterior comparação entre a vacina contra o VPH e a vacina contra o VHB. A análise quantitativa foi efectuada com base no índice de citação de EA (ICEA), sendo este referente à razão entre o somatório de artigos referentes a cada EA citado e o número total de artigos analisados. Resultados e discussão – Os EA com maior ICEA (mais frequentemente citados) para a vacina contra o VPH são: dor no local de aplicação, eritema e inchaço, efeitos gastrointestinais, febre baixa e dor de cabeça. Contudo, aquele com maior probabilidade de citação para esta vacina é a urticária. Para a vacina contra o VHB os EA com ICEA mais elevado são: esclerose múltipla ou esclerose em placas, sintomas reumatológicos, GBS, trombocitopenia, dor no local de aplicação, fadiga e febre baixa, sendo que para esta vacina a esclerose é o EA com maior probabilidade de ser relatado. Os EA graves foram mais frequentemente citados para a vacina contra o VHB do que para a vacina contra o VPH. A percentagem de EA graves referidos foi superior para a vacina Gardasil® (53%) quando comparada com a percentagem de EA graves verificados para a vacina Cervarix® (35%). Conclusão – Observou-se que as vacinas contra o VPH apresentam uma baixa incidência de citação de EA, sendo muito rara a ocorrência de referências a EA considerados graves. Mais ainda, este perfil é sobreponível quando em comparação com as vacinas contra a hepatite B para a grande maioria dos EA relatados. Numa perspectiva futura, dever-se-á continuar a avaliação e a monitorização dos EA verificados para a vacina contra o VPH e atribuir uma relação causa/efeito aos mesmos. O desenvolvimento de vacinas profiláticas de menor custo, vacinas de protecção mais ampla (contra mais tipos de VPH oncogénicos) e vacinas terapêuticas são, também, assuntos de grande interesse para perspectivas futuras. Introduction – Prophylactic vaccines are important to public health, but may be associated with adverse effects (AE) that contribute to their lower acceptance by the population. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) more common worldwide, infecting women and men, being mainly responsible for genital warts and cervical cancer (CC). Gardasil ® and Cervarix ® vaccine are two virus-like particle (VLP) prophylactic vaccines against HPV infection, approved by the FDA and EMEA. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause acute or chronic hepatitis and is the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Prophylactic vaccines are also VLP vaccines. Objectives – To make an update of scientific knowledge about the known of AE associated with vaccination against HPV virus and its comparison with those reported for the HBV vaccine. Materials and methods – To make a literature search on HPV vaccine AE and the HBV vaccine AE, using the MEDLINE database from the National Center for Biotechnology in the U.S., with Pubmed search interface. Were selected review articles between 2004 and 2010 for the HPV vaccine and 1995 and 2010 to HBV vaccine. We conducted a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the AE contained in the articles found for a comparison between HPV vaccine and HBV vaccine. The quantitative analysis was undertaken based on citation index of AE (CIAE), the latter referring to the ratio of the sum of articles cited for each EA and the total number of articles reviewed. Results and discussion – AE more CIAE (most often cited) for the HPV vaccine were pain at injection site, redness and swelling, gastrointestinal effects, mild fever and headache. Yet that is most likely to be reported for this vaccine is the hives. For the vaccine against HBV was the most cited multiple sclerosis, rheumatic symptoms, GBS, thrombocytopenia, pain at the injection site, fatigue and fever, and for this vaccine multiple sclerosis is the AE most likely to be reported. The serious AE were most frequently quoted for the vaccine against HBV than for the HPV vaccine. The percentage of serious AE was higher for the vaccine Gardasil® (53%) than for the Cervarix® vaccine (35%). Conclusion – It was noted that vaccines against HPV have a low incidence of AE, is a very rare occurrence of references to serious AE, even when compared with vaccines against hepatitis for the vast majority of AE reported. Looking forward, it should be continued assessment and monitoring of the AE checked for HPV vaccine and assign a cause/effect relationship to them. The development of prophylactic vaccines with lower cost, greater protection than vaccines (against the most oncogenic HPV types) and therapeutic vaccines are also subjects of great interest for future prospects.
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Rodrigue, Claudie. "Caractérisation du syndrome de chevauchement de l’asthme et de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16302.
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Maladies fréquentes, l’asthme touche 8,4% de la population canadienne âgée de 12 ans et plus et la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC) touche de 5 à 15% de la population âgée entre 35 et 79 ans. L’asthme et la MPOC peuvent coexister chez un patient. Ce phénomène appelé syndrome de chevauchement de l’asthme et de la MPOC (ACOS) toucherait environ 10% à 55% des patients MPOC. Afin de mieux caractériser l’ACOS et les effets indésirables des médicaments utilisés pour traiter la MPOC, deux études ont été mises en place. Une première étude réalisée auprès de pneumologues a permis de décrire les méthodes de diagnostic, de traitement et d’évaluation de la maitrise de l’ACOS dans la pratique clinique. Les pneumologues rapportent que le diagnostic devrait être basé sur les caractéristiques cliniques, les tests de fonction pulmonaire et l'intuition clinique du médecin. De plus, un corticostéroïde inhalé en combinaison et un bronchodilatateur inhalé à longue durée d’action devraient être introduits rapidement dans le plan de traitement. La deuxième étude a permis d’évaluer la fréquence des effets indésirables chez les patients MPOC/ACOS traités avec un bronchodilatateur inhalé à longue durée d’action. Cette étude démontre que les effets indésirables sont fréquents chez les patients MPOC/ACOS et que la sécheresse buccale et la gorge sèche sont les plus rapportés. Ces résultats démontrent que la mise en place de lignes directrices pour l’ACOS ainsi qu’une meilleure connaissance du profil de tolérance des bronchodilatateurs inhalés à longue durée d’action seraient bénéfiques pour les patientsAsthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are frequent in Canada with a prevalence of 8.4% among Canadians aged 12 and over for asthma and a prevalence of 5 to 15% among Canadians aged 35 to 79 years. Asthma and COPD can coexist in a patient and this Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) affects about 10% to 55% of COPD patients. To better understand this syndrome, two studies were designed and conducted. First, focus groups evaluated how pulmonologists diagnose and treat ACOS, and how they assess its control in routine clinical practice. The pulmonologists reported that the diagnosis must be based on clinical characteristics, pulmonary function tests, and clinical intuition. They also agreed that the treatment should target the features of both asthma and COPD. The second study assessed the prevalence of adverse events in COPD/ACOS patients on long-acting inhaled anticholinergics (LAAC) and β2-agonists (LABA) in a real-world setting. This study demonstrates that side effects are common among COPD/ACOS patients. Dry mouth and dry throat were the most reported side effects. These results demonstrate that more explicit guidelines for ACOS and a better understanding of the safety profile of long-acting bronchodilators would be beneficial for patients.
Books on the topic "Cold, adverse effects"
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C, Bangs Cameron, and Hayward John S, eds. Hypothermia, frostbite, and other cold injuries: Prevention, recognition, and prehospital treatment. Seattle, Wash: The Mountaineers, 1986.
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1949-, Rudge Janet, and Nicol F, eds. Cutting the cost of cold: Affordable warmth for healthier homes. London: E & FN Spon, 2000.
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Offit, Paul A. Breaking the antibiotic habit: A parent's guide to coughs, colds, ear infections, and sore throats. New York: John Wiley, 1999.
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Lobanov, Aleksey. Biomedical foundations of security. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1007643.
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The textbook discusses the threats and risks to life and health of people in post-industrial society. The role and place of medical and biological technologies in the system of ensuring the safety of the population of the Russian Federation are shown from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach.
Briefly, but quite informative, the structure of the human body and the principles of its functioning are described. The specificity and mechanism of toxic effects on humans of harmful substances, energy effects and combined action of the main damaging factors of sources of emergency situations of peace and war are shown.
The medical and biological aspects of ensuring the safety of human life in adverse environmental conditions, including in regions with hot and cold climates (Arctic) are considered. Means and methods of first aid to victims are shown. The questions of organization and carrying out of measures of medical support of the population in zones of emergency situations and the centers of defeat are covered.
Designed for students, students and cadets of educational institutions of higher education, studying under the bachelor's program. It can also be useful for teachers, researchers and a wide range of professionals engaged in practical work on the planning and organization of biomedical protection of the population.
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Lobanov, Aleksey. Medical and biological bases of safety. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1439619.
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The textbook considers the subject and tasks of the discipline, highlights the medical and biological foundations of ensuring human security in the conditions of natural, man-made and biological-social emergencies, as well as when using modern weapons of destruction by a probable enemy.
Briefly, but quite informative, the structure of the human body and the basics of its functioning are described. The specificity and mechanism of the toxic effect of harmful substances on a person, the energy effect and the combined effect of the main damaging factors of the sources of emergency situations of peacetime and wartime are shown. The article highlights the medical and biological aspects of ensuring the safe life of people in adverse environmental conditions, including in regions with hot and cold climates (the Arctic). The methods of forecasting and assessing the medical situation in emergency zones and lesions are presented.
The means and methods of medical and biological protection and first aid to the affected are shown. The main tasks and organizational structure of formations and institutions of the medical rescue service of the GO, the All-Russian Service of Disaster Medicine and medical formations of the EMERCOM of Russia are considered. Organizational issues of medical and biological protection in emergency situations are highlighted. The features of the organization of medical support for those affected by terrorist attacks are considered.
It is intended for students and cadets of educational institutions of higher education studying under the bachelor's degree program in the following areas of training: "Technosphere security", "Infocommunication technologies and communication systems", "Information systems and technologies", "State and municipal management", "Economics", "Mechatronics and robotics", "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes", "Informatics and computer engineering", "Air Navigation", "System analysis and management". It can also be useful for researchers and a wide range of specialists engaged in practical work on planning and organizing medical and biological protection of the population.
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Walking papers: The accident that changed my life and the business that got me back on my feet. New York: Hyperion, 2010.
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Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence, and Mizumura Kazue, eds. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.
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C, Bangs Cameron, Hayward John S, and Wilkerson James A, eds. Hypothermia, frostbite, and other cold injuries: Prevention, recognition, and pre-hospital treatment. Seattle, Wash: The Mountaineers, 1986.
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(Editor), Max Sturman, and JOSE Jr Gonzalez (Illustrator), eds. Never Get A Cold. Do It Naturally Foundation, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cold, adverse effects"
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Kirkpatrick, John P. "Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System." In ALERT • Adverse Late Effects of Cancer Treatment, 21–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75863-1_2.
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Breig, Alf. "Cord Incision Model for Visualization of Adverse Effects of Skull Traction and Ventroflexion of Cervical Spine." In Skull Traction and Cervical Cord Injury, 38–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22410-6_4.
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Ardito, Chiara, and Maria Fleischmann. "Health, Working Conditions and Retirement." In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 161–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_9.
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AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the working environment as determinant of retirement (section “Working Conditions as Determinants of Retirement”) and its role as mediator of the health effects of retirement (section “The Health Effect of Retirement”).In the first Section on “Working Conditions as Determinants of Retirement”, we summarize studies showing that having a good job is an important aspect of individuals’ retirement decisions. Mostly positive working conditions appear to contribute to individuals’ later retirement, but adverse working conditions not necessarily relate to earlier retirement. Moreover, adverse conditions can be buffered when combined with high job control, job resources or social support.In the Section on “The Health Effect of Retirement”, we focus on how retirement affects health in both theoretical and applied studies, suggesting that the inconclusiveness illustrated in theories is also evident in empirical work. Previous studies, however, vary largely regarding the adopted (1) health outcomes, (2) study designs, (3) definition of retirement and (4) the type of work performed before retirement. These four factors could explain the inconsistencies of the results. We finally focus on the latter factor, showing that the effect of retirement on health tends to be positive for workers retiring from low quality or more demanding jobs.Our chapter concludes with policy advices regarding how to promote longer and healthy working lives and a discussion of relevant groups to pay attention to.
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Erbe, Christine, Micheal L. Dent, William L. Gannon, Robert D. McCauley, Heinrich Römer, Brandon L. Southall, Amanda L. Stansbury, Angela S. Stoeger, and Jeanette A. Thomas. "The Effects of Noise on Animals." In Exploring Animal Behavior Through Sound: Volume 1, 459–506. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97540-1_13.
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AbstractThis chapter describes the effects of noise on animals in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Potential adverse effects cover a range of behavioral changes and physiological responses, including—in extreme cases—physical injury and death. The types and severity of effects are related to a number of noise features, including the received noise level and duration of exposure, but also depend upon contextual factors such as proximity, familiarity, and the behavioral state in which animals were exposed. The effects of anthropogenic noise on individual animals can escalate to the population level. Ultimately, species-richness and biodiversity in an ecosystem could be affected. However, our understanding of population-level effects and ecosystem interactions is limited, yet it is an active area of study. Given that noises of human origin can be controlled, there is the potential to mitigate any negative impacts by modifying noise source characteristics or operation schedules, finding alternative means to obtain operational goals of the noise source, or excluding biologically critical habitats or seasons.
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Bossi, Paolo, and Luigi Lorini. "Optimal Supportive Measures during Primary Treatment." In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology, 221–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63234-2_15.
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AbstractSupportive care during curative treatment of head and neck cancer patients has different scopes: reducing the burden of acute toxicities and limiting the risk of developing late adverse effects; increasing the quality of life of the patients; allowing to perform optimal curative therapy, maintaining treatment dose intensity; preventing higher grade toxicities so to reduce also the costs associated with hospitalization, examinations, visits and use of drugs. At the same time, it is necessary to give uniformity in the supportive care protocols, as these preventive and therapeutic measures may influence the results of oncological treatments and their efficacy should be evaluated in a consistent manner. Several preventive and therapeutic interventions are available, particularly in the context of chemoradiotherapy, where the adverse events are more prominent. An accurate evaluation of the patient and a tailored approach with preventative indications and therapeutic interventions represent key factors. This approach could be easily identified within a “simultaneous care” strategy, as the optimal supportive measures are provided concurrently to the best therapeutic approach since the beginning of the treatment.
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Airoboman, Abel Ehimen, Patience Ose Airoboman, and Felix Ayemere Airoboman. "Clean Energy Technology for the Mitigation of Climate Change: African Traditional Myth." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1279–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_65.
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AbstractThe global Anticipated Energy Transition Period (AETP) is one that all stakeholders must embrace with respect to curbing energy poverty, thereby addressing issues related to climate change especially in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. The region is endowed with abundant richer, cleaner, and affordable energy sources, majority of which has remained untapped due to many reasons, one of which is tied to the socio-cultural traditional beliefs and value systems of the citizens. This has forced majority of the inhabitants to continue to rely on the use of non-biodegradable materials for the purpose of cooking and many other activities. This value system, therefore, contributes to have had an adverse effect on the climate and also on the health of the citizens most of whom are women and children residing in rural areas. The outlook on the AETP, their effect on climate change, the use of Clean Energy Technology (CET) domestically, the various strata expected to come with the AETP, the socio-cultural dynamics in terms of acceptability by all (rural, peri-urban, and urban areas) is addressed in this chapter. The chapter concluded by designing a CET model that could assist in planning for the AETP and mitigating climate change.
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Bendimerad, Fouad. "The Role of Earthquake Insurance in Earthquake Risk Reduction and Resilience Building." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 277–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_12.
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AbstractResilience is defined as “The ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events” (US National Academies). Resilience has four pillars: • Anticipate: the ability to anticipate and reduce the impact of shocks through preparedness and planning, • Absorb the ability to absorb and cope with the impacts of shocks and stresses. • Adapt: the ability to change in response to multiple, long-term and future risks, and to learn and adjust after a shock materializes. • Transform: the ability to take deliberate steps to change the systems that create risk, vulnerability and or inequality. How does insurance intervene in building resilience? The outcome of insurance is to restore property and livelihoods in case of an adverse effect. It does that by providing a cash infusion into the socio-economic system of the affected communities immediately after the event. The cash is used to restore property and avoid interruption of commercial and industrial activity. Insurance also intervenes in terms of reducing impact of stresses (which are the more extensive types of risk) since it enables a system of “maintenance” by providing funds for recovery under minor but more frequent events. For most developing countries, governments have been the insurer of last resort when it comes to catastrophe risk (referred to as Cat Risk in the insurance industry). The reason is that level of cat insurance penetration in most developing countries is very low, sometimes lower than 1%. The assurance of government intervention coupled with the lack of effectiveness of the financial transaction associated with a traditional insurance policy negate any incentive for individuals to acquire a cat insurance policy. The Turkish Compulsory Insurance Program or TCIP is one of the early experiment to change that paradigm and to provide a meaningful role for cat insurance in emerging economies. After a slow start, TCIP has now developed the financial capacity and the spread of coverage to play a significant role both in the financing of risk but also in supporting earthquake risk reduction in Turkey. New cat insurance products based on parametric indexing have since emerged. These insurance products could further improve the efficiency of TCIP and other cat insurance pools by making them more attractive to individuals, thereby scaling up their contribution to building resilience.
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H, Anttonen, Niskanen J, Rautiainen A, and Rintamäki H. "PREVENTION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS OF COLD ON FOOD PROCESSING WORKERS BY INFRARED HEATERS." In Advances In Industrial Ergonomics And Safety V, 369–76. CRC Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482272413-52.
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Mathivanan, Sivaji. "Abiotic Stress-Induced Molecular and Physiological Changes and Adaptive Mechanisms in Plants." In Abiotic Stress in Plants. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93367.
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Abiotic stress is the primary cause of crop loss worldwide, reducing average yields for most major crop plants by more than 50%. Among abiotic stress, drought, salinity, high temperature, and cold are major adverse environmental factors that limit the crop production and productivity by inhibiting the genetic potential of the plant. So, it leads to complete change of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular behavior of the plants and modifies regular metabolism of life, thereby adversely affecting plant productivity. Major effects of the drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and cold stress are often interconnected and form similar cellular damage. To adopt plants with various abiotic stresses, plants can initiate a number of molecular, cellular, and physiological changes in its system. Sensors are molecules that perceive the initial stress signal from the outside of the plant system and initiate a signaling cascade to transmit the signal and activate nuclear transcription factors to induce the expression of specific sets of genes. Understanding this molecular and physiological basis of plant responses produced because of abiotic stress will help in molecular and modern breeding applications toward developing improved stress-tolerant crops. This review presents an overview and implications of physiological and molecular aspects of main abiotic stress, i.e., drought, heat, salt, and cold. Potential strategies to improve abiotic tolerance in crops are discussed.
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Yung, Yuk L., and William B. DeMore. "Earth: Human Impact." In Photochemistry of Planetary Atmospheres. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195105018.003.0013.
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For eons the global environment of the planet has shaped the biosphere, and has been in turn shaped by the biosphere. According to the Gaia hypothesis, the overall impact of the biosphere on the global environment has been beneficial for the development and sustenance of life. However, this harmonious relationship between the biosphere and the environment has been disturbed with the emergence of one species, Homo sapiens, in the biosphere in the last million years. Our species has the potential to cause major disruptions in the global environment, thus threatening the integrity of the biosphere and its own survival. Some of these adverse effects are already known. The crucial challenge facing the future of humanity is to achieve a fundamental understanding of the global environment and to arrive at a new harmony between ourselves and nature. The adverse impact of humans on the local environment has been known for some time in human history. Urban pollution is an ancient problem. Land degradation and destruction of natural habitats were the probable causes of the earliest recorded migration of the Chinese people during the Shang Dynasty around 1500 B.C. (about the time of Moses) in the valleys of the Yellow River. However, until recently there has been relatively little anthropogenic impact on the global environment. There are at least two major global environmental problems that have been identified to date: the CO2 greenhouse effect and the global ozone depletion. These problems lie at the heart of what makes Earth a habitable planet. As discussed in chapter 9, Earth's atmosphere is responsible for a greenhouse effect of about 30°C, without which the surface of the planet would be too cold to allow water to flow. A doubling of atmospheric CO2 would increase the mean surface temperature of the planet by 2-3 °C. There would also be major shifts in the patterns of precipitation. Although the anticipated climatic changes caused by CO2 are small compared to the variations in climate in the geological history of the planet, the rate of change is unprecedented and could result in major social and economical disruptions. As discussed in chapter 9, life on land became possible only after an ozone shield had developed. As far as we know, no advanced living organism can survive the harsh radiation environment on Earth's surface in the absence of this ultraviolet screen.
Conference papers on the topic "Cold, adverse effects"
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Li Ying and Zheng Boxun. "Northern cold winds in winter architecture design of optimal environmental adverse effects." In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Problems in Architecture and Construction. IET, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2011.1132.
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Ajiboye, Joseph S. "Effects of Deformation Speed and Type of Alloy on Friction and Lubrication by Tip Test." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34298.
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The tribological conditions in cold forging operations are extremely severe, especially with high ram speed, due to large surface expansion and normal pressure at the tool/workpiece interface. The effects of deformation velocity and type of alloy were determined in the two sets of experiments carried out in the present study. In the first set, two different deformation speeds of 0.1 and 1mm/s were used for the aluminum alloys of 6061-O, 1050-O and copper alloys tests. The results were further confirmed with the second sets of experiments using AA2024 and AA6061 and three deformation speeds of 0.1, 1 and 5mm/s to evaluate the performance of each lubricant under increasing ram speed. Four lubricants such as grease, corn oil, VG100 and VG32 were used. While all the lubricants show a reduction in maximum load with increasing deformation speed, grease shows a rise in the maximum load from zero to a maximum at a deformation speed of 1mm/s and then descends gradually to a minimum load at a speed of 5mm/s for AA2024-O and AA6061-O. Since the load reduction seen, with grease as lubricant, is probably due to thermal softening, it will not be considered a desirable lubricant under increasing deformation speed because of the adverse effects on the tooling. It is found that in choosing lubricant for cold forging operations the type of workpiece material and deformation speed should be properly considered. Of the liquid lubricants (corn oil, VG100 and VG32) considered, corn oil shows the best lubricant for cold forging operations of copper, aluminum 6061-O, 1050-O and 2024-0 under increasing speed magnitude.
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Deng, Zhong-Shan, and Jing Liu. "The Effects of Large Blood Vessels on Three-Dimensional Tissue Temperature Distributions During Electromagnetic Induced Nano-Hyperthermia: Numerical Simulation." In 2008 Second International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/micronano2008-70269.
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As is well known, the blood flowing through large blood vessels acts as a heat sink and plays an important role in affecting temperature profiles of heated tissues [1]. In hyperthermia, heating is usually limited to the tumor and a small margin of the surrounding tissue. Since the temperatures in the rest of the body remain normal, the blood that supplies the tumor will be relatively cold. Consequently, the blood flow inside a large vessel will represent a sink which cools the nearby heated tissues and then limits heating lesion during tumor hyperthermia. Under this adverse condition, a part of vital tumor cells may remain in the thermally lethal area and lead to recurrence of tumors after hyperthermia treatment. More specifically, tumor cell survival in the vicinity of large blood vessels is often correlated with tumor recurrence after thermal therapy. Therefore, it is difficult to implement an effective hyperthermia treatment when a tumor is contiguous to a large blood vessel or such vessel transits the tumor. How to totally destroy tumor cells in the vicinity of large blood vessels has been a major challenge in hyperthermia [2].
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Garcia, Carlos D., Raudel O. Avila, and Pavana Prabhakar. "Arctic Exposure Studies of Vinyl Foams for Sandwich Composites." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66294.
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Sea water and cold temperatures appear to have an adverse effect on naval materials resulting in the degradation of their mechanical properties. In this paper, the effects of sea water absorption and arctic conditioning have on the mechanical properties of divinycell foams are discussed. For this study, moisture absorption was periodically measured until weight gain equilibrium or saturation was reached for samples submerged in sea water and deionized water. Diffusivities and saturation values were obtained from moisture uptake curves. It was observed that the moisture content was higher for the vinyl foam samples submerged in deionized water compared to the samples submerged in synthetic sea water. Diffusivities were 9.227E-06 mm2sec and 1.390E-05 mm2sec for deionized water and sea water conditioning, respectively. Flexural and compression tests were then conducted on conditioned samples to compare their response against non-exposed samples. Experimental findings showed degradation in the flexural modulus and the compressive modulus for saturated wet samples and arctic-dry samples. This occurrence can be observed in both tests with more prominent reduction in its flexural modulus for arctic-dry samples and in compression for submerged in deionized water samples. Such a reduction is attributed to the degradation caused by the water, both deionized water and sea water, in the form of surface damage to specimens.
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James, Sagil, and Shayan Nejadian. "Preliminary Study on High-Speed Machining of Hybrid Composite Stacks Using Nanoparticle Enhanced MQL." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8523.
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Abstract Hybrid composite stacks are multi-material laminates which find extensive applications in industries such as aerospace, automobile, and electronics. Most hybrid composites consist of multi-layer fiber composites, and metal sheets stacked together. These composite stacks have excellent physical and mechanical properties, including high strength, high hardness, high stiffness, excellent fatigue resistance, and low thermal expansion. Composite stacks are fabricated to near net shape; additional machining operations are often required for several applications, primarily in the aerospace industry. The most frequent machining operation is high-speed cold saw cutting of these hybrid stacks within specified tolerances. During the cutting process, the cutting fluids play a significant role by reducing the cutting temperature and cutting forces, thereby increasing the surface quality finish of the hybrid composite stack. However, most of the cutting fluids pose environmental and health risks. Recently, researchers have been exploring the possibilities of using MQL to overcome the adverse effects of traditional cutting fluids. This research investigates MQL based cutting of hybrid composite stacks using different types of nanoparticle-enhanced vegetable oils. Specifically, the nanoparticles of choice that have found extensive popularity within the booming nano industry: Al2O3, Al(s), Ni(s), and Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs). For this study, CFRP/Al and CFRP/Ti composite stacks are used as the substrates. The effects of critical process parameters on the quality, surface roughness, and interface delamination of the composite materials are studied. The process parameters under consideration include the type of vegetable oils utilized, namely, jojoba and castor oil, the nanoparticle-enhancement effects, and the construction of the hybrid composite stack. From the results of this study, it is found that the chemistry between the MQL of choice and the dispersion of the nanoparticles is of critical importance. The results of this study are expected to open new possibilities for eco-friendly and cost-effective methods for cold saw cutting advanced engineering materials.
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Andichamy, Veerandra C., Gohar T. Khokhar, and Cengiz Camci. "An Experimental Study of Using Vortex Generators As Tip Leakage Flow Interrupters in an Axial Flow Turbine Stage." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76994.
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The flow leaking through the gap between rotor blade tips and casing surface in a turbine stage is an important source of energy loss. The current study uses a new concept named as Tip Leakage Interrupters (TLI) to mitigate some of the adverse effects of the tip leakage flows and improve the efficiency of an axial turbine stage. The TLIs are a system of vortex generators attached onto the suction side of the turbine blade tip. The TLI design was developed in a proof of concept effort and they operate by inducing controlled vortical structures originating from strategically shaped/oriented multiple and sub-miniature vortex generators. These induced vortical structures, when properly interact with the tip leakage vortex reduce the damaging aerodynamic effects of the leakage flow. The TLIs in this investigation were mounted near the suction side corner of turbine blade tips rotating in a single-stage cold-flow turbine facility. In this investigation, three different parameters such as the mounting location of TLI on the airfoil tip region, the number of TLIs mounted and the specific orientation of TLI were varied. The TLI mounted near the minimum pressure point on the suction side of the blade generated the largest vortical structure that is counter rotating to the leakage vortex system and hence had the greatest effect in reducing the strength of the leakage vortex. Adding more TLIs on the blade suction surface was found to improve the tip leakage mitigation effort. The study showed that changing the specific orientation of the TLI with respect to the incoming flow drastically changes the rotational direction of the vortex it generates and its nature of interaction with the leakage vortex.
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Malik, M. Afzaal, Syed Adnan Qasim, Mumtaz Ali Khan, and Riaz A. Mufti. "Modeling of Shear Heating in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Piston Skirts by Considering Different Viscosity Oils in Initial Engine Start Up." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38448.
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The presence of fully established elastohydrodynamic lubricating (EHL) film between piston skirt and cylinder liner during normal engine operation prevents adhesive wear, piston noise and slap. The absence of EHL in the initial engine start up fails to prevent the same. During normal engine operation, thermal loading due to combustion dominates piston skirts lubrication. However, in a few initial cold engine start up cycles, shear heating may be assumed to considerably affect the lubricant viscosity and other characteristics. This study undertakes a 2-D EHL modeling of piston lubrication by incorporating shear heating effects due to lubricant flow between skirts and liner surfaces. The EHL film profile is predicted by solving the 2-D Reynolds equation using inverse solution technique and the finite difference method in fully flooded lubrication conditions. The temperature distribution within oil film is given by using the 2-D transient thermal energy equation with heat generated by viscous heating. The numerical analysis is based on energy equation having adiabatic conduction and convective heat transfer with no source term effects. The study is extended to a number of engine lubricants having different viscosities to investigate the extent of adverse effects due to temperature rise on load carrying capacity of lubricants. Numerical simulations show that piston eccentricities, film thickness profiles, hydrodynamic and EHL pressures visibly change when using different viscosity grade engine lubricants. This study suggests that a lubricant of appropriate viscosity can be optimized keeping in view the vulnerability of piston skirts and cylinder liner to adhesive wear at the time of initial engine start up.
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He, Weifeng, Yiping Dai, and Qingzhong Ma. "Numerical Investigation and Performance Optimization of an Air-Cooled Steam Condenser Cell Under Ambient Conditions." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46030.
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Air-cooled steam condensers (ACSCs) are so sensitive to the unpredictable ambient conditions that it is quite necessary to find the mechanism how the ambient conditions get into reaction and reasonable measurements can be employed to improve the performance. The numerical model of an ACSC cell is established in the paper. The influence of the ambient conditions on the performance of the ACSC cell is investigated, and the final stable back pressure (absolute pressure) the ACSC cell operates at is forecasted. Finally, wind wall is equipped to change the flow field around the ACSC cell and the performance is optimized. Aerodynamic characteristic of the ACSC cell is simulated by employing the FAN boundary and porous media model in FLUENT. User Define Function (UDF) based on the actual steam property is loaded to simulate the condensation of the steam in the exchangers. The flow field around the ACSC cell varies with the different wind speeds and directions. As a result, the fan volumetric effectiveness and the exchanger performance both decrease under high wind speed and adverse wind direction. Wind temperature gets into reaction mainly because it changes the cold side temperature of the exchangers. Under high wind temperature, the reduced temperature difference decreases the heat transfer rate between the exhaust steam and the ambient air. The equipped wind wall successfully reduces the hot air recirculation (HAR) although the fan performance is also affected due to the gathering effect between the wind wall and heat exchangers, and the performance of the ACSC cell is significantly improved under the dual effects.
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Furian, Michael, Mona Lichtblau, Sayaka S. Aeschbacher, Maya Bisang, Sara E. Hartmann, Marc Poulin, Tsogyal D. Latshang, et al. "Altitude related adverse health effects in lowlanders with COPD travelling to 3200m." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa2204.
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Sevik, A., T. Gaisl, L. Graf, S. Ulrich, K. E. Bloch, M. Lichtblau, and M. Furian. "Arterial oxygen partial pressure and adverse health effects in COPD at altitude." In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.788.
Full textReports on the topic "Cold, adverse effects"
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Halevy, Orna, Sandra Velleman, and Shlomo Yahav. Early post-hatch thermal stress effects on broiler muscle development and performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597933.bard.
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In broilers, the immediate post-hatch handling period exposes chicks to cold or hot thermal stress, with potentially harmful consequences to product quantity and quality that could threaten poultry meat marketability as a healthy, low-fat food. This lower performance includes adverse effects on muscle growth and damage to muscle structure (e.g., less protein and more fat deposition). A leading candidate for mediating the effects of thermal stress on muscle growth and development is a unique group of skeletal muscle cells known as adult myoblasts (satellite cells). Satellite cells are multipotential stem cells that can be stimulated to follow other developmental pathways, especially adipogenesis in lieu of muscle formation. They are most active during the first week of age in broilers and have been shown to be sensitive to environmental conditions and nutritional status. The hypothesis of the present study was that immediate post-hatch thermal stress would harm broiler growth and performance. In particular, growth characteristics and gene expression of muscle progenitor cells (i.e., satellite cells) will be affected, leading to increased fat deposition, resulting in long-term changes in muscle structure and a reduction in meat yield. The in vitro studies on cultured satellite cells derived from different muscle, have demonstrated that, anaerobic pectoralis major satellite cells are more predisposed to adipogenic conversion and more sensitive during myogenic proliferation and differentiation than aerobic biceps femoris cells when challenged to both hot and cold thermal stress. These results corroborated the in vivo studies, establishing that chronic heat exposure of broiler chicks at their first two week of life leads to impaired myogenicity of the satellite cells, and increased fat deposition in the muscle. Moreover, chronic exposure of chicks to inaccurate temperature, in particular to heat vs. cold, during their early posthatch periods has long-term effects of BW, absolute muscle growth and muscle morphology and meat quality. The latter is manifested by higher lipid and collagen deposition and may lead to the white striping occurrence. The results of this study emphasize the high sensitivity of muscle progenitor cells in the early posthatch period at a time when they are highly active and therefore the importance of rearing broiler chicks under accurate ambient temperatures. From an agricultural point of view, this research clearly demonstrates the immediate and long-term adverse effects on broiler muscling and fat formation due to chronic exposure to hot stress vs. cold temperatures at early age posthatch. These findings will aid in developing management strategies to improve broiler performance in Israel and the USA. BARD Report - Project4592 Page 2 of 29
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Huang, Houqiang, Min Huang, Qi Chen, Mark Hayter, and Roger Hayter. Health-related Serious Games on the Rehabilitation for Patients with COPD: Systematic Review Protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0062.
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Review question / Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to identify effectiveness and patients’ demand on serious games for COPD patients as well as to recognize potential research gaps in this area by synthesizing and appraising studies examining effects of serious games on COPD patients. Eligibility criteria: OutcomesThe outcomes that include health-related endpoints such as pulmonary function, exercise capacity, dyspnea, compliance, or adverse effects, will be enrolled.Further inclusion criteriaStudies must be peer-reviewed and be in English or Chinese.Exclusion criteriaStudies will be excluded for the following reasons: (1) duplicate records;, (2) studies focused on measurement; diagnostic methods, serious game theory or game development; and (3) conference abstracts or studies that cannot find out full texts.
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Hernández, Juan. Open configuration options Selection Advantage of Corporate Venture Capitalists and Its Welfare Effects. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003983.
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We develop a theoretical framework for corporate ventures where corporations' know-how gives them an advantage over regular financiers in identifying profitable projects. Corporations and venture capitalists compete to fund entrepreneurs in an environment featuring risk, adverse selection, and limited liability. The expected surplus of each project is independent of the financier and the efficient scale of each project differs among entrepreneurs. We characterize the optimal financial contracts arising in equilibrium and use this characterization to explore the effect corporations' knowledge has in this environment. We show that the presence of corporations in the financial market could be detrimental to welfare when corporations' selection advantage is small. When large, corporate venture capitalists' knowledge reduces the extensive margin inefficiency arising from adverse selection, meaning less socially inefficient projects are enacted. We also show that increasing the depth or breadth of corporations' knowledge leads to higher aggregate gains.
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Adelaja, Adesoji, Justin George, Thomas Jayne, Milu Muyanga, Titus Awokuse, Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie, and Adebayo B. Aromolaran. Role of Resilience Factors in Mitigating the Negative Effects of Conflict on Land Expansion. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.010.
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Shocks and stresses from natural disasters, climate change, economic volatility, armed conflicts and political instability could hinder expansion efforts by smallholder farms (SHFs). The application of the resilience concept as a mitigator of the impacts of such shocks on land expansion by farmers is an important developmental challenge. In this paper, we hypothesise that the resilience capacity of SHFs mitigate the adverse effects of conflict shocks and examine how assets, off-farm income, access to social safety nets, and education level of the household lead contribute to household-level resilience to armed conflicts.
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Li, Peng, Na jia, Bing Liu, and Qing He. Effect of cardiac shock wave therapy on adverse cardiovascular event for patients with coronary artery disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0103.
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Review question / Objective: We have previously demonstrated that cardiac shock wave therapy (CSWT) effectively improves myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we want to address whether CSWT could decrease the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in CAD patients unsuitable for revascularization. Eligibility criteria: Trials are considered eligible if they meet these criteria: (1) patients included are diagnosed as refractory angina or ischemic heart failure; (2) the study i a randomized controlled trial (RCT) or a prospective cohort study; (3) intervention consisted of CSWT; (4) patients in the control group are treated with optimal medical therapy, (5)the primary outcome of interest Is rate of MACE. Exclusion criteria were (1) patients with acute myocardial infarction, (2) repeated CSWT, (3) with coronary artery revascularization, (4) without primary outcome, (5) retrospective study, and (6)duplicated data.
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Selph, Shelly S., Andrea C. Skelly, Ngoc Wasson, Joseph R. Dettori, Erika D. Brodt, Erik Ensrud, Diane Elliot, et al. Physical Activity and the Health of Wheelchair Users: A Systematic Review in Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy, and Spinal Cord Injury. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer241.
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Objectives. Although the health benefits of physical activity are well described for the general population, less is known about the benefits and harms of physical activity in people dependent upon, partially dependent upon, or at risk for needing a wheelchair. This systematic review summarizes the evidence for physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury regardless of current use or nonuse of a wheelchair. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase®, and Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Source from 2008 through November 2020, reference lists, and clinical trial registries. Review methods. Predefined criteria were used to select randomized controlled trials, quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and cohort studies that addressed the benefits and harms of observed physical activity (at least 10 sessions on 10 different days of movement using more energy than rest) in participants with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury. Individual study quality (risk of bias) and the strength of bodies of evidence for key outcomes were assessed using prespecified methods. Dual review procedures were used. Effects were analyzed by etiology of impairment and physical activity modality, such as treadmill, aquatic exercises, and yoga, using qualitative, and when appropriate, quantitative synthesis using random effects meta-analyses. Results. We included 146 randomized controlled trials, 15 quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and 7 cohort studies (168 studies in 197 publications). More studies enrolled participants with multiple sclerosis (44%) than other conditions, followed by cerebral palsy (38%) and spinal cord injury (18%). Most studies were rated fair quality (moderate risk of bias). The majority of the evidence was rated low strength. • In participants with multiple sclerosis, walking ability may be improved with treadmill training and multimodal exercise regimens that include strength training; function may be improved with treadmill training, balance exercises, and motion gaming; balance is likely improved with postural control exercises (which may also reduce risk of falls) and may be improved with aquatic exercises, robot-assisted gait training, treadmill training, motion gaming, and multimodal exercises; activities of daily living may be improved with aquatic therapy; sleep may be improved with aerobic exercises; aerobic fitness may be improved with multimodal exercises; and female sexual function may be improved with aquatic exercise. • In participants with cerebral palsy, balance may be improved with hippotherapy and motion gaming, and function may be improved with cycling, treadmill training, and hippotherapy. • In participants with spinal cord injury, evidence suggested that activities of daily living may be improved with robot-assisted gait training. • When randomized controlled trials were pooled across types of exercise, physical activity interventions were found to improve walking in multiple sclerosis and likely improve balance and depression in multiple sclerosis. Physical activity may improve function and aerobic fitness in people with cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury. When studies of populations with multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy were combined, evidence indicated dance may improve function. • Evidence on long-term health outcomes was not found for any analysis groups. For intermediate outcomes such as blood pressure, lipid profile, and blood glucose, there was insufficient evidence from which to draw conclusions. There was inadequate reporting of adverse events in many trials. Conclusions. Physical activity was associated with improvements in walking ability, general function, balance (including fall risk), depression, sleep, activities of daily living, female sexual function, and aerobic capacity, depending on population enrolled and type of exercise utilized. No studies reported long-term cardiovascular or metabolic disease health outcomes. Future trials could alter these findings; further research is needed to examine health outcomes, and to understand the magnitude and clinical importance of benefits seen in intermediate outcomes.
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DiGrande, Laura, Christine Bevc, Jessica Williams, Lisa Carley-Baxter, Craig Lewis-Owen, and Suzanne Triplett. Pilot Study on the Experiences of Hurricane Shelter Evacuees. RTI Press, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.rr.0035.1909.
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Community members who evacuate to shelters may represent the most socially and economically vulnerable group within a hurricane’s affected geographic area. Disaster research has established associations between socioeconomic conditions and adverse effects, but data are overwhelmingly collected retrospectively on large populations and lack further explication. As Hurricane Florence approached North Carolina in September 2018, RTI International developed a pilot survey for American Red Cross evacuation shelter clients. Two instruments, an interviewer-led paper questionnaire and a short message service (SMS text) questionnaire, were tested. A total of 200 evacuees completed the paper survey, but only 34 participated in the SMS text portion of the study. Data confirmed that the sample represented very marginalized coastline residents: 60 percent were unemployed, 70 percent had no family or friends to stay with during evacuation, 65 percent could not afford to evacuate to another location, 36 percent needed medicine/medical care, and 11 percent were homeless. Although 19 percent of participants had a history of evacuating for prior hurricanes/disasters and 14 percent had previously utilized shelters, we observed few associations between previous experiences and current evacuation resources, behaviors, or opinions about safety. This study demonstrates that, for vulnerable populations exposed to storms of increasing intensity and frequency, traditional survey research methods are best employed to learn about their experiences and needs.
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Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, Ann-Britt Florin, Ronny Fredriksson, Susanna Fredriksson, Patrik Kraufvelin, et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Edited by Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström, and Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.
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Perrault, Anne, and Stephen Leonard. The Green Climate Fund: Accomplishing a Paradigm Shift? Rights and Resources Initiative, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/mkmz2578.
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The Green Climate Fund (GCF), established in 2010 at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is now the world’s largest climate financing institution. It has a current investment portfolio of 43 approved projects totaling around US$2 billion, and has 48 Accredited Entities (AEs) to support implementation, including UN agencies, banks, NGOs, and private companies. Through its investments, the GCF aims to achieve a paradigm shift in developing countries, toward low-emissions development and climate resilience. GCF investments must indicate whether and how they could impact Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and women who are most at risk from the adverse effects of climate change (e.g. via environmental and social management plans). These goals, however, are currently being challenged by inadequacies in the Fund’s policies and frameworks. GCF safeguards fail to recognize the critical contributions of rural peoples to the maintenance of ecosystem services that are essential to international climate and development objectives, and to offer adequate protection for their land and resource rights. Drawing on international standards and GCF policy documents, this report traces the adequacy and implementation effectiveness of the Fund’s current institutional frameworks across a representative sample of approved projects. Noting critical gaps in nearly every aspect of the Fund’s operational modalities and project approval processes, the report calls on the GCF to take progressive steps to make Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ rights a key part of its climate actions going forward.
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Mäkelä, Antti, Tapio Tourula, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Pauli Jokinen, Terhi Laurila, Ari-Juhani Punkka, Minna Huuskonen, Tuomo Brgman, and Hannu Valta. Climate change impacts to the security of supply. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361645.
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Serious disruptions and exceptional circumstances for society, that the society tries to prepare for and act in them are at the center of security of supply. Current examples are the COVID pandemic and the ongoing energy crisis for which Finland's security of supply has also been strongly highlighted. Disturbances can also be caused by weather phenomena: in Finland, such examples are windstorms, severe thunderstorms, floods, and droughts, which can, at least in principle, paralyze the society. It is possible to prepare for the impacts of weather phenomena, but the ongoing rapid climate change makes it more complicated. Some of the weather phenomena that cause impacts are fast and violent (e.g. intense thunderstorms) and some occur more slowly (e.g. long heat waves), and climate change affects the phenomena in different ways. In this work, the estimated impacts of climate change on Finland's security of supply were investigated. The starting point was to gain an understanding of which weather phenomena and weather situations are central to security of supply and which sectors of security of supply are the most vulnerable. The work constituted of workshops and expert interviews organized with the National Emergency Supply Agency. In addition to the interviews, the work covered past significant weather situations in Finland that are known to have had significant societal impacts. Information was also extracted from recent literature, especially regarding the vulnerabilities and adaptability of different sectors in Finland. Estimates of the climate change impacts on the identified phenomena were combined with the collected information, resulting in a first understanding of how climate change affects Finland's security of supply. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the impacts of climate change on security of supply are quite complex, especially due to the wide spectrum of weather phenomena and their different impact mechanisms. In addition, the matter becomes more complicated by the fact that there is no clear distinction of what weather phenomenon actually is critical to security of supply and what is not. For example, could the increasing adverse impacts on health care due to the increasingly common heat conditions reach a serious societal disturbance situation at some point, if it is not sufficiently prepared in advance? Another key result is that in terms of security of supply, the direct effects of climate change are very small in Finland compared to many other countries. Although the climate in Finland has already changed considerably and will continue to change in the future, the biggest impacts to security of supply seem to be reflected from elsewhere: the experts of the National Emergency Supply Agency consider the worst situation to be a lack of food, water and habitable living environment in the world, which would also be reflected to Finland. Among the sectors, food/water and energy supply and logistics are perceived as the most vulnerable. The work mainly focused on the direct effects of climate change, i.e. the effects of climate change on the occurrence of various weather phenomena. However, the work also considers to some extent indirect effects, i.e. those reflected from other parts of the world, and transitional effects that result from climate change mitigation measures, especially from the rapid energy transition.