Academic literature on the topic 'Cold provocation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Cold provocation"

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JOHANSSON, Å., M. BENDE, E. MILLQVIST, and B. BAKE. "Nasobronchial relationship after cold air provocation." Respiratory Medicine 94, no. 11 (November 2000): 1119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/rmed.2000.0924.

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Shea, Michael J., John E. Deanfield, Christian M. deLandsheere, Richard A. Wilson, Malcolm Kensett, and Andrew P. Selwyn. "Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia following cold provocation." American Heart Journal 114, no. 3 (September 1987): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(87)90740-x.

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Ghaffari, Samad, and Leili Pourafkari. "Coronary spasm provocation with cold pressor test." Internal and Emergency Medicine 5, no. 6 (April 22, 2010): 559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-010-0386-5.

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Kim, Young Hyo, and Tae Young Jang. "Cold Dry Air Provocation for Detecting Nasal Hyperreactivity." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 143, no. 2_suppl (August 2010): P271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2010.06.578.

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Strzelecki, M., M. Strąkowska, R. Strąkowski, and A. Kaszuba. "Cold Provocation and Active Thermography in Medical Screening." Computational Methods in Science and Technology 23, no. 1 (March 29, 2017): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12921/cmst.2017.0000007.

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Kim, Young Hyo, and Tae Young Jang. "Nasal Provocation Test Using Allergen Extract versus Cold Dry Air Provocation Test: Which and When?" American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 27, no. 2 (March 2013): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3870.

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Voelter-Mahlknecht, Susanne, Stephan Letzel, and Heinrich Dupuis. "Diagnostic significance of cold provocation test at 12°C." Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 10, no. 6 (November 2005): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02898200.

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Kim, Young Hyo, and Tae Young Jang. "Usefulness of the Subjective Cold Hyperresponsiveness Scale as Evaluated by Cold Dry Air Provocation." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 26, no. 1 (January 2012): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3694.

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Maurer, M., F. Siebenhaar, F. Degener, T. Zuberbier, and P. Martus. "Up-dosing of Desloratadine Reduces Cold Provocation Test Responses in Patients with Cold Urticaria." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 121, no. 3 (March 2008): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.01.050.

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Dupuis, Heinrich. "Thermographic assessment of skin temperature during a cold provocation test." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 13, no. 4 (August 1987): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2029.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cold provocation"

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Leijon, Sundqvist Katarina. "Evaluation of hand skin temperature -Infrared thermography in combination with cold stress tests." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Medicinsk vetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63216.

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Abstract Since ancient times, warm or cold skin on the human body has been used as a parameter in evaluating health. Changes in body temperature are attributed to diseases or disorders. The assessment of body temperature is often performed to measure fever by detecting an elevated core temperature. With techniques such as infrared thermography, it is possible to perform a non-contact temperature measurement on a large surface area. The overall aim of this thesis was to contribute to a better understanding of the hand skin temperature variability in healthy persons and in persons experiencing whitening fingers (WF). The enclosed four papers discuss issues such as thermal variability response to cold stress test (CST) in repeated investigations; the specific rewarming pattern after CST; the difference between the hand’s palmar and dorsal temperatures; and evaluating skin temperatures and response to CST in participants with WF and healthy participants. All four papers used an experimental approach involving healthy males (I-III) and females (III) as well as individuals with (IV) and without WF (I-IV). Data were generated using dynamic infrared imaging before and after a CST. The radiometric images were analyzed using image analysis and statistics. The study showed that: (I) there is variability in hand skin temperature; (II) there are cold and warm hand skin temperature response patterns; (III) the skin temperatures on the palmar and dorsal sides of the hand are closely related; and (IV) a baseline hand skin temperature measurement can distinguish between whitening fingers and controls. The conclusion of this thesis is that it is necessary to engage in thorough planning before an investigation in order to choose the most adequate method for evaluating peripheral skin temperature response depending on the question asked.
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Books on the topic "Cold provocation"

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Griffin, M. J. Cold provocation tests for the diagnosis of vibration-induced white finger: Standardisation and repeatability. [Sudbury]: HSE Books, 1998.

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The United States and the end of the cold war: Implications, reconsiderations, provocations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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Gaddis, John Lewis. The United States and the end of the cold war: Implications, reconsiderations, provocations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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Os, Henk. St Francis for Protestants. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985025.

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Lorenzo Monaco's striking fifteenth-century portrayal of the stigmatisation of St. Francis was once owned by the art collector Otto Lanz. What prompted Lanz to buy Monaco's painting in the 1920s? Was it simply because he saw it as a beautiful, unique work of art? Or was there something more-could Lanz have been drawn in by the mystical experience that the painting depicts? In this essay, Henk van Os attempts to uncover the motivation for Otto Lanz's purchase, in the process raising provocative questions about our relationship to religious art in a more secular era.
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Health & Safety Commission. Cold Provocation Tests. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 1998.

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Patton, Raymond A. Prophets of Postmodern Provocation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872359.003.0003.

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This chapter situates the rise of punk in the avant-garde artistic networks that spanned the First, Second, and Third Worlds of the Cold War era. It examines the roles of UK punk impresario Malcolm McLaren, who launched the Sex Pistols, and Polish punk impresario Henryk Gajewski, and the mutual interest between burgeoning punks and international art circles involved in avant-garde art movements such as Pop Art and Fluxus. It shows how punk evolved in dialogue with the wider phenomenon of postmodernism, challenging conventional metanarratives structuring the social order, blurring genres, and striking down the boundaries between art and everyday life.
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The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations. Oxford University Press, USA, 1994.

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Romer, Stephen, ed. French Decadent Tales. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199569274.001.0001.

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‘He had become the dandy of the unpredictable.’ A quest for new sensations, and an avowed desire to shock possessed the Decadent writers of fin-de-siècle Paris. The years 1880–1900 saw an extraordinary, hothouse flowering of talent, that produced some of the most exotic, stylized, and cerebral literature in the French language. While ‘Decadence’ was a European movement, its epicentre was the French capital. On the eve of Freud’s early discoveries, writers such as Gourmont, Lorrain, Maupassant, Mirbeau, Richepin, Schwob, and Villiers engaged in a species of wild analysis of their own, perfecting the art of short fiction as they did so. Death and Eros haunt these pages, and a polymorphous perversity by turns hilarious and horrifying. Their stories teem with addicts, maniacs, and murderers as they strive to outdo each other. This newly translated selection brings together the very best writing of the period, from lesser known figures as well as famous names. Provocative and unsettling, these extraordinary, corrosive little tales continue to cast a cold eye on the modern world.
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Condry, Ian. Japanese Rappers, 9/11, and Soft Power. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040832.003.0025.

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This essay focuses on Japanese rappers but also explores arguably anti-American sentiments in popular culture otherwise seen as American. Condry is interested in the way Japanese rappers can be very provocative while simultaneously not being easily categorized as either “pro-Japanese” or “anti-American.” Instead he finds that they struggle to define an ethical politics across national boundaries. This essay exemplifies the ways that popular culture can be a vehicle for soft power, but makes a point of showing that it would be a mistake to view the spread of U.S. popular culture styles in itself as an effective national tool in world politics. Condry includes examples from Japanese rap musicians’ portrayals of 9/11 and the Iraq War. They may love hip-hop music and culture but still view U.S. government policies with skepticism. Provocatively, the essay asks how the analysis of soft power might be transformed if, instead of focusing on how American or Japanese soft power could be heightened, we instead asked how transnational goals of human rights, environmental protection, and fair trade (among others) could be made more “attractive” to the world as a whole.
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Reiser, Dana Brakman, and Steven A. Dean. Prioritizing Mission with a Mission-Protected Hybrid. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190249786.003.0003.

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This chapter describes how state legislatures could create a legal form of organization to brand trustworthy social enterprises. It identifies the two key components of such an organizational form, and explains how to implement them. It asserts that to brand adopting entities as trustworthy social enterprises, statutes must mandate that they prioritize social good. This will distinguish adopting entities from traditional for-profits and nonprofits, and enable reliable enforcement by identifying their primary objective. The chapter also argues that an effective legal form must contain multiple layers of enforcement. Along with adaptations of familiar disclosure requirements and litigation rights, it proposes a provocative new enforcement tool. If a social enterprise sheds the new form prematurely, or fails to meet its requirements, a percentage of its assets would be directed to a charity. Accepting the diversion of organizational assets to a mission-driven counterpart powerfully signals entrepreneurs’ and investors’ commitment.
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Book chapters on the topic "Cold provocation"

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Castillo, Greg. "Housing as Transnational Provocation in Cold War Berlin." In Transnationalism and the German City, 125–39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137390172_8.

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Wiseman, Geoffrey. "The End of the Cold War in Europe." In Concepts of Non-Provocative Defence, 109–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596375_6.

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Tromly, Benjamin. "From Revolution to Provocation." In Cold War Exiles and the CIA, 169–91. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840404.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 examines the CIA espionage and psychological-warfare operations against the USSR that involved the most important and most controversial Russian exile organization, the People’s Labor Alliance. Operations to infiltrate agents directly into the USSR by plane ended in fiasco due to Soviet counterintelligence, which thwarted the NTS operations and pursued measures to penetrate and subvert the émigré organization from within. In response, the CIA turned to a strategy of utilizing the NTS as an instrument of psychological warfare, spreading disinformation about the exiles in order to incite the Soviet state into costly countermeasures. Such an effort to manipulate the fiction of émigré political influence demonstrated the increasingly complex and marginal-gains nature of Cold War competition between intelligence agencies.
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Cole, Joshua. "The Agitator." In Lethal Provocation, 202–28. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739415.003.0014.

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This chapter explores the evidence that Mohamed El Maadi, who was later a member of a right-wing terrorist group known as the Cagoule in 1937-1939, and an enthusiastic supporter of the Vichy Regime’s anti-Jewish policy during World War 2, was one of the primary agitators of the violence in Constantine in August 1934. The chapter cites evidence from the police archives from both Paris and Algeria, suggesting that the police themselves were convinced that El Maadi was involved, though they never spoke of this publicly. These documents reinforce the original conclusion of the Police Mobile that a small group of agitators could have incited and participated in at least 16 and perhaps as many as 20 of the 25 Jews who were killed on August 5, 1934.
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Peterson, James W. "The Cold War root of post-Cold War tension: duality of détente in the 1970s and neo-Cold War in the 1980s." In Russian-American Relations in the Post-Cold War World. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105783.003.0003.

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During the late Cold War there was a serious effort by leaders in both capitals to defuse the tension and conflict that characterized their relationship during the 1950s and 60s. Commitments by both sides to the details of soft power approaches such as negotiating arms agreements such as SALT and the Helsinki Accords eased the climate of hostility somewhat, while the rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev, with his emphasis on perestroika and other aspects of reform, resulted in considerable retraction of the Soviet military both in size and from various points of involvement such as Afghanistan. However, there was usually either continuing underlying neo-Cold War tension between the two or vacillation between steps forward and backward. The initial Soviet move into Afghanistan combined with emergence of Marxist forces in locations such as Nicaragua kept American leaders in a state of military readiness. Provocative moves such as the build-up of the American nuclear arsenal under President Reagan in the 1980s were combatitive in tone with regard to Soviet leaders. Thus, positive and negative features combined in an uneasy mix at the end of the Cold War.
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Austen, Jane. "Chapter III." In Emma. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199535521.003.0024.

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Emma could not forgive her;—but as neither provocation nor resentment were discerned by Mr. Knightley, who had been of the party, and had seen only proper attention and pleasing behaviour on each side, he was expressing the next morning, being at Hartfield again on...
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Peterson, James W. "Conclusion: theoretical approaches and a path from the Crimea to stability." In Russian-American Relations in the Post-Cold War World. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105783.003.0012.

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In terms of the ten theoretical approaches presented in Chapter One, the balance of power model carried the most explanatory force in tracing the evolution of the Russian-American relationship. The multipolar model also was strong in depicting the impact on Russian-American relations by other interested states, and it also is useful in studying the impact of that relationship on other nations and their leaders. Further, realism is the best theoretical tool in characterizing motives behind many policy initiatives of the two states. As a result, there were many points at which erosion in the relationship occurred. Their very different reactions to the Syrian civil war was one major example, but so also were continuing military provocations. Russians carried out numerous military exercises in very sensitive border regions, while the West was able to use NATO capabilittes to set up deterrents to Russian ambitions. However, convergence between the two did occur in some ways. Russian-American diplomatic tactics were minimal but meaningful, while President Putin also reached out in unexpected ways to nations such as Iran and Greece. American contacts were those of reassurance to Ukraine and the anxious states in the Baltic region as well as Poland.
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Orrells, Daniel. "Decadent aesthetics and Richard Marsh’s The Mystery of Philip Bennion’s Death." In Richard Marsh, popular fiction and literary culture, 1890-1915. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526124340.003.0010.

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Richard Marsh’s fiction made a significant contribution to the arguments that circulated during the 1890s about aesthetics and the commodification of culture. The plots of sensational popular novels and the sights and sounds of the music hall were all deemed unworthy, addiction-inducing forces by cultural commentators at the time. This chapter focuses on The Mystery of Philip Bennion’s Death (1892/1897), a murder-mystery novel in which a work of art – a poisoned Renaissance cabinet – apparently kills its owner, a collector of curios: the dangers of art could hardly be more pressing. Marsh’s novel looks back on a century of writers who have associated fine art with crime, from De Quincey’s provocation that murder could be a fine art to Pater’s and Wilde’s interest in the aesthetics of transgression and the entertaining nature of murder. This chapter explores how Marsh's writing was at the heart of 1890s debates about collecting, aestheticism and decadence.
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Morrow, James D. "International Law and the Common Knowledge Requirements of Cross-Domain Deterrence." In Cross-Domain Deterrence, 187–204. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908645.003.0009.

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The complexity of cross-domain deterrence is a major barrier to establishing coordinated expectations about violations and consequences. For a system of cross-domain deterrence to work, actors must understand what actions will trigger a response, what the response is likely to be, and how willing the respondent is to act. Any such system is likely to be less robust than Cold War nuclear deterrence because of the number of domains involved, constraints on revealing secret capabilities or even the identity of the challenger, and a propensity for provocations that fall below the established threshold of response. This chapter recommends using an analogy to the law of war rather than to nuclear deterrence to understand the possibilities of setting up a workable regime of cross-domain deterrence, even as the author is pessimistic about the ability of any collective regime to adequately manage the complexity of cross-domain deterrence.
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Decker, Todd. "The “Most Distinctive and Biggest Benefit that Broadway Has Ever Known”." In Rethinking American Music, 221–46. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042324.003.0011.

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Decker examines how the “color line” in the twentieth century crucially impacted Broadway up to the onset of the Great Depression. He finds a “surprising group portrait” of participants--including such figures as Walter White, an early African American leader of the NAACP, and Carl Van Vechten, a popular white novelist and cultural gadfly--who “together [meet] at a site where questions of musical style, race relations, and cultural and social history intersect in provocative ways” and offers a case study of how popular entertainment across the racial spectrum could work to enhance interracial understanding in the penumbral days of the Jazz Age.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cold provocation"

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Perelman, Juliy M., Aleksey B. Pirogov, Anna G. Prikhodko, Elena V. Ushakova, and Victor P. Kolosov. "Dynamics of blood and sputum eosinophils in asthma patients with cold airway hyperresponsiveness during cold air provocation." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa355.

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Strąkowska, M., M. Strzelecki, A. Kaszuba, and B. Więcek. "Thermal parameter extraction for screening procedure of skin pathologies based on the cold provocation." In 2016 Quantitative InfraRed Thermography. QIRT Council, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21611/qirt.2016.125.

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Seixas, A., J. Azevedo, K. Ammer, R. Carvalho, J. P. Vilas-Boas, J. Mendes, and R. Vardasca. "Dynamics of plantar foot temperature after conductive cold provocation in diabetic patients and healthy controls." In 2020 Quantitative InfraRed Thermography. QIRT Council, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21611/qirt.2020.129.

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Blomson, Dean. "Beyond the looking glass… What could ‘fit-for-future-purpose’ governance operating models look like in the future?" In Corporate governance: A search for emerging trends in the pandemic times. Virtus Interpress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgsetpt9.

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his study builds further on the paper presented at Virtus Corporate Governance Conference in May 2020, which explored the suitability and current relevance of board operating models. That paper highlighted challenges relating to the suitability of prevailing board operating models and posited some alternative board governance models as a provocation. While a considerable amount of academic and commercial research focuses on current board issues, performance drivers, etc., there is little apparent futuristic thinking, i.e., consideration of the broader changes that will be likely that could inform, modify, accelerate or possibly negate current thinking on what boards should be doing to be effective
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Arlitt, Ryan, Anthony Nix, and Rob Stone. "Evaluating TRIZ as a Provider of Provocative Stimuli." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89500.

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The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (known by its Russian acronym TRIZ) is used across the globe to help engineers working on product design and development. In previous papers the authors developed a Function-Based TRIZ method and began a validation process. A single innovative feature was identified in a sample of innovative products, and these features were traced backwards on the Function-Based TRIZ matrix. The Function-Based TRIZ matrix was deemed successful in cases where any inventive principle suggested by the matrix could have produced the innovative feature. During this process, the authors observed that no matter which principle was used, some mental leap was needed to apply it. Additionally, many different inventive principles can lead to the same concept. This paper examines a new hypothesis: that the provocative stimulus presented by any randomly selected inventive principle facilitates concept generation just as effectively as using the historical contradiction matrix to guide inventive principle selection. This paper presents a study on the benefits of using the TRIZ contradiction matrix to select the “correct” principles during concept generation. During this study, participants were asked to come up with concepts using one of two TRIZ matrices: the real one that contains historical knowledge from an extensive patent search, or a randomly populated one. The results of this exercise were then examined using modified versions of two concept evaluation metrics set forth by Shah: quantity and variety. This paper offers two contributions to the field. The first is a step toward understanding the role and importance of conflict mappings in TRIZ and TRIZ-like problem-solving methodologies. The second is a method for evaluating process variety (as opposed to outcome variety) when TRIZ is used to generate ideas.
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George, Majo, and Elsa Cherian. "The Emergent Global Marketing Challenges For Kerala Cardamom Producers Vis-à-Vis The Role Of The Spices Board Of India." In InSITE 2017: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Vietnam. Informing Science Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3709.

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Aim/Purpose: Since the late 1980s the Indian monopoly on the export of Cardamom has suffered a sharp and devastating setback from which India cannot recover. The research is looking into the reasons and suggests remedies. Background: The main problems are the competition from Guatemala, higher production costs, an increasing domestic demand, the lack of action from the Spices Board of India Methodology : The methodology used was not the conventional one, with an aim to obtain truthful and unbiased responses from all those involved using a mixture of all available methods. Contribution: The paper focuses on the provocations, limitations and seriousness of the situation and highlights the facts and figures to make the plantation sector to regain its prosperity. Findings: Lack of awareness among the farmers about the latest farming and post harvesting technologies and marketing strategies. Recommendations for Practitioners: This paper suggests measures to be taken by the cardamom farmers and the market intermediaries, and analyses the future role of the Spices Board of India Recommendation for Researchers: Further detailed studies are needed to ascertain current market share of the main competitors, to reduce the cost of production Impact on Society: If the findings in this paper are followed, the Indian Cardamom industry could retain its previous position in the market Future Research: Studies can be done export market, the use technology and export.
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Coller, B. S., J. D. Folts, S. R. Smith, and L. E. Scudder. "ABOLITION OF IN VIVO PLATELET THROMBUS FORMATION WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO THE PLATELET GPIIb/IIla RECEPTOR: CORRELATION WITH PLATELET AGGREGATION AND BLEEDING TIME." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643703.

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We previously reported that 0.8 mg/kgof the F(ab’)2 fragment of antibody 7E3, directed at theplatelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor, can abolish periodic platelet thrombus formation on partially stenosed carotid arteries in monkeys (Mnks). The present study was designed to: 1) test another antibody to GPIIb/IIIa (10E5), 2)find the minimum effective dose, and 3) correlate this effect with changesin the template bleeding time (BT) and platelet aggregation (PA). Periodicplatelet thrombi were established in the carotid arteries of 7 anesthetized Mnks after mechanical stenosis (∽70%) and intimal damage. 4 Mnks were treated with 7E3. Mnks 1 and 2 were given 0.2 mg/kg, and this dose: abolished thrombus formation and prevented its return in response to epinephrine infusion and increased intimal damage; abolished PA in response to ADP (10 μM); and increased the BT from 8.5 to 16 min and from 5 to 11 min. Mnk 3 was given 0.1 mg/kg, and this dose abolished the thrombi, inhibited PA by ∽41% and increased the BT only to 10 minfrom 8 min. Mnk 4 was givenincremental doses of 7E3. After 0.1 mg/kg, thrombi were reduced but not abolished, PA was minimally inhibited and the BTwas unchanged (7.5 vs 8 min pre). Afteranother 0.1 mg/kg, thrombi were abolished but could be partially restoredwith extreme provocation, PA was abolished and BT remained 7.5min. Afteranother 0.2 mg/kg, thrombicould not berestored, PA was abolished and the BTincreased to 21 min. After a final0.2mg/kg, the BT increased to 33 min. 3 Mnks were treated with 10E5. Mnk1received 0.4 mg/kg: thrombi and PA werebothabolished, and the BT increased from 5.5 to 14.5 min.Mnk 2 received 0.2mg/kg: thrombi and PA were again abolished while the BT increased to8.5from4.5 min. Mnk 3 received 0.1 mg/kg, and this abolished thrombus formation,butinhibitedPA by only ∽50%and increasedthe BT minimally (7.5 to 8.5 min). Increasedoozing from the neckwounds wasonly observed in animals with significant BT prolongations.We conclude that ∽0.1-0.2 mg/kg of eitherantibody can abolish in vivo thrombusformation, and that it is not necessary to abolish PA or cause marked prolongation ofthe BT in order toabolishthrombus formation in this model.
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