Academic literature on the topic 'Cold source station'

Guangxi Guilin area, China, is rich in hot spring resources. In this paper, a hot spring water temperature monitoring system is developed for longsheng hot springs. Mainly using the hot water of eye of hot springs as the heat source, designing a set of multi-point temperature monitoring system with single-chip and multi-slave as the core of the single-chip microcomputer and wireless and bi-directional transmission for the main station and multiple slave stations to realize automatic temperature monitoring. The system slave station can exchange geothermal water with high temperature extracted from the eye of hot springs and cold water, and automatically control the temperature of the hot spring pool to reach a set value range by controlling the flow rate of the cold water. At the same time, the main station can complete the tasks of monitoring system by setting control commands such as temperature.

The European Spallation Source being constructed in Lund, Sweden will provide the user community with a neutron source of unprecedented brightness. By 2025, a suite of 15 instruments will be served by a high-brightness moderator system placed above the spallation target. The ESS infrastructure, consisting of the proton linac, the target station, and the instrument halls, allows for implementation of a second source below the spallation target. We propose to develop a second neutron source with a high-intensity moderator able to (1) deliver a larger total cold neutron flux, (2) provide high intensities at longer wavelengths in the spectral regions of Cold (4–10 Å), Very Cold (10–40 Å), and Ultra Cold (several 100 Å) neutrons, as opposed to Thermal and Cold neutrons delivered by the top moderator. Offering both unprecedented brilliance, flux, and spectral range in a single facility, this upgrade will make ESS the most versatile neutron source in the world and will further strengthen the leadership of Europe in neutron science. The new source will boost several areas of condensed matter research such as imaging and spin-echo, and will provide outstanding opportunities in fundamental physics investigations of the laws of nature at a precision unattainable anywhere else. At the heart of the proposed system is a volumetric liquid deuterium moderator. Based on proven technology, its performance will be optimized in a detailed engineering study. This moderator will be complemented by secondary sources to provide intense beams of Very- and Ultra-Cold Neutrons.

Port passenger station buildings (PPSD) are an important part of transportation buildings in China, which is characterized by large human flow, long operating time, high load of equipment and lighting. The characteristics and functions of PPSD lead to the high energy consumption. However, the energy consumption analysis of PPSD was deficient. In this paper, the characteristics of energy consumption of port passenger stations in cold regions and hot summer and warm winter regions in China were analyzed. Based on eQUEST, the building models of port passenger stations are established. The influencing factors of the building energy consumption were analyzed through orthogonal experiment with SPSS. Results show that the factors such as summer indoor design temperature, heat source form, air conditioning form, window to wall ratio and lighting control mode are the key factors affecting the energy consumption of port passenger station.

In this study, we try to find the possible emission source area of the grey haze through comparing the ground observation station weather data and remote sensing data for the grey haze process that Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region experienced in November the 8-14, 2013 in which the degree of contamination range from severe to mild to severe. The result demonstrates that before the invasion of the cold air , the coverage of the grey haze reach its maximum where south central areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is more severer compared with the south central and peri-urban areas of Hebei province. For the greater intensity grey haze companied by the wind convergence in the surface boundary layer, the result of the MODIS satellite monitoring is consistent with the meteorological station observation. Whereas MODIS satellite monitoring method could make up the shortfall of the meteorological station for the mild grey haze in certain degree. After the cold air, haze primary development area is very obvious, and the starting position of haze in the role of diffusion by the wind is also here, based on this can lock the grey haze emission source area and make concrete origination by using the high resolution satellite. The precise positioning could provide the scientific basis for the pertinent management on pollution control for the local government and relevant authority.

Abstract Operational hydrologic models are typically calibrated using meteorological inputs derived from retrospective station data that are commonly not available in real time. Inconsistencies between the calibration and (generally sparser) real-time station datasets can be a source of bias, which can be addressed by expressing real-time hydrological model forcings (primarily precipitation) as percentiles for a set of index stations that report both in real time and during the retrospective calibration period, and by using the real-time percentiles to create adjusted precipitation forcings. Although hydrological model precipitation forcings typically are required at time steps of one day or shorter, percentiles can be calculated for longer averaging periods to reduce the percentile estimation errors. The authors propose an index station percentile method (ISPM) to estimate precipitation at the models input time step using percentiles, relative to a climatological period, for a set of index stations that report in real time. In general, this approach is most appropriate to situations in which the spatial correlation of precipitation is high, such as cold season rainfall in the western United States. The authors evaluate the ISPM approach, including performance sensitivity to the choice of percentile estimation period length, using the Klamath River basin, Oregon, as a case study. Relative to orographically adjusted interpolation of the real-time index station values, ISPM gives better estimates of precipitation throughout the basin. The authors find that ISPM performs best for percentile estimation periods longer than 10 days, with diminishing returns for averaging periods longer than 30 days. They also evaluate the performance of ISPM for a reduced station scenario and find that performance is relatively stable, relative to the competing methods, as the number of real-time stations diminishes.

AbstractA rapid and broadband (1 h, 1 < f < 400 Hz) increase in pressure and vertical velocity on the deep ocean floor was observed on seven instruments comprising a 20-km array in the northeastern subtropical Pacific. The authors associate the jump with the passage of a cold front and focus on the 4- and 400-Hz spectra. At every station, the time of the jump is consistent with the front coming from the northwest. The apparent rate of progress, 10–20 km h−1 (2.8–5.6 m s−1), agrees with meteorological observations. The acoustic radiation below the front is modeled as arising from a moving half-plane of uncorrelated acoustic dipoles. The half-plane is preceded by a 10-km transition zone, over which the radiator strength increases linearly from zero. With this model, the time derivative of the jump at a station yields a second and independent estimate of the front’s speed, 8.5 km h−1 (2.4 m s−1). For the 4-Hz spectra, the source physics is taken to be Longuet-Higgins radiation. Its strength depends on the quantity , where Fζ is the wave amplitude power spectrum and I the overlap integral. Thus, the 1-h time constant observed in the bottom data implies a similar time constant for the growth of the wave field quantity behind the front. The spectra at 400 Hz have a similar time constant, but the jump occurs 25 min later. The implications of this difference for the source physics are uncertain.

Abstract North American Mesoscale Model (NAM) forecasts of low-level temperature and dewpoint during persistent valley cold pools in the Bonneville Basin of Utah are assessed. Stations near the east sidewall have a daytime cold and nighttime warm bias. This is due to a poor representation of the steep slopes on this side of the basin. Basin stations where the terrain is better represented by the model have a distinct warm, moist bias at night. Stations in snow-covered areas have a cold bias for both day and night. Biases are not dependent on forecast lead or validation time. Several potential causes for the various errors are considered in a series of sensitivity experiments. An experiment with 4-km grid spacing, which better resolves the gradient of the slopes on the east side of the basin, yields smaller errors along the east corridor of the basin. The NAM assumes all soil water freezes at a temperature of 273 K. This is likely not representative of the freezing temperature in the salt flats in the western part of the basin, since salt reduces the freezing point of water. An experiment testing this hypothesis shows that reducing the freezing point of soil water in the salt flats leads to an average error reduction between 1.5 and 4 K, depending on the station and time of day. Using a planetary boundary layer scheme that has greater mixing alleviates the cold bias over snow somewhat, but the exact source of this bias could not be determined.

Air pollution is not an exclusively urban problem as wood burning is a widespread practice in rural areas. As we lack information on the air quality situation in rural mountainous regions, our aim is to examine equivalent black carbon (eBC) pollution in a typical rural karst area in the settlement of Loški Potok (Slovenia). eBC mass concentrations were measured by Aethalometer (AE-33) at two sites in Retje karst depression. The rural village station was located at the bottom of the karst depression whereas the rural background station was positioned at the top of the hill. We show the diurnal variation of equivalent black carbon mass concentrations for different seasons. In the populated karst depression, the major source of eBC pollution are households using wood as a heating fuel reaching the highest mass concentrations in winter. Diurnal pattern of eBC from biomass burning and traffic differ due to different source activity and it is influenced by typical formation of a cold air pool from late afternoon until late morning, restricting the dispersion of local emissions. The large difference in mass concentrations between the lowest part of the village (rural station) and the top of the hill (rural background station) indicates that in a vertically stratified and stable atmosphere local sources of black carbon have a major impact on air quality conditions in the area studied. Since in Alpine and Dinaric regions there are many similar inhabited areas, we can expect similar air quality conditions also in other rural hilly areas with limited self-cleaning air capacity.

In recent years, there have been large-scale jellyfish outbreaks in the Bohai Sea in summer, which have greatly affected the water intake for cold source of Hongyanhe nuclear power station in Fuzhou bay and threatened the normal operation. This study aims at early warning of invasion of jellyfish, designs and develops acoustic monitoring system for cold source biological (jellyfish)by using ascientificechosounder (EY60,70kHz,Simrad), and carries out real-time monitoring of the echo of cold source biological entering water intake, so as to obtain the resource density of jellyfish from June to September 2019. The acoustic data is processed with a software of Echoview to calculate the average SV and detect the strength of the single target to calculate the daily average flux of the monitoring point. According to the monitoring results, the maximum and minimum daily average values of SV were -62.7dB and -80.0dB, respectively. The maximum and minimum daily average values of target strength are -37.2dB and -81.0dB, respectively. The maximum and minimum daily average values of flux are 5.36ind/(s•m2) and 1.2x10-5ind/(s•m2).Combined with the daily cleaning amount of the monitoring point back-end intercepting network and meteorological data, the comparative analysis is carried out to determine the index level of the acoustic warning for cold source biological flowing into the water intake according to the correlation between average flux and amount of cleaned net.

The thesis focuses on comparison of the original and the new solutions of cooling water circuit of the York cooling units for the purpose of cooling water flow increase for the absorption units in the Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant. The individual parts of the cooling units that were changed and modified within a reconstruction are described here. The aim of the work is also to process and compare the original and the new solutions of the cooling units and the cold source station from the available measured data. The data are processed into illustrative graphs and tables. Based on the obtained data we can observe the changes achieved by the reconstruction that have affected the effectiveness of the cooling units.

The article offers brief descriptions and analyses of five virtually unknown 18th-century European sources on Persia written in different languages and spanning a period from the reign of Shah Soltan Hoseyn Safavi to the very first years of the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. It also presents the commented text of a sixth source, of unknown author, entitled Varij ragionamenti sopra lo stato presente, e la Crisi, in cui la Persia si trova, and advances the hypothesis that it could have been written by the famous Ragusan diplomat in Russian service, Florio Beneveni. Taken together, the six sources not only provide interesting information on a rather ‘obscure’ phase of Persian history, but also show that the interest for Persia at the European courts may have been decreased as compared to the Safavid period but was still considerable.

Curtain of Lies examines the role of truth in the political culture of the Cold War by looking at Eastern Europe during the period from 1948–1956. It examines how actors on both sides of the Iron Curtain tried to delineate the “truth” of Eastern Europe and how this worked to set the parameters of knowledge about the region. Eastern Europe’s Communist governments, under the guidance of the Soviet Union, tried to convince their citizens that the West was the land of imperialist warmongers and that Communism would bring a glorious future to the region. Their propaganda efforts were challenged by competing discourses emanating from the West, which claimed that Eastern Europe was a totalitarian land of captive slaves, powerless in the face of Soviet aggression. Curtain of Lies investigates the ways that ordinary East Europeans were affected by and contributed to these two ways of thinking about their homelands, concentrating on the interactions between refugees who illegally fled Eastern Europe in the early 1950s and American-sponsored radio stations that broadcast across the Iron Curtain. These broadcasters interviewed refugees as sources of knowledge about life under Communist rule. Careful analysis of these interviews shows, however, that the meanings East European émigrés gave to their own experiences could be influenced by what they had heard on Western broadcasts. Broadcasters and their listeners (who also served as their sources) mutually reinforced their own assumptions about the meaning of Communism, helping to create the evidentiary foundation for totalitarian interpretations of Communist rule in Eastern Europe.

The East African Revival was a Christian conversion movement that began in northern Rwanda and southern Uganda in the mid-1930s and spread throughout eastern Africa during the 1940s and 1950s. Learning from Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress—which was foundational literature in Anglican mission stations—converts engaged in radical acts of self-editing. They disavowed kin relationships, disposed of their possessions, and confessed their sins without regard to propriety. Other Christians thought them a menace to the whole social order. This chapter studies the contentious process by which the Revival was domesticated. Through the reconfiguration of legal codes, by the operation of church discipline, heedless converts were, over time, made members of civil society. There was a great amount of disciplinary work that had to occur before the Revival could safely become a source of inspiration in the field of World Christianity.

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest and highest plateau on Earth. Due to its elevation, it receives much more downward shortwave radiation than other areas, which results in very strong diurnal and seasonal changes of the surface energy components and other meteorological variables, such as surface temperature and the convective atmospheric boundary layer. With such unique land process conditions on a distinct geomorphic unit, the TP has been identified as having the strongest land/atmosphere interactions in the mid-latitudes.Three major TP land/atmosphere interaction issues are presented in this article: (1) Scientists have long been aware of the role of the TP in atmospheric circulation. The view that the TP’s thermal and dynamic forcing drives the Asian monsoon has been prevalent in the literature for decades. In addition to the TP’s topographic effect, diagnostic and modeling studies have shown that the TP provides a huge, elevated heat source to the middle troposphere, and that the sensible heat pump plays a major role in the regional climate and in the formation of the Asian monsoon. Recent modeling studies, however, suggest that the south and west slopes of the Himalayas produce a strong monsoon by insulating warm and moist tropical air from the cold and dry extratropics, so the TP heat source cannot be considered as a factor for driving the Indian monsoon. The climate models’ shortcomings have been speculated to cause the discrepancies/controversies in the modeling results in this aspect. (2) The TP snow cover and Asian monsoon relationship is considered as another hot topic in TP land/atmosphere interaction studies and was proposed as early as 1884. Using ground measurements and remote sensing data available since the 1970s, a number of studies have confirmed the empirical relationship between TP snow cover and the Asian monsoon, albeit sometimes with different signs. Sensitivity studies using numerical modeling have also demonstrated the effects of snow on the monsoon but were normally tested with specified extreme snow cover conditions. There are also controversies regarding the possible mechanisms through which snow affects the monsoon. Currently, snow is no longer a factor in the statistic prediction model for the Indian monsoon prediction in the Indian Meteorological Department. These controversial issues indicate the necessity of having measurements that are more comprehensive over the TP to better understand the nature of the TP land/atmosphere interactions and evaluate the model-produced results. (3) The TP is one of the major areas in China greatly affected by land degradation due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Preliminary modeling studies have been conducted to assess its possible impact on climate and regional hydrology. Assessments using global and regional models with more realistic TP land degradation data are imperative.Due to high elevation and harsh climate conditions, measurements over the TP used to be sparse. Fortunately, since the 1990s, state-of-the-art observational long-term station networks in the TP and neighboring regions have been established. Four large field experiments since 1996, among many observational activities, are presented in this article. These experiments should greatly help further research on TP land/atmosphere interactions.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Fusion powers the Sun and stars, and is potentially an environmentally responsible and intrinsically safe source of essentially limitless energy on earth. Experiments at the Joint European Torus (JET) in the UK, which has produced 16MW of fusion power, and at other facilities, have shown that fusion can be mastered on earth. Fusion power is still being developed, and will not be available as soon as we would like. We are confident that it will be possible to build viable fusion power stations, and it looks as if the cost of fusion power will be reasonable. But time is needed to further develop the technology in order to ensure that it would be reliable and economical, and to test in power station conditions the materials that would be used in its construction. Assuming no major surprises, an orderly fusion development programme— properly organized and funded—could lead to a prototype fusion power station putting electricity into the grid within 30 years, with commercial fusion power following some ten or more years later. A fusion power station is effectively a tiny ‘artificial sun’. Reactions between light atomic nuclei in which a heavier nucleus is formed with the release of energy are called fusion reactions. The reaction of primary interest as a source of power on Earth involves two isotopes of hydrogen (Deuterium and Tritium) fusing to form helium and a neutron: . . . D + T → 4He + n + energy (17.6 million electric volts [Me V]) (7.1) . . . Energy is liberated because Helium-4 is very tightly bound: it takes the form of kinetic energy, shared 14.1 MeV/3.5MeV between the neutron and the Helium-4 nucleus (a chemical reaction typically releases ∼1 eV [electron volt], which is the energy imparted to an electron when accelerated through 1 volt). To initiate the fusion reaction (1), a gas of deuterium and tritium must be heated to over 100 million◦C (henceforth: M◦C)—ten times hotter than the core of the Sun. At a few thousand degrees, inter-atomic collisions knock the electrons out of the atoms to form a mixture of separated nuclei and electrons known as a plasma.

The high-level contribution of this book chapter is to illustrate how to conduct static code analysis of a software program and mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with the program. The automated tools used to test for software security are the Source Code Analyzer and Audit Workbench, developed by Fortify, Inc. The first two sections of the chapter are comprised of (i) An introduction to Static Code Analysis and its usefulness in testing for Software Security and (ii) An introduction to the Source Code Analyzer and the Audit Workbench tools and how to use them to conduct static code analysis. The authors then present a detailed case study of static code analysis conducted on a File Reader program (developed in Java) using these automated tools. The specific software vulnerabilities that are discovered, analyzed, and mitigated include: (i) Denial of Service, (ii) System Information Leak, (iii) Unreleased Resource (in the context of Streams), and (iv) Path Manipulation. The authors discuss the potential risk in having each of these vulnerabilities in a software program and provide the solutions (and the Java code) to mitigate these vulnerabilities. The proposed solutions for each of these four vulnerabilities are more generic and could be used to correct such vulnerabilities in software developed in any other programming language.

The major challenge with regular water quality monitoring programmes is making sense of the large and complex physico-chemical data-sets that are generated in a comparatively short period of time. Consequentially, this presents difficulties for water management practitioners who are expected to make informed decisions based on information extracted from the large data-sets. In addition, the nonlinear nature of water quality data-sets often makes it difficult to interpret the spatio-temporal variations. These reasons necessitated the need for effective methods of interpreting water quality results and drawing meaningful conclusions. Hence, this study applied multivariate techniques, namely Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, to interpret eight-year (2005–2012) water quality data that was generated from a monitoring exercise at six stations in uMngeni Basin, South Africa. The principal components extracted with eigenvalues of greater than 1 were interpreted while considering the pollution issues in the basin. These extracted components explain 67–76% of the water quality variation among the stations. The derived significant parameters suggest that uMngeni Basin was mainly affected by the catchment’s geological processes, surface runoff, domestic sewage effluent, seasonal variation and agricultural waste. Cluster Analysis grouped the sampling six stations into two clusters namely heavy (B) or low (A), based on the degree of pollution. Cluster A mainly consists of water sampling stations that were located in the outflow of the dam (NDO, IDO, MDO and NDI) and its water can be described as of fairly good quality due to dam retention and attenuation effects. Cluster B mainly consist of dam inflow water sampling stations (MDI and IDI), which can be described as polluted if compared to cluster A. The poor quality water observed at Cluster B sampling stations could be attributed to natural and anthropogenic activities through point source and runoff. The findings could assist in determining an appropriate set of water quality parameters that would indicate variation of water quality in the basin, with minimum loss of information. It is, therefore, recommended that this approach be used to assist decision-makers regarding strategies for minimising catchment pollution.

The conclusion recapitulates the main complementary objectives of the book: the wish to construct a history of Sufi conceptions of the vision of God using Qurʾān commentaries as our main source. Sufi Qurʾān commentaries indeed proved to be a useful and varied source for the reconstruction of a (partial) history of Sufi eschatology and the vision of God. The boundary between this world and the otherworld is generally imagined to be porous and crossable, mainly by means of Sufi stations and states, among which communion (waṣla), nearness and vision were most prominent. As for the issue of genealogy and originality, it concludes that the four Qurʾān commentaries following on al-Sulamī all contain elements of both genealogy and originality. These elements appeared not to be mutually exclusive, and could easily coexist within one and the same commentary. There appeared to be a great diversity in style and content, and genealogy generally did not determine the structure and content of the commentaries as much as is generally the case in its conventional counterparts.

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which namely is to follow Thurgood Marshall from his civil rights practice in New York to Kenya under colonial rule. This story cannot be found in traditional sources for an American biography. The Bill of Rights that Marshall wrote for Kenya, for example, is not in any American archive, but in British colonial records in England. Marshall's African journey is not a triumphalist story of American law solving all problems. The legal ideas Marshall offered often were not American ones. And legal solutions did not create a legal edifice that would last for all time. Instead law could serve as a way station, giving political actors a way to talk to each other, a way to keep working together when things were hard.

In this chapter, we discuss single and double-differential coding for a two-user cooperative communication system. The single-differential coding is important for the cooperative systems as the data at the destination/relaying node can be decoded without knowing the channel gains. The double-differential modulation is useful as it avoids the need of estimating the channel and carrier offsets for the decoding of the data. We explain single-differential coding for a cooperative system with one relay utilizing orthogonal transmissions with respect to the source. Next, we explain two single-differential relaying strategies: active user strategy (AUS) and passive users relaying strategy (PURS), which could be used by the base-station to transmit data of two users over downlink channels in the two-user cooperative communication network with decode-and-forward protocol. The AUS and PURS follow an improved time schedule in order to increase the data rate. A probability of error based approach is also discussed, which can be used to reduce the erroneous relaying of data by the regenerative relay. In addition, we also discuss how to implement double-differential (DD) modulation for decode-and-forward and amplify-and-forward based cooperative communication system with single source-destination pair and a single relay. The DD based systems work very well in the presence of random carrier offsets without any channel and carrier offset knowledge at the receivers, where the single differential cooperative scheme breaks down. It is further shown that optimized power distributions can be used to improve the performance of the DD system.

There is a need to be able to verify plaintext HTTP content transfers. Common sense dictates authentication and sensitive content should always be protected by SSL/HTTPS, but there is still great exploitation potential in the modification of static content in transit. Pre-computed signatures and client-side verification offers integrity protection of HTTP content in applications where SSL is not feasible. In this chapter, the authors demonstrate a mechanism by which a Web browser or other HTTP client can verify that content transmitted over an untrusted channel has not been modified. Verifiable HTTP is not intended to replace SSL. Rather, it is intended to be used in applications where SSL is not feasible, specifically, when serving high-volume static content and/or content from non-secure sources such as Content Distribution Networks. Finally, the authors find content verification is effective with server-side overhead similar to SSL. With future optimization such as native browser support, content verification could achieve comparable client-side efficiency.

Chapter 2 traces the development of Hong Kong’s official film culture during the 1950s and 1960s within the contexts of the documentary film movement, the imperial legacy of the British Colonial Film Unit, and the colonial rhetoric of film literacy. In particular, it uses such Hong Kong Film Unit-produced short features as Report to the Gods (Dir. Brian Salt, 1967), starring local opera talent Leung Sing-por, as archival sources to argue that the colonial regime’s relationship with Hong Kong’s population was not a static vertical imposition of the “culture of depoliticization,” but one that was shifting and characterized by manipulation, misunderstanding, and negotiation amid bipolarized Cold War tension. I argue here that British Hong Kong’s involvement in filmmaking activities expose the top-down imposition of a colonial regime as well as the transformative nature of colonial rule during the Cold War period of the 1950s through 1960s. Official film culture should not be seen merely as tools of colonial governance or a means of indoctrinating subject audiences, but rather was part of an overall “strategy for survival” as well as an integral component in the process of screening the local Hong Kong “colonial” citizenry during the Cold War.

This book has examined the evolution of the banking sector, the role of regulation and the response to the perceived regulatory failure in the 2007–2009 crisis, the nature of competition in banking, and the trade-off between competition and stability. It has argued that competition in banking is good for society, provided that regulation and supervision are adequate. Competition is a main source of static and dynamic efficiency, and the banking sector is no exception. While competition is not responsible for fragility in banking, there is a trade-off between competition and financial stability along some dimensions. This trade-off could be “regulated away” in principle, but regulation is imperfect. This chapter presents a summary of the book's findings and their implications for competition policy and regulation. It concludes with an overview of challenges for researchers, bankers, and regulators/supervisors.

One of the main challenges facing the potable water production industry is deterioration of the quality of raw water. Drinking water that does not meet quality standards is unfit for consumption. Yet, this quality is a function of various factors, key among them being quality of the raw water from which it is processed. This is because costs related to potable water treatment are related to the nature of raw water pollutants and the degree of pollution. Additionally, survival of aquatic species depends on self-purification of the water bodies through attenuation of pollutants, therefore, if this process is not efficient it might result in dwindling of the aquatic life. Hence, this chapter presents spatial and temporal water quality trends along uMngeni Basin, a critical raw water source for KwaZulu-Natal Province, in South Africa. As at 2014 the basin served about 3.8 million people with potable water. Results from this study are discussed in relation to uMngeni River’s health status and fitness for production of potable water treatment. Time-series and box plots of 11 water quality variables that were monitored at six stations over a period of eight years (2005 to 2012), were drawn and analysed. The Mann Kendall Trend Test and the Sen’s Slope Estimator were employed to test and quantify the magnitude of the quality trends, respectively. Findings showed that raw water (untreated) along uMngeni River was unfit for drinking purposes mainly because of high levels of Escherichia coli. However, the observed monthly average dissolved oxygen of 7 mg/L, that was observed on all stations, suggests that the raw water still met acceptable guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. It was noted that algae and turbidity levels peaked during the wet season (November to April), and these values directly relate to chlorine and polymer dosages during potable water treatment.

In an attempt to address the growing need for greener shipping, the potential of cold ironing technology, has been considered as one of the most effective methods to control the atmospheric emissions generated by marine industry. The present study focuses on the reduction of emissions occurred in anchorage areas of one of the busiest ports in Europe. For this purpose, an innovative design was produced by combining the method of cold ironing and the use of renewable energy sources such as wind farms, located close to the anchorage areas of Rotterdam Port. Electrical power produced by the windfarms will be stored in an offshore platform, distributed in a subsea station located outside the anchorage area and then to the vessels with the use of four calm buoys.

To evaluate the dynamic operation and feasibility of designing and operating a self-sustainable hydrogen fueling station using renewable energy sources, system models for a hydrogen fueling station using a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and fuel cell have been developed to simulate the renewable sources and fueling dynamics together with hydrogen production and station operation. Theoretical models have been integrated to simulate station performance when subjected to measured power and fueling demand dynamics from a public fueling station and measured renewable energy supply dynamics. The theoretical models that are integrated into various self-sustainable station design configurations include a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and PEM fuel cell, hydrogen compressor, and storage tank. The fueling dynamics and power consumption dynamics were obtained from an operating public hydrogen fueling station and implemented in the system model. Various control strategies are simulated and the station performance is determined to depend upon the way renewable power is utilized in the station. Due to the round trip efficiency penalty associated with converting electricity to hydrogen (in an electrolyzer) and vice versa (in a fuel cell), the results suggest that the station operation power should be supplied by the renewable sources directly whenever possible, and that the hydrogen fuel cell should provide power only when there is no renewable power available (the third control strategy tested in this paper). The simulated hydrogen fueling station powered by 200 kW wind turbines or 360 kW solar PV were determined to successfully operate in a self-sustainable manner while dispensing ∼25 kg of hydrogen per day. This study provides insights regarding the sizing of the station components such as renewable energy conversion devices, electrolyzer and fuel cell, and storage tank. The cost of the hydrogen was determined to be $8.01 per kg when the station is powered by 200 kW of wind turbines and operated using control strategy 3, while it increased to $20.22 per kg when the station is powered by 360 kW of PV array and operated using control strategy 3. This study provides a basis for achieving self-sustainable renewable hydrogen fueling stations. With further optimization and development, these self-sustainable renewable hydrogen fueling stations could provide valuable interconnections (especially in remote locations) throughout the hydrogen infrastructure network and further support the integration of renewable sources for vehicle fuels.

With the increasing of core thermal power of the nuclear power plant, the decay heat of the core increases in the accident. Therefore, the heat removal capacity of the PXS should be enhanced to fulfill the requirement of core safety. A new scheme is put forward to improve the cooling capacity of PXS and provides long-term power for station blackout (SBO) accident or loss of normal feedwater. In this system, the Organic Rankine Cycle is incorporated between the hot leg and cold leg of PRHR. The decay heat of the core is the heat source and the cooling pool outside the containment is the cool source. The natural circulation of the primary loop is established due to the density difference. The primary fluid flows into the evaporator of the ORC system, where the working fluid of the ORC system is evaporated. Then the temperature of the primary fluid is decreased. The vaporized working fluid drives the expander, which is coaxially fixed with the fluid pump, to generate the power. Finally, the exhausted vapor flows into the condenser and the residual heat is discharged outside of the containment simultaneously. The working fluid in the condenser is pumped into the evaporator by the fluid pump for liquid supplement and the cycle keeps on working continuously. A steady state analysis is performed on a 1700MWe nuclear power plant with ORC as the heat removal system. The heat transfer area of the ORC evaporator is fixed as 487.7m2, which is the same as the area of PRHR HX. The efficiencies of fluid pump and expander of ORC system are assumed as 0.75 and 0.8, respectively. The decay heat of the core is about 67.62MWe, which is 1.38% of the core full power. The working fluids are screened and R141b offers excellent performance. The efficiency of fluid pump and expander are assumed as 0.75 and 0.8, respectively. The condensing temperature is assumed as 80°C and the evaporating temperature is 160°C. The results show that 7.83MWe will be generated by the ORC system and the heat transfer area of the condenser is about 994.5m2. The residual heat of 59.79MWe will be discharged to the water tank outside the containment.

Analyses of three long term PWR Station Black-Out (SBO) scenarios with and without mitigation are performed using the US NRC source term code MELCOR. Refilling of the secondary side of the steam generator (SG) with fire water pumps was previously identified as a potentially important accident management measure. To assess parametrically the effect of the restored availability to refill of SG secondary, SBO sequences are analyzed both without any mitigation and with mitigation at different times into the accident representing different stages of the accident progression. The scenarios studied were (i) base-line SBO without any thermally-induced Reactor Coolant System (RCS) breach, and then sequences with assumption of (ii) Surge Line failure and (iii) thermally-induced SG tube rupture (SGTR). A detailed model was used for the description of flows in the hot legs and in SGs to enable us to simulate the counter-current natural circulation which is inherent in these types of scenarios, with the cold leg plugged by water in the loop seal. These were long-term simulations, some of them up to 5 days of the transient, with the analyses of the containment response and fission product (FP) releases to environment. For the relevant cases, the molten core-concrete interactions (MCCI) are modeled in detail in the complex lower containment geometry with several distinct volumes (cavity and other rooms with concrete walls) subject to ablation by the molten corium; the challenges to containment barrier by the late overpressurization and by concrete ablation are evaluated. With the Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners, PARs, installed the hydrogen is found to be of less threat to containment integrity. For the thermally-induced SGTR the impact of the chosen mitigation strategy on potential bypass FP release to environment is also assessed for different times of the refill. The results indicate that mitigation by the SG secondary refill can be very effective for the base-line SBO sequences. For the thermally-induced SGTR it is effective only when the refill is achieved early after the SG tube failure. Mitigation by the pressurizer-loop SG refill was much less successful in the case of the Surge Line failure sequences.

Station blackout accidents increasingly become the focus of research in the field of nuclear safety after Japan’s Fukushima nuclear plant accident in March 2011. Core decay heat under station blackout condition will be transferred by natural circulation occurring between core and passive heat exchanger for the nuclear plants incorporated passive safety design concept such as AP1000 or CAP1400. As a result, response of safety systems will differ in accident sequence and kind between passive safety plant and traditional plant. What is more, cooling capacity of passive heat exchanger (PHX) which takes on heat sink has significant effect on performance of natural circulation in passive safety system. The safety need that characteristics of passive safety plant should be verified through integral experiment facility makes scaling analysis important in design or modification of experiment facility. Furthermore, scaling analysis of natural circulation phenomena under station blackout accident plays an important role in design verification, safety review verification or thermo-hydraulic program development. It not only determines the similar similarity criteria between the nuclear power plant prototype and test facility, but also provides technical basis for selecting different experiment schemes. As a part of scaling analysis on natural circulation phenomena for station blackout, the cooling capacity of PHX in test facility should be scaled properly and reasonably with conservatism. Therefore, scaling of passive residual heat removal (PRHR) heat exchanger under station blackout accident is investigated analytically in this paper. The analytical model for natural circulation in passive heat exchanger is established based on the performance characteristics of PRHR system in passive plant. By proper hypothesis and simplification, the governing equations for PHX are normalized using steady-state solutions, initial or boundary conditions. The similarity criteria that should be preserved between PHXs in test facility and prototype are finally obtained from non-dimensionalized equations. Furthermore, the distortion analysis for PHE design is also investigated based on the similarity criteria for selected scaling factors and parameters. The safety analysis based on models of nuclear power plant prototype and test facility is conducted on transient performance of designed PHX with PHX of prototype. The results show that: heat source number is the dominant similarity criteria for PHXs design under SBO condition. Requirements of Richardson number and friction number could be satisfied by resistance adjusting on test loop. The performance of PHX designed following heat source number requirement can better represent the transient response characteristics of prototype under SBO condition.

Suppose we designed an innovative structure, such as a deployable tensegrity structure, and suppose that while doing so, we are faced with a problem for which no available method could solve. The problem is such that if left without solution could hamper the further development of this structure. Infused Design (ID) is a method for transferring knowledge including solutions and methods between diverse disciplines. If an appropriate method is missing from a particular discipline, ID could be used to invent a new method by transforming methods from other disciplines. This paper reports on inventing a new method that allows finding relations between forces in a tensegrity structure thus determining which element would be a strut and which a cable. The invention process is described in detail. As an approach that has proved useful in inventing several design methods, ID constitutes a fertile source for extending our engineering and scientific knowledge.

Higher temperature nuclear heat sources are becoming available and more efficient energy conversion systems can be proposed, namely Brayton-Rankine combined cycles which are presently very successful in the terrestrial fossil power plants market. A combined gas-steam cycle adaptation to the now being developed high temperature gas-cooled reactor MHTGR is presented. In order to avoid serious problems associated with the direct cycle, the concept features a He/He heat exchanger and a steam generator heated in series. Consequences are a significant plant efficiency increase, a sufficiently low reactor inlet temperature, attractive operating conditions and a possible reduction of the reactor water ingress hazard. Similar, judiciously simplified arrangements could be contemplated for possible future efficient marine nuclear power plants. Cycle combinations could also offer new, suitable approaches of space power systems, particularly for Lunar or Martian bases. A bottoming gas cycle could be a dramatic booster of a topping static thermionic converter, provided that a significantly larger radiator area be acceptable. Combined Brayton-Rankine cycles are also possible candidates for Moon or Mars surface power systems. As a consequence, should a gas-cooled reactor be used as the heat source in a direct cycle arrangement, its design could be drastically simplified.

A typical scenario, Station-Black-Out, which makes up an important part of contribution to core degradation frequency of three loop PWR Lingao phase II according to the PSA level 1 studies, was selected in this paper for Severe Accident Analysis with the application of combination of MELCOR and COCOSYS. Of the scenario, concurrent with postulated power recovery before degradation proceeded to failure of lower head, the evolution of in_vessel phase was studied; a detailed phenomena covering heat-up and dry-out of primary system, collapse and melt down of fuel assemblies, thermal hydraulic response inside the containment compartments, release and accumulation of H2 and fission product (FP) source terms, their leakage into environment were simulated and investigated. The effectiveness of preventive and mitigative measures, such as dedicated core depressurization system (DCDS), passive autocatalytic recombiner (PAR) system, are somehow validated through the calculation; the results also indicated that with the power recovered at 6 hour to start up ECCS, the corium could be retained above support plate.

Abstract This paper presents an open-source axial compressor design code developed for applications using Supercritical CO2 (S-CO2). Real property tables are generated using REFPROP (Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database) linked to MATLAB. These tables are created and are provided for S-CO2 and could be created for any fluid in the database. At this time, only a single-phase fluid has been implemented. The tables are imported into the mean-line code and are interpolated with cubic splines to calculate real properties based on two given properties. The mean-line code is written in Python to allow portability and convenient plotting capability. The inputs are simple ascii files with the overall compressor details, stage data, and an optional IGV file. The code uses the axial flow equations of continuity, energy, and angular momentum in addition to velocity triangles to calculate state properties at every station. A free vortex assumption at each between-blade row station is used to calculate information at hub, pitch, and tip. The input for each stage includes the Mach number and absolute flow angle at the rotor leading edge in addition to the total enthalpy rise across each rotor. Loss coefficients, solidity, aspect ratio and axial spacing are also specified for each blade row along with blockage to account for wakes, boundary layers, and bleed. A hub radius is also specified. These parameters allow for a complete set of realistic inputs for the design of axial compressors using S-CO2 as the working fluid. The output can be used to assess the design and is used as the start of higher fidelity design.

Abstract The levels of pollution present in the air have been dramatically increasing over the years due to the continuous emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CO, NOx and H2S, among others. The main source of these emissions is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. This represents a tremendous risk to the populations located near the emission sources where people get exposed to dangerous concentrations of such gases on a daily basis. The lack of open real-time monitoring tools makes people unaware of the damage these pollutants cause to their health. This research proposes the development and implementation of a low-cost independent solution to keep the members of a community informed about concentration levels of air pollution due to local emissions. This tool must be easily accessible to the users so that the data about the number of particulates per million of a specific gas within a zone of interest can be viewed at any time. The proposed solution consists of a sensor network, covering the widest possible area, with respect to the point of interest. The collected data is sent to a cloud server, which operates as storage center and in which the data can be latter accessed for subsequent analysis. The measurements are sent to the server by means of a wireless communication protocol, carried out by a General Packet Radio Service, GPRS, communication module connected to each station. In this way, the coverage of the network is not limited by issues such as the use of local area networks which at the same time facilitates the transportation and installation of the stations at any desired measurement site. Since each station can collect large amounts of data during a given period of time, it was necessary to implement techniques such as Big Data in order to extract important information and to identify patterns from the data such as the areas having the highest concentration of gases and possible correlations with other variables such as local weather conditions. This information could be used to support the making of decisions that benefit the communities impacted by air pollution, for example the early triggering of bad air quality alarms or the development of policies to regulate industry operation that can potentially impact the health of neighboring communities. A pilot case study was implemented in the city of Floridablanca, Colombia, to demonstrate the monitoring of the emissions of hydrogen sulfide of a big wastewater processing plant.

Millions of dollars are involved in high-speed rail (HSR) infrastructure construction and maintenance. Large-scale projects like HSR require funding from a variety of avenues beyond those available through public monies. Although HSR serves the general public’s mobility needs, any funds (whether State or Federal) flowing from the public exchequer usually undergo strict review and scrutiny. Funds from public agencies are always limited, making such traditional financing mechanisms unsustainable for fulfilling HSR’s long-term operational and maintenance cost needs—on top of initial costs involved in construction. Therefore, any sustainable means of financing HSR projects would always be welcome. This research presents an alternate revenue generation mechanism that could be sustainable for financing HSR’s construction, operation, and maintenance. The methodology involves determining key HSR stations, which, after development and improvement, could significantly add value to businesses and real estate growth. Any form of real estate taxes levied on properties surrounding such stations could substantially support the HSR project’s funding needs. In this research, a bi-objective optimization problem is posed in conjunction with a Pareto-optimal front framework to identify those key stations. With 28 California HSR stations used as an example, it was observed that the four proposed HSR stations in Fullerton, Millbrae-SFO, San Francisco Transbay Terminal, and San Diego would be excellent candidates for development. Their development could increase the economic vitality of surrounding businesses. The findings could serve as valuable information for California HSR authorities to focus on developing key stations that would generate an alternate funding source for an HSR project facing funding challenges.

[Extract from Executive Summary] The competition for space from competing sectors in the coastal waters of Scotland has never been greater and thus there is a growing a need for interactive seascape planning tools that encompass all marine activities. Similarly, the need to gather data to inform decision makers, especially in the fishing industry, has become essential to provide advice on the economic impact on fishing fleets both in terms of alternative conservation measures (e.g. effort limitations, temporal and spatial closures) as well as the overlap with other activities, thereby allowing stakeholders to derive a preferred option. The SIFIDS project was conceived to allow the different relevant data sources to be identified and to allow these data to be collated in one place, rather than as isolated data sets with multiple data owners. The online interactive tool developed as part of the project (Work Package 6) brought together relevant data sets and developed data storage facilities and a user interface to allow various types of user to view and interrogate the data. Some of these data sets were obtained as static layers which could sit as background data e.g. substrate type, UK fishing limits; whilst other data came directly from electronic monitoring systems developed as part of the SIFIDS project. The main non-static data source was Work Package 2, which was collecting data from a sample of volunteer inshore fishing vessels (<12m). This included data on location; time; vessel speed; count, time and position of deployment of strings of creels (or as fleets and pots as they are also known respectively); and a count of how many creels were hauled on these strings. The interactive online tool allowed all the above data to be collated in a specially designed database and displayed in near real time on the web-based application.