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Journal articles on the topic 'Cole crops'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Grabau, Z. J., and J. W. Noling. "Nematode Management in Cole Crops." EDIS 2021, no. 1 (2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ng024-2020.

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Many different plant-parasitic nematodes cause yield loss in cabbage, broccoli, collards, and other valuable Florida cole crops. This 13-page fact sheet written by Z. J. Grabau and J. W. Noling and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department lists common symptoms, explains how to submit samples to a nematology lab such as the UF/IFAS Nematode Assay Lab for diagnosis, and describes key cultural practices to help agricultural professionals spot and manage nematode problems in cole crops.

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2

Akoijam, Romila, Arati Ningombam, Aruna Beemrote, and R. S. Telem. "Modified quechers methodology for cole crops." Indian Journal of Entomology 81, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2019.00083.x.

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3

Scott, Jon E., and Leslie A. Weston. "Cole Crop (Brassica oleracea) Tolerance to Clomazone." Weed Science 40, no. 1 (1992): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056861.

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A laboratory bioassay was conducted to determine the differential tolerance of cole crops to clomazone as measured by extractable total chlorophyll and carotenoids. Clomazone concentrations causing 50% inhibition (I50) in the biosynthesis of total chlorophyll in broccoli, cauliflower, and green and red cabbage cotyledons were 16, 11, 3, and 11 μM, respectively, while I50values for carotenoid levels were 20, 10, 4, and 8 μM clomazone, respectively. Therefore, broccoli was the most tolerant to clomazone based upon extractable chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. Further laboratory studies were performed to investigate the basis for differential clomazone tolerance in 3-wk-old cole crop seedlings. No differences in total root uptake of14C-clomazone were observed between these crops after 24 h. There were no differences in rate of metabolism of14C-clomazone to methanol-soluble metabolites in roots of these crops. Percentage of polar metabolites in roots remained fairly constant over time. There were also no differences between crops in percentage of methanol-soluble14C-clomazone metabolites formed in shoots between 24 and 96 h. In all crops, levels of14C-clomazone decreased in a similar manner over time in methanolic extracts of roots and shoots while nonextractable14C levels increased, indicating a conversion of clomazone to insoluble, nonextractable forms. Differential uptake, translocation, and metabolism do not appear to account for clomazone selectivity differences between cole crop seedlings.

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4

Leela, D. "Weed control by herbicides in cole crops and cucurbitaceous crops." Tropical Pest Management 31, no. 3 (1985): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670878509370987.

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5

Hoy, Casey W., and Michael J. Dunlap. "Control of Lepidoptera on Cole Crops, 1993." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (1994): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.84.

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6

Clements, A. M., and L. A. Weston. "640 PB 372 FALL COLE CROP PRODUCTION FOLLOWING TOBACCO." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 524d—524. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.524d.

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Fall cole crops of exceptional quality and high market value are produced in Kentucky. Tobacco is an integral part of agriculture in the southeastern states and production of fall cole crops following tobacco may increase diversification and Potential profits. A float system was utilized for transplant production. Field plots were established with broccoli and cabbage grown conventionally, planted into killed sudex cover, cultivated tobacco stubble and directly into tobacco stubble. Data were collected on soil fertility, insect and weed populations, crop quality and yield. Periodically, foliar samples were analyzed for nitrate, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium content. Fall cole crops grown conventionally or in killed sudex cover produced comparable results and head size. Insect pressures were reduced in killed sudex covers. Total yield and quality were reduced when seedlings where planted directly into tobacco stubble.

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7

Sikkema, Peter H., Nader Soltani, and Darren E. Robinson. "Responses of cole crops to pre-transplant herbicides." Crop Protection 26, no. 8 (2007): 1173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.013.

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8

Maslova, A. A., A. A. Ushakov, V. I. Startsev, and L. L. Bondareva. "COLE CROPS SELECTIVE BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO PESTS." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2011-3-38-42.

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9

Scott, Jon E., Leslie A. Weston, and R. Terry Jones. "Clomazone for Weed Control in Transplanted Cole Crops (Brassica oleracea)." Weed Science 43, no. 1 (1995): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500080929.

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Experiments were conducted at Lexington and Quicksand, KY, in 1989 and 1990 to determine the effect of preplant incorporated clomazone on weed control, crop injury, and yield of broccoli, cauliflower, green cabbage, red cabbage, and pak choi. Oxyfluorfen and trifluralin were included as standard treatments. Greater than 80% weed control was observed at both locations with 0.8 kg ai ha−1clomazone, with the exception of smooth pigweed at Lexington. All clomazone treatments caused crop injury 2 WAT. Injury was still evident 8 WAT at clomazone rates of 1.7 and 3.4 kg ha−1, but was minor with rates of 0.8 kg ha−1or less on broccoli, cauliflower, and red cabbage. Injury was less at Quicksand in both years and seasons over all clomazone rates, most likely due to higher soil organic matter content Yields of broccoli and cauliflower treated with 0.8 kg ha−1clomazone were similar to yields with oxyfluorfen on a 3% organic matter soil at Lexington in 1989. However, clomazone at 0.8 kg ha−1at Lexington reduced 1989 spring yields of green cabbage, red cabbage, and pak choi and 1990 spring yields of all cole crops as compared to oxyfluorfen. Clomazone at 0.8 kg ha−1at Quicksand reduced yield of green cabbage and pak choi in spring 1990 only on a 5.2% organic matter soil. Fall yields of broccoli and cauliflower in both years were not reduced by clomazone at 0.8 kg ha−1or less at either location. Our studies indicated potential for utilization of clomazone on cole crops in higher organic matter soils, especially if some early season crop injury and occasional yield loss can be tolerated.

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10

Stevens, C., V. A. Khan, J. Y. Lu, A. Y. Tang, and A. E. Hiltbold. "LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF SOIL SOLARIZATION ON THE GROWTH RESPONSE AND SOIL FERTILITY OF COLE CROPS." HortScience 25, no. 8 (1990): 857d—857. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.857d.

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Partial steam and chemical sterilization of soil rich in organic matter increased the soil nutrients, little information exists with regard to the effect of soil solarization (SS) in this regard. A study was established to determine the effects of SS in combination with wheat residue and subsequent crop residue on increased growth response (IGR) of cole crops and soil fertility for two years. SS for 90 days increased K+, P, Ca++ and Mg++ 3 times more within five months after SS. The SS effect released higher levels of total N in the soil. However, increase levels of N was lower than that required for maximum IGR of collard. The IGR of cole crops without fertilizers was higher in SS plots as compared to bare soil. The IGR of collard was evident almost two years after SS.

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11

Bondareva, L. L. "NEW VARIETIES AND HETEROSIS HYBRIDS OF COLE CROPS OF VNIISSOK'S BREEDING." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2013-3-32-33.

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12

Szeto, Sunny Y., Marilyn J. Brown, John R. Mackenzie, and Robert S. Vernon. "Degradation of terbufos in soil and its translocation into cole crops." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 34, no. 5 (1986): 876–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00071a028.

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13

Bitterlich, Iris, Mahesh K. Upadhyaya, and Solomon I. Shibairo. "Weed Control in Cole Crops and Onion (Allium cepa) Using Ammonium Nitrate." Weed Science 44, no. 4 (1996): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500094984.

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Weed control in cole crops and onion by postemergence spraying with liquid ammonium nitrate was studied to determine its feasibility under Fraser Valley, British Columbia conditions. Ammonium nitrate solutions (7.5, 10, 15 and 20% N) were applied at 800 L ha−1 on warm, sunny days. Shepherd's-purse, low cudweed, redroot pigweed and ladysthumb were susceptible to this treatment; common lambsquarters, common purslane and annual bluegrass were tolerant. In order to determine the effect of weed density on weed control, several shepherd's-purse densities were established in broccoli and sprayed with ammonium nitrate solution (20% N; 800 L ha−1). Two days after treatment, weed control was 87.2% for an initial density of 500 shepherd's-purse plants m−2 (1987) and 76.1% for an initial density of 988 plants m−2 (1988). The seedlings that survived the treatment were sufficiently set back that they did not cause any adverse effect on crop yield. In a separate study, cabbage and onion were found to be tolerant to the ammonium nitrate treatment. Initially, cauliflower, broccoli and Brussels sprouts growth was slightly inhibited by the ammonium nitrate treatment but the plants recovered and crop yield was not affected.

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14

Palumbo, John C., and Eric T. Natwick. "The Bagrada Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): A New Invasive Pest of Cole Crops in Arizona and California." Plant Health Progress 11, no. 1 (2010): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-0621-01-br.

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A new pest of cole crops, the Bagrada bug, was recently found infesting commercial Brassica crops throughout the southwestern desert growing areas of Arizona and California. The authors anticipate that this pest will become permanently established. Development of information on the Bagrada bug's biology and ecology on our local crops will be important for developing pest management recommendations. Accepted for publication 2 May 2010. Published 21 June 2010.

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15

Smith, Richard, Michael Cahn, Timothy Hartz, Patricia Love, and Barry Farrara. "Nitrogen Dynamics of Cole Crop Production: Implications for Fertility Management and Environmental Protection." HortScience 51, no. 12 (2016): 1586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11335-16.

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Intensive production of cool-season vegetables has contributed to nitrate pollution of groundwater along the central coast of California. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) are important crops in this region, but few data are available regarding the nitrogen dynamics of these cole crops under current production practices, and whether those practices are protective of groundwater. Monitoring was conducted in 14 commercial broccoli, 8 cabbage, and 8 cauliflower fields evaluating crop growth, rooting depth, N uptake and partitioning, patterns of soil N availability, and current N fertilization and irrigation practices. Aboveground biomass N at harvest averaged 367, 367, and 319 kg·ha−1 for broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower, respectively, with mean N fertilization rates of 209, 280, and 256 kg·ha−1. The relatively small fraction of biomass N removed at harvest with cauliflower (23%) and broccoli (31%) resulted in a low partial N balance (PNB) of 30% and 57%, respectively, compared with cabbage (PNB of 70%). Rooting depth increased throughout the growing season, reaching ≈1 m by harvest, with about 70% of roots located in the top 40 cm in all crops. Soil mineral N (SMN; 0- to 30-cm depth) varied among fields, with the early-season median value of 18 mg·kg−1 declining to 5 mg·kg−1 by harvest. Seasonal N application was not correlated with early-season SMN. Irrigation applied, predominately through sprinklers, averaged >200% of estimated crop evapotranspiration. Substantial N mineralization from broccoli residue was observed within 2–3 months following fall incorporation, with potential NO3-N leaching losses exceeding 100 kg·ha−1 in both monitored fields. We conclude that improved irrigation management, adjusting N rates based on residual SMN, and employing a remediation practice such as cover cropping to limit winter NO3-N leaching losses could substantially improve N efficiency in cole crop production.

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16

Bondareva, L. L. "MODERN TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF BREEDING AND SEED PROJ DUCTION OF COLE CROPS (RECAPITULATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND PRACTICE CONFERENCE OF COLE CROPS, SEPTEMBER, 2013, VNIISSOK)." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 4 (January 1, 2013): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2013-4-16-19.

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17

Sanderson, K. R., and J. A. Ivany. "Cole crop yield response to reduced nitrogen rates." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 1 (1999): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-040.

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Response of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var italica) to reduced N rates was studied over 4 yr. Treatments were application methods, broadcast, split and banded with two rates of N; 120 and 90 kg ha−1 plus a control of 150 kg ha−1 broadcast N. Marketable yield was lower by 15, 23, and 13%, respectively, compared to the control. Banding lowered yield of cabbage and broccoli. The lower N rate had the lowest yield in all crops. Leaf N concentration varied with N rate. Key words: Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, reduced nitrogen, yield

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18

Pivovarov, V. F., and L. L. Bondareva. "MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS OF BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION OF COLE CROPS IN VNIISSOK." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2013-3-4-9.

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19

Bound, S. A., and K. M. Jones. "Ammonium thiosulphate as a blossom thinner of 'Delicious' apple, ' Winter Cole' pear and 'Hunter' apricot." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 9 (2004): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03161.

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The efficacy of ammonium thiosulphate as a blossom thinner of ‘Delicious’ apple, ‘Winter Cole’ pear and ‘Hunter’ apricot in southern Tasmania was assessed. Ammonium thiosulphate at concentrations of 0.3, 1.5 and 4% (v/v) was applied to both ‘Delicious’ apple and ‘Winter Cole’ pear trees at 20% bloom, 50% bloom or full bloom. At 4%, ammonium thiosulphate proved to be phytotoxic to both crops, resulting in the severe burning of foliage and flowers and also bud death. At 1.5%, ammonium thiosulphate reduced the crop load to an acceptable level without excessive damage. The 0.3% concentration was ineffective regardless of time of application in ‘Delicious’ and at 20% bloom in ‘Winter Cole’. Russet incidence was increased on ‘Delicious’ by the highest concentration applied at 20% bloom. Shoot number increased in some treatments, however there was no effect on return bloom. When ammonium thiosulphate at 2.0% was applied to ‘Hunter’ apricot at 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100% bloom, fruit set was reduced regardless of time of application. Ammonium thiosulphate also improved return bloom of ‘Hunter’ apricot.

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20

Kaur, Rajinder, and Era Vaidya. "Analysis of Frequency and Functional Annotation of SSRs in ESTs of Cole Crops." Journal of Applied Life Sciences International 2, no. 4 (2015): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2015/11873.

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21

Hallett, Rebecca H., Mao Chen, Mark K. Sears, and Anthony M. Shelton. "Insecticide Management Strategies for Control of Swede Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Cole Crops." Journal of Economic Entomology 102, no. 6 (2009): 2241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0629.

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22

Maxwell, Elly M., Henry Y. Fadamiro, and John R. McLaughlin. "Suppression of Plutella xylostella and Trichoplusia ni in Cole Crops with Attracticide Formulations." Journal of Economic Entomology 99, no. 4 (2006): 1334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.4.1334.

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23

Maggioni, Lorenzo, Roland von Bothmer, Gert Poulsen, and Ferdinando Branca. "Origin and Domestication of Cole Crops (Brassica oleracea L.): Linguistic and Literary Considerations1." Economic Botany 64, no. 2 (2010): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12231-010-9115-2.

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24

Newenhouse, Astrid, and Helen Harrison. "NEW SPECIALTY CROPS FOR HOME AND MARKET GARDENS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1113d—1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1113d.

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The primary goal of this project is to introduce various citizenry groups within Wisconsin to new and potentially profitable alternative crops and production systems, and to acquaint them with crops and ornamental which may be common in Europe and Asia but which have not been extensively grown in our region. Approximately 50 new cultivars of gourmet vegetables, edible flowers, everlasting flowers, fresh cut flowers, and ornamental grasses were field tested 3 years for their adaptability for home and market gardens in Wisconsin. Cultivars were chosen for their unique flavor, color, shape, or texture. Greenhouse grown plants were transplanted onto black plastic mulch, with an annual rye–grass living mulch planted between crop rows. Aside from carbaryl and Bacillus thuringiensis used for cole crop insect control, no chemical pesticides or herbicides were used. Data taken includes notes on production, climate adaptability, disease and insect stress, maturation date, color, taste, and texture. Regional interest has been widespread from various groups including growers for gourmet restaurants, farmers market producers, garden clubs, youth organizations, and urban gardeners..

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25

Lament, William James. "Plastic Mulches for the Production of Vegetable Crops." HortTechnology 3, no. 1 (1993): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.1.35.

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The development of polyethylene as a plastic film in 1938 and its subsequent introduction as a plastic mulch in the early 1950s revolutionized the commercial production of selected vegetable crops. Throughout the succeeding years, research, extension, and industry personnel, together with growers, have documented the advantages of using plastic mulch as one component of a complete intensive vegetable production system. Although a variety of vegetables can be grown successfully using plastic mulches, muskmelons, honeydews, watermelons, squash, cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, okra, sweet corn, and cole crops have shown significant increases in earliness, total yield, and quality. Research continues on field evaluation of new formulations of degradable, wavelength-selective, and colored plastic mulches and on cropping systems to use best these specific improvements. The use of plastic mulches for the production of vegetable crops continues to increase throughout the United States and the world.

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26

Maji, Atit, and Ranjan Nath. "A study on pathological aspects of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causing black rot of cabbage under red lateritic zone of West Bengal." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 2 (2015): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.683.

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Cabbage, is one of the most important crops of the cole group of vegetables. In India it ranks next to cauliflower in acreage and first in production among cole crops occupying an area of 3,72,000 ha with annual production of 8534,000 tons. It covers about 4.3% area under vegetable crops in India. In West Bengal cabbage covers 78200.00 ha of area and the total production is 2197400.00 MT. Black rot is a major disease of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) . The disease has been observed in all cabbage growing areas of Bolpur, Birbhum, West Bengal. The present study was carried out on the pathology of black rot disease of cabbage. Morphological, cultural, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of the pathogen were studied. The bacterium produced small, yellow, circular, entire, smooth and shining colonies in the culture medium. The optimum temperature for the growth was found 300C and white light supported maximum growth of the bacterium. Nutritional studies revealed that sucrose gave maximum growth followed by maltase, lactose, dextrose and fructose as the carbon source in the nutrient broth. Black rot of cabbage pathogen also infected other crops of crucifereae family such as Cauliflower, Knol khol, Mustard, Radish and Rape seed. These findings regarding the pathogen may help to formulate the more appropriate way and judicious application of different management options against the diease in this zone.

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27

Borah, S., A. K. Dikshit, O. P. Lal, R. Singh, S. R. Sinha, and Y. N. Srivastava. "Evaluation of Beta-Cyfluthrin: Protection of Cole Crops, Dietary Intake, and Consumer Risk Assessment." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70, no. 6 (2003): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0100-7.

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28

McKeown, A. W., J. Warland, and M. R. McDonald. "Long-term climate and weather patterns in relation to crop yield: a minireview." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 7 (2006): 1031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-080.

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It is accepted knowledge that weather affects yields and climate dictates which crops will grow in a region. Specific weather events, such as drought or hail, that affect yield or quality, are known, as are the general climatic conditions required for groups of crops such as cool season vegetables or tropical crops. However, more precise information on how changes in long-term weather and climate influence the yield of specific vegetable crops is not available. Studies of yield over long periods have the advantage of reflecting the combined effects of numerous environmental variables, including climate effects on physiological stress, pests, and diseases. A study of yields of cool season vegetable crops in Ontario revealed that a decrease in yields is related to an increase in the number of hot days with maximum temperatures over 30 °C. A clear warming trend in Ontario weather is evident, beginning in the mid-1980s, with increasing numbers of hot days and more variable temperatures from year to year. Furthermore, yields of cole crops declined by 10% for every 10 d with temperatures >30 °C in the growing season. Several other studies on agronomic crops worldwide show reductions in yield resulting from warmer temperatures. For example, in a study of rice in the Philippines, yield was reduced by 10% for every 1 °C increase in minimum temperature during the dry season. Methods for evaluating long-term climate effects on crop yield are discussed.

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29

Singh, D., B. T. Raghavendra, P. Rathaur Singh, H. Singh, R. Raghuwanshi, and R. P. Singh. "Detection of black rot disease causing pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris by bio-PCR from seeds and plant parts of cole crops." Seed Science and Technology 42, no. 1 (2014): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2014.42.1.04.

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30

Hoyt, Greg D. "Tillage and Cover Residue Affects on Vegetable Yields." HortTechnology 9, no. 3 (1999): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.3.351.

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The availability of various conservation tillage (CT) practices along with a variety of cover residues creates an opportunity for farm managers to create new systems for vegetable production. We established various tillage practices and cover crop residues for CT use to determine which systems would continue to deliver high vegetable productivity. Recommendations for using CT based only on a yield perspective would lead us to conclude that full season crops could be grown with some form of CT and respectable yields would be obtainable. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production with CT is successfully being practiced in North Carolina in both the mountain valleys and Piedmont region. Because of the cooler soil temperatures with cover residue, summer and especially fall harvested tomatoes produce the least risk in obtaining similar yields as plow/disc production. Our experiments with short season vegetable crops and CT have had mixed results. Cole crops (Brassica L.) grown with CT in early spring or late fall experience soil temperatures cool enough to delay growth compared to plow/disc management. Proper selection of a cover crop residue type and the amount of cover residue can increase yield. Growing short season vegetable crops with CT during the warmest season of the year will reduce the risk of delayed plant growth and thus, decrease the time to harvest.

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31

Bitterlich, Iris, and Mahesh K. Upadhyaya. "Leaf surface ultrastructure and susceptibility to ammonium nitrate injury." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 9 (1990): 1911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-251.

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Ammonium nitrate solution (20% N) can burn the foliage of many broadleaf weeds without significant injury to cole (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower) and onion crops. Scanning electron microscopy showed that a heavy crystalline epicuticular wax layer composed of tubules, dendrites, and (or) platelets was present on the adaxial leaf surface of ammonium nitrate tolerant species. Susceptible species had little or no wax on their leaf surface. Removal of epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate stripping from tolerant cabbage leaves increased ammonium nitrate retention and salt injury. We conclude that epicuticular wax protects the foliage of tolerant species by repelling the salt solution. The solution, however, did not wet the stripped leaves evenly and leaf kill was incomplete, indicating that amorphous cuticular wax offers some protection to these leaves. The foliage of susceptible species, which lacked epicuticular wax, was damaged because it retained the solution. The presence of surface structures such as trichomes on common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), lady's thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.) may further increase solution retention and salt injury. Key words: epicuticular wax, cole crops, onion, weed, leaf surface, trichome.

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32

Guertal, E. A., B. K. Behe, and J. M. Kemble. "Composted Poultry Litter as Potting Media does not Affect Transplant Nitrogen Content or Final Crop Yield." HortTechnology 7, no. 2 (1997): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.2.142.

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The use of composted waste materials as an alternative source of potting media has received much interest in recent years. Our objective was to incorporate composted, ground poultry litter into a standard greenhouse potting mix, and evaluate the effect of the poultry litter on vegetable transplants grown in the greenhouse and transplanted to the field. Treatments consisted of potting mixes of 100% potting media or 50/50 media/poultry litter. Collards (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) and three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars were utilized as test crops. A nutrient solution treatment of 8 oz of 8N-11P-7K fertilizer or 8 oz of water was added when transplants were set in the field. Plant weight and nitrogen content were measured weekly during the greenhouse production stage, and final crop yield was recorded at harvest. Any effect from the inclusion of poultry litter in the potting media on cole crop (collards, broccoli, cabbage) transplant dry weight had disappeared by the fourth week of sampling in the greenhouse, and final yield of cole crops was unaffected by either type of potting mix or presence or absence of starter nutrient solution. Dry weight of tomato transplants was not affected by type of potting media. Differences in tomato yield due to type of potting mix were observed, as plots with transplants grown in the 50/50 mix had greater nonmarketable yields (`Bonnie' and `Big Boy'). Yield of `Big Boy' tomato was increased by the addition of starter nutrient solution. It appears that composted, uniformly prepared waste materials are suitable for production of vegetable transplants.

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33

Huang, Ta-I., Darcy A. Reed, Thomas M. Perring, and John C. Palumbo. "Diel Activity and Behavior of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Desert Cole Crops." Journal of Economic Entomology 106, no. 4 (2013): 1726–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec13048.

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34

Wang, Xia, Zhongren Nan, Wenguang Ding, et al. "Chemical Fraction of Heavy Metals in an Oasis Soil and Their Bioavailability to Cole Crops." Arid Land Research and Management 26, no. 2 (2012): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2012.656177.

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Hasan, Fazil, and M. Shafiq Ansari. "Population growth of Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on different cole crops under laboratory conditions." Journal of Pest Science 84, no. 2 (2010): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0339-9.

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Pandey, Vandna, Ritesh Ranjan, Harish Pandey, Jyoti Rawal, and Madhu Bala. "Performance of different cole crops in different growing environmental conditions under mid hills of Uttarakhand." Progressive Horticulture 52, no. 2 (2020): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-5258.2020.00027.5.

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Letourneau, D. K., and J. A. Hagen. "Plant Fitness Assessment for Wild Relatives of Insect Resistant Bt-Crops." Journal of Botany 2012 (February 20, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/389247.

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When field tests of transgenic plants are precluded by practical containment concerns, manipulative experiments can detect potential consequences of crop-wild gene flow. Using topical sprays of bacterial Bacillus thuringiensis larvicide (Bt) and larval additions, we measured fitness effects of reduced herbivory on Brassica rapa (wild mustard) and Raphanus sativus (wild radish). These species represent different life histories among the potential recipients of Bt transgenes from Bt cole crops in the US and Asia, for which rare spontaneous crosses are expected under high exposure. Protected wild radish and wild mustard seedlings had approximately half the herbivore damage of exposed plants and 55% lower seedling mortality, resulting in 27% greater reproductive success, 14-day longer life-spans, and 118% more seeds, on average. Seed addition experiments in microcosms and in situ indicated that wild radish was more likely to spread than wild mustard in coastal grasslands.

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Webb, Susan E., A. Niño, and Hugh A. Smith. "Manejo de Insectos en Cruciferas (Cultivos de Coles) (Brocoli, Repollo, Coliflor, Col, Col Rizada, Mostaza, Rabano, Nabos)." EDIS 2017, no. 1 (2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ig168-2017.

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Los vegetales conocidos como crucíferas son un grupo de cultivos amplio y cada vez más importante en Florida. Un número de insectos se alimenta exclusivamente de crucíferas y afecta todos los cultivos enlistados en el título.This thirty-page fact sheet is the Spanish translation of IG150: Insect Management for Crucifers (Cole Crops). Written by S.E. Webb, A. Nino, y H.A. Smith and published by the Entomology and Nematology Department.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ig168

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Hallett, Rebecca H., and James D. Heal. "First Nearctic record of the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a pest of cruciferous crops from Europe." Canadian Entomologist 133, no. 5 (2001): 713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent133713-5.

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In 1996, damage symptoms typical of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Keiffer), were observed on broccoli, Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Brassicaceae), crops east of Toronto, Ontario. Early attempts to identify an associated insect larva were unsuccessful, and damage symptoms became mistakenly attributed to nutrient deficiencies (T Clarke, personal communication). Between 1996 and 1999, damaged plants were seen by growers regularly, and resulted in up to 85% loss of marketable yield (T Clarke, personal communication). In June 2000, we initiated investigations at two sites 12 km apart to determine the causal organism of this damage. Both sites were located at farms where cole crops are primarily -gown and from where the first damage reports originated.

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SHEPPARD, S. C., and B. B. CHUBEY. "RADIATION HORMESIS OF FIELD-SEEDED BROCCOLI, PARSNIP AND CAULIFLOWER." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 1 (1990): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-044.

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Very low doses of irradiation have been reported to cause stimulatory or hormesis effects on plants. Irradiating the seed has been reported to improve emergence, and this would be a benefit for valuable, field-seeded crops. Over 3 yr, irradiation significantly increased the first emergence counts of broccoli, by about twofold, and the time to 50% of final emergence was advanced by about 1 d. In 1 yr trials, 50% of final emergence was advanced by 3 d for parsnip, but there was no effect for cauliflower. After emergence was complete, all plots were thinned and there were seldom any significant hormesis effects on yield parameters.Key words: X-ray, emergence, vigor, ionizing radiation, cole crop

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Beversdorf, Wallace D., and Laima S. Kott. "Development of Triazine Resistance in Crops by Classical Plant Breeding." Weed Science 35, S1 (1987): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500060975.

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The appearance of triazine resistance in a number of weed species has provided some opportunities for plant breeders to develop triazine-resistant crop varieties through classical breeding techniques. The sources of genes utilized by plant breeders for desirable characteristics are usually limited by the normal reproductive barriers that distinguish species. The occurrence of a triazine-resistant biotype of birdsrape mustard (Brassica campestris L. # BRSRA) has allowed for the development of commercially useful triazine-resistant varieties of canola (low erucic acid, low glucosinolate oilseed rape, B. napus L.). The cytoplasm of triazine-resistant birdsrape mustard was transferred interspecifically to oilseed rape, by a technique commonly known as back-crossing, in conjunction with selection for chromosome number. ‘OAC Triton′, the first triazine-resistant canola variety, appears to be finding commercial acceptance in Canada, in spite of some limitations in agronomic performance. Although it should be possible to transfer this triazine-resistant cytoplasm to other economic Brassica species including the cole crops and mustards, conventional plant breeding techniques cannot separate the gene conferring triazine resistance from other genes in the resistant weed biotype's cytoplasm. This problem may limit the utility of triazine-resistant cytoplasms from weed biotypes in classical crop breeding.

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Lalrinfeli, R., G. T. Behere, D. M. Firake, Bhagawati Sharma, Amrita Banerjee, and T. Rajesh. "Development of DNA Barcodes for Major Insect Pest of Cole Crops in Mid-Hills of Meghalaya." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 02 (2019): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.091.

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YADAV, NEELAM, and NEERJA AGRAWAL. "A survey of agricultural pests and predators on cole crops in Kanpur region, Uttar Pradesh, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION 10, no. 2 (2017): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijpp/10.2/360-363.

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Sharma, Smriti, Amandeep Kaur, and Rubaljot Kooner. "Relative toxicity of newer insecticides against Spodoptera litura and Pieris brassicae infesting Cole crops in Punjab." Indian Journal of Horticulture 76, no. 2 (2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2019.00050.1.

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Singh, Raghuveer, Amrita Banerjee, Susheel Kumar Sharma, R. Bhagawati, Sikimoni Baruah, and S. V. Ngachan. "First report of Turnip mosaic virus occurrence in cole crops (Brssica spp) from Arunachal Pradesh, India." VirusDisease 26, no. 3 (2015): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-015-0272-x.

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46

Suman Sharma, Santosh Shrestha, Sudip Poudel, and Dr. Ram Devi Timila. "Cole Crops Disease Management Approaches Practiced by Farmers and its Impact on their Health: A Case Study of Nala, Kavre District of Nepal." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (2021): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.8.2.20.

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A case study was conducted at Nala, Kavre district to assess the present cultivation and disease management status in cole crops in the year 2019 with use of semi-structured questionnaire among the local farmers. It was found that majority of respondent cultivated cole crops seasonally and faced five major disease problem in it namely: stalk root (Sclerotina sclerotiorum), Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola), damping off (Pythium sp.), root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae). For management of those diseases, 83% respondent used conventional method of disease management i.e. chemical fungicides and insecticides. But the methods of management of disease was found significant with IPM training and awareness on biological approaches they have heard or related program attained. Almost 40% respondent had practices IPM packages of pest control based on training they have received and 33% has practiced based on the awareness program they have received. Also female guided farming has more probability to adapt IPM tools to minimize effect of pesticides and cooperatives had also played major role in mass communicating benefits of IPM. With 83% conventional management practicing farmers, they reported to face piles of immediate and chronic health issues due to continuous pesticidal use. Eye irritation (16.9%), skin problems (21.4%), headache (10.7%), respiratory problems (7.1%), and vomiting (5.3%), and chronically cancer (27.7%) was reported in the area due to prolonged and hazardous use of pesticides in conventional practices as per the respondents.

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Harrison, H. F., J. K. Peterson, and M. Snook. "Studies on the Allelopathic Effect of Corn Spurry (Spergula arvensis L.) on Cole Crops and English Pea." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 430D—430. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.430d.

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These studies were initiated to investigate severe growth inhibition observed when some vegetable crops were infested with corn spurry (Spergula arvensis L.). Interference by a natural population of the weed reduced the shoot weights of English pea (Pisum sativum L.) and collard (Brassica oleracea L.) by 93% and 72%, respectively. In a greenhouse experiment where light competition by corn spurry was prevented, broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) shoot weights were reduced by corn spurry, but pea weights were not different from the controls. Homogenized corn spurry shoot tissue incorporated into a greenhouse potting medium inhibited the growth of both species, and a concentration effect was observed. Sequential hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, and 50% aqueous methanol extracts of corn spurry root and shoot tissue were tested for inhibitory activity using millet seed germination and broccoli seedling growth bioassays. Dichloromethane, methanol, and aqueous methanol shoot extracts were inhibitory to broccoli; whereas all shoot extracts inhibited millet germination. Shoot extracts were more inhibitory than root extracts. Further fractionation of the inhibitors using a combination of reversed-phase sephadex LH-20 and silicic acid column chromatographic procedures showed that a major portion of the millet germination inhibition was due to sucrose esters (SE). Preliminary characterization of the esters showed that there were four different SE groups. The major groups contained either octanoic or dodecanoic acid along with butanoic and petanoic acids. All groups inhibited seed germination at concentrations as low as 20 ppm. This is the first report of the SE class of defense chemicals in plant species outside of the solanaceae family.

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Shelton, A. M., J. Theunissen, and C. W. Hoy. "Efficiency of variable-intensity and sequential sampling for insect control decisions in cole crops in the Netherlands." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 70, no. 3 (1994): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb00749.x.

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Sanchez, C. A., B. C. Blount, L. Valentin-Blasini, and R. I. Krieger. "Perchlorate, Thiocyanate, and Nitrate in Edible Cole Crops (Brassica sp.) Produced in the Lower Colorado River Region." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 79, no. 6 (2007): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9292-6.

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Maxwell, Elly M., Henry Y. Fadamiro, and John R. McLaughlin. "Suppression of Plutella xylostella and Trichoplusia ni in Cole Crops with Attracticide Formulations." Journal of Economic Entomology 99, no. 4 (2006): 1334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-99.4.1334.

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