Journal articles on the topic 'Cole Fannin'

The printed circuited heat exchanger (PCHE) contain several different channel configurations, such as straight channel, zigzag channel and wavy channel. The wavy channel has better thermal performance than the straight channel and better hydraulic performance than the zigzag channel. This paper explores the thermal hydraulic performance of wavy channel PCHE. The numerical analysis of the PCHE in different materials and geometric parameters are conducted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool. The materials applied in simulations involve Alloy617, Titanium Grade 3, Carlson 2205, UNS S30400 and Sandvik 253A. The results show that the materials have little effect on the thermal-hydraulic performance. The geometric parameters include channel degree varying from 10°to 50°, channel amplitude varying from 1mm to 5mm and the radium of hot/cold channel varying from 0.4mm to 2.0mm. It is found that the larger radium of hot channel results out the lower Nusselt number and lower fanning-friction factor while the higher radium of cold channel produces the higher Nusselt number and lower fanning-friction factor. The larger channel amplitude indicates the higher fanning-friction factor and lower Nusselt number. The larger channel degree indicates the higher fanning-friction factor, and higher Nusselt number.

The interpeak latencies (IPLs) of the acoustically evoked brain stem potentials depend on brain stem temperature. This was used to see whether face fanning during hyperthermia lowers brain stem temperature. In 15 subjects, three thermally stable conditions were maintained by a water bath. In each condition the IPLs were determined in 10 separate trials. In condition A esophageal temperature (Tes) was 36.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C and increased to 38.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C in condition B. In conditions A and B the head was enclosed in a ventilated hood (air temperature 38 degrees C, relative humidity 100%) to suppress any direct heat loss from the head. From conditions A to B the IPL at peaks I-V decreased by 0.146 ms/degrees C change in Tes, reflecting a change in brain stem temperature. In condition C the hood was removed and the face was fanned by a cold air-stream (8–15 degrees C, 4–10 m/s) to maximize direct heat loss from the head. Skin temperature at the sweating forehead decreased from 38 to 23 degrees C, whereas Tes in condition C was maintained at the same level as in condition B (38.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C). The IPL at peaks I-V showed no difference between conditions B and C. It is concluded that face fanning in hyperthermic subjects does not dissociate brain stem temperature from Tes.

Abstract Objective: To assess existing original research addressing the efficiency of whole-body cooling modalities in the treatment of exertional hyperthermia. Data Sources: During April 2007, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, SportDiscus, CINAHL, and Cochrane Reviews databases as well as ProQuest for theses and dissertations to identify research studies evaluating whole-body cooling treatments without limits. Key words were cooling, cryotherapy, water immersion, cold-water immersion, ice-water immersion, icing, fanning, bath, baths, cooling modality, heat illness, heat illnesses, exertional heatstroke, exertional heat stroke, heat exhaustion, hyperthermia, hyperthermic, hyperpyrexia, exercise, exertion, running, football, military, runners, marathoner, physical activity, marathoning, soccer, and tennis. Data Synthesis: Two independent reviewers graded each study on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Seven of 89 research articles met all inclusion criteria and a minimum score of 4 out of 10 on the PEDro scale. Conclusions: After an extensive and critical review of the available research on whole-body cooling for the treatment of exertional hyperthermia, we concluded that ice-water immersion provides the most efficient cooling. Further research comparing whole-body cooling modalities is needed to identify other acceptable means. When ice-water immersion is not possible, continual dousing with water combined with fanning the patient is an alternative method until more advanced cooling means can be used. Until future investigators identify other acceptable whole-body cooling modalities for exercise-induced hyperthermia, ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion are the methods proven to have the fastest cooling rates.

Experimental results of the thermal and hydraulic performances of silicon-based, low aspect ratio micropin-fin cold plates under cross flow conditions are reported. The pins were both circular and square in shape with dimensions (diameter for circular and sides for square) ranging from 50μm to 150μm. The test chip contained 20 integral 75×75μm temperature sensors which were used to determine the thermal resistance (KW−1) of the cold plates. The experiments were conducted using water, over a Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 40 to 1000. The data show that the average Nusselt number (Nu) based on the fin diameter varies as Re0.84 for Re<100 and as Re0.73 for Re>100, where Re is the Reynolds number based on maximum velocity and the fin diameter. Analysis of the Fanning friction factor (f) data shows that f varies as Re−1.35 for Re<100 and as Re−0.1 for Re>100.

AbstractThe worldwide distribution of honeybees and their fast propagation to new areas rests on their ability to keep up optimal ‘tropical conditions’ in their brood nest both in the cold and in the heat. Honeybee colonies behave like ‘superorganisms’ where individuals work together to promote reproduction of the colony. Social cooperation has developed strongly in thermal homeostasis, which guarantees a fast and constant development of the brood. We here report on the cooperation of individuals in reaction to environmental variation to achieve thermal constancy of 34–36 °C. The measurement of body temperature together with bee density and in-hive microclimate showed that behaviours for hive heating or cooling are strongly interlaced and differ in their start values. When environmental temperature changes, heat production is adjusted both by regulation of bee density due to migration activity and by the degree of endothermy. Overheating of the brood is prevented by cooling with water droplets and increased fanning, which start already at moderate temperatures where heat production and bee density are still at an increased level. This interlaced change and onset of different thermoregulatory behaviours guarantees a graded adaptation of individual behaviour to stabilise the temperature of the brood.

Abstract Gustav Hugo and the Göttingen student riots 1809/10. This paper deals with legal transplants during the Napoleonic era in Germany. Among the many changes introduced in the French ‘model kingdom’ of Westphalia, founded in 1806, were the introduction of the Code Napoléon and a complete reorganization of the judiciary. One of the institutions severely affected by these developments was the venerable University of Göttingen with its ancient privileges and royal prerogatives. The famous Romanist und founder of the Historical School, Gustav Hugo, was at its helm during the most turbulent phase of this reorganization. His achievements as vice rector are the subject of the second part of the paper.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Bei der Anwendung von Kryotherapie gehört die Continuous Flow Cold Therapy (CFCT) zu den moderneren Anwendungsformen. Ziel Diese Literaturübersichtsarbeit untersuchte die Wirkungen von Kältetherapie bei Personen nach einer Kniegelenkprothesenoperation. Methode Die Literatursuche fand in den Datenbanken Cochrane, Embase und PubMed im Zeitraum Januar 2018 bis Juli 2018 statt. Eingeschlossen wurden randomisierte kontrollierte klinische Studien in deutscher oder englischer Sprache. Die Zielparameter umfassten Schwellung, maximale Beweglichkeit, Schmerz und Blutverlust. Die Bewertung der Studien erfolgte mithilfe der PEDro-Skala. Ergebnisse Es wurden 8 prospektive Studien mit 832 Probanden eingeschlossen. Der PEDro-Score lag im Median bei 4,5 von 10 Punkten. Die Messungen waren sehr heterogen. Nur wenige Studien fanden signifikante Unterschiede zwischen der Interventions- und der Kontrollgruppe für die Zielparameter Schwellung, Schmerzen oder Beweglichkeit. Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede waren kaum klinisch relevant. Beim Blutverlust ergaben sich signifikante und klinisch relevante Unterschiede. Schlussfolgerungen Die Ergebnisse zeigten keinen Nutzen der kontinuierlichen Kühlung gegenüber Kühl- oder Eispackungen. CFCT-Geräte riefen keine schädigenden Effekte hervor und können daher weiterhin genutzt werden.

Species composition, richness, and relative abundance of the communities of Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and Fanniidae in Córdoba city, Argentina was assessed, and how these characteristics are affected by seasonal and anthropogenic conditions was studied. The study was carried out in thirteen sites with various levels of urbanization during 2014 and 2015, comparing two seasons: the warmer-wet summer and the cold-dry winter. Adult flies were collected in each site using two traps baited with hydrated bone meal. A total of 1683 flies were collected, belonging to twelve genera and 22 species. Several of the species collected are relevant to forensic sciences. The most frequent species were Hydrotaea aenescens (Muscidae) and Fannia fusconotata (Fanniidae). No differences in necrophagous fly richness or relative abundances between the central urban sites and the periphery suburban sites were observed; however, richness was significantly correlated with local (250 m buffer area) built-up density. Species composition differed between the urban and suburban sites. Seasonal differences were also detected: the relative abundances per species were more even in the summer. Dissimilarities in the assemblages were mainly due to differences in the relative abundances of some species, reflecting their adaptability to landscapes with different degree of urbanization. Regardless of season or urbanization density, species richness and effective number of species were higher in traps placed in the sun as opposed to shade. Taken together, these results suggest that in Córdoba city both landscape and local factors explain variations in the necrophagous fly community.

The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to delineate cortical networks that are activated when objects or spatial locations encoded either visually (visual encoding group, n = 10) or haptically (haptic encoding group, n = 10) had to be retrieved from long-term memory. Participants learned associations between auditorily presented words and either meaningless objects or locations in a 3-D space. During the retrieval phase one day later, participants had to decide whether two auditorily presented words shared an association with a common object or location. Thus, perceptual stimulation during retrieval was always equivalent, whereas either visually or haptically encoded object or location associations had to be reactivated. Moreover, the number of associations fanning out from each word varied systematically, enabling a parametric increase of the number of reactivated representations. Recall of visual objects predominantly activated the left superior frontal gyrus and the intraparietal cortex, whereas visually learned locations activated the superior parietal cortex of both hemispheres. Retrieval of haptically encoded material activated the left medial frontal gyrus and the intraparietal cortex in the object condition, and the bilateral superior parietal cortex in the location condition. A direct test for modality-specific effects showed that visually encoded material activated more vision-related areas (BA 18/19) and haptically encoded material more motor and somatosensory-related areas. A conjunction analysis identified supramodal and material-unspecific activations within the medial and superior frontal gyrus and the superior parietal lobe including the intraparietal sulcus. These activation patterns strongly support the idea that code-specific representations are consolidated and reactivated within anatomically distributed cell assemblies that comprise sensory and motor processing systems.

Remarks on the problems associated with the inculturation of the Napoleonic Code in the Kingdom of Poland — doubts concerning Article 530A serious problem can arise when a society has to deal with regulations not adapted to its internal relations, regulations that have been imposed on that society. Such a situation occurred in Poland in the early nineteenth century in connection with the introduction of the Napoleonic Code within the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw. This generated a lot of controversy, not only among members of the Council of State, but also among wealthy and lesser nobility as well as Catholic clergy. The state was characterised by numerous remnants of feudalism. The conditions, when it came to both social and economic relations, were different than those in France. Consequently, the provisions of the Code referring to property were not fully applicable in practice. After the fall of the Duchy of Warsaw the Napoleonic Code remained in force in the Kingdom of Poland and the Free City of Kraków. However, it still had many opponents in the Kingdom of Poland. In the end there emerged a concept of reform of property law, with one of its points being a change in the provisions guaranteeing inferior owners a possibility of redeeming their obligations. Such a right was guaranteed by Article 530 of the Code, which could lead to dominium utile or inferior ownership being transformed into dominium plenum or full ownership. A draft amendment was prepared by the Legislative Deputation and then adopted by the parliament on 13 June 1825. The inculturation of the Code in the Kingdom of Poland, a country on a lower level of socio-economic development than France, was doomed to failure. While in the Duchy of Warsaw the Napoleonic Code was fictitiously used in practice, as it were, in the Kingdom of Poland legislative work was undertaken to change civil law and adapt it to the conditions in the country. Bemerkungen zu den Problemen der Inkulturation des Code Napoléon im Königreich Polen — Fragen vor dem Hintergrund des Art. 530Das Aufzwingen der Gesellschaft der Vorschriften, die den dort herrschenden Verhältnissen nicht entsprechen, kann ein wesentliches Problem darstellen. Gerade mit dieser Situation hatte man auf polnischen Gebieten am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts im Zusammenhang mit der Einführung des Code Napoléon im Warschauer Herzogtum zu tun. Diese Maßnahmen weckten viele Kontroversen nicht nur unter den Mitgliedern des Standesrates, sondern auch des vermögenden und mittleren Adels sowie der katholischen Geistlichkeit. Den Staat charakterisierten zahlreiche feudale Überreste. Es herrschten dort andere als in Frankreich sowohl soziale, wie auch wirtschaftliche Verhältnisse. In der Folge fanden die Vorschriften des Gesetzbuches betreffend das Sachenrecht keine vollständige Anwendung in der Praxis.Nach dem Fall des Warschauer Herzogtums bewahrte das Code Napoléon die Kraft auf den Gebieten des Königreiches Polen und der Freistadt Krakau. Im Königreich Polen hatte es jedoch weiterhin viele Gegner. Letztendlich klärte sich die Konzeption einer Reform des Vermögensrechtes und ein ihrer Punkte war die Änderung der Vorschriften, die die Möglichkeit des Rückkaufs der Obliegenheiten durch die unterliegenden Eigentümer garantierten. Dieses Recht sicherte Art. 530 des Code Napoléon zu, dessen Geltung zur Umwandlung des unterstellten Eigentums in ein volles Eigentum führen könnte. Der Entwurf der Novellierung wurde von der Rechtsgebenden Deputation vorbereitet und dann durch das Parlament am 13. Juni 1825 beschlossen.Der Inkulturationsprozess des Gesetzbuches im Königreich Polen, einem Staat, der auf einer niedrigeren Ebene der sozial-wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung als Frankreich stand, war zu einer Niederlage verurteilt. Obwohl im Warschauer Herzogtum eine Fiktion der Anwendung des Code Napoléon in der Praxis angenommen wurde, so unternahm man im Königreich Polen legislatorische Arbeiten mit dem Ziel der Änderung des Zivilrechtes und seiner Anpassung an die im Lande herrschenden Verhältnisse.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Analyse der regionalen zeitlichen Entwicklung von Wirbelsäulenoperationen in Deutschland zwischen 2005 und 2014. Material und Methoden Es erfolgte eine Sekundärdatenanalyse stationärer Daten des Wissenschaftlichen Instituts der AOK (WIdO) für den Zeitraum 2005 bis 2014. Für 14 definierte Eingriffsgruppen wurde die Zahl operierter Patienten (Eingriffsfälle) sowie der durchgeführten Wirbelsäulenoperationen (Prozeduren anhand OPS-Code) ermittelt. Die regionale Versorgungshäufigkeit in den 402 Kreisen in Deutschland sowie die alters- und geschlechtsstandardisierte Verteilung wird in Versorgungskarten dargestellt. Ergebnisse Im Beobachtungszeitraum erfolgten 796 870 stationäre Behandlungsfälle mit Wirbelsäulenoperation bei AOK-Versicherten. Die relative Zunahme im 10-Jahres-Zeitraum betrug 82% von 51 053 Eingriffen 2005 auf 91 971 Eingriffe 2014. Die Fallzahlerhöhung fand insbesondere 2005 bis 2011 statt und betraf alle Eingriffsgruppen außer „Exzision von Bandscheiben und Knochen“. Sie war unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt mit stärksten Zuwächsen bei der „Knöchernen Dekompression“ (280% Anstieg). Bei allen Eingriffsgruppen fanden sich regionale Unterschiede. 2014 betrug die Schwankung zwischen 109 und 729 Eingriffen je 100 000 AOK-Versicherte zwischen den Kreisen. Schlussfolgerung Die deutlichen Anstiege um > 80% in 10 Jahren sind soziodemografisch nicht plausibel erklärbar. Die dargestellten, ausgeprägten regionalen Unterschiede allein erlauben keine abschließenden Rückschlüsse zum Vorliegen einer regionalen Unter-, Über- oder Fehlversorgung. Sie unterstreichen jedoch die Notwendigkeit weiterführender versorgungsepidemiologischer Studien zur Indikationsqualität und zu Determinanten der regionalen Variation von Eingriffszahlen.

Der Beitrag beleuchtet, wie im Zuge der Herausbildung parlamentarischer Strukturen auf den Ebenen des Verfassungs- sowie des Strafrechts auf die Bestechung von Mandatsträgern reagiert wurde. Anhand verschiedener historischer Regelungsansätze wird aufgezeigt, dass sich lange Zeit verschiedene Entwicklungslinien gegenüberstanden, die nicht zueinander fanden. Dieser Umstand räumte der Mandatsträgerbestechung bis ins 21. Jahrhundert eine unrühmliche Sonderrolle im Gefüge der Korruptionsbekämpfung ein, die erst in Gänze nachvollziehbar wird, wenn man die Entwicklungen bis zum französischen Code pénal von 1810 zurückverfolgt. Während das Strafrecht ab der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts weitgehend auf der Stelle trat, bewegten sich Vorstöße, gegen Bestechungen innerhalb der neuen Parlamente vorzugehen, weitgehend auf der Ebene des Verfassungsrechts und seiner Auslegung. Dabei war die Frage, wie mit Einflussnahmen auf die parlamentarische Tätigkeit umzugehen sei, eng mit einer intensiven Debatte über die Gewährung von Diäten an die Reichstagsabgeordneten verwoben. The paper investigates how, as parliamentary structures evolved, the bribery of elected representatives was handled by constitutional and criminal law. On the basis of various historical approaches it is shown that for a long time different legal concepts existed without ever being combined. These circumstances contributed to an inglorious role the bribery of mandate holders took on within the fight against corruption up until the 21st century, a role which can only be fully understood when one traces the developments back to the French Code pénal of 1810. While there was no real progress in criminal law from the mid-19th century on, attempts to take action against bribery in the new parliaments largely took place at the level of constitutional law and its interpretation. At the same time, the question of how to deal with influences on parliamentary activity was closely interwoven with an intensive debate about the granting of diets to members of the Reichstag.

The human Fc gamma RI (CD64) is a high affinity receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig), and its constitutively low expression on the cell surface of monocyte/macrophage and neutrophils is selectively upregulated by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment (Perussia, B., E. T. Dayton, R. Lazarus, V. Fanning, and G. Trinchieri. 1983. J. Exp. Med. 158:1092). Three distinct cDNAs have been cloned and code for proteins that predict three extracellular Ig-like domains (Allen, J.M., and B. Seed. 1989. Science [Wash. DC]. 243:378). Several differences in the coding region of these cDNAs suggest that in addition to polymorphic differences a second Fc gamma RI gene could possibly exist. This alternative Fc gamma RI gene (Fc gamma RIb) was defined by the lack of a genomic HindIII restriction site (van der Winkel, J. G. J., L. U. Ernst, C. L. Anderson, and I. M. Chiu. 1991. J. Biol. Chem. 266:13449). We describe the characterization a second gene (Fc gamma RIb) that has a termination codon in the third extracellular domain and therefore predicts a soluble form of a termination codon in the third extracellular domain and therefore predicts a soluble form of the receptor. We also define two distinct IFN-gamma-responsive regions in the 5' flanking sequence of Fc gamma RIb that resemble motifs that have been defined in the class II major histocompatibility complex promoter. The Fc gamma RIb promoter does not possess canonical TATA or CCAAT boxes, but does possess a palindromic motif that closely resembles the initiator sequence identified in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase/human leukocyte IFN/adeno-associated virus type II P5 gene promoters (Smale, S. T., and D. Baltimore. 1989. Cell. 57:103; Seto, E., Y. Shi, and T. Shenk. 1991. Nature [Lond.]. 354:241; Roy, A. L., M. Meisterernst, P. Pognonec, and R. C. Roeder. 1991. Nature [Lond.]. 354:245) virus type II P5 gene promoters raising interesting questions as to its role in the basal and myeloid-specific transcription of this gene.

Context: Cold-water immersion (CWI; 10°C) can effectively reduce body core temperature even if a hyperthermic human is wearing a full American football uniform (PADS) during treatment. Temperate-water immersion (TWI; 21°C) may be an effective alternative to CWI if resources for the latter (eg, ice) are unavailable. Objective: To measure rectal temperature (Trec) cooling rates, thermal sensation, and Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ) scores of participants wearing PADS or shorts, undergarments, and socks (NOpads) before, during, and after TWI. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirteen physically active, unacclimatized men (age = 22 ± 2 years, height = 182.3 ± 5.2 cm, mass = 82.5 ± 13.4 kg, body fat = 10% ± 4%, body surface area = 2.04 ± 0.16 m2). Intervention(s): Participants exercised in the heat (40°C, 50% relative humidity) on 2 days while wearing PADS until Trec reached 39.5°C. Participants then underwent TWI while wearing either NOpads or PADS until Trec reached 38°C. Thermal sensation and ESQ responses were collected at various times before and after exercise. Main Outcome Measure(s): Temperate-water immersion duration (minutes), Trec cooling rates (°C/min), thermal sensation, and ESQ scores. Results: Participants had similar exercise times (NOpads = 38.1 ± 8.1 minutes, PADS = 38.1 ± 8.5 minutes), hypohydration levels (NOpads = 1.1% ± 0.2%, PADS = 1.2% ± 0.2%), and thermal sensation ratings (NOpads = 7.1 ± 0.4, PADS = 7.3 ± 0.4) before TWI. Rectal temperature cooling rates were similar between conditions (NOpads = 0.12°C/min ± 0.05°C/min, PADS = 0.13°C/min ± 0.05°C/min; t12 = 0.82, P = .79). Thermal sensation and ESQ scores were unremarkable between conditions over time. Conclusions: Temperate-water immersion produced acceptable (ie, &gt;0.08°C/min), though not ideal, cooling rates regardless of whether PADS or NOpads were worn. If a football uniform is difficult to remove or the patient is noncompliant, clinicians should begin water-immersion treatment with the athlete fully equipped. Clinicians should strive to use CWI to treat severe hyperthermia, but when CWI is not feasible, TWI should be the next treatment option because its cooling rate was higher than the rates of other common modalities (eg, ice packs, fanning).

Fusarium tuber rot, incited by Fusarium solani, is the major cause of losses of tuber quality and quantity in caladium (Caladium ×hortulanum) during storage and production. To develop a reliable inoculation method for evaluating cultivar susceptibility to Fusarium tuber rot and identifying sources of resistance, the effect of temperature on the mycelial growth of F. solani in vitro and on tuber rot in vivo was examined. The optimal temperature was then used to study the aggressiveness of F. solani isolates. The effect of temperature (13, 18, 23, 28, and 33 °C) on radial mycelial growth of nine F. solani isolates in vitro was determined, and all responded similarly to temperature variables, with optimal growth predicted to be at 30.5 °C. The relationship of these temperatures to disease development was then determined for the most aggressive F. solani isolate 05-20 and it was found that disease development in inoculated tubers was greatest at low temperatures (13 and 18 °C). Cold damage to tubers was observed at 13 °C; therefore, 18 °C was chosen for all future disease screening. The aggressiveness of nine isolates was tested on two caladium cultivars. Significant differences among isolates were observed for the diameter of rotted tissue in both cultivars, indicating that choice of isolate was important for screening. Isolates 05-20 and 05-257 were highly aggressive on both cultivars. Tubers of 17 commercial caladium cultivars were inoculated with three isolates (04-03, 05-20, and 05-527) and incubated at 18 °C. The interaction between isolates and cultivars was highly significant (P < 0.0001), indicating that cultivars were not equally susceptible to different pathogenic isolates of F. solani. Lesion diameters differed significantly (P < 0.0001) among cultivars/isolates and ranged from 9.5 mm (‘Rosebud’ and ‘White Christmas’ for isolate 04-03) to 23.9 mm (‘Carolyn Whorton’ for isolate 05-20). The cultivars were ranked for susceptibility to tuber rot within each isolate and the normalized total rank for the three isolates was used to place cultivars into four categories: resistant (‘Candidum’, ‘Rosebud’, ‘White Christmas’, ‘Florida Sweetheart’, and ‘Aaron’), moderately resistant (‘White Wing’ and ‘Red Flash’), susceptible (‘Candidum Jr.’, ‘White Queen’, ‘Red Frill’, ‘Florida Cardinal’, ‘Miss Muffet’, and ‘Postman Joyner’), and highly susceptible (‘Fannie Munson’, ‘Gingerland’, ‘Frieda Hemple’, and ‘Carolyn Whorton’). The availability of these sources of host plant resistance, aggressive isolates, and resistance assessment techniques will facilitate the development of new Fusarium-resistant caladium cultivars.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Sichelzellkrankheit (SCD, ICD-10:D57) ist eine autosomal rezessiv vererbte Hämoglobinkrankheit mit globaler Public-Health-Relevanz. In Deutschland kommen pro Jahr 70–150 Kinder mit SCD zur Welt (1–2 je 10 000 Neugeborene). Die Früherkennung im asymptomatischen ersten Vierteljahr wäre leitliniengerecht und sekundärpräventiv bedeutsam. Ziel der Studie Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist 1) die Ermittlung der Prävalenz von SCD in Routinedaten von AOK-versicherten Neugeborenen, 2) die Messung des Alters bei der Erstdiagnose D57, 3) die Zählung charakteristischer Krankenhausdiagnosen. Methode Analysiert wurden ambulante und stationäre Routinedaten von 204 AOK-versicherten Kindern. Dies sind alle, die 2009–2010 geboren sind, mindestens einen Tag im Geburtsjahr AOK-versichert waren und innerhalb von 6 Kalenderjahren jemals einen Code D57 erhielten. Die Anzahl Neugeborener in der AOK 2009–2010 (Nennerpopulation) ist bekannt. SCD-Fälle (Zähler) gelten als validiert, wenn D57 (außer D57.3) in mindestens 2 Quartalen (Q) codiert wurde. Es wird die Prävalenzproportion mit Bootstrap-Konfidenzintervall (CI) berechnet. Pro Fall wird quartalsgenau ausgelesen, wann D57 erstmals auftaucht. Der Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) wird berechnet für Krankenhausfälle vom Monat 13 bis Monat 61 im Vergleich zur Bevölkerung gleichen Geschlechts und Alters (1 bis unter 5 Jahre). Die Auswertung erfolgt mit SPSS 22 und Excel. Ergebnis Nach interner Validierung resultierten 78 Fälle von SCD. Die Prävalenz beträgt 1,96 (95% CI 1,53–2,41) pro 10 000 Neugeborene. Regionale Schwerpunkte zeigten sich in Berlin, Bremen, Hamburg (zusammengefasst) sowie in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Die Erstnennung von D57 erfolgte nur bei 15,4% der Fälle früh, d. h. in Q1–2. Der Median liegt in Q7. In 78 Fällen ereigneten sich 266 Krankenhausfälle mit einem SIR=6,8, d. h. die Hospitalisierungsrate ist 6,8fach höher als die der Bevölkerung. Unter den Entlassungsdiagnosen fanden sich gefürchtete Outcomes wie Pneumonie, Sepsis und Milzerkrankungen. Schlussfolgerung SCD in Deutschland lässt sich mit Routinedaten der größten gesetzlichen Krankenkasse plausibel darstellen. Derzeit wird die Krankheit zu selten frühzeitig erkannt. Die Zeit bis zur Erkennung ließe sich entscheidend verkürzen durch Aufnahme von SCD in das Neugeborenenscreening. Bis eine solche Lösung erreicht ist, sollten Eltern mit Migrationshintergrund und Fachleute ihre Aufmerksamkeit für SCD erhöhen.

Abstract Background Patients often seek aesthetic correction of facial deficiencies (e.g., lines and folds) that are rarely the underlying cause of dissatisfaction with their appearance. Use of a more holistic approach focused on improving the emotional messages of the face (e.g., looking less sad) may improve patient satisfaction with treatment outcomes. The MD Codes™ system was developed to increase clinician success rates by reducing variability in the technical aspects of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler treatment and focusing on addressing unfavorable emotional attributes of the face. Methods The MD Codes, or medical codes, represent specific anatomical subunits for injection of HA fillers. Each MD Code includes information regarding the target depth of injection, the proper delivery tool (needle or cannula) and delivery technique (e.g., aliquot, bolus, fanning), and the minimum product volume recommended to achieve visible, reproducible results (active number). During treatment planning, the appropriate MD Codes are selected using algorithms focused on lessening unfavorable facial attributes (a saggy, tired, sad, or angry look) and enhancing positive attributes (an attractive, younger, more contoured, or feminine [soft] or masculine look). Results Three case studies are presented to illustrate how the MD Codes and their algorithms were used to address sagginess, tiredness, and sadness in two women and one man. Conclusions MD Codes provide a universal symbolic language for reducing variability in injection technique. The platform provides user-friendly algorithms to help clinicians increase patient satisfaction by going beyond treatment of lines and folds and to focus on reducing unfavorable facial attributes. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

The significance of computer mediated communication in relation to the transmission and circulation of discourse is not restricted to the ways in which this relatively recent form of communication enables self-identifying and relatively homogeneous groups to articulate, diffuse and circulate meaning. While the Internet has certainly provided a vital medium for such activities, there is another aspect of transmission that is also significant: the transmission of codes and practices between previously unrelated cultural formations through processes of convergence that occur via their engagement in online media. Of interest here are the ways in which the codes and practices constituting various cultural formations may find their way into other such formations through online practices. Online venues which facilitate the formation of virtual communities act as scenes for the interweaving of participants’ varied interests and, in so doing, bring disparate cultural practices together in new and potentially transformative manners. Viewed from this perspective, online communication not only provides a platform for discursive acts, but constitutes a venue wherein the practical usage of the medium offers up new, and transferable, tactics of communication and cultural practice. One of the most obvious examples of this phenomenon of “convergent transmission” is the now famous case of Napster. Beyond the well-discussed implications for, and ongoing adaptive transformation of, the music industry lies a peculiar moment of convergence wherein Internet Relay Chat (IRC) groups provided a scene for the transmission of cultural codes, values, and practices between a hacking subculture built around online communication and a broader youth culture that was beginning to embrace digital media as a means to enjoy music. The lines of transmission between these two groups were therefore borne by practices related to music, gift economies, computer networking and digital media. The community constituted by the early Napster (as well as other music sharing sites and networks) and the IRC-based discussions that informed their development were more than simply the sum of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and online communication. I would argue that when taken together, Napster and IRC constituted an online scene for the sharing and dissemination of the hacking subculture’s beliefs and practices through the filter of “music-obsessed” youth culture. To understand Napster as a scene is to define it in relation to practices related to both popular and alternative modes for the production and consumption of cultural artifacts. Lee and Peterson (192-194) note that online scenes exhibit many similarities with the geographically-based scenes analyzed by Hebdige: a fair degree of demographic cohesiveness (typically defined such things as age, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and class), shared cultural codes and worldviews, and a spectrum of participation ranging from the frequent and enduring relationships of a core constituency to the occasional participation of more peripheral members. As a combined P2P/IRC network, Napster is a means to circulate content rather than being, itself, some form content. Napster’s online circulation of cultural artefacts within and among various communities thus makes it a point of articulation between hacking subcultures and a broader youth culture. This articulation involves both the circulation of music files among participants, and the circulation of knowledge related to the technical modalities for engaging in file sharing. With regard to Napster, and perhaps subcultures in general, it is the formation of participatory communities rather than any particular cultural artefact that is paramount: the possibilities that the Internet offers young people for cultural participation now extend far beyond the types of symbolic transformation of products and resources … . Rather, such products and resources can themselves become both the object and product of collective creativity (Bennett 172). Shawn Fanning’s testimony to the judiciary committee investigating Napster notes at the outset that his reason for undertaking the development of the P2P network that would eventually become Napster was not driven by any intentional form of hacking, but was prompted by a friend’s simple desire to solve reliability issues associated with transmitting digital music files via the Internet: The Napster system that I designed combined a real time system for finding MP3s with chat rooms and instant messaging (functionally similar to IRC). The Chat rooms and instant messaging are integral to creating the community experience; I imagined that they would be used similarly to how people use IRC – as a means for people to learn from each other and develop ongoing relationships (Fanning). The notion of community is not only applicable to those who chose to share music over Napster, but to the development of Napster itself. As Andrews notes, Fanning participated in a number of IRC channels devoted to programming (primarily #winprog for the development of Napster) as well as to channels like #mpeg3 which discussed social and technical issues related to MP3s as well as advice on where and how to get them. Spitz and Hunter focus on the role of community in the development of Napster and point out that: the technology emerged gradually from interactions between and within social groups with different degrees of inclusion in multiple overlapping frames, as opposed to there being a single theoretical breakthrough. ... Based on their involvement in other spaces, such as online communities, Fanning and company’s immediate goals were much more personal and utilitarian—to provide a tool to help themselves and other enthusiasts find and access music on the Internet (171-172). Developed with the aid of numerous long-time and occasional participants to both #winprog and #mpeg3, Napster’s technical component was the product of (at least) two scenes constituted via IRC-based online communities. The first, #winprog, consisted of a subculture of “hardcore” Windows programmers (and hackers) freely sharing ideas, advice, expertise, and computer code in an environment of mutual assistance. While the participants on #mpeg3 represented a much wider community, #mpeg3 also demonstrates the qualities of a scene inasmuch as it constituted a virtual community based not only on shared interests in a variety of musical genres, but of sharing media content in the form of MP3s and related software. One obvious commonality among these two scenes is that they both rely upon informal gift economies as a means by which to transmit cultural codes via the circulation of material objects. With Napster, the gift economy that emerges in relation to he “hacker ethic” of sharing both code and expertise (Levy; Himanen; Wark) here combines with the more generalized and abstract gift economies constituted by the tendency within youth culture to engage in the sharing of media products related to particular lifestyles and subcultures. The development of Napster therefore provided a mechanism by which these two gift economies could come together to form a single overlapping scene combining computing and youth cultures. It should be noted, however, that while Napster was (and still is) typically branded as a youth-based phenomenon, its constituency actually encompassed a broader age demographic wherein membership tended to correlate more closely with “online tenure” than age (Spitz & Hunter 173). Nonetheless, the simultaneously rancorous and laudatory discourse surrounding Napster framed it as a phenomenon indicating the emergence of an IT-savvy youth culture. What occurred with Napster was therefore a situation wherein two scenes came together—one based on hacking, the other on MP3s. Their shared propensity toward informal gift economies allowed them to converge upon notions of P2P networking and IRC-based communities, and this produced a new set of cultural practices centred upon the fusion of file transfers and popular music. The activity of music sharing and the creation of networks to carry it out have, needless to say, proved to have a transformative effect on the circulation of these cultural products. The co-mingling of cultural practices between these two online scenes seems so obvious today that it often seems that it was inevitable. It must be remembered, however, that hacking and music did not seem to be so closely related in 1998. The development of Napster is thus a testament of sorts to the potential for computer mediated communication to effect convergent transformations via the transmission of tactical and communal practices among seemingly unrelated arenas of culture. References Andrews, Robert. “Chat Room That Built the World”. Wired News. Nov. 6, 2005. http://www.wired.com/news/technology/1,69394-0.html>. Bennett, Andy. “Virtual Subculture? Youth, Identity and the Internet”. After Subculture: Critical Studies in Contemporary Youth Culture. Eds. Andy Bennett & Keith Kahn-Harris. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Fanning, Shawn. Testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee in Provo, Utah. Oct. 9, 2000. http://judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/1092000_sf.htm>. Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge, 1991. Himanen, Pekka. The Hacker Ethic. New York: Random House Books, 2001. Lee, Steve S., & Richard A. Peterson. “Internet-Based Virtual Music Scenes: The Case of P2 in Alt.Country Music.” Music Scenes: Local, Transnational, and Virtual. Eds. Andy Bennett & Richard A. Peterson. Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 2004. Levy, Steven. Hackers. New York: Penguin Books, 1984. Spitz, David & Starling D. Hunter. “Contested Codes: The Social Construction of Napster”. The Information Society 21 (2005): 169-80. Wark, McKenzie. A Hacker Manifesto. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2004. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Bradley, Dale A. "Scenes of Transmission: Youth Culture, MP3 File Sharing, and Transferable Strategies of Cultural Practice." M/C Journal 9.1 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0603/05-bradley.php>. APA Style Bradley, D. (Mar. 2006) "Scenes of Transmission: Youth Culture, MP3 File Sharing, and Transferable Strategies of Cultural Practice," M/C Journal, 9(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0603/05-bradley.php>.

AWARDSSome major international children’s literature awards have just been announced as I compile the news for this issue. Several of these have Canadian connections.2016 ALSC (Association for Library Service to Children) Book & Media Award WinnersJohn Newbery Medal"Last Stop on Market Street,” written by Matt de la Peña, illustrated by Christian Robinson and published by G. P. Putnam’s Sons, an imprint of Penguin Books (USA) LLC Newbery Honor Books"The War that Saved My Life," written by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley and published by Dial Books for Young Readers, an imprint of Penguin Books (USA) LLC“Roller Girl,” written and illustrated by Victoria Jamieson and published by Dial Books for Young Readers, an imprint of Penguin Books (USA) LLC“Echo,” written by Pam Muñoz Ryan and published by Scholastic Press, an imprint of Scholastic Inc.Randolph Caldecott Medal"Finding Winnie: The True Story of the World’s Most Famous Bear," illustrated by Sophie Blackall, written by Lindsay Mattick and published by Little, Brown and Company, a division of Hachette Book Group, Inc.Caldecott Honor Books"Trombone Shorty," illustrated by Bryan Collier, written by Troy Andrews and published by Abrams Books for Young Readers, an imprint of ABRAMS“Waiting,” illustrated and written by Kevin Henkes, published by Greenwillow Books, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers“Voice of Freedom Fannie Lou Hamer Spirit of the Civil Rights Movement,” illustrated by Ekua Holmes, written by Carole Boston Weatherford and published by Candlewick Press“Last Stop on Market Street,” illustrated by Christian Robinson, written by Matt de le Peña and published by G. P. Putnam’s Sons, an imprint of Penguin Books (USA) LLC Laura Ingalls Wilder AwardJerry Pinkney -- His award-winning works include “The Lion and the Mouse,” recipient of the Caldecott Award in 2010. In addition, Pinkney has received five Caldecott Honor Awards, five Coretta Scott King Illustrator Awards, and four Coretta Scott King Illustrator Honors. 2017 May Hill Arbuthnot Honor Lecture AwardJacqueline Woodson will deliver the 2017 May Hill Arbuthnot Honor Lecture. Woodson is the 2014 National Book Award winner for her New York Times bestselling memoir, “Brown Girl Dreaming.” Mildred L. Batchelder Award“The Wonderful Fluffy Little Squishy,” published by Enchanted Lion Books, written and illustrated by Beatrice Alemagna, and translated from the French by Claudia Zoe BedrickBatchelder Honor Books“Adam and Thomas,” published by Seven Stories Press, written by Aharon Appelfeld, iIllustrated by Philippe Dumas and translated from the Hebrew by Jeffrey M. Green“Grandma Lives in a Perfume Village,” published by NorthSouth Books, an imprint of Nordsüd Verlag AG, written by Fang Suzhen, iIllustrated by Sonja Danowski and translated from the Chinese by Huang Xiumin“Written and Drawn by Henrietta,” published by TOON Books, an imprint of RAW Junior, LLC and written, illustrated, and translated from the Spanish by Liniers.Pura Belpre (Author) Award“Enchanted Air: Two Cultures, Two Wings: A Memoir," written by Margarita Engle and published by Atheneum Books for Young Readers, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Children’s Publishing DivisionBelpre (Author) Honor Books"The Smoking Mirror," written by David Bowles and published by IFWG Publishing, Inc."Mango, Abuela, and Me," written by Meg Medina, illustrated by Angela Dominguez and published by Candlewick PressPura Belpre (Illustrator) Award"The Drum Dream Girl," illustrated by Rafael López, written by Margarita Engle and published by Houghton Mifflin HarcourtBelpre (Illustrator) Honor Books"My Tata’s Remedies = Los remedios de mi tata,” iIllustrated by Antonio Castro L., written by Roni Capin Rivera-Ashford and published by Cinco Puntos Press“Mango, Abuela, and Me,” illustrated by Angela Dominguez, written by Meg Medina and published by Candlewick Press“Funny Bones: Posada and His Day of the Dead Calaveras,” illustrated and written by Duncan Tonatiuh and published by Abrams Books for Young Readers, an imprint of ABRAMSAndrew Carnegie Medal "That Is NOT a Good Idea," produced by Weston Woods Studios, Inc.Theodor Seuss Geisel Award"Don’t Throw It to Mo!" written by David A. Adler, illustrated by Sam Ricks and published by Penguin Young Readers, and imprint of Penguin Group (USA), LLCGeisel Honor Books "A Pig, a Fox, and a Box," written and illustrated by Jonathan Fenske and published by Penguin Young Readers, an Imprint of Penguin Group (USA) LLC"Supertruck," written and illustrated by Stephen Savage and published by A Neal Porter Book published by Roaring Brook Press, a division of Holtzbrinck Publishing Holdings Limited Partnership"Waiting," written and illustrated by Kevin Henkes and published by Greenwillow Books, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.Odyssey Award"The War that Saved My Life," produced by Listening Library, an imprint of the Penguin Random House Audio Publishing Group, written by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley and narrated by Jayne EntwistleOdyssey Honor Audiobook"Echo," produced by Scholastic Audio / Paul R. Gagne, written by Pam Munoz Ryan and narrated by Mark Bramhall, David De Vries, MacLeod Andrews and Rebecca SolerRobert F. Sibert Informational Book Medal"Funny Bones: Posada and His Day of the Dead Calaveras,” written and illustrated by Duncan Tonatiuh and published by Abrams Books for Young Readers, an imprint of ABRAMSSibert Honor Books"Drowned City: Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans," written and illustrated by Don Brown and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"The Boys Who Challenged Hitler: Knud Pedersen and the Churchill Club," by Phillip Hoose and published by Farrar Straus Giroux Books for Young Readers"Turning 15 on the Road to Freedom: My Story of the 1965 Selma Voting Rights March," written by Lynda Blackmon Lowery as told to Elspeth Leacock and Susan Buckley, illustrated by PJ Loughran and published by Dial Books, an imprint of Penguin Group (USA) LLC"Voice of Freedom: Fannie Lou Hamer, Spirit of the Civil Rights Movement," written by Carole Boston Weatherford, illustrated by Ekua Holmes and published by Candlewick PressCONFERENCES & EVENTSThis 2016 is shaping up to be a busy year for those of us involved with Canadian children’s literature. To tantalize your appetite (and encourage you to get involved) here are some highlights:January:Vancouver Children’s Literature Roundtable event: A Celebration of BC’s Award Children’s Authors and Illustrators with special guests Rachel Hartman and the Children’s Literature Roundtables of Canada 2015 Information Book Award winners Margriet Ruurs & Katherine Gibson, January 27, 2016, 7 – 9 pm. Creekside Community Centre, 1 Athletes Way, Vancouver. Free to members and students.April:Wordpower programs from the Young Alberta Book Society feature teams of Albertan children’s literary artists touring to schools in rural areas. Thanks to the generous sponsorship of Cenovus Energy, schools unable to book artist visits due to prohibitive travel costs are able to participate.April 4-8: Wordpower South will send 8 artist teams to communities roughly between Drumheller and Medicine Hat. Artists include Karen Bass, Lorna Shultz-Nicholson, Bethany Ellis, Marty Chan, Mary Hays, Sigmund Brouwer, Carolyn Fisher, Natasha DeenApril 25-29: Wordpower North will have a team of 8 artists traveling among communities in north-eastern Alberta such as Fort MacKay, Conklin, Wabasca, Lac La Biche, Cold Lake, and Bonnyville. The artists include Kathy Jessup, Lois Donovan, Deborah Miller, David Poulsen, Gail de Vos, Karen Spafford-Fitz, Hazel Hutchins, Georgia Graham May: COMICS AND CONTEMPORARY LITERACY: May 2, 2016; 8:30am - 4:30pm at the Rozsa Centre, University of Calgary. This is a one day conference featuring presentations and a workshop by leading authors, scholars, and illustrators from the world of comics and graphic novels. This conference is the 5th in the annual 'Linguistic Diversity and Language Policy' series sponsored by the Chair, English as an Additional Language, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary. Tom Ricento is the current Chair-holder. The conference is free and lunch is provided. Seating is limited, so register early. The four presenters are:Jillian Tamaki, illustrator for This One Summer, and winner of the Governor General's Award for children's illustration.Richard van Camp, best-selling author of The Lesser Blessed and Three Feathers, and member of the Dogrib Nation.Dr. Nick Sousanis, post-doctoral scholar, teacher and creator of the philosophical comic Unflattening.Dr. Bart Beaty, University of Calgary professor, acclaimed comics scholar and author of Comics vs. Art TD Canadian Children’s Book Week 2016. In 2016, the Canadian Children's Book Centre celebrates 40 years of bringing great Canadian children's books to young readers across the country and the annual TD Canadian Children’s Book Week will be occurring this May across Canada. The theme this year is the celebration of these 40 years of great books written, illustrated and published in Canada as well as stories that have been told over the years. The 2016 tour of storytellers, authors and illustrators and their area of travel are as follows:Alberta: Bob Graham, storyteller; Kate Jaimet, authorBritish Columbia (Interior region) Lisa Dalrymple, author; (Lower Mainland region) Graham Ross, illustrator; (Vancouver Island region) Wesley King, author; (Northern region, Rebecca Bender, author & illustrator.Manitoba: Angela Misri, author; Allison Van Diepen, authorNew Brunswick: Mary Ann Lippiatt, storytellerNewfoundland: Maureen Fergus, authorLabrador: Sharon Jennings, authorNorthwest Territories: Geneviève Després, illustratorNova Scotia: Judith Graves, authorNunavut: Gabrielle Grimard, illustratorOntario: Karen Autio, author; Marty Chan, author; Danika Dinsmore, author; Kallie George, author; Doretta Groenendyk, author & illustrator; Alison Hughes, author; Margriet Ruurs, author.Prince Edward Island: Wallace Edwards, author & illustratorQuebec (English-language tour): LM Falcone, author; Simon Rose, author; Kean Soo, author & illustrator; Robin Stevenson, author; and Tiffany Stone, author/poet.Saskatchewan: (Saskatoon and northern area) Donna Dudinsky, storyteller; (Moose Jaw/Regina and southern area) Sarah Ellis, authorYukon: Vicki Grant, author-----Gail de Vos is an adjunct professor who teaches courses on Canadian children's literature, young adult literature, and comic books & graphic novels at the School of Library and Information Studies (SLIS) at the University of Alberta. She is the author of nine books on storytelling and folklore. Gail is also a professional storyteller who has taught the storytelling course at SLIS for over two decades.