Relevant bibliographies by topics / Colère de Dieu

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Academic literature on the topic 'Colère de Dieu'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Colère de Dieu"

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Poirier, Paul-Hubert. "LACTANCE, La colère de Dieu." Laval théologique et philosophique 41, no. 2 (1985): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/400176ar.

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Fédou, Michel. "La « colère » de Dieu : quelle signification pour la théologie chrétienne ?" Recherches de Science Religieuse Tome 112, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rsr.241.0139.

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Le thème biblique de la « colère » divine est-il seulement une manière de parler ? Ou dit-il réellement les dispositions de Dieu lui-même face à l’incrédulité ou au péché des êtres humains ? Développé par Lactance au IV e siècle, ce thème a pris une importance centrale chez Luther et Karl Barth. Il est aussi présent chez un théologien catholique comme Balthasar, en réaction contre la sotériologie de Rahner. Plutôt que de prétendre concilier les diverses positions en la matière, il importe de prendre au sérieux la tension même qui se manifeste entre elles, et de revisiter à cette lumière un certain nombre de questions auxquelles la théologie chrétienne se trouve confrontée, telles que la Passion rédemptrice, l’attitude de l’Église envers les pécheurs et la question du jugement eschatologique.
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Cattin, Yves. "Dieu d'amour et Dieu de colère... Justice et miséricorde dans le Proslogion (ch. VI-XI) d'Anselme de Canterbury." Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses 69, no. 3 (1989): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhpr.1989.5027.

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Waterlot, Muriel. "Collocations verbo-nominales avec gniew (colère) dans Brat naszego Boga (Karol Wojtyła) et leur traduction en français et en néerlandais." Roczniki Humanistyczne 69, no. 8 (October 14, 2021): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh21698-9.

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Cet article rend compte d’une analyse de la traduction de collocations avec le nom gniew (‘colère’) dans la pièce de théâtre de Karol Wojtyła Brat naszego Boga (Frère de notre Dieu) en français, et propose des traductions de ces collocations en néerlandais. Pour l’analyse sémantico-discursive des collocations avec gniew (‘colère’), nous avons établi un modèle méthodologique dans lequel nous avons intégré – à partir de la définition de la colère par Eckman – des éléments de cette émotion (en tant que processus) et leur réalisation linguistique qui se présente sous la forme d’une collocation verbo-nominale (du type V+N ou N+V) selon l’approche cognitive de la collocation proposée par Śliwa. L’analyse des collocations ouvre une perspective contrastive afin de repérer d’éventuelles difficultés dans la traduction des collocations verbo-nominales avec gniew. Pour faciliter une description plus détaillée du degré de correspondance de la traduction de ces collocations, nous avons eu recours au schéma de Camugli Gallardo. Cette étude nous permet d’affirmer qu’une approche sémantico-discursive appliquée à l’analyse comparative de la traduction de certaines unités lexicales ; telles les collocations – pourrait être adoptée comme point de départ pour définir les critères permettant d’évaluer la qualité d’une traduction.
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Waterlot, Muriel. "Collocations verbo-nominales avec gniew (colère) dans Brat naszego Boga (Karol Wojtyła) et leur traduction en français et en néerlandais." Roczniki Humanistyczne 69, no. 8 (October 14, 2021): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh21698-9.

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Cet article rend compte d’une analyse de la traduction de collocations avec le nom gniew (‘colère’) dans la pièce de théâtre de Karol Wojtyła Brat naszego Boga (Frère de notre Dieu) en français, et propose des traductions de ces collocations en néerlandais. Pour l’analyse sémantico-discursive des collocations avec gniew (‘colère’), nous avons établi un modèle méthodologique dans lequel nous avons intégré – à partir de la définition de la colère par Eckman – des éléments de cette émotion (en tant que processus) et leur réalisation linguistique qui se présente sous la forme d’une collocation verbo-nominale (du type V+N ou N+V) selon l’approche cognitive de la collocation proposée par Śliwa. L’analyse des collocations ouvre une perspective contrastive afin de repérer d’éventuelles difficultés dans la traduction des collocations verbo-nominales avec gniew. Pour faciliter une description plus détaillée du degré de correspondance de la traduction de ces collocations, nous avons eu recours au schéma de Camugli Gallardo. Cette étude nous permet d’affirmer qu’une approche sémantico-discursive appliquée à l’analyse comparative de la traduction de certaines unités lexicales ; telles les collocations – pourrait être adoptée comme point de départ pour définir les critères permettant d’évaluer la qualité d’une traduction.
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Le Penru, Rodolphe. "Providence et passions divines dans le stoïcisme : comment prémunir un dieu bienveillant contre la colère ?" Elenchos 44, no. 2 (November 21, 2023): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/elen-2023-0013.

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Abstract Against the Epicureans who conceive the gods as indifferent to make them inaccessible to anger, the Stoics assert that the god is incapable of anger due to his very benevolence. However, doesn’t the Stoic god’s concern for man threaten his impassivity and expose him to feel anger and passions? In this paper, I address, in a theological context, the classic ethical problem of the compatibility between the integrity of the individual and his concern for others. Several hypotheses are examined. Is divine benevolence merely a disposition to do good to human beings, devoid of any affection for them? If it is a feeling, is it an aspiration to the very exercise of the virtue of benevolence, rather than to the good of mankind in itself? Or could it be understood, in the context of the cosmic οἰκείωσις, as the god’s care for his own parts? Finally, should not we distinguish, in god’s philanthropy, between the φιλία he feels for the wise men and the ἔρως he feels for everyone else?
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Nutkowicz, Hélène. "PROPOS AUTOUR DE LA MORT D'UN ENFANT 2 SAMUEL XI, 2-XII, 24." Vetus Testamentum 54, no. 1 (2004): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853304772932960.

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AbstractÀ la mort de son premier fils avec Bethsabée, le roi David ne respecte pas les rites funèbres. Ce fait exceptionnel dans le comportement du souverain ne laisse pas de surprendre, puisque ce dernier n'a jamais manqué de les observer, même pour ses pires ennemis. Cette réflexion cherche une explication possible au travers d'une perspective à la fois sémantique et anthropologique. Cette dernière approche est éclairée par l'attitude et la personnalité du souverain. Dès 2 Samuel xii, 13, le texte indique que Dieu a décidé de substituer l'enfant, fruit du péché, à son père, auteur du péché. Le verbe choisi par Nathan est explicite, et la forme verbale du hiphil révèle que Dieu « a fait passer », he'ebîr, le péché, et l'a transféré sur l'enfant. Celui-ci remplit toutes les conditions pour jouer le rôle de victime expiatoire. Le sacrifice, exutoire à la colère divine, illumine le projet divin puisque sa violence mais aussi son efficacité permettront, en échange, de fonder la dynastie davidique.
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Paci, Viva. "Certains paysages d’Herzog sous la loupe du système des attractions." Cinémas 12, no. 1 (October 31, 2007): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/024869ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Ce texte présente un parcours de l'évolution du concept d'attraction dans les théories du cinéma. Les lectures qu'en font Eisenstein et Gunning permettent à l'auteur de faire un parallèle avec un autre concept, celui de défamiliarisation. À la lumière de cette mise au point, il devient possible d'établir que la manière dont Herzog utilise les paysages dans des films comme Fata Morgana (1968-1970) et Aguirre, la colère de Dieu (1972) s'inscrit parfaitement dans la préoccupation d'une communication directe comme celle qui entoure le concept d'attraction. L'idée de sublime s'insère dans ce parcours pour souligner le caractère fortement émotif sur lequel jouent les représentations de paysages chez Herzog.
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Polignac, François de. "Poséidon et le pneuma. Le séisme comme signe et remède en Grèce ancienne." Revue de l'histoire des religions 2 (2024): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/11vdv.

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En Grèce ancienne, les séismes semblent relever de deux types d’explication inconciliables : soit comme une manifestation de la colère du dieu Poséidon, soit comme un phénomène purement naturel dû à l’accumulation d’un élément sous terre – l’eau, l’air ou le souffle. Mais cette opposition apparente masque des analogies conceptuelles. L’action de Poséidon n’est pas simplement destructrice. Elle participe à la construction d’un monde habitable en organisant la circulation des eaux. Les théories naturalistes sont fondées sur la même idée que le séisme, tout comme les désordres du corps, reflète un déséquilibre dans la circulation d’un principe primordial. « Croyance » et « science » sont fondées sur les mêmes représentations ; c’est dans le rapport entre cause et effet qu’elles divergent.
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Cattin, Yves. "Dieu d'amour et Dieu de colère... Justice et miséricorde dans le Proslogion (ch. VI-XI) d'Anselme de Canterbury (suite). Le lieu de la pensée anselmienne." Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses 69, no. 4 (1989): 423–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhpr.1989.5041.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Colère de Dieu"

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Bertrand, Marianne. "Étude de Nombres 25 et de sa réception dans les traditions juives et chrétiennes de l'Antiquité." Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040143.

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Nombres 25 émerge dans sa forme finale en Judée achéménide, probablement à la fin du Ve ou au début du IVe siècle av. J. -C. Texte de fermeture, il proclame la nécessité pour les Juifs de se séparer des nations afin de préserver une identité qui se trouve, à ce moment-là, en grand danger de perdition. La colère de Dieu qu’il faut à tout prix détourner est l’argument principal employé pour convaincre. Ce programme est porté par une partie des prêtres de Jérusalem mais il rejoint des préoccupations qui ne sont pas seulement celles des prêtres. Nombres 25 a une postérité dans les textes ultérieurs, bibliques et extra-bibliques, juifs et chrétiens. La signification donnée à la colère de Dieu dépend en grande partie des circonstances historiques dans lesquelles les échos prennent place. A la calme prudence par rapport aux étrangers que développe le Siracide dans la première moitié du IIe siècle av. J. -C. , succède quelques années plus tard le zèle violent des Maccabées qui fait des émules jusqu'au début du IIe siècle ap. J. -C. L'attente de la restauration imminente du royaume de Dieu permet même à Pinhas, le personnage principal de Nombres 25, d'obtenir un rôle eschatologique. A partir du IIe siècle ap. J. -C. , la tradition juive tente de canaliser la violence que Nombres 25 justifie dans un réseau d'obligations circonstancielles, pendant que la tradition chrétienne, quand elle se réfère à Nb 25, le fait sur un plan majoritairement moral, notamment pour condamner les relations sexuelles hors mariage
The final version of the 25th chapter of Numbers must have appeared in Achaemenid Judaea around the late 5th century or early 4th century BC. Chapter 25 clearly illustrates a strong rejection of foreign groups as it voices the need for the Jews to severe ties with other nations so as to preserve an identity that seemed threatened with extinction at the time. What makes Numbers 25 powerful is the fact that it was based on the idea that God's wrath must be diverted at all costs. If such objective was indeed high on some of the priests' agenda, it also reflected wider concerns among the mainstream population. "Numbers- chapter 25" was to influence all the succeeding texts, whether in the Bible or others, in both Jewish and Christian traditions. The various interpretations of God's wrath mostly depended on those later versions' specific historical backgrounds. If the Sirach/ Ecclasiasticus cautiously advocated peaceful relations with strangers in the mid-2nd century BC, it was followed by the Maccabees' aggressive zeal for liberation that was to influence generations up to the 2nd century AD. That accounts for the eschatological dimension gained by Phinehas, the protagonist in Numbers 25, as he embodies the Jews' longing for the impending restoration of God's kingdom. The Jewish and Christian versions were then to evolve along two different directions after the 2nd century AD. While the Jewish tradition strove to curb such violence by laying the stress on a series of rules to follow, the Christian later versions of Numbers 25 rather focused on the moral plane to condemn extra-marital sexual intercourse
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Bigaouette, Francine. "Le cri de déréliction de Jésus en croix : sa densité existentielle et salvifique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/42135.

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L'objectif fondamental de cette thèse consiste à scruter le sens du cri de déréliction de Jésus en croix:« Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, pourquoi m'as-tu abandonné?» (Mc 15:34) en tant qu'expression, d'une part, de la manière dont Jésus a vécu sa mort et, d'autre part, de la puissance salvifique de cette mort. Cet objectif en inclut un autre plus spécifique, à savoir proposer une solution à la question litigieuse, telle qu'elle se présente dans la théologie contemporaine, d'une éventuelle assomption substitutive du jugement de la colère divine par Jésus dont son cri serait l'expression. Ces objectifs sont poursuivis essentiellement à partir d'une démarche d'écoute du cri de Jésus selon la tonalité de chacun des motifs du récit de la Croix dans l'évangile de Marc. Cette démarche conduit à interpréter la déréliction de Jésus non pas comme l'expression de son assomption substitutive du jugement de la colère divine, mais plutôt comme l'effet le plus éprouvant pour lui, bien qu'assumé volontairement, de l'affrontement que Dieu, conformément à la logique de son Royaume qui est celle de l'amour, a mené contre la perversité des humains en leur livrant son Fils. En cet affrontement, le jugement définitif de Dieu sur le péché a été accompli, mais en tant que procédant de son seul amour et non de sacolère.
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Volkmann, Stephan. "Der Zorn Gottes : Studien zur Rede vom Zorn Gottes in der evangelischen Theologie /." Marburg : N. G. Elwert, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb411829383.

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Peels, Hendrik George Laurens. "The vengeance of God : the meaning of the root NQM and the function of the NQM-texts in the context of divine representation in the Old Testament /." Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb357223271.

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Sauvey, Juliette. "Junon, "trop amie des Africains" : une déesse romaine de la colère et de la réconciliation : étude religieuse et littéraire du début de la République jusqu'à l'époque augustéenne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAC007.

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Cette étude a pour origine le constat d'un paradoxe : Junon, grande déesse romaine qui siège au sein de la triade Capitoline, a aussi combattu le projet d'installation d'Énée dans le Latium, a été hostile à l'apothéose de Romulus ou a protégé les Carthaginois d'Hannibal. Si cette hostilité semble a priori le fait des poètes depuis Ennius jusqu'aux poètes augustéens, elle est aussi intrinsèque à la nature de la déesse qui fut celle qui subit le plus souvent le rituel d'euocatio destiné à apaiser la divinité de l'ennemi et à l'intégrer au panthéon romain, comme à Véies en 395 av. Mais surtout, cette colère semble inséparable de la réconciliation finale de la déesse avec les Romains. Enfin, cette hostilité et cet apaisement ont été réactualisés au cours de l'histoire de Rome : guerres contre les Étrusques, les Carthaginois ou guerres civiles. Notre démarche suit un plan chronologique pour analyser la dynamique du phénomène tout en étudiant à la fois le fait religieux et le fait littéraire
This study results from the observation of a paradox : Juno, great Roman goddess, part of the Capitoline triade, has fought the Aeneas' project to establish a settlement in Latium, was hostile to Romulus' apotheosis and has also protected the Carthaginian army of Hannibal. Juno's hostility was told by the poets since Ennius, up to the augustan poets, but can also be studied in the cultual practice, owing to the fact that she was subject to euocatio-rituel several times as in Veii in 395 BC. The ritual of euocatio has been used in order to calm ennemies' divinity and to integrate it in the Roman pantheon. Moreover, Juno's anger implies to be examined simultaneously with her final reconciliation with Rome. Finally, this hostility and reconciliation underwent some updates during the Roman history : Etruscan, Punic or Civil wars. Our approach follows a chronological plan in order to analyze the phenomenon's dynamics while studying both religious and literary facts
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Van, Schalkwyk Andri. "Die emosionele behoeftes van die MIV/VIGS geaffekteerde kleurlingkind in die middelkinderjare." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10182005-082000.

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Regadas, Sthela Maria Murad. "Efeitos da suplementaÃÃo com fibra solÃvel ou frutooligossacarÃdeos sobre a inflamaÃÃo e o metabolismo no colo normal ou na vigÃncia de colite induzida por Ãcido trinitrobenzeno sulfÃnico, em ratos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2004. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=301.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o efeito da suplementaÃÃo intragÃstrica com fibra solÃvel e prebiÃtico (frutooligossacarÃdeos - FOS), do ponto de vista inflamatÃrio e metabÃlico, no tecido cÃlico normal ou na vigÃncia da colite induzida por Ãcido trinitrobenzeno sulfÃnico (TNBS), em ratos. Foram usados 96 ratos da linhagem Wistar, machos, com peso mÃdio de 300g. Foram distribuÃdos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, com 48 animais. Um Grupo Estudo Sem Colite (GESC) submetido à aplicaÃÃo transanal de Ãgua ou outro Grupo Estudo Com Colite (GEC) induzida por TNBS, 20 mg mais etanol à 50%. Cada grupo foi redistribuÃdo em 3 subgrupos, de acordo com a substÃncia utilizada por infusÃo intragÃstrica: 1(Ãgua), 2(Fibra solÃvel) e 3(FOS). Todos os animais receberam essas soluÃÃes durante 14 dias antes da aplicaÃÃo transanal de Ãgua ou da induÃÃo da colite, atà o dia determinado para eutanÃsia (7 e 14 dias). Foram realizadas avaliaÃÃes do peso dos animais, relaÃÃo peso/tamanho do colo, escores macroscÃpicos e microscÃpicos, e dosagens de metabÃlitos no tecido cÃlico in vivo (concentraÃÃes de corpos cetÃnicos [3-hidroxibutirato, acetoacetato], piruvato, lactato, ATP e relaÃÃo [acetoacetato]/[3-hidroxibutirato] e [piruvato]/[lactato]. Foram avaliados o GESC, GEC, e os subgrupos Ãgua, do grupo sem colite (ESC1) e com colite (EC1). NÃo houve alteraÃÃes significantes nos diversos parÃmetros inflamatÃrios avaliados no GESC. No GEC, houve aumento na relaÃÃo peso do colo/comprimento do colo no subgrupo FOS, no 14 dia (ρ<0,05). Com relaÃÃo ao peso dos animais, os do subgrupo GEC1, apresentaram reduÃÃo significante no 7 dia. Houve aumento na relaÃÃo peso/tamanho do colo, no escores macro e microscÃpico no subgrupo GEC1 no 7 e 14 dias (ρ<0,05). Quanto à avaliaÃÃo metabÃlica, no GESC foi evidenciado aumento nas concentraÃÃes de acetoacetato no subgrupo fibra solÃvel no 14 dia (ρ<0,05). Houve reduÃÃo nas concentraÃÃes de piruvato no subgrupo fibra solÃvel e FOS no 14 dia (ρ<0,05). As concentraÃÃes de ATP foram reduzidas nos subgrupos fibra solÃvel e FOS, no 7 e 14 dias (ρ<0,05). No GEC, as concentraÃÃes do piruvato apresentaram-se elevadas no subgrupo fibra solÃvel, no 14 dia (ρ<0,05). As concentraÃÃes de ATP diminuÃram nos subgrupos fibra solÃvel e FOS (ρ<0,05). Comparando os subgrupos GESC1 com GEC1, houve elevaÃÃo nas concentraÃÃes dos corpos cetÃnicos no GEC1 no 7 dia (ρ<0,05). Houve reduÃÃo nos nÃveis de piruvato no GEC1 no 7 e 14 dias (ρ<0,05). Observou-se reduÃÃo nas relaÃÃes [acetoacetato]/[3-hidroxibutirato] e [piruvato]/[lactato] no GEC1, no 7 dia (ρ<0,05). Conclui-se, portanto, que a suplementaÃÃo intragÃstrica com fibra solÃvel ou com FOS, nÃo alteram os parÃmetros inflamatÃrios avaliados no 7 e 14 dias, nos colos normais ou na vigÃncia de colite, porÃm eleva a oferta de precursores para produÃÃo de energia, alterando as concentraÃÃes in vivo de ATP, tanto no tecido cÃlico normal, como na vigÃncia da colite.
The aim of this study was research the metabolic and inflammatory findings in normal colon and trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced (TNBS) colitic rats which received soluble fiber and fructooligosaccharides-FOS. Ninety six Wistar male rats were used, average weight 300g. They were distributed in two groups, of 48 animals each. One group with animals without colitis (GESC) submitted to transanal water enema and another group with colitis (GEC) produced by TNBS, 20mg. Each group was distributed into three subgroups, according to the used substance: 1(water), 2(soluble fiber), 3(FOS). All the animals received 3 ml such substances twice daily into the stomach through an intragastric catether during 14 days before the transanal water enema and the colitis production until the euthanasia day (7th and 14th. Days). The animals were evaluated concerning to the weight, colon weight/size relationship, macroscopic and microscopic scores and the metabolites colon in vivo concentrations (ketone bodies [3-hydroxybutirate, acetoacetate], piruvate, lactate and ATP). The cell redox estate was also evaluated by the [acetoacetate]/[3-hydroxybutirate] and [piruvate]/[lactate] relationship. GESC and GEC were evaluated, equally the subgroups water from the group without colitis (ESC1) comparing to the colitis group (EC1). No significant differences were found in the various inflammatory evaluated parameters in GESC group. An increased colon weight/size relationship was found in GEC group in the subgroup FOS, on the 14th day (p<0,05). Concerning to the animals weight from the subgroup GEC1, a significant decreasing was found on the 7th day. An increased colon weight/size relationship was found in macroscopic and microscopic scores in the subgroup GEC1 on the 7th and 14th days (p<0,05). Concerning to the metabolic evaluation, an increased acetoacetate concentration was found in GESC, in the fiber subgroup on the 14th day (p<0,05). Decreased piruvate concentrations in the fiber and FOS subgroups were demonstrated on the 14th day (p<0,05). The ATP concentrations were reduced in the fiber and FOS subgroups on the 7th and 14th days (p<0,05). The piruvate concentrations were increased in GEC group, in the fiber subgroup, on the 14th day (p<0,05). The ATP concentrations decreased in the fiber and FOS subgroups (p<0,05). Comparing the subgroups GESC1 with GEC1, an increased cetonic corps concentration was found in GEC1 on the 7th and 14th days (p<0,05). There was reduction of piruvate levels in GEC1 on the 7th and 14th days (p<0,05). There was also reduction in acetoacetate/3-hidroxibutirate and piruvate/lactate relationship in GEC1, on the 7th day (p<0,05). Itâs concluded that the soluble fiber or FOS intragastric intake doesnât change the evaluated inflammatory parameters on the 7th and 14th days in normal colons or during colitis process, but it increases the precursors offering for energy production, modifying the ATP in vivo concentrations in normal colonic tissue and during colitis process.
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Burkhardt, Sabine [Verfasser]. "Symbol und Motiv im mythologischen und philosophischen Kontext: Die fantastischen Romane von Rowling, Colfer und O'Shaughnessy / Sabine Burkhardt." Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/106904847X/34.

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Burden, Matilda. "Die Afrikaanse volkslied onder die bruinmense." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/69145.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1991.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A song has to be accepted by the community, must form part of the oral tradition and be handed over from one generation to the next, before it can be called a folk song. In the process of oral tradition, variants usually develop. A folk song is therefore never complete the moment it is created, but is formed gradually through a process of changes. The Afrikaans folk song sung by the coloured people has the same characteristics as the folk song in general. The fact that oral tradition is the major way of spreading songs, is evident from the many variants that occur and from the examples of transformation of words and melody ("Umsingen"and "Zersingen"). Simplicity, the use of the major key and the avoidance of modulation are prominent characteristics. Suggestiveness and coarse language are fairly common. Melismata are very rare and usually occur in songs which probably have their origin in old Afrikaans records. Most of the songs collected amongst coloured children are used to accompany games. The children seldom sing without playing or play without singing. Most variants are found amongst children's songs. Dancing songs are without a doubt the most popular amongst the songs of adults. The form of the stanzas is very simple and usually the songs consist of many stanzas. A small percentage of the songs collected, more or less 5%, presumably originate from old Afrikaans grammophone records. Most of these songs have been transformed by popular usage and even amongst them variants have been found. The main themes of this group of songs are love, parting, grief and death. Picnic songs, work songs, war songs and drinking songs have been found. Humoristic and mocking songs contribute to the entertainment value of the folk song and are also found amongst the coloured people. Because there is so much interaction between sacred songs and secular songs, especially where the melodies are concerned, the two groups cannot always be separated from each other. The sacred songs of the coloured people are mostly of the "refrain"-type. When a group of coloured people perform the sacred songs, they usually harmonise spontaneously and most beautifully. The fact that so much has been said and written on the subject of the folk song, and that even in recent years substantial research projects have been carried out, is proof enough that the folk song has not yet died out. The Afrikaans folk song features strongly amongst coloured people, though noticeably influenced by the English language, modern technology and urbanisation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Volkslied is 'n lied wat deur die gemeenskap aanvaar is, mondelings versprei word en op dieselfde wyse van geslag tot geslag oorgelewer word en waarvan daar in die prosesse variante ontstaan. 'n Volkslied is dus nie voltooi die oomblik dat die eerste vorm geskep is nie, maar word deur 'n langsame proses geleidelik gevorm en omvorm. Die Afrikaanse volkslied wat deur die bruinmense gesing word, toon dieselfde kenmerke as die volkslied in die algemeen. Daar is tekens van mondelinge oorlewering wat veral weerspieel word deur die baie variante wat aangetref word, sowel as talle voorbeelde van verbrokkeling en ver~ vorming ("Umsingen" en "Zerzingen"). Eenvoud in woord en melodie is opvallend. Die majeurtoonaard, met vermyding van modulasie, kom feitlik deurgaans voor. Suggestiwiteit en growwe taal is redelik algemeen. Melismes kom selde voor en dan meestal by liedere wat waarskynlik van ou Afrikaanse plate kom. By die opnames onder bruin kinders is gevind dat die oorgrote meerderheid liedere wat hulle sing, een of ander vorm van spel begelei. Hulle sing selde sonder om te speel, en hulle speel selde sonder om te sing. Die meeste variante van liedere word ook by die kinders aangetref. By die liedere van volwassenes is die danslied ongetwyfeld die gewildste. Die meeste daarvan bestaan uit kort, eenvoudige strofes met baie strofes in een lied. 'n Klein persentasie van die liedere wat versamel is, ongeveer 5%, is vermoedelik van ou Afrikaanse grammofoonplate afkomstig. Die meeste daarvan het baie vervorm in die volksmond en selfs daarvan is variante aangetref. Die temas van hierdie groep liedere handel hoofsaaklik oor die liefde, afskeid, hartseer en die dood. Voorbeelde van piekniek-, arbeids- en oorlogsliedere, sowel as enkele drinkliedere en doprympies is aangetref. Die humoristiese lied en spotlied dra by tot die vermaaklikhiedsfunksie van die volkslied en kom ook by die bruinmense voor. Die gewyde of geestelike lied kan nie altyd streng van die wereldlike lied geskei word nie. Daar is te veel wisselwerking tussen die twee groepe, veral wat wysies betref. Die gewyde liedere wat by die bruinmense,aangetref is, is meestal van die sogenaamde "koortjie"-tipe. 'n Kenmerk van hulle gewyde sang is dat wanneer dit deur 'n groep gesing word, dit altyd meerstemmig is met pragtige harmoniee wat op natuurlike wyse gedoen word. Die feit dat daar al so baie oor die volkslied geskryf is en selfs onlangs nog omvatteride studies daaroor die lig gesien het, is bewys dat die volklied nog nie uitgesterf het nie. Daar is bewys dat die Afrikaanse volkslied onder die bruinmense baie sterk staan, hoewel Engelse invloed duidelik merkbaar is en tekens van moderne ontwikkeling en verstedeliking onmiskenbaar waargeneem kanword.
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Berg, Manfred. "The ticket to freedom : die NAACP und das Wahlrecht der Afro-Amerikaner /." Frankfurt/Main [u.a.] : Campus-Verl, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/312077319.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Colère de Dieu"

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Rankl, Ugo. Jérusalem, ou, La colère de Dieu. Paris: Syrtes, 2005.

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Rankl, Ugo. Jérusalem, ou, La colère de Dieu. Paris: Syrtes, 2005.

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Rajsfus, Maurice. 17, rue Dieu, et autres cris de colère. Pantin: Le temps des cerises, 2008.

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Rajsfus, Maurice. 17, rue Dieu, et autres cris de colère. Pantin: Le temps des cerises, 2008.

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Anne, Delcourt, and Masson Philippe 1965 dessinateur, eds. La princesse Yukiko et le dieu en colère. Paris: Bayard jeunesse, 2007.

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Sonier, Louis. Une spiritualité sans dieu: [colère et foi d'un franc-maçon]. Fuveau: Maison de vie, 2005.

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Saoût, Yves. Le ministre et la colère de Dieu: Roman biblique sur la corruption. Yaoundé: UCAC, PUCAC, 2012.

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Froidure, Michel. Où était Dieu: Lettres de révolte et d'indignation d'un appelé en Algérie, 1956-1958. ; précédées de cette colère qui m'habite, entretien avec Tassadit Yacine. Metz: Mettis, 2006.

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Makanga, Pierre Damien Ndombe. La notion de la colère de Dieu dans la sotériologie dramatique chez Hans Urs von Balthasar: Une lecture méta-anthropologique à partir de la notion de l'admirabile commercium. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2009.

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Edjamian, Robert Sènankpon. La colère des dieux: Recueil de nouvelles : texte intégral. Cotonou, Bénin: Édition Romayor, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Colère de Dieu"

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Mazouer, Charles. "La colère de Dieu dans les tragédies bibliques de la Renaissance." In Dieu et les dieux dans le théâtre de la Renaissance, 393–407. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.er-eb.4.00067.

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Elolf, Erck, Marcos Tatagiba, and Madjid Samii. "Colored 3D-CT Reconstruction." In Bildverarbeitung für die Medizin 1998, 387–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58775-7_76.

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Garrot Zembrana, Juan Carlos. "Hercule protecteur des jésuites de Séville: sur l'utilisation de la mythologie dans quelques pièces du théâtre de collège." In Dieu et les dieux dans le théâtre de la Renaissance, 577–96. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.er-eb.4.00077.

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Rabethge, Nico, and Franz Kummert. "Developing a Human-centred AI-based System to Assist Sorting Laundry." In Informatik aktuell, 23–35. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-43705-3_3.

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ZusammenfassungThis paper presents the development of a human-centred AI system for the classification of laundry according to washing categories such as color and type. The system aims to provide a solution that is both accurate and easy to use for individuals with varying levels of technical expertise. The development process involved a human-centred approach, including user research and testing, to ensure that the system meets the needs and expectations of its users. The system uses a combination of computer vision techniques and machine learning algorithms to analyze images of dirty laundry and provide recommendations for the appropriate washing category.In addition to the development of the system itself, this paper also focuses on the explanation of the AI. The aim is to increase transparency and promote understanding of how the system makes its decisions. This is achieved through the use of visualizations and explanations that make the inner workings of the AI more accessible to users.The results of testing demonstrate that the system is effective in accurately classifying dirty laundry. The explanation of the AI has yet to receive more feedback, whether users report that it increased their trust in the system and find it easy to use. The development of a human-centered AI system for laundry classification has the potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of laundry sorting while also promoting understanding and trust in AI systems.Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung eines menschenzentrierten KI-Systems für die Klassifizierung von Wäsche nach Waschkategorien wie Farbe und Typ vorgestellt. Das System zielt darauf ab, eine Lösung zu bieten, die sowohl einfach wie auch möglichst genau für Personen mit unterschiedlichem technischem Fachwissen zu bedienen sein soll.Das System nutzt eine Kombination aus Computer-Vision-Techniken und Algorithmen des Deep Learning, um Bilder von schmutziger Wäsche zu analysieren und Empfehlungen für die richtige Waschkategorie zu geben. Neben der Entwicklung des Systems selbst geht es in diesem Beitrag auch um die Erklärung der KI und das Aktive Lernen. Ziel ist es, die Transparenz zu erhöhen und das Verständnis dafür zu fördern, wie das System seine Entscheidungen trifft. Dies wird durch den Einsatz von Visualisierungen und Erklärungen erreicht, die den Nutzern die Funktionsweise der KI näher bringen. Durch das Aktive Lernen wird der Aufwand für das Annotierten der Daten verringert, welches für jede Wäscherei aufgrund unterschiedlicher Bedürfnisse erneut durchgeführt werden müsste.Die Testergebnisse zeigen, dass das System in der Lage ist, bestimmte Attribute schmutziger Wäsche zuverlässig zu klassifizieren. Es sind zukünftig Nutzerstudien notwendig, welche überprüfen, ob das Sytem tatsächlich das Vertrauen in das System stärkt und es einfach zu bedienen ist. Die Entwicklung eines menschenzentrierten KI-Systems zur Wäscheklassifizierung hat das Potenzial, die Effizienz und Genauigkeit der Wäschesortierung zu verbessern und gleichzeitig das Verständnis und Vertrauen in KI-Systeme zu fördern.
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Onat, Rena. "(3) Die »translokale« Situierung im deutschen Kontext." In Queere Künstler_innen of Color, 60–66. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839464052-005.

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Cremer, Désirée. "Die Consolatio-Übersetzung von Colard Mansion: Zum Auftakt der französischen Elegie und weiterer texttraditioneller Phänomene." In Diskurse, Texte, Traditionen, 317–42. Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737002820.317.

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Koulechov, Dolorès. "Colère de Dieu." In Dictionnaire du renseignement, 163–65. Perrin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/perri.mouto.2018.01.0163.

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Lund, Joshua. "Aguirre, la colère de Dieu (Werner Herzog, 1972)." In Dictionnaire d'iconologie filmique, 22–26. Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pul.47348.

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Derville, Alain. "Chapitre 2. Les péchés du peuple et la colère de Dieu." In Quarante générations de Français face au sacré, 171–80. Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.septentrion.56357.

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"3.4 La colère des dieux." In Contra Christianos, 368–92. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110934892.368.

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Conference papers on the topic "Colère de Dieu"

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Helms, Kayleen L. E., and Betty Phillips. "The Characterization of Damage Propagation in BGA’s on Flip-Chip Electronic Packages." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73429.

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A characterization study is undertaken to monitor damage progression at the second-level interconnect in BGA’s on flip-chip electronic packages. Specifically, the progression of solder joint cracking under use conditions (thermal and combined thermomechanical loading) is investigated. The study uses a multi-color dye and peel failure analysis technique to track the initiation and propagation of solder joint cracks under loading. The approach being used differs from conventional failure analysis techniques in that multiple measurements of damage growth are obtained from the same part providing a full damage history. By using multiple dye colors, all crack initiation points, directions of propagation, and surface crack areas are obtainable experimentally. The scope of the study includes investigating the impact of such factors as die size, package size, BGA size, BGA pitch, enabling load, and internal heat spreaders (IHS’s) on the damage history observed. Based on this study, investigation of sequential loading can be pursued to identify directions and design guidelines for improving solder joint reliability of future BGA’s on flip-chip electronic packages.
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Mount, Catherine M., and Philip L. Marston. "Glare points in the refracted-wave scattering by icicles and other tilted dielectric cylinders and the caustic-merging transition." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1997.lmb.4.

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Naturally produced icicles can be approximately symmetrical about a vertical axis. Some icicles are only weakly tapered so that approximating the icicle as a circular cylinder gives insight into ray optics of die scattering. Several features of the scattering are evident when viewing a sunlit icicle with the unaided eye. These include (i) the specular reflection and (ii) the merging and disappearance of the two-chord "rainbow rays" as the scattering angle to the observer's eye is varied. As described below, other information about the scattering process is manifested by viewing the scattering through a camera focused on the farfield scattering. The dominant direction of the incident wave vector ki is ordinarily tilted by a angle γ relative to a plane perpendicular to the symmetry axis z of the icicle. Consequently the ray evolution differs from the well known case of a circular cylinder at normal incidence. An analysis summarized here shows how the conditions for the Airy caustic evolves with γ such that the Airy caustics from opposite sides of the cylinder merge and disappear at a critical tilt angle γc. These phenomena were simulated in laboratory observations of scattering by a clear tilted PMMA polymer fiber illuminated by a laser beam as summarized below. While our observations and analysis are intended to give insight into naturally occurring processes, the problem of the ray-optics of tilted dielectric cylinders may also be of general interest [1,2]. Furthermore, the Airy caustic features of laser-illuminated fibers at normal incidence have been used in the testing of optical fibers (for communication applications) so that is reasonable to inquire how the rainbow features evolve with tilt [3]. During the course of this investigation, we became aware of a closely related investigation by Lock et al. [4,5] of the ray optics of a large glass cylinder.
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Henry, Leo G., and J. H. Mazur. "Basic Physics in Color-Coded EOS Metallization Failures (Differentiating between EOS and ESD)." In ISTFA 1998. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1998p0143.

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Abstract The task of differentiating precisely between EOS and ESD failures continues to be a challenging one for Failure Analysis Engineers. Electrical OverStress (EOS) failures on the die surface (burnt/fused metallization) of an IC can be characterized mainly by the discoloration at the site of the failures. This is in direct contrast to the lack of discoloration characteristic of ESD failures, which occur almost exclusively below the die surface (oxide and junction failures). To aid in this distinction, this paper attempts to present the underlying physics behind the discoloration produced in the EOS failures. For the EOS failures, the metal fuses due to the longer pulse widths (sec to msec), while for the ESD failures, the silicon melts because of the shorter pulse widths (&lt; &lt; 500 nsec) and higher energy. After EOS, the aluminum surface becomes dark and rough and the oxide in the surrounding area becomes deformed and distorted, resulting in the discoloration observed in the light microscope. This EOS discoloration could be due to one or more of the following: 1) morphological and structural changes at the metal/glass interface and the glass itself; 2) changes in the thickness and scattering behavior of the glass and metal in the failed areas.
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Takizawa, Hiroki, Hideki Aoyama, and Song Cheol Won. "Rapid Estimation of Die and Mold Machining Time Without NC Data by AI Based on Shape Data." In 2020 International Symposium on Flexible Automation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isfa2020-9626.

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Abstract Rapid estimation of machining time is necessary for flexible production scheduling and early responses regarding delivery date. It is also important for selecting the most suitable of a factory’s many machine tools. Usually, machining time is estimated based on an NC program. However, this takes time to generate and its estimation accuracy is not ideal because it cannot consider the control characteristics of the machine tool. This study proposes a new method for rapidly estimating die and mold machining time without generating an NC program: inputting curvature and machining depth distributions into AI as color information.
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Brown, R. G., C. E. Hann, J. Geoffrey Chase, and L. A. Ray. "Discrete color-based Euclidean-invariant signatures for feature tracking in a DIET breast cancer screening system." In Medical Imaging, edited by Armando Manduca and Xiaoping P. Hu. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.711815.

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Stamenić, Tamara, Maja Petričević, Slađana Šobajić, Tanja Keškić, Slaviša Stajić, Nikola Stanišić, and Andrijana Milošević Georgiev. "CHALLENGES OF THE NEW PRODUCT-LABELING SYSTEM IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY." In XX International Convention on Quality JUSK ICQ 2024. United Association of Serbia for Quality, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/jusk-icqxx.145s.

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Enhancing diet quality is a pivotal strategy in the battle against non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and a cornerstone of public health policy. The Nutri-Score, a front-of-pack (FOP) labeling system featuring five color-coded letters (A-E), serves as a beacon, guiding consumers towards healthier prepackaged foods. This system has a profound effect on consumer awareness, perception, comprehension, and purchasing behavior, potentially leading to a significant reduction in NCD prevalence. Despite their status as essential protein sources, processed meats have been associated with numerous diseases. By directing consumers towards healthier options through FOP labeling, such as the Nutri-Score, we can potentially alleviate the burden of diet-related diseases. This study classified processed meat products by Nutri-Score to identify nutritionally better options. Analyzing 387 products from major supermarket chains in Belgrade, Serbia, revealed most processed meats fell into classes D and E. Dried meat products and finely ground cooked sausages were ranked more favorably than dry-cured and dry fermented sausages. Significant improvements in Nutri- Score were seen in products with lower sodium chloride and saturated fats. Thus, some processed meats are nutritionally superior within their group, offering potential health benefits to those who choose them. Adopting FOP labeling systems like Nutri-Score is not just beneficial, but essential for steering consumers toward healthier dietary choices and supporting public health goals to reduce NCDs.
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Cobos-Torres, Juan-Carlos, and Mohamed Abderrahim. "Monitoreo en línea de la frecuencia cardíaca por imagen fotopletismografía mediante filtrado Kalman." In Actas de las XXXVII Jornadas de Automática 7, 8 y 9 de septiembre de 2016, Madrid. Universidade da Coruña, Servizo de Publicacións, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498081.0529.

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En este trabajo se presenta un método para la medición sin contacto de la frecuencia cardíaca mediante la técnica de imagen fotopletismografía, a través de la aplicación de un filtro basado en la técnica de Kalman. Este método es imperceptible para los seres humanos, se caracteriza por un coste computacional bajo y es robusto ante artefactos. El enfoque utiliza el análisis de la señal pletismográfica recogida desde una cámara de color estándar para estimar la frecuencia cardíaca. El sistema calcula el seguimiento de la señal obtenida, con el cual logra estimar y filtrar el desplazamiento de la señal promediada, eliminando de manera potente los artefactos. Además, cuenta con un sistema de apreciación de error que permite una estimación de la frecuencia cardíaca de manera eficiente. Finalmente, se obtuvo una buena estimación de los signos vitales de diez individuos. El análisis de Bland y Altman muestra una fuerte correlación entre la medición del sistema estándar y el procedimiento propuesto.
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Schmit, F. M., R. H. Anderson, K. M. Leung, and R. J. Betsch. "Hot Forging the Infrared Lens: Potassium Bromide." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.mb8.

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Alkali halides can be deformed much like metals at elevated temperatures and high pressure. A novel procedure is described where a KBr single crystal is deformed, while heated to 250°C in a 4000 psi helium atmosphere, and shaped between pyrex die surfaces. The process involves two separate forging operations. The first step introduces a 60% reduction followed by a slight mechanical shaping. The second forging operation produces the finished optical surfaces of the KBr lens. To demonstrate optical performance, the KBr lens is used as the color corrector in a Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) imager. Near difraction limited performance is demonstrated in a FLIR. Although the surface figure of the lens is complicated, transmission tests including, double pass interferometry, two wavelength holography, arid a shearing plate test all show that at 8-12µm the forged KBr will perform very acceptably.
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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, Afaf Al-Nasser, and Tahani Al-Surrayai. "SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF TABLE EGGS AS AFFECTED BY FORTIFICATION OF LAYING FEED RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT FAT SOURCES." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/23.

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The major objective of this research paper was to investigate the effect of enrichment with different oil sources on the egg quality traits in laying hens. A total of 300 one-day-old pullets were used. There were seven dietary treatments of 10 % diet of the following: soybean oil (SO), sunflower oil (SFO), canola oil (CO), flaxseed oil (FLO), fish oil (FO), a mix of fish oil and soya oil (SO+FO), and DHA algal biomass oil. Each treatment contained six replicates with seven birds each. Random samples of 10 eggs per treatment were used; making 70. The organoleptic parameters included tests on smell, taste, color, and texture. The results revealed that there were no significant differences between the eggs from hens fed the different dietary treatments in terms of the organoleptic parameters used. Flaxseed oil, Fish oil and a mixture of Soy oil +Fish oil can be efficiently used to enrich poultry eggs with n-3 PUFA. However, FLO and flaxseeds can be safely used to avoid the fishy smell of poultry products, if present upon reheating
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Cotovanu, Ionica, Silvia Mironeasa, Madalina Ungureanu-Iuga, and Costel Mironeasa. "EFFECT OF EXTRUSION PARAMETERS ON THE EXTRUDED PRODUCTS FEATURES." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s25.17.

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The extrusion process is recognized as the most versatile processing technology, and it can be used to produce food with higher nutritional, functional, and sensory qualities. The extrusion process involves forcing a mixture of ingredients through a small die under controlled conditions of temperature, pressure, and shear. This review highlights the main effects of the process parameters (feed rate, feed moisture, screw speed, barrel temperature, raw material characteristics, etc.) and system parameters (specific mechanical energy, residence time, product pressure, and temperature, etc.) on the features of extruded products (expansion ratio, bulk density, texture and color parameters, water absorption capacity, swelling capacity, thermal properties, sensory characteristics, etc.). Extrusion conditions can decrease the expansion ratio and increase bulk and apparent density. When humidity decreases and temperature increases, the Maillard reaction improves, while screw speed negatively affects color change because it influences residence time. Product final porosity, texture, and moisture content are also subject to various changes. The extrusion process can lead to changes in particle size distribution, influencing the mouthfeel and sensory attributes of the product. At high temperatures, screw speed and low moisture, water absorption capacity can decrease, whereas, at low screw speed, it increases. The effects of extrusion parameters on these properties can vary depending on the specific ingredients and formulations used, and the interactions between different parameters can be complex, leading to intricate changes in the features of extruded products. Thus, more advanced research needs to be done.
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Reports on the topic "Colère de Dieu"

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Zyriax, Birgit-Christiane, and Eberhard Windler. Lifestyle changes at midlife to prevent cardiovascular disease: a systematic review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0061.

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Review question / Objective: What kind of evidence-based diet and physical activity should or can be recommended to adults in order to reduce their cardiovascular risk. Condition being studied: Cardiovascular disease. Eligibility criteria: Publications will be extracted independently by two researchers according to defined search string and get color coded as agreed on: Yellow: studies and RCTs of the association of nutrients, physical activity and cardiovascular outcomes for discussion. Green: meta-analysis of studies and RCTs of the association of nutrients, physical activity and cardiovascular outcomes. Green subgroup AMSTAR-2: meta-analysis of studies and RCTs of the association of food-patterns and cardiovascular outcomes. The AMSTAR-2 checklist will be used for evaluating the methodological quality of these studies.
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Levin, Ilan, Avtar K. Handa, Avraham Lalazar, and Autar K. Mattoo. Modulating phytonutrient content in tomatoes combining engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587724.bard.

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Fruit constitutes a major component of our diet, providing fiber, vitamins, minerals, and many other phytonutrients that promote good health. Fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes, already contain high levels of several of these ingredients. Nevertheless, efforts have been invested in increasing and diversifying the content of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, in tomato fruits. Increasing levels of phytonutrients, such as lycopene, is highly justified from the perspective of the lycopene extraction industry due to cost effectiveness reasons. Diversifying phytonutrients, in particular those that contribute to fruit color, could potentially provide an array of attractive colors to our diet. Our major goal was to devise a novel strategy for developing tomato fruits with enhanced levels of phytochemicals known to promote good health with special emphasis on lycopene content. A further important goal was to analyze global gene expression of selected genetic lines produced throughout this study in order is to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating phytonutrients accumulation in the tomato fruit. To achieve these goals we proposed to: 1. combine, by classical breeding, engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic high pigment mutants in order generate tomato plant with exceptionally high levels of phytonutrients; 2. use gene transfer technology for genetic introduction of key genes that promote phytonutrient accumulation in the tomato fruit, 3. Analyze accumulation patterns of the phytonutrients in the tomato fruit during ripening; 4. Analyze global gene expression during fruit ripening in selected genotypes identified in objectives 1 and 2, and 5. Identify and analyze regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast disassembly and chromoplast formation. During the 3 years research period we have carried out most of the research activities laid out in the original proposal and our key conclusions are as follows: 1. the engineered polyamine metabolism strategy proposed by the US collaborators can not increase lycopene content either on its own or in combination with an hp mutant (hp-2ᵈᵍ); 2. The hp-2ᵈᵍ affects strongly the transcriptional profile of the tomato fruit showing a strong tendency for up- rather than down-regulation of genes, 3. Ontology assignment of these miss-regulated genes revealed a consistent up-regulation of genes related to chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutants throughout fruit development; 4. A tendency for up-regulation was also usually observed in structural genes involved in phytonutrientbiosynthesis; however this up-regulation was not as consistent. 5. Microscopic observations revealed a significantly higher number of chloroplasts in pericarp cells of mature-green hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits in comparison to their normal fully isogenic counterparts. 6. The relative abundance of chloroplasts could be observed from early stages of fruit development. Cumulatively these results suggest that: 1. the overproduction of secondary metabolites, characterizing hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits, is more due to chloroplast number rather then to transcriptional activation of structural genes of the relevant metabolic pathways, and 2. The molecular trigger increasing metabolite levels in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutant fruits should be traced at early stage of fruit development.
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