Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Colère de Dieu'

Nombres 25 émerge dans sa forme finale en Judée achéménide, probablement à la fin du Ve ou au début du IVe siècle av. J. -C. Texte de fermeture, il proclame la nécessité pour les Juifs de se séparer des nations afin de préserver une identité qui se trouve, à ce moment-là, en grand danger de perdition. La colère de Dieu qu’il faut à tout prix détourner est l’argument principal employé pour convaincre. Ce programme est porté par une partie des prêtres de Jérusalem mais il rejoint des préoccupations qui ne sont pas seulement celles des prêtres. Nombres 25 a une postérité dans les textes ultérieurs, bibliques et extra-bibliques, juifs et chrétiens. La signification donnée à la colère de Dieu dépend en grande partie des circonstances historiques dans lesquelles les échos prennent place. A la calme prudence par rapport aux étrangers que développe le Siracide dans la première moitié du IIe siècle av. J. -C. , succède quelques années plus tard le zèle violent des Maccabées qui fait des émules jusqu'au début du IIe siècle ap. J. -C. L'attente de la restauration imminente du royaume de Dieu permet même à Pinhas, le personnage principal de Nombres 25, d'obtenir un rôle eschatologique. A partir du IIe siècle ap. J. -C. , la tradition juive tente de canaliser la violence que Nombres 25 justifie dans un réseau d'obligations circonstancielles, pendant que la tradition chrétienne, quand elle se réfère à Nb 25, le fait sur un plan majoritairement moral, notamment pour condamner les relations sexuelles hors mariage
The final version of the 25th chapter of Numbers must have appeared in Achaemenid Judaea around the late 5th century or early 4th century BC. Chapter 25 clearly illustrates a strong rejection of foreign groups as it voices the need for the Jews to severe ties with other nations so as to preserve an identity that seemed threatened with extinction at the time. What makes Numbers 25 powerful is the fact that it was based on the idea that God's wrath must be diverted at all costs. If such objective was indeed high on some of the priests' agenda, it also reflected wider concerns among the mainstream population. "Numbers- chapter 25" was to influence all the succeeding texts, whether in the Bible or others, in both Jewish and Christian traditions. The various interpretations of God's wrath mostly depended on those later versions' specific historical backgrounds. If the Sirach/ Ecclasiasticus cautiously advocated peaceful relations with strangers in the mid-2nd century BC, it was followed by the Maccabees' aggressive zeal for liberation that was to influence generations up to the 2nd century AD. That accounts for the eschatological dimension gained by Phinehas, the protagonist in Numbers 25, as he embodies the Jews' longing for the impending restoration of God's kingdom. The Jewish and Christian versions were then to evolve along two different directions after the 2nd century AD. While the Jewish tradition strove to curb such violence by laying the stress on a series of rules to follow, the Christian later versions of Numbers 25 rather focused on the moral plane to condemn extra-marital sexual intercourse

L'objectif fondamental de cette thèse consiste à scruter le sens du cri de déréliction de Jésus en croix:« Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, pourquoi m'as-tu abandonné?» (Mc 15:34) en tant qu'expression, d'une part, de la manière dont Jésus a vécu sa mort et, d'autre part, de la puissance salvifique de cette mort. Cet objectif en inclut un autre plus spécifique, à savoir proposer une solution à la question litigieuse, telle qu'elle se présente dans la théologie contemporaine, d'une éventuelle assomption substitutive du jugement de la colère divine par Jésus dont son cri serait l'expression. Ces objectifs sont poursuivis essentiellement à partir d'une démarche d'écoute du cri de Jésus selon la tonalité de chacun des motifs du récit de la Croix dans l'évangile de Marc. Cette démarche conduit à interpréter la déréliction de Jésus non pas comme l'expression de son assomption substitutive du jugement de la colère divine, mais plutôt comme l'effet le plus éprouvant pour lui, bien qu'assumé volontairement, de l'affrontement que Dieu, conformément à la logique de son Royaume qui est celle de l'amour, a mené contre la perversité des humains en leur livrant son Fils. En cet affrontement, le jugement définitif de Dieu sur le péché a été accompli, mais en tant que procédant de son seul amour et non de sacolère.

Cette étude a pour origine le constat d'un paradoxe : Junon, grande déesse romaine qui siège au sein de la triade Capitoline, a aussi combattu le projet d'installation d'Énée dans le Latium, a été hostile à l'apothéose de Romulus ou a protégé les Carthaginois d'Hannibal. Si cette hostilité semble a priori le fait des poètes depuis Ennius jusqu'aux poètes augustéens, elle est aussi intrinsèque à la nature de la déesse qui fut celle qui subit le plus souvent le rituel d'euocatio destiné à apaiser la divinité de l'ennemi et à l'intégrer au panthéon romain, comme à Véies en 395 av. Mais surtout, cette colère semble inséparable de la réconciliation finale de la déesse avec les Romains. Enfin, cette hostilité et cet apaisement ont été réactualisés au cours de l'histoire de Rome : guerres contre les Étrusques, les Carthaginois ou guerres civiles. Notre démarche suit un plan chronologique pour analyser la dynamique du phénomène tout en étudiant à la fois le fait religieux et le fait littéraire
This study results from the observation of a paradox : Juno, great Roman goddess, part of the Capitoline triade, has fought the Aeneas' project to establish a settlement in Latium, was hostile to Romulus' apotheosis and has also protected the Carthaginian army of Hannibal. Juno's hostility was told by the poets since Ennius, up to the augustan poets, but can also be studied in the cultual practice, owing to the fact that she was subject to euocatio-rituel several times as in Veii in 395 BC. The ritual of euocatio has been used in order to calm ennemies' divinity and to integrate it in the Roman pantheon. Moreover, Juno's anger implies to be examined simultaneously with her final reconciliation with Rome. Finally, this hostility and reconciliation underwent some updates during the Roman history : Etruscan, Punic or Civil wars. Our approach follows a chronological plan in order to analyze the phenomenon's dynamics while studying both religious and literary facts

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o efeito da suplementaÃÃo intragÃstrica com fibra solÃvel e prebiÃtico (frutooligossacarÃdeos - FOS), do ponto de vista inflamatÃrio e metabÃlico, no tecido cÃlico normal ou na vigÃncia da colite induzida por Ãcido trinitrobenzeno sulfÃnico (TNBS), em ratos. Foram usados 96 ratos da linhagem Wistar, machos, com peso mÃdio de 300g. Foram distribuÃdos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, com 48 animais. Um Grupo Estudo Sem Colite (GESC) submetido à aplicaÃÃo transanal de Ãgua ou outro Grupo Estudo Com Colite (GEC) induzida por TNBS, 20 mg mais etanol à 50%. Cada grupo foi redistribuÃdo em 3 subgrupos, de acordo com a substÃncia utilizada por infusÃo intragÃstrica: 1(Ãgua), 2(Fibra solÃvel) e 3(FOS). Todos os animais receberam essas soluÃÃes durante 14 dias antes da aplicaÃÃo transanal de Ãgua ou da induÃÃo da colite, atà o dia determinado para eutanÃsia (7 e 14 dias). Foram realizadas avaliaÃÃes do peso dos animais, relaÃÃo peso/tamanho do colo, escores macroscÃpicos e microscÃpicos, e dosagens de metabÃlitos no tecido cÃlico in vivo (concentraÃÃes de corpos cetÃnicos [3-hidroxibutirato, acetoacetato], piruvato, lactato, ATP e relaÃÃo [acetoacetato]/[3-hidroxibutirato] e [piruvato]/[lactato]. Foram avaliados o GESC, GEC, e os subgrupos Ãgua, do grupo sem colite (ESC1) e com colite (EC1). NÃo houve alteraÃÃes significantes nos diversos parÃmetros inflamatÃrios avaliados no GESC. No GEC, houve aumento na relaÃÃo peso do colo/comprimento do colo no subgrupo FOS, no 14 dia (ρ<0,05). Com relaÃÃo ao peso dos animais, os do subgrupo GEC1, apresentaram reduÃÃo significante no 7 dia. Houve aumento na relaÃÃo peso/tamanho do colo, no escores macro e microscÃpico no subgrupo GEC1 no 7 e 14 dias (ρ<0,05). Quanto à avaliaÃÃo metabÃlica, no GESC foi evidenciado aumento nas concentraÃÃes de acetoacetato no subgrupo fibra solÃvel no 14 dia (ρ<0,05). Houve reduÃÃo nas concentraÃÃes de piruvato no subgrupo fibra solÃvel e FOS no 14 dia (ρ<0,05). As concentraÃÃes de ATP foram reduzidas nos subgrupos fibra solÃvel e FOS, no 7 e 14 dias (ρ<0,05). No GEC, as concentraÃÃes do piruvato apresentaram-se elevadas no subgrupo fibra solÃvel, no 14 dia (ρ<0,05). As concentraÃÃes de ATP diminuÃram nos subgrupos fibra solÃvel e FOS (ρ<0,05). Comparando os subgrupos GESC1 com GEC1, houve elevaÃÃo nas concentraÃÃes dos corpos cetÃnicos no GEC1 no 7 dia (ρ<0,05). Houve reduÃÃo nos nÃveis de piruvato no GEC1 no 7 e 14 dias (ρ<0,05). Observou-se reduÃÃo nas relaÃÃes [acetoacetato]/[3-hidroxibutirato] e [piruvato]/[lactato] no GEC1, no 7 dia (ρ<0,05). Conclui-se, portanto, que a suplementaÃÃo intragÃstrica com fibra solÃvel ou com FOS, nÃo alteram os parÃmetros inflamatÃrios avaliados no 7 e 14 dias, nos colos normais ou na vigÃncia de colite, porÃm eleva a oferta de precursores para produÃÃo de energia, alterando as concentraÃÃes in vivo de ATP, tanto no tecido cÃlico normal, como na vigÃncia da colite.
The aim of this study was research the metabolic and inflammatory findings in normal colon and trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced (TNBS) colitic rats which received soluble fiber and fructooligosaccharides-FOS. Ninety six Wistar male rats were used, average weight 300g. They were distributed in two groups, of 48 animals each. One group with animals without colitis (GESC) submitted to transanal water enema and another group with colitis (GEC) produced by TNBS, 20mg. Each group was distributed into three subgroups, according to the used substance: 1(water), 2(soluble fiber), 3(FOS). All the animals received 3 ml such substances twice daily into the stomach through an intragastric catether during 14 days before the transanal water enema and the colitis production until the euthanasia day (7th and 14th. Days). The animals were evaluated concerning to the weight, colon weight/size relationship, macroscopic and microscopic scores and the metabolites colon in vivo concentrations (ketone bodies [3-hydroxybutirate, acetoacetate], piruvate, lactate and ATP). The cell redox estate was also evaluated by the [acetoacetate]/[3-hydroxybutirate] and [piruvate]/[lactate] relationship. GESC and GEC were evaluated, equally the subgroups water from the group without colitis (ESC1) comparing to the colitis group (EC1). No significant differences were found in the various inflammatory evaluated parameters in GESC group. An increased colon weight/size relationship was found in GEC group in the subgroup FOS, on the 14th day (p<0,05). Concerning to the animals weight from the subgroup GEC1, a significant decreasing was found on the 7th day. An increased colon weight/size relationship was found in macroscopic and microscopic scores in the subgroup GEC1 on the 7th and 14th days (p<0,05). Concerning to the metabolic evaluation, an increased acetoacetate concentration was found in GESC, in the fiber subgroup on the 14th day (p<0,05). Decreased piruvate concentrations in the fiber and FOS subgroups were demonstrated on the 14th day (p<0,05). The ATP concentrations were reduced in the fiber and FOS subgroups on the 7th and 14th days (p<0,05). The piruvate concentrations were increased in GEC group, in the fiber subgroup, on the 14th day (p<0,05). The ATP concentrations decreased in the fiber and FOS subgroups (p<0,05). Comparing the subgroups GESC1 with GEC1, an increased cetonic corps concentration was found in GEC1 on the 7th and 14th days (p<0,05). There was reduction of piruvate levels in GEC1 on the 7th and 14th days (p<0,05). There was also reduction in acetoacetate/3-hidroxibutirate and piruvate/lactate relationship in GEC1, on the 7th day (p<0,05). Itâs concluded that the soluble fiber or FOS intragastric intake doesnât change the evaluated inflammatory parameters on the 7th and 14th days in normal colons or during colitis process, but it increases the precursors offering for energy production, modifying the ATP in vivo concentrations in normal colonic tissue and during colitis process.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1991.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A song has to be accepted by the community, must form part of the oral tradition and be handed over from one generation to the next, before it can be called a folk song. In the process of oral tradition, variants usually develop. A folk song is therefore never complete the moment it is created, but is formed gradually through a process of changes. The Afrikaans folk song sung by the coloured people has the same characteristics as the folk song in general. The fact that oral tradition is the major way of spreading songs, is evident from the many variants that occur and from the examples of transformation of words and melody ("Umsingen"and "Zersingen"). Simplicity, the use of the major key and the avoidance of modulation are prominent characteristics. Suggestiveness and coarse language are fairly common. Melismata are very rare and usually occur in songs which probably have their origin in old Afrikaans records. Most of the songs collected amongst coloured children are used to accompany games. The children seldom sing without playing or play without singing. Most variants are found amongst children's songs. Dancing songs are without a doubt the most popular amongst the songs of adults. The form of the stanzas is very simple and usually the songs consist of many stanzas. A small percentage of the songs collected, more or less 5%, presumably originate from old Afrikaans grammophone records. Most of these songs have been transformed by popular usage and even amongst them variants have been found. The main themes of this group of songs are love, parting, grief and death. Picnic songs, work songs, war songs and drinking songs have been found. Humoristic and mocking songs contribute to the entertainment value of the folk song and are also found amongst the coloured people. Because there is so much interaction between sacred songs and secular songs, especially where the melodies are concerned, the two groups cannot always be separated from each other. The sacred songs of the coloured people are mostly of the "refrain"-type. When a group of coloured people perform the sacred songs, they usually harmonise spontaneously and most beautifully. The fact that so much has been said and written on the subject of the folk song, and that even in recent years substantial research projects have been carried out, is proof enough that the folk song has not yet died out. The Afrikaans folk song features strongly amongst coloured people, though noticeably influenced by the English language, modern technology and urbanisation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Volkslied is 'n lied wat deur die gemeenskap aanvaar is, mondelings versprei word en op dieselfde wyse van geslag tot geslag oorgelewer word en waarvan daar in die prosesse variante ontstaan. 'n Volkslied is dus nie voltooi die oomblik dat die eerste vorm geskep is nie, maar word deur 'n langsame proses geleidelik gevorm en omvorm. Die Afrikaanse volkslied wat deur die bruinmense gesing word, toon dieselfde kenmerke as die volkslied in die algemeen. Daar is tekens van mondelinge oorlewering wat veral weerspieel word deur die baie variante wat aangetref word, sowel as talle voorbeelde van verbrokkeling en ver~ vorming ("Umsingen" en "Zerzingen"). Eenvoud in woord en melodie is opvallend. Die majeurtoonaard, met vermyding van modulasie, kom feitlik deurgaans voor. Suggestiwiteit en growwe taal is redelik algemeen. Melismes kom selde voor en dan meestal by liedere wat waarskynlik van ou Afrikaanse plate kom. By die opnames onder bruin kinders is gevind dat die oorgrote meerderheid liedere wat hulle sing, een of ander vorm van spel begelei. Hulle sing selde sonder om te speel, en hulle speel selde sonder om te sing. Die meeste variante van liedere word ook by die kinders aangetref. By die liedere van volwassenes is die danslied ongetwyfeld die gewildste. Die meeste daarvan bestaan uit kort, eenvoudige strofes met baie strofes in een lied. 'n Klein persentasie van die liedere wat versamel is, ongeveer 5%, is vermoedelik van ou Afrikaanse grammofoonplate afkomstig. Die meeste daarvan het baie vervorm in die volksmond en selfs daarvan is variante aangetref. Die temas van hierdie groep liedere handel hoofsaaklik oor die liefde, afskeid, hartseer en die dood. Voorbeelde van piekniek-, arbeids- en oorlogsliedere, sowel as enkele drinkliedere en doprympies is aangetref. Die humoristiese lied en spotlied dra by tot die vermaaklikhiedsfunksie van die volkslied en kom ook by die bruinmense voor. Die gewyde of geestelike lied kan nie altyd streng van die wereldlike lied geskei word nie. Daar is te veel wisselwerking tussen die twee groepe, veral wat wysies betref. Die gewyde liedere wat by die bruinmense,aangetref is, is meestal van die sogenaamde "koortjie"-tipe. 'n Kenmerk van hulle gewyde sang is dat wanneer dit deur 'n groep gesing word, dit altyd meerstemmig is met pragtige harmoniee wat op natuurlike wyse gedoen word. Die feit dat daar al so baie oor die volkslied geskryf is en selfs onlangs nog omvatteride studies daaroor die lig gesien het, is bewys dat die volklied nog nie uitgesterf het nie. Daar is bewys dat die Afrikaanse volkslied onder die bruinmense baie sterk staan, hoewel Engelse invloed duidelik merkbaar is en tekens van moderne ontwikkeling en verstedeliking onmiskenbaar waargeneem kanword.

Please read the abstract (Summary) in the section, 20summary of this document Copyright 2002, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bauermeester, EM 2002, Die Kaapse slawe in kultuurhistoriese perspektief - 1652-1838 (Afrikaans), MA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11082007-092819 / >
Dissertation (MA (Cultural History))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Historical and Heritage Studies
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: District Six originated in the eighteen fifties on neighbouring wine farms close to Cape Town's city centre. The first inhabitants were Europeans, but were later joined by free slaves. By 1849 the total number of inhabitants was 2943 and as a municipal area became known as the sixth district of Cape Town. Over the years District Six developed an own unique cosmopolitan character and despite a stigma as a backward residential area District Six developed as a multiracial community with its own vibrant spirit. By 1966 there were 3700 properties of which 56% were owned by Whites, 26% by Coloureds and 18% by Indians. In the same year the area had 21 schools and 17 places of worship. One of the main causes of physical deterioration was overpopulation. The occupancy figure by the 1850's was approximately 2,5 persons per habitable room. Overcrowding led to subletting of even the smallest rooms and resulted in gross exploitation of tenants, horrific crime and moral decay, all of which contributed to the slum status of the area. In 1962 the City of Cape Town devised a pilot plan for the rehabilitation of the area, but this plan was never implemented. Years of neglect of municipal services worsened the degredation of many historic buildings as well as decent living conditions for its residents. In 1962 the Group Areas Board recommended that District Six be declared a Coloured Group Area. The N.P. government rejected this recommendation and on 11 February 1966 through Proclamation 43, declared 94 hectares of the traditional District Six as an area for White occupation. Between 1965 and 1975 the government froze all property transactions in District Six to enable them to plan the redevelopment of the area. The state made financial offers to property owners, but only 10% accepted these. The majority declined these and blamed this on inflexible property valuations of the state. By 1980 the state had spent R25 million on the acquisition of properties in District Six. Government demolition of structures took place between 1968 and 1982 and resulted in the flattenning of most buildings except for a few churches. Expropriated Coloured and Indian residents were removed to the newly created residential areas on the Cape Flats. Although some previous residents of District Six were happy with their accommodation most objected to the high bond repayments on their new homes, higher transport cost to work and the breakdown of existing communities. The biggest opposition to the declaration of District Six as an area for White occupation came from local groups, namely: The Friends of District Six and the District Six Residents', Rent and Ratepayers Association (RRR). Opposition political parties and the press used the physical and mental suffering of the residents to challenge the government. The redevelopment of District Six was characterised by continous changes to proposed plans. In 1964 the government appointed the Niemand Committee to investigate the replanning and redevelopment of District Six. In 1970 a master plan for redevelopment was recommended . In 1974 the first properties were sold to white people by the government. In 1975 the neighbouring Walmer Estate was declared a Coloured Group Area and three years later District Six was renamed as Zonnebloem. In 1979 parts of the neighbouring Woodstock and Salt River were declared Coloured Group Areas. In 1982 the Presidents Council recommended that part of District Six be returned to the Coloured community, but the government rejected this and in October 1982 year the first whites settled in District Six. The following year a part of District Six was declared Coloured area.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Distrik Ses het in die vyftigerjare van die negentiende eeu op aanliggende wynplase van Kaapstad ontstaan. Aanvanklik het Blankes van verskillende nasionaliteite daar gevestig en later het vrygestelde slawe die inwonertal laat toeneem. Teen 1849 was die inwonertal ongeveer 2943 en in 1867 het die gebied bekend geword as die sesde distrik van Kaapstad . Distrik Ses het n eiesoortige en unieke kosmopolitiese karakter ontwikkel. Ten spyte van n stigma van agterlikheid het die gebied n borrelende en veelrassige gemeenskap gehad. In 1966 was daar ongeveer 3700 eiendomme in Distrik Ses waarvan 56% aan Blankes, 26% aan Kleurlinge en 18% aan Indiers behoort het. Teen 1966 was daar 21 skole en sewentien plekke van godsdienstige aanbidding in die gebied. Oorbevolking was een van die grootste oorsake van verval in die gebied. In die vyftigerjare was die besettingsyfer van geboue ongeveer 2,5 persone per bewoonbare vertrek. Die gevolg was onderverhuring, gruwelike uitbuiting van huurders, misdaad en sedelike verval wat aan die gebied n slumstatus besorg het. Jarelange verwaarlosing van munisipale dienste het tot vervaI van gebouestrukture en Iewenstoestande gelei. Die stadsraad se loodsplan vir opruiming in 1962 is nooit geimplementeer nie. Die Groepsgebiederaad het in 1962 aanbeveel dat die gebied as n Kleurling-groepsgebied verklaar moes word. Ten spyte van die aanbeveling is 94 hektaar van die tradisionele Distrik Ses op 11 Februarie 1966 volgens Proklamasie 43 van 1966 as n Blanke Groepsgebied verklaar. Die regering het vanaf 1965 tot 1975 aile eiendomstransaksies in Distrik Ses gevries om sodoende die herontwikkeling van die gebied te beplan. Ongeveer 10% van die eienaars het die staat se aanbod vir hul eiendom aanvaar. Die meeste het egter beswaar gemaak teen die staat se onbuigsame skattings. Teen 1980 het die staat R25 miljoen bestee aan die verkryging Slopingswerk in Distrik Ses het tussen 1968 en 1982 plaasgevind. Byna aIle geboue is gesloop en slegs enkele kerke is behou. Inwoners is na verskeie woonbuurte op die Kaapse Vlakte verskuif Alhoewel sommige vorige inwoners van Distrik Ses tevrede was met hulle nuwe woonplekke was die meeste ontevrede oor die hoe verbandkoste van nuwe wonings, hoer reiskoste en die verbrokkeling van gemeenskappe. Die grootste opposisie teen die Blankverklaring van Distrik Ses was The Friends of District Six en die District Six Residents', Rent and Ratepayers' Association (RRR). Opposisiepolitieke partye en die pers het die regering se rassebeleid aangeval deur te konsentreer op die ontberinge van die inwoners. Die herontwikkeling van Distrik Ses is gekenmerk deur voortdurende verandering. In 1964 is die Niemand-komitee aangestel om die herbeplanning en herontwikkeling van Distrik Ses te ondersoek. In 1970 is n meesterplan vir die ontwikkeling van Distrik Ses aanbeveel. In Julie 1974 het die regering die eerste eiendom in Distrik Ses aan Blankes verkoop. In 1975 is die aangrensende Walmer Estate tot Kleurlinggroepsgebied verklaar. Distrik Ses is in 1978 herdoop en R9 rniljoen is bewillig vir die rehabilitasieskema. In 1979 is dele van die aangrensende Woodstock en Soutrivier tot Kleurlinggroepsgebiede verklaar. In 1980 is ri gewysigde plan vir die ontwikkeling van Distrik Ses voorgele. In 1981 het die regering die Presidentsraad se aanbeveling dat n gedeelte van Distrik Ses aan die Kleurlinggemeenskap teruggegee moes word, verwerp. In Oktober 1982 het die eerste blankes in Distrik Ses gevestig. In 1983 is n gedeelte van Distrik Ses as Kleurlinggebied verklaar.

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The soybean has great economical importance in Brazilian agribusiness, and the cultivation with high profitability, it is necessary the use all available technologies in the market and, among them, it is the application technology of agricultural pesticide, that it looks tirelessly for the best technique of the product biologically active it reaches the objective, providing for the effective control of the harmful plant, insect or mushroom, allowing the plant express all the productive potential, when appropriately nurtured and in good environmental conditions. Due to those needs the present work was carried out in Cascavel PR, in the harvest 2004/2005, using the soybean cultivar CD 202, with the objective evaluating the amount spray deposited on the soybean leaves, varied the flow rate applied and the nozzles types used in the spraying boom, used tracer substance, simulating the physical characteristics of the solutions of the products. To evaluate the spraying distribution, fifteen leaves were collected per plant in different extracts (upper, medium and lower), with the purpose of evaluating the syrup penetration, in agreement with the different beaks and applied volumes. The experimental design was arranged in randomized complete blocks, in factorial arrangement, with four beaks and point of the type single fan, double fan, double fan with air induction and rollowcone and 3 syrup volumes (100, 200 and 300 L ha-1). In agreement with the results obtained and in the conditions that the present work was carried out. - The syrup volume that presented larger depositions, in the different levels was 300 L ha-1. - The spraying that presented larger depositions, in the higher levels plants was the double fan nozzles and, for the medium and lower extracts, was the rollowcone nozzle. - The depositions happened in the thirds medium and lower of the soybeans plants were lower significantly to obtained them in the upper third, independently the and the flow rate that was used. - For larger depositions in the upper third of the soybeans plants, the best combination is to use of double plane jet, with of 300 L. - For larger depositions in the medium and lower third of the soybeans plants, the best combination is to use of rollowcone, with flow rate of 200 or 300 L ha-1
A cultura da soja tem grande importância econômica no agronegócio brasileiro, sendo que, para seu cultivo com alta rentabilidade, faz-se necessário o uso de todas as tecnologias disponíveis no mercado e, dentre elas, está à tecnologia de aplicação de defensivos agrícolas, que busca incansavelmente a melhor técnica para que o produto biologicamente ativo atinja o alvo, proporcionando controle eficaz da planta daninha, inseto ou fungo, permitindo à planta expressar todo o seu potencial produtivo, quando adequadamente nutrida e em boas condições ambientais. Diante dessas necessidades foi conduzido o presente trabalho no município de Cascavel PR, na safra de 2004/2005, utilizando o cultivar de soja CD 202, com o objetivo de avaliar a quantidade de calda depositada nas folhas da soja, variando o volume de calda aplicada e os tipos de pontas utilizados na barra de pulverização, utilizando-se substância traçadora, simulando as características físicas das soluções de produtos fitossanitários. Para avaliar a distribuição da pulverização, foram coletadas três folhas por planta em diferentes extratos (superior, mediano e inferior), com a finalidade de avaliar a quantidade de depósito de calda, de acordo com as diferentes pontas e volumes aplicados. O delineamento experimental constituiu-se de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial, compreendendo 4 pontas de pulverização (leque simples, duplo leque, duplo leque com indução de ar e cone vazio) e 3 volumes de calda (100, 200 e 300 L ha-1 ). De acordo com os resultados obtidos e nas condições em que o presente trabalho foi conduzido, concluiu-se que: o volume de calda que apresentou maiores deposições, nos diferentes extratos das plantas de soja foi o de 300 L ha-1; a ponta de pulverização que apresentou maiores deposições no extrato superior das plantas, foi a de duplo leque e, para os extratos mediano e inferior, a ponta cone vazio; as deposições ocorridas nos extratos mediano e inferior das plantas de soja foram significativamente inferiores às obtidas no extrato superior, independentemente da ponta e do volume de aplicação utilizado; para maiores deposições no extrato superior das plantas de soja, a melhor combinação é utilizar pontas duplo leque, com volumes de calda de 300 L ha-1; para maiores deposições no extrato mediano e inferior das plantas de soja, a melhor combinação é utilizar pontas de cone vazio, com volumes de calda de 200 ou 300 L ha-1

Poor diet precipitates significant social and economic burden, necessitating effective and economical dietary intervention strategies. Current population-level campaigns provide guidelines for living healthily and focus on the impact of lifestyle on chronic disease risk. Behavioural interventions which capitalise on individuals' existing cognitions are likely to be more effective. A programme of work is presented here which evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of an appearance-based dietary intervention approach. This project aims to improve fruit and vegetable consumption by illustrating the associated benefits to skin appearance. The impact of fruit and vegetable consumption on skin colour is assessed (Chapter 6), corroborating previous between-subjects evidence which finds that dermal yellowness (CIE b*) is positively associated with fruit and vegetable intake. This work also discovers that modest within-subject dietary change is sufficient to perceptibly alter skin colour within six weeks (Chapter 7). Perceptual preferences are examined (Chapters 5 to 9), finding that optimally healthy skin colouration is that associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption. Two behavioural intervention trials are conducted (Chapters 6 and 9) to evaluate whether visualising the impact of fruit and vegetable consumption on skin colour motivates dietary improvement. Relative to control groups, participants receiving an appearance-based intervention (in which the above effects are illustrated and explained) reported improvements in diet, particularly when illustrations were performed upon images of one's own face. It may be valuable to disseminate such an intervention at a population level, though a number of further longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the wider effectiveness of this approach.

Dans l'alimentation des pays industrialisés, l'apport en protéines est bien supérieur à l'apport nutritionnel conseillé (ANC). De plus, cet apport peut être encore supérieur lors de la consommation de régimes riches en protéines utilisés à des fins de perte de poids par des personnes obèses ou en surpoids. Cependant, les conséquences des régimes riches en protéines au niveau de l'écosystème du gros intestin sont encore très mal connues. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous avons étudié l'impact d'un régime hyperprotéique sur le microbiote, le contenu endoluminal du gros intestin et le métabolisme des colonocytes. Les rats ont consommé pendant 15 jours soit un régime hyperprotéique (53% de protéines) soit un régime normoprotéique (14% de protéines). Nous avons observé que le régime hyperprotéique réduit la quantité des groupes bactériens majeurs comme Clostridium coccoides et Clostridium leptum, ainsi que Faecalibacterium prausnitzii dans le microbiote du gros intestin avec conjointement des modifications sur sa biodiversité. En même temps, les quantités des produits finaux de la fermentation des acides aminés par le microbiote, les acides gras à chaîne courte (AGCC) et les acides gras à chaîne branchée sont fortement augmentées. Cependant, l'expression des transporteurs des acides monocarboxyliques et l'oxydation du butyrate par les colonocytes ne sont pas modifiés en lien avec des modifications mineures des concentrations en AGCC dues à une augmentation des contenus du gros intestin après l'ingestion du régime hyperprotéique. Il en résulte une augmentation de l'excrétion des AGCC dans les fèces. Ces phénomènes permettraient une homéostasie du métabolisme du butyrate dans les colonocytes, en lien avec le rôle crucial de cet AGCC sur l'épithélium du côlon. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons testé l'effet d'un mélange d'acides aminés (Thr, Met et Glu) sur la cicatrisation de la muqueuse colique après une colite induite par le DSS (dextran sodium sulfate) ; un modèle d'étude des maladies inflammatoires intestinales souvent utilisé. Une optimisation de la cicatrisation de la muqueuse intestinale émerge comme une cible thérapeutique, dans la prise en charge de ces maladies. La colite a été induite chez le rat avec 5% (w/v) de DSS pendant 6 jours, puis, à l'arrêt du traitement DSS, les animaux ont soit reçu le mélange d'acides aminé soit l'Ala comme témoin iso-azoté, pendant 3, 7 et 10 jours. Nous avons observé que 10 jours de complément en mélange d'acides aminés améliorent la cicatrisation post-colite, avec des modifications sur le taux de synthèse protéique dans la muqueuse colique, sans toutefois modifier la résolution de l'inflammation. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'utilisation des mélanges d'acides aminés améliore la cicatrisation de la muqueuse colique après colite chimio-induite
In industrialized countries, protein intake is largely higher than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Furthermore, high protein diets are used for their slimming effect by obese or overweight people. However, little is known regarding to the consequences of a high protein diet on the large intestinal ecosystem. We thus study the influence of a high protein diet on the microbiota, on the endoluminal composition of the large intestine and on the butyrate metabolism by isolated colonocytes. Rats received during 15 days either a high protein diet (53% of proteins) or a normo protein diet (14% of proteins). We observed that the quantity of major bacterial groups Clostridium coccoides and Clostridium leptum, but also Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was reduced in the microbiota of the large intestine together with modifications of its biodiversity. In the same time, the quantities of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids, final products of bacterial fermentation of amino acids, were increased. However, the expression of monocarboxylic acid transporters and butyrate oxidation in colonocytes remained unchanged, in association with minor changes of the SCFA concentrations due to marked increase of the weight of the large intestine content. We then observed an increase in the amount of SCFA in the feces. These phenomena would allow homeostatic metabolism of butyrate in colonocytes, in relationship with its crucial role on the colonic epitheliumIn. In the second part of this thesis, we have tested the effects of a mixture of amino acids (Thr, Met and Glu) on the colonic mucosa healing after colitis induced by DSS (dextran sodium sulphate); a model to study intestinal inflammatory bowel diseases largely used. Optimization of intestinal mucosa healing is more and more considered as a therapeutic goal. Colitis was induced in rats by 5% (w/v) DSS during 6 days, then at the end of the treatment with DSS, animals received either the amino acid mixture or Ala as iso-nitrogenous control, during 3, 7 or 10 days. We observed that 10 days amino acid mixture supplementation was able to improve the colonic mucosal healing, with modification of the protein synthesis rate, without however changes in the resolution of inflammation. Our results suggest that the supplementation with the amino acid mixture improve the mucosal healing after experimental colitis

Les polyphénols, micronutriments abondants dans notre alimentation, sont bien connus pour leurs propriétés antioxydantes et anti-inflammatoires et leur consommation a été associée à un moindre risque de maladies chroniques (maladies cardiovasculaires, cancers…). Ces composés suscitent un intérêt croissant dans le domaine de la santé digestive. En effet, les polyphénols sont faiblement absorbés au niveau de l’intestin grêle et sont présents en quantité relativement importante dans le côlon. Les polyphénols et leurs métabolites pourraient donc exercer des effets bénéfiques à ce niveau. Des études expérimentales récentes suggèrent que les polyphénols pourraient aider à prévenir ou retarder la progression de l’inflammation colique. Le raisin est l’un des fruits les plus riches en polyphénols. Divers co-produits du raisin ont montré des effets bénéfiques vis-à-vis de différentes situations d'inflammation, effets souvent attribués à leur richesse en composés polyphénoliques. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient tout d’abord d’évaluer l’impact du régime de base sur le développement de l’inflammation colique induite par le sulfate de dextran sodique (DSS) chez le rat (1) puis d’évaluer les effets d’une supplémentation nutritionnelle en extraits de marc de raisin (EMR) riches en polyphénols dans la prévention de l’inflammation colique induite par le DSS (2). Pour cela, des rats Wistar ont été nourris ad libitum durant 21 jours avec un régime standard ou un régime semi-synthétique (1) ou les animaux ont été nourris avec un régime semi-synthétique supplémenté ou non avec un EMR (2). Dans tous les cas, l’inflammation colique a été induite par administration de DSS à 4% dans l’eau de boisson pendant les 7 derniers jours de l’expérimentation. Les effets ont été évalués au niveau colique par analyse histologique, détermination de différents marqueurs de l'inflammation et de la défense antioxydante et évaluation de l'expression de différents gènes impliqués dans l’inflammation et le stress oxydant.La consommation préventive de trois EMRs, issus de deux cépages différents (Alicante et Pinot) exerce des effets bénéfiques sur le développement de l’inflammation colique induite par le DSS. Globalement, la consommation à titre préventif d’EMRs prévient la perte de poids, retarde l’apparition des symptômes de la maladie et limite le développement des atteintes tissulaires induites par le DSS. Les EMRs atténuent l’inflammation comme en témoigne la diminution de l’activité de la MPO et le maintien des taux coliques en cytokines pro-inflammatoires au niveau des animaux témoins. De plus, ces EMRs modulent les activités des enzymes antioxydantes. Les EMRs limitent également la surexpression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans la réponse inflammatoires et le stress oxydant (COX-2, iNOS, ICAM-1, MMP-9…). De plus, nous avons montré que les EMRs provenant du cépage Alicante exercent des effets protecteurs plus marqués que l’EMR Pinot.Ainsi, ces résultats soulignent d’une part l’influence du régime alimentaire de base dans l’induction de l’inflammation colique. D’autre part, la consommation à titre préventif d’EMRs exerce des effets protecteurs sur le développement de l'inflammation colique induite par le DSS via la modulation de marqueurs de l’inflammation et de la défense antioxydante. Ces résultats pourraient permettre d’envisager de nouvelles stratégies nutritionnelles dans la prévention des maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin
Polyphenols are abundant micronutrients in plant foods, where they have been associated with lower risk of chronic diseases from cancer to cardiovascular disease. The beneficial health effects of polyphenols have been attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies point to a promising role of these micronutrients in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as given that a large fraction of dietary polyphenols reach the colon, polyphenols and their metabolites could exert beneficial effects locally at this level. Recent experimental data suggest that polyphenols could help prevent or delay the progression of intestinal inflammation. Grape is one of the richest sources of polyphenols, and various grape products have demonstrated beneficial effects in various chronic diseases. These effects are often attributed to grape polyphenolic compounds.This thesis aimed (1) to evaluate the impact of purified and non-purified basal diets on the development of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in the rat, then (2) to evaluate the effects of preventive consumption of polyphenol-rich red grape pomace extracts (GPEs) on DSS-induced colitis. Rats were fed for 21 days with (1) a non-purified or purified diet or (2) GPE-enriched purified diet, and colitis was induced by DSS administration in drinking water (4% w/v) during the last 7 days of the experimental design. The effects on colitis development were assessed by histological analysis, determination of various markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and evaluation of the expression of various genes implicated in this disorder.DSS induced a more marked colitis in rats receiving the purified diet than the non-purified diet. Indeed, rats receiving the purified diet, the inflammation was characterized by decreased appetite and weight gain, early onset of disease (diarrhea and rectal bleeding), and colon shortening. In rats fed the purified diet, DSS also induced marked histological colonic damage and increased MPO activity. In these animals, DSS also modulated oxidative status by affecting antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, DSS-induced inflammation was associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in colonic tissue, together with upregulation of the expression of various genes (iNOS, ICAM-1 and MMP-9).Preventive consumption of three GPEs from two different grape varieties (Alicante and Pinot) showed beneficial effects on DSS-induced colitis development. Overall, preventive dietary GPE supplementation delayed the onset of colitis symptoms and limited the extent of weight loss and colonic mucosa damage. GPE administration reduced inflammation (as evidenced by a decrease in MPO activity) and kept colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines at near-control levels. In addition, the three GPEs modulated antioxidant enzyme activities and limited the overexpression of several genes involved in DSS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress (COX-2, iNOS, ICAM-1, MMP-9). Moreover, Alicante-variety GPEs exerted stronger protective effects than Pinot-variety GPEs.These results highlighted (1) the influence of basal diet on induction of colonic inflammation and (2) that preventive consumption of GPEs exerted protective effects against colitis development by modulating inflammatory processes and oxidative stress markers. These findings open up perspectives for new preventive nutritional strategies in colonic inflammation management

Als Bild- und Medientheoretiker hinterließ Walter Benjamin nicht nur die berühmte „materialistische“ Auratheorie, sondern auch scheinbar esoterische Theorien der bildenden Kunst. Der Zusammenhang und Inhalt der beiden Theorien können erhellt werden, wenn wir genauer sehen, wie er sich dort mit der Beschreibung der Kindheit beschäftigte. Der Ursprung seiner Auratheorie liegt in seiner „Tagebuch“-Literatur, wo er in die melancholisch gefärbten Visionen der „Jugend“ zu versinken pflegte. Der topologische Aufbau dieser Visionen – ihre eigenartig „photo-graphische“ Struktur – soll mithilfe der Zweiten Topik Freuds analysiert werden. Und aufgrund dieser Analyse werden wir eine Revision der üblichen (übersimplifizierten) Gegenüberstellung von seinem historischen Materislismus und dem „apolitischen Formalismus“ Clement Greenbergs vornehmen. Greenbergs Kunstkritik dient aber auch zur Entschlüsselung der „esoterischen“ Bildtheorien Benjamins. Die letzteren verwirren uns vor allem deshalb, weil dort das Sehen der Kinder zuerst (um 1915) irreführender Weise nach den üblichen Dichotomien der Romantik (Linie / Farbe; männlich / weiblich; erwachsen / kindlich…) beschrieben worden war; ihren eigentlichen Inhalt konnte Benjamin erst präzisieren, als er – anhand seiner Betrachtungen der graphischen „Horizontalität“ und nach seinen Spekulationen über das magische Wesen von „Zeichen“ und „Mal“ (1917) – eine Trichotomie der Bildgattungen (Malerei / Graphik / getuschtes Bild) aufgestellt hatte. Wir rekonstruieren diese Theorieentwicklungen nicht nur durch detaillierte Bild- und Textanalysen, sondern auch unter Heranziehung seines „materialistischen“ Spätwerks (der Passagenarbeit und der „Berliner Kindheit“), da erst im letzteren der einzigartige Zusammenhang zwischen seinen frühen Bildtheorien und seiner Geldtheorie als „Konstellation“ sichtbar werden sollte.
Walter Benjamin’s writings on visual arts include not only the famous „materialistic“ essays on aura but also seemingly esoteric notes on painting and the graphic arts. The content and correlation of all these writings become clear once we grasp how they perform the task of describing childhood experience. His theory of aura was prefigured in his philosophical „Diaries“ where his struggle with his depression was often followed (or interrupted) by dreamlike visions of "youth". The discursive structure of these visions – which will prove to be a strangely „photo-graphic“ one – is to be analyzed by using the second Freudian topology as a comparison. Through this analysis we will be able to reconsider the well-known (oversimplified) antagonism between his historical materialism and the „apolitical formalism“ of Clement Greenberg from a new viewpoint. Greenberg’s criticism helps us also to decipher the „esoteric“ texts of Benjamin. They puzzled scholars especially because they described children’s vision at first (about 1915) misleadingly in accordance with the conventional dichotomies of Romanticism (line / color; masculine / feminine; adult / child…); Benjamin could specify their original implication only after he had set up – based on his reflexions on the „horizontality“ of the graphic arts, and by speculating further on the magic nature of „Zeichen“ and „Mal“ (1917) – a trichotomy of genres (painting / the graphic arts / ink and watercolor illustrations). We will reconstruct this development of his theory not only through detailed analyses of related works of art but also in view of his „materialistic“ late writings (the Arcades Project and „Berlin Childhood“), for it is only there that we find out an essential relation – a singular „constellation“ – of his early art theory and his theory of money.

ARCHITECTURE The centre and entrance point for atrection a relx is terace with pool, with corridor to cafe and skylights that leads to reception. Around this atrium, there is a ramp, rising up. Pools are not see n ko the screens are individual attractions, atmosphere. The height change of each pool, sauna and whether this involves physical effort is rewarded with open views to the surroundings and relax themselves. Entering the building through a covered, but bright bay, passage is a continuation of the street fishing. Thus the very end of the reception side. Thus eliminate the problem of a parcel which is like a scene out of town. Layout In the passages suggest leaving the car park, Kafe-bar with a simple menu and fresh multifunctional workshop, creative playground. It is known fact, that in the old spa locations to find valuable pieces of pottery, small painting and sculpture and other artifacts that speak of links with the vivacious work, relax, relax with a manual and spiritual. This room will also serve as a nursery for parents resting in the spa, in the specified date and time. Upon entering the spa itself, the reception with high ceilings and skylights from the terrace, the visitor to the issue of changing rooms with bathroom facilities. Consequently, the choice whether to receive the attractions, or go down to the fitness center or gym. Another option is to move the spa itself. In the direction from the top down it is pliable dough, the blood will get the opposite route, in which the visitor shall issue a physical effort. 2np In addition to coffee for guests only and exit to the terrace, and massage booths are located. Much of the area occupied by the technical room, spa bath as well as administration. On the next floor guest vystkytne a larger foyer, drinking KURO room and swimming and first aid. Glass facades can be glanced only in forests of the Riviera, but the atrium, with an outdoor terrace and heated swimming pool at all times. Foyer is the actual beginning of the journey. The first ramp is rising just from my father. All the dark hallway, followed by a bright and translucent glass facades. The key is just a wall bordering the ramps and a few additional columns for the perimeter of the building. About half a meter above (and always rises only about 500 mm, the gradient of 1:16 to 8 meters length), the visitor gets to the first pool. Sunny southern facade is designed as a double, at this point is the greenhouse, it is no wonder that the first two pools are linked to breathing, inhalation, nature herbs. The hall (+7400) is glass mat glass sanitary unit consisting of two toilets, toilets for disabled people and installation bay. On one front wall of the shower. This element is repeated, the cabin is only 2.6 meters high (sv room is 3.65 meters), it was acting to hinder lightweight and transparent. On the left side counterclockwise overcomes next ramp stages. Pools are right to counter a výrivý. In this part of the facade facing the street catchment area, the intersection of fishing and of 8 m of pools have already seen the two interface Brno: Petrov and Špilberk. There is also a visitor gets to escape-connecting staircase. Possibility of shortening the path to the sauna is right here. The following pool of options in turn draws the double facade. Studenúuvodu make cold, shielded, north-facing environment. Hot pool at a height level of hygiene cab ...

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
模具工程系
103
In recent years, high molecular polyethylene products industry a very important one, which as a result of a variety of chemical resistance is good, it is often used as containers, bags, furniture, water pipes, gas pipes and bottles to use. In this paper, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as raw material to develop the warning line pipe new process, the development of new co-extrusion die type. This study focused on the design of new dies, the same material but with different color plastic co-extrusion machine to squeeze into within the die being, and when using a rotary actuator die production design, production tubing in the same time, the two colors in a spiral manner are presented in the appearance of the pipe, in the production line to reach the desired appearance of the product, avoiding the old process to be carried out before the second surface is coated, to reduce costs. And by computer simulation analysis to explore this die capacity and strength limit. Documents obtained by the impact of the finished surface of the extrusion forming the most important factor is the shear rate, the material viscosity and shear stress; combination of parameters for the simulation results of the die temperature 220 °C, the use of plastic for Formosa ene II HDPE-8001, extrusion capacity 53kg / h, appearance of the resulting pipe, the flat surface patterns are the most dense. This limit also obtained another die of production capacity of about 53 kg / h limit production capacity of about 35 kg / h, can withstand the pressure of the upper die is 18MPa.

Text in Afrikaans with t.p. and summaries in Afrikaans and English
Limited research concerning a child's association between emotion and color is available, both in terms of the amount of research studies done as well as the generalization of the results for the purposes of the five year-old. This study's aim was to explore the individual, unique, symbolic meaning between the experiencing of emotion and color of the five year-old. Color was used as an expedient to facilitate the identification of emotion. The test sample consisted out of five, five year-old Afrikaans speaking children. The researcher developed a technique and used it to explore the above. The results of this study showed that the associations that five year-olds draw between emotions and color can't be generalized. The study further showed that color can be very helpful in the identification process of emotions when working with the five year-old child. The results of this study were compared to relevant previous research results and at the end the researcher made certain recommendations for further research concerning the subject.
Bestaande navorsing oor die assosiasie wat die kind vorm tussen emosie en kleur is beperk, beide in terme van die aantal navorsingstudies en in die veralgemeenbaarheid van die resultate ten opsigte van die vyfjarige kind. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die individuele, unieke, simboliese betekenis te ondersoek tussen die belewing van emosie en kleur by die vyfjarige kind. Dit het behels dat kleur as 'n hulpmiddel aangewend is, ten einde die identifisering van emosie te vergemaklik. Die steekproef het bestaan uit vyf, vyfjarige Afrikaans-sprekende kinders. 'n Tegniek, deur die navorser ontwikkel, is gebruik om die bogenoemde te ondersoek. Die resultate van hierdie studie het getoon dat kinders van vyfjarige ouderdom se assosiasies tussen emosies en kleur nie veralgemeen kan word nie. Die studie het verder getoon dat kleur 'n bruikbare hulpmiddel is in die identifisering van emosies by die vyfjarige kind. Die resultate van die studie is met vorige relevante navorsingsbevindinge vergelyk en bepaalde aanbevelings is gemaak vir toekomstige navorsing rakende hierdie onderwerp.
Psychology
M.Diac. (Play Therapy)

M.A. (Psychology)
The general aim of this study is to determine the effect of the residential environment (comprising the community, neighborhood and residential unit) on the quality of life of Coloureds living in Mitchells Plain, Elsies River and other parts of the Cape Town metropolitan area. For the purpose of this study, "quality of life" is described as the satisfaction or dissatisfaction experienced with the physical and social environment and economic conditions in general ...

M.Sc. (Botany)
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of various physical treatments (limitation of transpiring surface, removal of stem base and changing of vase water and different numbers of inflorescence per constant volume of vase water) on the browning of foliage and the rate of water absorption by Protea neriifolia in florescences. The binding capacity of lead acetate with flavonoids in vase media was also determined. The limitation of the number of leaves (transpiring surface) per peduncle resulted in less absorption of leached browning and stem plugging components. Regular removal of the stem base and changing of vase water inhibit stern blockage and accumulation of leached products in the vase medium. A large number of inflorescences in a limited volume of vase medium resulted in higher concentrations of leached flavonoids and other browning components. A reduced number of leaves per peduncle, regular removal of stern base and changing of vase water, as well as a limited number of inflorescences per constant volume of vase medium, ensured adequate continuous water uptake, which is essential to limit browning.

D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)
The generalizability of scores obtained on the General Scholastic Aptitude Test (GSAT) was investigated for a number of subpopulations. It was shown that acceptable procedures for limiting bias against certain subpopulations had been implemented in the course of test development. In order to facilitate an empirical investigation of the GSAT, random samples of Afrikaans-speaking whites, English-speaking whites, Afrikaans-speaking coloureds, English-speaking coloureds and English Speaking Indians were tested. The nature and intensity of cognitive stimulation as well as the direction of intellectual development differed from group to group and had definite implications for achievement in a test such as the GSAT. All the groups contained persons who could be regarded as fully integrated into an advanced technological society, but their average level of development, measured against this criterion, differed considerably. The test displayed a one-factor structure with respect to all the groups. On the basis of the content of the subtests this factor can be equated with Spearman's g factor. The ecological validity of test scores was studied on the basis of Berry's model for the generalization of behaviour aeross various environmental contexts. The nature of the differences between the groups with respect to both the internal and external structure of the test scores was investigated by means of conceptual as well as statistical analyses. The extent to which test scores could be generalized was indicated for different combinations of groups. On the basis of regression models it was shown that could to a large extent be used as a substitute for group membership as regards the explanation of GSAT scores. Differences in functioning found between the groups could often be attributed to differences in levels of achievement. Within Berry's experimental context the test was found to be almost equally valid for all the groups and it measured developed general scholastic ability equally well. With respect to most of the pupils in the white groups, the Indian group and the English-speaking coloured group, the test results could be generalized similarly in the behaviour context. The test measured general reasoning ability with scholastic symbol material almost equally well for these four groups, so that cross-cultural comparisons witp respect to this type of reasoning ability could be made reasonably reliably. However, most of the Afrikaans-speaking coloured subjects were probably handicapped by a lack of relevant experience. There are substantial differences between the groups as regards the generalizability of scores to intellectual achievements in the ecological context. In respect of the majority of white pupils such generalization is probably acceptable, as they could be regarded as fully integrated into an advanced technological society.

M.Sc. (Botany)
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the following: (i) The effect of water loss by transpiration on the browning of foliage of Protea neriifolia. (ii) Microscopic characteristics of leaves and stems of different P. neriifolia variants. (iii) A comparison of the vase and postharvest life of several P. neriifolia variants. (iv) The concentration of leuco-anthocyanins (brow= ning components) in individual leaves situated on different locations on peduncles of diffe= rent P. neriifolia variants. Protea repens was included in some investigations since this species is less subjected to browning of foliage.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English
Die Bruinvrou in die onderwys het 'n besondere rol om te vertolk veral in die !ewe van die volwassewordende kind asook in die hele skoolopset. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om hierdie rol te bepaal. Tersaaklike gegewens is verkry deur middel van Iiteratuurstudie, die outobiografiese teks, onderhoude asook vraelyste. Deur die inligting bekom, is vasgestel dat die omstandighede waaronder 'n groot gedcelte van die Bruinonderwyseresse werk, nie altyd gunstig is nie. Baie Bruinlccrclcrs woon in sosio-ekonomiese agtergeblewe gebiede waar misdaad en bendebcdrywighedc aan die orde van die dag is. Waardestelsels, leefstyl van die subkultuur, onvoldoende materiele versorging en gebrekkige opvoeding veroorsaak steuringe in die leerders se ingesteldheid teenoor die skool. Haar vrouwees laat die onderwyseres baie empatie toon in haar opvoedingskommunikasie met die leerder. Sy poog om toereikend na sy behoeftes om te sicn. As medcganger help sy die leerder om elke mylpaal wat hy bereik, te beskou as die begin van 'n ander. Deur haar meelewendheid word veral die milieugestremde Bruinkind se menswaardigheid erken. Baie bruinleerders het aangedui dat onderwyseresse rolmodelle vir hulle is. Sommige onderwyseresse word verplig om jarelank dieselfde graad te onderrig. Aangesien hulle so 'n betekenisvolle rol in die volwassewording van die kind speel, is dit nodig dat hulle ervaring opdoen van die verskillende grade in die skool. Die vrou is baie veelsydig en het moontlikhede wat tocreikcnd aangewend kan word in al die fasette van die skoolopset. Sy kan '11 baie belangrike bydrae lewer in die organisasie en administrasie van die skool as sy die geleentheid gebied word. Haar ingesteldheid op die menslike en die belangrikheid van gesonde verhoudinge asook haar hoe pligsbesef dui daarop dat die onderwyseres by magte is om 'n uitstekende onderwysleier te wees. Nieteenstaande die feit dat onderwyseresse volgens statistieke oorverteenwoordig is in die onderwys, is hulle onderverteenwoordig in bestuursposte. Alhoewel die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid Afrika 1996, gebaseer is op die beginsels van gelykheid en menswaardigheid, is seksisme en diskriminasie op grond van geslag nog steeds ernstige struikelblokke vir die onderwyseres op haar weg na beter vooruitsigte in die onderwys. Aanbevelings vir praktykverbetering asook verdere navorsing is gemaak.
The Coloured woman in education has a particular role to play, especially in the life of the child growing towards adulthood as well as in the school in general. The aim of this investigation is to determine that role. Relevant information had been obtained by means of literary sources, autobiographical texts, interviews and questionnaires. Having obtained this information, it was established that the circumstances in which a large proportion of Coloured female educators work, are not always favourable. Many coloured learners live in socio-economic disadvantaged areas where crime and gangsterism prevail. Value systems, lifestyles of the subculture, inadequate material care and a serious lack of education are causing disruptions of learners' inclination towards the school. Being a woman enables the female educator to show considerable empathy in her pedagogic communication with the learners. She endeavours to sufficiently provide in their needs. As pedagogic accompanist she assists the learner to see every milestone that he/she achieves as the basis for another. Her involvement brings about an acknowledgement of the human dignity of the milieu-deprived Coloured child. Many coloured learners have indicated that their female educators are their role models. Some female educators are compelled to teach the same grade for years. Their significant role merits experience of teaching the various grades at school. Women are very versatile and have potential which can be utilized adequately in all the facets of the school situation. They can make very important contributions towards the organisation and administration of the school as a whole, given the opportunity. Their focus on human nature and the importance of sound relationships as well as their high sense of duty are indicative of the ability female educators have to become excellent leaders in education. They are nevertheless under-represented in educational management positions. Although the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, is based on the principles of equality and human dignity, sexism is still a stumbling block in the path of female educators. Recommendations for an improvement m educational practice as well as further research were made.
Educational Studies
D. Ed. (Filosofie van die Opvoeding)

The study was undertaken to determine the influence of the policy of separate development on the establishment, development and disestablishment of the Geluksdal Management Committee. The policy of separate development as implemented by the previous National Party Government led to the establishment of the Geluksdal Management Committee. Acts adopted by Parliament provided the statutory environment for the establishment of the Geluksdal township and the development of the Geluksdal Management Committee. The adoption of the Local Government Transition Act, 1993 (Act 209 of 1993) and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 (Act 200 of 1993) led to the disestablishment of the Geluksdal Management Committee. In terms of the Local Government Transition Act, 1993 (Act 209 of 1993) the Transitional Local Council of Brakpan, that includes the Geluksdal Management Committee, was promulgated.
Die studie is onderneem om die invloed van die beleid van afsonderlike ontwikkeling op die ontstaan, ontwikkeling en ontbinding van die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee te bepaal. Die beleid van afsonderlike ontwikkeling soos toegepas deur die destydse Nasionale Party Regering het gelei tot die ontstaan van die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee. Parlementere wetgewing het die statutere omgewing verleen waarbinne die dorp Geluksdal gestig en die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee ontwikkel het. Die aanvaarding van die Oorgangswet op Plaaslike Regering, 1993 (Wet 209 van 1993) en die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1993 (Wet 200 van 1993) het gelei tot die ontbinding van die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee. In terme van eersgenoemde Wet is die Oorgangsraad van Brakpan wat die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee insluit, gepromulgeer.
Public Administration
M.A. (Pulic Administration)

Abstracts in Afrikaans and English
Aangesien die konsep van kleur vaag en abstrak is, verskil die ervaring én beskrywing daarvan van individu tot individu en van kultuur tot kultuur. Aldus word die waarneem van kleur dikwels ʼn persoonlike en subjektiewe ervaring. In die geval van historiese tale, egter, is die uitdaging om kleurbeskrywing korrek oor te dra, nie sielkundig of esteties van aard nie, maar kultureel, aangesien daar onderliggend aan hierdie tale ʼn unieke linguistiese sisteem gekoppel is. So byvoorbeeld moet die ontleding van Latynse kleurwoorde en die toewysing van relevante betekenismoontlikhede op ʼn besondere wyse aan die Afrikaanse idioom geanker word, sonder om die uniekheid van elk van hierdie tale in te boet. Dit is gevolglik die taak van die navorser om moderne wetenskaplike beskouings oor kleuraanwending met sensitiwiteit en oordeelkundig op die antieke kleursisteme toe te pas. Die bestudering van kleur en kleurgebruik in die Oudheid was vir ʼn lang tyd in omstredenheid gehul. Navorsing in hierdie verband het aanvanklik slegs op die tegniese en argeologiese aspekte van kleurproduksie en -gebruik in die Griekse en Romeinse kuns en argitektuur gefokus. Daarenteen is teoretiese kwessies oor die funksie van kleur in die non-tegniese, estetiese letterkunde selde aangespreek, veral weens die invloed van linguisties-semantiese en kleur-psiogologiese vraagstukke. In hierdie proefskrif val die kollig op Vergilius se keuse en aanwending van dié kleurterme wat beide eksplisiet en implisiet in die Georgica voorkom. Aangesien ʼn sinvolle analise van hierdie digter se kleurgebruik nie tot die Georgica beperk kan word nie, moet die ooreenstemmende terme nie net in sy Eclogae en Aeneïs nie, maar ook in die werke van sy voorgangers, die digters Lucretius en Catullus, betrek word. Uit ʼn beperkte omvang selekteer en gebruik Vergilius kleurwoorde met ʼn delikate presisie van betekenis. Hoewel die stelselmatige ontleding van hierdie terme se betekenismoontlikhede kontekstueel beperk is, toon hierdie benadering in watter mate Vergilius innoverend en verbeeldingryk voorkom. Hierdie inligting dien vervolgens as parateks vir die studie wat volg: Vergilius se gebruik van kleurterme deur die verloop van die vier boeke van die Georgica met die fokus op die letterkundige impak en literêre effekte wat deurgaans as ‘eg Vergiliaans’ beoordeel kan word. . Sou hierdie kleurterme geïgnoreer of net nie raakgelees word nie, kan die leser nie daarop aanspraak maak dat die Georgica waarlik verstaan word nie. Dit is dus die doel van hierdie navorsing om die leser toe te rus met middele tot die vind van ʼn dieper insig in en groter waardering vir hierdie werk as uitnemende poësie.
Since the concept of colour is vague and abstract, the perception of colour differs from individual to individual and from culture to culture to become a highly personal and subjective experience. In the case of historical languages, however, the description of colour is challenging. Conveying colour description correctly is not a psychological or aesthetic exercise, but cultural, as each language has a unique underlying linguistic sensitivity. Consequently, in this dissertation which is written in Afrikaans, the analysis of Latin colour words must be anchored to the Afrikaans idiom in such a unique way as not to detract from the differences in cultural feel between these two languages. Therefore, and in spite of obvious differences, it is the task of the researcher to apply modern scientific views discerningly and sensitively to any ancient colour system. The study of colour and its application in antiquity has long been controversial. Initially research on these aspects of Greek and Roman societies focused only on the technical and archaeological aspects of colour production and its application in their art and architecture. In the wide array of theories regarding linguistic-semantic issues, colour-psychology and also colour aesthetics, theoretical issues regarding the function of colour in non-technical (‘literary’) works were rarely addressed, This dissertation focuses on those colour terms which Vergil uses both explicitly and implicitly in the Georgica. A meaningful analysis of this poet's use of colour must of necessity also include the application of the corresponding terms in his Eclogae and Aeneid, as well as those in the works of his poetic predecessors, Lucretius and Catullus. Selected from a limited range, Vergil applies colour words with a delicate precision of meaning. Although the systematic analysis of these words indicates a range of meaning which can be contextually limited, this approach highlights Vergil’s innovative and imaginative use of colour. With these findings as basis the focus shifts to the consecutive use of colour terms throughout the four books to indicate extraordinary and innovative literary effects which can only be described as ‘thoroughly Vergilian’. If these colour strategies were to escape the reader’s attention, it would result in a poorer understanding of the poem. It is therefore the purpose of this research to equip readers with strategies that will lead to a greater appreciation of the Georgics as exceptional poetry.
Classics and World Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (Klassieke Studies)

Text in Afrikaans
As 'n gemeenskap is Eersterust 'n skepping van apartheid. Voor die Groepsgebiedewet (1950) het alle rassegroepe in Pretoria vermeng gewoon. Dit sou lei tot ondertrouery en kultuurvermenging - iets wat die geloofsgemeenskap van Eersterust se begrafnisritueel weerspieel. Die begrafnisritueel het nie in Eersterust ontstaan nie, maar is daar uitgebou - soos die toevoeging van die troosmaal na die begrafnis. Wat by 'n afsterwe in Eersterust opval, is die geweldige kollektiewe gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid vanaf afsterwe tot met die troosmaal. Daarna kom dit abrup tot 'n einde. Die fokus van die studie is drieledig. Eerstens word gekyk na die ontstaan van die begrafnisritueel. Daarna kom twee vrae aan die orde: Wat is die betekenis van die begrafnisritueel vir die geloofsgemeenskap? Watter invloed het die ritueel op treurendes binne die geloofsgemeenskap wat doodsverlies moet verwerk? Die eerste vraag weerspieel 'n gemeenskap se trots op wat binne 'n gegewe historiese en sos10- politieke situasie vermag kan word. Binne hul verhaal van swaarkry le die spore van 'n alternatiewe gemeenskapsverhaal met 'n sterk eskatologiese duiding. Die tweede vraag wek ambivalente gevoelens. Sommige medenavorsers voel die hulp aan die treurendes is hopeloos te min. Ander getuig weer van bystand aan treurendes na 'n afsterwe. Oor een aspek is daar eenstemmigheid: Die geloofsgemeenskap sal maniere moet vind om die bestaande pastorale sorg aan die treurendes nog beter te doen. Die sleutelkonsepte van die studie - soos uiteengesit in hoofstuk 2 - val in drie dele uiteen. Daar is begrippe eie aan die gekose epistemologie; begrippe eie aan die navorsingsonderwerp; asook eiesoortige taal- en woordgebruik.
Practical Theology
M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Text in Afrikaans with abstracts in Afrikaans and English
In hierdie proefskrif word die agtergrond van die pre-koloniale stand van die destydse Kaapkolonie geskets en die historiese ontstaan van een gemeenskap word as tersaaklike voorbeeld behandel. Die verhouding wat met verloop van tyd tussen hierdie gemeenskap en die indringende koloniste ontwikkel het, is grotendeels gebaseer op persepsies en houdinge wat reeds sedert die 17e, 18e en veral die 19e eeu weens die ontmoeting tussen die uiteenlopende bevolkingsgroepe ontstaan het. Die verhoudinge wat inherent as gevolg van hierdie koloniale inmenging vertroebel is, was die oorsaak dat sekere inheemse bevolkingsgroepe radikale verandering ondergaan het. Die inheemse bevolking se rol het al hoe meer ondergeskik geword en die landskap het vir goed verander. Waar die inheemse bevolkingsgroepe se grondgebied van hulle ontneem is, moes hulle hul oorlewingstrategieë drasties verander. Die sogenaamde bruinmense, wat ontstaan het uit die ondertrou van die koloniale inkommers met die plaaslike bevolking en ingevoerde slawe, is gou tot die rol van arbeiders gereduseer en hul status het bly verlaag soos die tyd verbygegaan het. Aangesien min van hulle grondbesitters kon wees, wys hierdie proefskrif dat daar wel uitsonderings was. Daar is ’n gemeenskap wat die eienaars van erfgrond aan die Gouritzrivier is en dit steeds na 155 jaar besit. Hierdie gemeenskap is Buisplaas. ‘n Blanke voorvader, Frederick du Buis het aan sy twee seuns wat van gemengde bloed was, Simson en Saul ’n stuk grond langs die Gouritzrivier in die suidooste van die Wes-Kaap nagelaat. Op hierdie 94 hektaar het ’n Buis-gemeenskap ontstaan wat deur al die jare van politieke veranderinge in Suid-Afrika bly voortbestaan en gegroei het. Die onsimpatieke geografie en klimaat van Buisplaas het sy beperkings ingehou en tog het hierdie gemeenskap oorleef en die skamele voordele soos die nabyheid van die rivier en die aalwyne tot hulle voordeel gebruik. Al het die ekonomiese realiteit die meeste van die inwoners genoop om elders te gaan vir verdere opleiding en werksgeleenthede het die Buis-afstammelinge dikwels na hul aftrede uit hul beroepe teruggekeer na hul heimat. Ontwikkeling en die daaropvolgende verbetering van hul omstandighede het eers 127 jaar na die oordrag van Buisplaas aan Simson en Saul Buis begin en ’n groot verbetering in hul lewensomstandighede gemaak. Die rol van die Buisplaas Bewonersvereniging wat in 1986 gestig is en die belangrike proses van ontwikkeling wat deur hierdie vereniging begin is, vorm ’n kernaspek van die studie. Oor die jare het die twee kerke, die Lutherse en Anglikaanse kerke ’n deurslaggewende invloed op die inwoners gehad en veral omdat die Lutherse kerk ook verantwoordelik was dat daar ’n laerskool op Buisplaas opgerig is. Die navorsingsproses het die toepassing van ’n multi-dissiplinêre benadering behels, maar is daar hoofsaaklik van historiese metodologie gebruik gemaak. Die aktiewe bydrae van verskeie inwoners en oud-inwoners van Buisplaas het die gebruik van ander primêre en sekondêre bronne aangevul. Die fokus van die studie was derhalwe op die Buisplaas-gemeenskap wat vir so lank reeds bruin grondeienaars is, te midde van die problematiek van grondeienaarskap in Suid-Afrika. Alhoewel die konkrete realiteite van hierdie gemeenskap behandel word, gaan dit meer oor die ontasbare emosionele verbintenis van die mense met hulle plek, hulle eiendom. Dit gaan oor ‘n landskap wat uit kulturele tradisies en herinneringe bestaan. Dit kry die mistiek deur die krag van onthou, deur die nooit-vergeet-nie van mense se plekbewussyn. Plek word die verlenging van die self want plek is dan ook ‘n oord van tussenmenslike verbondenheid. Dit maak dit nie ‘n volmaakte plek nie maar ten minste ‘n plek waar mense van mekaar geweet het en steeds weet. Die veranderende ekonomiese en politieke streeksdinamika het ‘n invloed op die betekenis wat die inwoners aan hulle plek heg. Die fisiese en ruimtelike omgewing beïnvloed ook die interaksie en verhoudings van hierdie mense.
This thesis describes the background of the pre-colonial situation in the Cape Colony of the time. It uses the historical origin and development of one specific community as an example. The relationship which developed between this community and the intrusive colonialists is based to a large extent on perceptions and attitudes which were observed in the seventeenth and eighteenth but especially during the nineteenth century between the diverse population groups. The interference of the colonialists caused great harm to these relationships and consequently some of the indigenous population groups underwent radical changes. The indigenous population’s role in the area became more and more submersed and the landscape changed forever. As the territories of the indigenous groups were taken from them, they had to change their survival strategies drastically. The group which in former times was called ‘coloured’ because of inter marriages between the colonialists and the local population or the imported slaves, was soon reduced to labourers and their status diminished as time went by. In spite of very few being able to remain as landowners this thesis shows that there were exceptions. There is a community which inherited land next to the Gouritz River and after 155 years they are still the rightful owners. This community is known as Buisplaas. A white ancestor, Frederick du Buis left his two sons, Simson and Saul who were of mixed blood, 94 hectares of land next to the Gouritz River, in the south eastern part of the Western Cape. This is where the Buis community came into being and through the many years of political change in South Africa they continued to remain and develop there. The harsh geography and climate of Buisplaas had its limitations and yet the community survived. They used the meagre possibilities of the area like their proximity to the Gouritz River and the aloes growing there to their benefit. Although the economic realities forced many of the inhabitants to move elsewhere to further their studies or to find work opportunities, the Buisplaas descendants often returned to their community after retirement. It was only 127 years after Simson and Saul Buis inherited Buisplaas that development and consequently improvement started happening on a bigger scale. It changed their quality of life immensely. In 1986 the Residents’ Association of Buisplaas was formed and its role in the development of the community forms the major part of this study. Over the years both the Lutheran and the Anglican churches had a very strong influence on the inhabitants, especially since the Lutheran church was responsible for the establishment of a primary school at Buisplaas. The research entailed a multi-faceted approach, but mostly historical methodology was used. The active participation of different members of the Buisplaas community as well as some of the former inhabitants and neighbours in this thesis, supplemented the use of various other sources. The focus of the study was on the Buisplaas community who had been land owners as so-called ‘coloured’ people long before the issues and problems of owning land in South Africa were addressed. Although the basic realities of survival of this community will be addressed, the main focus is on the emotional bonds of the people with their place, with their property. It deals with their memories and with the cultural traditions that form the backbone of the area. This study has a charm which is revealed because of the memories of the people and the omnipresent consciousness of the ownership of their special place. Place becomes an extension of the self because place and space are also where human ties exist. It doesn’t make the place perfect but it remains a place where the people have always been aware of one another. The changing political and economic dynamics of the area have an influence on the importance and meaning of this place for its inhabitants. The physical and spatial environment and its spiritual importance also influence the interaction and relationships between these people.
History
D. Litt. et Phil. (Geskiedenis)

Afrikaans text
This study was undertaken to investigate and explore the experience of the death of a parent and the support for Coloured boys, in the middleadolescence phase, within the school context. Five boys were involved in the study. The gender of the parent was not specified; but all the boys had lost their mothers. The adolescent boys indicated that the death of their mothers was a life changing event; that they struggled emotionally after the death of their mothers but they received enough support from the school, friends and peer group. Family relations were disrupted and the boys often handled their mourning alone. They indicated a continued bond with their mothers, developed a greater sense of responsibility and insight into themselves and the emotions of others deepened. The boys stressed the value of social support but the public display of emotions is influenced by their perceptions of masculinity.
Die studie is onderneem om Kleurling seuns in die middel-adolessente fase se ervaring na die dood van ’n ouer en ondersteuning binne die skoolopset te ondersoek en te verken. Vyf seuns is by die studie betrek. Die geslag van die ouer is nie gespesifiseer nie maar al die seuns het hul moeders verloor. Die adolessente seuns het aangedui dat die dood van hul moeders ’n lewensveranderende gebeurtenis was; dat hulle ’n emosionele stryd gevoer het na die dood van hul moeders maar wel voldoende ondersteuning vanaf die skool, vriende en portuurgroep ontvang het. Gesinsverhoudinge het verbrokkel en die seuns het dikwels alleen hul rou hanteer. Hulle het ’n voortgesette band met hul moeder aangedui, groter verantwoordelikheidsin ontwikkel en insig vir hulself en ander se emosies het verdiep. Die seuns het die waarde van sosiale ondersteuning beklemtoon maar die openlike toon van emosies word deur hul persepsies vanmanlikheid beïnvloed.
Psychology of Education
M. Ed. (Spesialisering in Voorligting)

The central role that avant-garde music and dance theatre played in the interplay and synthesis of the arts and media in the 1920s, particularly in Paris, is well known. However, the creative potential of ballet has hardly been recognized in its manifold relationships with film and cinematic-inspired expression. The extent to which especially ballet music interacted with the latest cinematographic principles and techniques and referred to cinematic aesthetics in a variety of ways can instructively be seen regarding the productions of the Ballets Suédois. This is discussed in this article with an exemplary look at Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel (1921), Within the Quota (1923), Skating Rink (1922) and Relâche (1924). By that it becomes clear that the transmedia inclusion of cinematographic ideas not only inspired the vocabulary of avant-garde dance and modern choreography, but was also distinctively reflected in the conception and composition of film-affected music.