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Westöö, Oskar. "Characterization of Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300164.
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Termen koliforma bakterier beskriver en grupp indikatororganismer som används för att bedöma renligheten och integriteten hos reningsverk samt distributionssystem som nyttjas vid dricksvattenproduktion. För närvarande ställer styrande förvaltningsmyndigheter endast krav på detektion av antalet koliforma bakterier i dricksvatten via odlingsbaserade metoder. Dessa odlingsbaserade metoder särskiljer och upptäcker koliforma bakterier, och Escherichia coli specifikt, baserat på deras tillväxt samt enzymatiska aktivitet på selektiva kromogena och fluorogena agarplattor. Den definition av koliforma bakterier som dessa lagstiftningar ger upphov till identifierar endast koliforma bakterier baserat på deras metabolism och enzymatiska aktivitet, vilket är otillräckligt för att taxonomiskt identifiera olika bakterier inom denna grupp. För att uppnå detta krävs en definition baserad på fylogenetik. Detta masterexamensarbete beskriver undersökandet av metoder för taxonomisk identifiering av koliforma bakterier baserade på en kombination av odlingsbaserade och molekylära metoder. Vattenprover från Mälaren och Lovös vattenverk i Stockholm användes för att isolera koliforma bakterier via membranfiltrering, följt av odling på selektiva medier. De isolerade kolonierna och membranfiltrerna användes för att extrahera genomiskt DNA, följt av amplifiering av specifika gener associerade med E. coli och koliforma bakterier via PCR. Dessa inkluderade lacZ-genen, uidA-genen, yaiO-genen och 16S rRNA-genen. Produkterna från lyckade genamplifieringar sekvenserades för att taxonomiskt klassificera sekvenserna och identifiera olika koliforma bakterier. Två vattenprover med inloppsvatten skickades även för metagenomisk analys av dess mikrobiom. Dessa resulta indikerade att ett odlingssteg var nödvändigt för att producera tillräckligt med biomassa och genomiskt DNA för att lyckas med genamplifieringar utan att behöva filtrera enorma mängder vattenprover. De utvalda primrarna uppvisade även varierande framgång i att amplifiera målgenerna hos koliforma bakterier. Bakteriekoloniernas fysiska utseende på de selektiva agarplattorna och resultaten från genamplifieringarna uppvisade inte sammanhängande resultat, vilket indikerar ett behov av att ytterligare undersöka och optimera de utförda PCR-protokollen. Trots detta visade metoden potential för taxonomisk identifiering av koliforma bakterier. 16S rRNA-gensekvenserna möjliggjorde identifieringen av potentiella kontaminanter som grampositiva bakterier (Micrococcus and Staphylococcus) och andra, icke-koliforma, gramnegativa bakterier (Pseudomonas and Aeromonas) på de selektiva agarplattorna. Denna information kombinerat med bakteriekoloniernas utseende på agarplattorna och resultaten från övriga genamplifieringar kan möjliggöra ett sätt att skilja på falska positiva, falska negativa, sanna positiva och sanna negativa resultat från nuvarande detektionsmetoder för koliforma bakterier. Ytterligare optimering av olika aspekter av metoderna och arbetsflödet kring identifiering av koliforma bakterier är nödvändig innan man kan införa ett liknande tillvägagångssätt i ett reningsverk.The term coliform bacteria describes a group of indicator organisms used to measure the cleanliness and integrity of drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems. Currently, the only legal requirement set by government agencies pertains to the detection and enumeration of these bacteria via cultivation-based methods. These methods distinguish coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli based on their growth and enzymatic activity on selective chromogenic and fluorogenic agar plates. However, the legislative definition concerning their metabolism and enzymatic production is insufficient to identify bacteria within this group taxonomically. Instead, a definition based on phylogenetics is required. This master’s thesis describes the exploration of methods for the characterization and identification of coliform bacteria via a combination of cultivation-based and molecular methods. Water samples from Lake Mälaren and the Lovö drinking water treatment plant in Stockholm were used to isolate coliform bacteria via membrane filtration and cultivation on a selective agar medium. The isolated colonies and filtered membranes were subjected to DNA extraction, followed by gene amplification of target genes associated with E. coli and coliform bacteria via PCR. This included the lacZ gene, the uidA gene, the yaiO gene, and the 16S rRNA gene. Successful gene amplicons were sent for sequencing to assign taxonomic values to the sequences and identify coliform bacteria. Two inlet water samples were also sent for metagenomic analysis of the microbiome. An incubation step was necessary to gather enough biomass to extract sufficient genomic DNA for gene amplifications and avoid the need to filtrate large volumes of water. The selected primer pairs exhibited various degrees of success in amplifying the targeted genes of coliform bacteria. The physical appearance of coliform colonies on the selective chromogenic agar plates and the results from the gene amplifications displayed no discernable pattern, indicating the need to further investigate and optimize the PCR procedures. However, the method indicated a potential for coliform bacteria identification. 16S rRNA gene sequences allowed for the distinction of potential contaminants on the selective agar media in gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus and Staphylococcus) and other non-coliform, gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas and Aeromonas). In conjunction with the physical appearance of bacterial colonies on selective media and successful gene amplicons of the targeted genes, this information could allow one to distinguish between false positive, false negative, true positive, and true negative results from current coliform detection and enumeration methods. Further optimization of various aspects of the coliform bacteria identification methods is necessary before introducing a similar approach to a water treatment plant context.
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Todhunter, Deborah Ann. "Pathogenesis of coliform bacteria in the nonlactating bovine mammary gland /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487599963591725.
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Martinez, Fernandez Maria Carolina. "Water Quality Study of Southshore of Lake Pontchartrain." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/293.
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In 2004, a field sampling study was initiated along the southern shoreline area of Lake Pontchartrain in Jefferson Parish, specifically, around Bonnabel Canal (Pumping Station No.1) to identify the effect of urban stormwater discharges on Lake Pontchartrain and to simulate the plume patterns from the Bonnabel Canal. Sixteen sampling stations were selected along the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain. Under dry weather conditions Fecal Coliform values exceeded the limit of 200 MPN/100mL at 3 of 16 stations. Fecal Coliform counts were found to be "wet" weather-dependent and unsuitable for primary contact recreation for at least three to four days following a pumping/rain event. A 3-D Hydrodynamic Model (COHERENS) and the TECPLOT™ equation feature were used for the prediction of contaminant plumes from the Bonnabel Canal into the Lake Pontchartrain. The model verified the three day wet weather effect of stormwater discharges along the shoreline of the study area.
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Smith, Lisa Marie. "Antibiotic resistance and coliform bacteria in the Ohio River; 2002 to 2004." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2006. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=679.
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Theses (M.S.)--Marshall University, 2006.Title from document title page. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: contains vii, 73 p. including illustrations and maps. Bibliography: p. 25-28.
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English, Joanna. "The potential for interactions between protozoa and coliform bacteria in freshwater biofilms." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421614.
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O'Reilly, Jennifer M. "Assessment of tidally influenced riparian wetlands as sinks for fecal coliform bacteria /." Electronic version (PDF), 2003. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2003/oreillyj/jenniferoreilly.html.
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Lee, Sumyee Sylvia 1976. "The modeling of fecal coliform bacteria in the North and South rivers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80162.
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Lin, Jun. "Growth response of Coliform bacteria to antibodies directed against Ferric enterobactin receptor fepa /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487950153602858.
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Al-Khateeb, Mohammed Jihad M. Jalal. "Investigation into the epidemiology of multi-drug resistance plasmids of hospital-associated coliform bacteria." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243028.
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Österlundh, Ingrid. "Coliform mastitis in the sow : clinical immunological studies around parturition /." Uppsala : Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/v146-ab.html.
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Robinson, Jeffrey G. "An investigation of the seasonal and spatial occurrence of coliform bacteria in a distribution system." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845953.
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Bacteriological data from 1980 to 1991 were reviewed to determine whether coliform bacteria occurred seasonally and spatially within a midwestern city's distribution system. Coliform bacteria are used as microbiological indicator organisms to determine if a public water supply is safe for consumption. The public water_ distribution system examined had at least a twelve year history of the presence of coliform bacteria. Previous investigations have described the occurrence of the coliform bacteria as sporadic because there were no apparent patterns to their presence. An analysis of bacteriological data has not previously been performed to specifically detect seasonal and spatial occurrences of coliform bacteria.This study attempted to determine if seasonal or spatial patterns of coliform occurrences exist within the in the dominant coliform species. Data indicate that the highest percentage of coliform positive samples occurred in the summer, followed by fall, then winter, with spring having the lowest percentage of coliform positive samples. While Enterobacter cloacae was the dominant coliform species during the spring, summer and fall, Klebsiella oxytoca was the dominant coliform during the winter. Coliform occurrence throughout the distribution system was variable among the 43 sample sites. The percentage of positive samples from the various sites ranged from 0% to 10.5%. The five sites with the highest percentage of coliform positive samples were at the extremities of the distribution system. E. cloacae was dominant at 88% of the sites. K. oxytoca was dominant at 9% sites, which typically had a low percentage of coliform positive samples.Department of Biology
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Tse, Wesley Chi-Kon. "Examining the Influence of Wildlife Population and Fecal Coliform Density Variability on Virginia Bacterial TMDL Development." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52975.
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Pathogens are the most common cause of water quality impairment in Virginia. Bacteria TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads) for watersheds are typically created using a modeling approach. These models require characterization of all residential, agricultural, and wildlife sources of bacteria. Wildlife bacteria source characterization is typically conducted with estimates of population and fecal coliform production. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the bacteria TMDL development process and the HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN) model to determine how wildlife population and fecal coliform density variability impacts simulated in-stream bacteria loads. The population and fecal coliform density values for seven wildlife species were sequentially varied and run through the TMDL model to analyze the changes in bacteria loads. For population density, high, median, and low values were tested, and for fecal coliform density, high and low values were tested. The analysis was conducted on three watersheds (Abrams Creek, Upper Opequon Creek, and Happy Creek), each with a different dominant land use. The results revealed that all watersheds were sensitive to the high fecal coliform densities of deer, muskrats, and raccoons. However, Happy Creek, the watershed with majority forested land use, was additionally sensitive to the high fecal coliform densities of ducks and the high population density for all species. Using the three watersheds as surrogates for comparing different land uses, the study showed the TMDL modeling process is most sensitive to changes in wildlife in watersheds dominated by forested land use. The results also demonstrated that TMDL calibration is more efficient when adjusting wildlife fecal coliform density rather than population density to match the modeled watershed with the observed water quality data.Master of Science
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Hall, Kyle M. "Comparing Alternative Methods of Simulating Bacteria Concentrations with HSPF Under Low-Flow Conditions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35056.
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During periods of reduced precipitation, flow in low-order, upland streams may be reduced and may stop completely. Under these â low flowâ conditions, fecal bacteria directly deposited in the stream dominate in-stream bacteria loads. When developing a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) to address a bacterial impairment in an upland, rural watershed, direct deposit (DD) fecal bacteria sources (livestock and wildlife defecating directly in the stream) often drive the source-load reductions required to meet water quality criteria. Due to limitations in the application of existing watershed-scale water quality models, under low-flow conditions the models can predict unrealistically high in-stream fecal bacteria concentrations. These unrealistically high simulated concentrations result in TMDL bacteria source reductions that are much more severe than what actually may be needed to meet applicable water quality criteria.
This study used the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) to compare three low-flow DD simulation approaches and combinations (treatments) on two Virginia watersheds where bacterial impairment TMDLs had been previously developed and where low-flow conditions had been encountered. The three methods; Flow Stagnation (FS), DD Stage Cut-off (SC), and Stream Reach Surface Area (SA), have all been used previously to develop TMDLs. A modified version of the Climate Generation (CLIGEN) program was used to stochastically generate climate inputs for multiple model simulations. Violations of Virginiaâ s interim fecal coliform criteria and the maximum simulated in-stream fecal coliform concentration were used to compare each treatment using ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis rank sum procedures. Livestock DD bacteria sources were incrementally reduced (100%, 50%, 15%, 10%, 5%) to represent TMDL load reduction allocation scenarios (allocation levels).
Results from the first watershed indicate that the FS method simulated significantly lower instantaneous criterion violation rates at all allocation levels than the Control. The SC method reduced the livestock DD load compared to the Control, but produced significantly lower instantaneous criterion violation rates only at the 100% allocation level. The SA method did not produce significantly different instantaneous criterion violation rates compared to the Control. Geometric mean criterion violation rates were not significantly different from the Control at any allocation level. The distributions of maximum in-stream fecal coliform concentrations simulated by the combinations SC + FS and SC + SA + FS were both significantly different from the Control at the 100% allocation level.
The second watershed did not produce low-flow conditions sufficient to engage the FS or SC methods. However, the SA method produced significantly different instantaneous violation rates than the Control at all allocation levels, which suggests that the SA method continues to affect livestock DD loads when low-flow conditions are not simulated in the watershed. No significant differences were found in the geometric mean violation rate or distribution of maximum simulated in-stream fecal coliform concentrations compared to the Control at any allocation level.
This research suggests that a combination of the SC and FS methods may be the most appropriate treatment for addressing unrealistically high concentrations simulated during low-flow conditions. However, this combination must be used with caution as the FS method may increase the maximum simulated in-stream fecal coliform concentration if HSPF simulates zero volume within the reach.Master of Science
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Panhorst, Kimberly A. "Estimating Bacterial Loadings to Surface Waters from Agricultural Watersheds." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36433.
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Fecal bacteria and pathogens are a major source of surface water impairment. In Virginia alone, approximately 73% of impaired waters are impaired due to fecal coliforms (FC). Because bacteria are a significant cause of water body impairment and existing bacterial models are predominantly based upon laboratory-derived information, bacterial models are needed that describe bacterial die-off and transport processes under field conditions. Before these bacterial models can be developed, more field-derived information is needed regarding bacterial survival and transport. The objectives of this research were to evaluate bacterial survival under field conditions and to develop a comprehensive, spatially variable (distributed) bacterial model that requires little or no calibration. Three field studies were conducted to determine die-off or diminution (settling plus die-off) rates of FC and Escherichia coli (EC) over time in: 1) dairy manure storage ponds and turkey litter storage sheds, 2) pasture and cropland soils to which dairy manure was applied, and 3) beef and dairy fecal deposits. The dairy manure storage ponds were sampled just under the pond surface. The FC and EC diminution (settling plus die-off) rates for dairy manure storage ponds were 0.00478 day-1 and 0.00781 day-1, respectively. The five samples collected for turkey litter in storage were inadequate to draw any conclusions. Bacterial die-off rates in cropland and pastureland soils were found to be statistically different from each other at the α = 0.05 level. The FC and EC die-off rates in cropland soils were 0.01351 day-1 and 0.01734 day-1, respectively, while the FC and EC die-off rates in pastureland soils were 0.02246 day-1 and 0.02796 day-1, respectively. Die-off rates for bacteria from dairy heifer, dairy milker, and beef cow fecal deposits were not statistically different from each other. The resulting die-off rate constants for fecal deposits were 0.01365 day-1 and 0.01985 day-1 for FC and EC, respectively. The EC/FC ratio was also evaluated for the fecal deposits and land-applied manure to determine if a quantifiable relationship was discernable. In general the EC/FC ratio declined over time, but no quantifiable relationship was discerned.
The bacterial model simulates die-off, bacterial partitioning between soil and water, and bacterial transport to surface waters in free (in solution) and sediment-adsorbed forms. Bacterial die-off was modeled using Chick's Law, bacterial partitioning was modeled with a linear isotherm equation, and bacterial transport was modeled using continuity and flow equations. The bacterial model was incorporated into the ANSWERS-2000 model, a continuous, distributed, nonpoint source pollution model. The model was tested using data from two plot studies. Calibration was required to improve runoff and sediment predictions. Bacterial model predictions underpredicted bacterial concentrations in runoff with a maximum underprediction error of 92.9%, but predictions were within an order of magnitude in all cases. Further model evaluation, on a larger watershed with predominantly overland flow, over a longer time period, is recommended, but such data were not available at the time of this assessment. The overall conclusions of this research were 1) FC and EC die-off or diminution under the examined field conditions followed Chick's Law, 2) measured die-off rate constants in the field were much less than those cited in literature for laboratory experiments, and 3) for the conditions simulated for two plot studies, the bacterial model predicted bacterial concentrations in runoff within an order of magnitude.
Master of Science
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Bannister, Elaine. "Evaluation of methodology for detection and quantification of coliform bacteria and their survival in soil and water." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/505.
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In Aberdeenshire, approximately 25,000 people rely on potable water from private water supplies. Many of these supplies are of questionable quality with regards to microbiological contamination, which is often due to a lack of maintenance and protection of these supplies. Agricultural practices such as the spreading of slurry and grazing animals in the proximity of supplies all increase the risk of contamination. The presence of coliform bacteria and in particular E. coli, in private water supplies is an indication of the potential for the water supply to be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. With the increasing occurrence of severe illness from pathogens such as E. coli O157, which have been found in a number of private water supplies, there is an increasing concern with regards to groundwater quality. This study was conducted initially to determine the magnitude of private water supply contamination in Aberdeenshire and to investigate any links between this contamination with seasonality and rainfall. To enable analysis of a large number of water samples to be carried out within an accepted timeframe, Colilert 18™ was validated for the detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria in potable water and was compared to the accepted standard method, membrane filtration. Colilert 18™ was further validated for use with soil samples to allow the study of factors affecting coliform survival in water and soil to be carried out. Coliform survival in ii soil was found to be influenced particularly by temperature and soil texture. The transport of coliform bacteria in soil was investigated using repacked and undisturbed soil columns, with transport enhanced by rainfall. However even with heavy rainfall coliform bacteria can become attached to or trapped within the soil structure. It was evident from these studies that coliform bacteria and therefore pathogenic microorganisms have the potential to survive in the environment and to travel through the soil structure and enter groundwater.
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Ho, Chiu Man. "Repression of photoreactivation and dark repair of coliform bacteria by TiO[subscript 2]-modified UV-C irradiation /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202009%20HO.
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Stiltner, Bridgett, Emily Garretson, and Phillip R. Scheuerman. "A Comparison of Microbial Enzyme Activity and Fecal Coliform Bacteria to Characterize Fecal Pollution in Surface Water." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2957.
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Celebrezze, Eric N. "FECAL BACTERIA INDICATOR TO DETERMINE POINT-SOURCE POLLUTION UPSTREAM OF THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH, WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA, USA." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1174928348.
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Gauthier, Francis. "Study of coliform bacteria in Canadian pulp and paper mill water systems : their ecology and utility as health hazard indicators." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33401.
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Coliform bacteria have long been used to indicate fecal contamination of food, water, and solid surfaces, and thus the presence of a health hazard. In this study, the in-mill water and external effluent treatment systems of seven typical Canadian pulp and paper mills were shown to support the growth of numerous coliforms, especially Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp . Mill coliforms were shown to be not just simple transients from feedwater or furnish (wood), but to be continuously growing, especially in the primary clarifiers. Therefore, coliforms and fecal coliforms cannot be used as fecal contamination indicators in pulp and paper mill water and effluent treatment systems.N2-fixing coliform populations were detected in mill water systems and were analyzed using N2-fixation assays and nitrogenase gene (nifH) probing. Both active in situ populations and cultured microbial isolates were tested. Active N2-fixation was demonstrated in six primary clarifiers. Measurement of the numbers and composition of the total culturable bacterial community in a primary clarifier revealed that approximately 50% of all aerobic cells contained nifH , of which >90% were Klebsiella. Coliforms growing on MacConkey agar plates from the primary clarifier were all identified as Klebsiella and 100% of these Klebsiella contained the nifH gene. Preliminary estimates indicate that the amount of N2 fixed per day is substantial in some clarifiers.
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Hugosson, Hanna, and Katja Larnholt. "Water quality and sanitation in rural Moldova." Thesis, Uppsala University, LUVAL, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121003.
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Because of the impact on human health and sustainable livelihood, the topic of drinking water and sanitation facilities is becoming a seriously discussed issue among international organizations as well as developing agencies in industrialized countries. The importance of water and sanitation management initialized this master thesis.
The aim of the project is to do an assessment of the drinking water quality as well as the sanitation situation in the village Condrita in the Republic of Moldova. This was done by studying the existing water and sanitation facilities, sampling the water, evaluating the reason for the poor water quality and mapping the current situation using ArcGIS. Furthermore, technologies for improving the drinking water and sanitation facilities are suggested.
The work was carried out by doing a literature study on how water sources and sanitation facilities should be constructed in order to ensure people’s health and to meet their needs. Geographic coordinates and water samples were collected from twenty-two public wells and springs. Interviews on the water situation and sanitation facilities were performed. Furthermore, water samples were analysed with respect to nitrate, turbidity, electrical conductivity and coliform bacteria amongst others. Pesticide contamination was also taken into consideration when one of the wells was analysed. Water sources were classified as improved or unimproved according to definitions by WHOSIS. Moreover, the DRASTIC vulnerability model was used to evaluate the groundwater susceptibility to contaminants.
In general, the water quality in the study area was poor and measured values of the analyzed parameters exceeded international or Moldovan standards for nitrate, hardness, electrical conductivity and total coliform bacteria. Four wells were contaminated with E. coli bacteria. Furthermore, turbidity measurements exceeded Moldovan standards in seven out of twenty-two water sources. No pesticide contamination was detected. Sampled water from the densely populated parts of the village as well as unimproved water sources proved to be of poorer quality. Map results showed that a majority of the groundwater within the study area was subject to a moderate or high risk of becoming contaminated. The current sanitation situation is that most families use simple pit latrines, which are placed far away from the dwelling-houses. Digging a new toilet when the existing one is full is a common practice in Condrita. Hand-washing facilities are seldom placed in proximity to the toilets.
Pit latrines are believed to be the most important source of groundwater contamination in the study area. Other sources are agricultural activities and poor practice when abstracting water from the wells. A feasible solution to improve both the drinking water quality and the sanitation situation would be to install ecosan toilets. Improvements of the well’s features that are suggested include construction of an apron slab as well as proper lids for covering the well.
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Mishra, Anurag. "Nutrient and Bacterial Transport From Agricultural Lands Fertlized With Different Animal Manures." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41635.
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The increase of animal agriculture coupled with excess manure production, and the reduced availability of land has led to the over application of animal manure on agricultural fields. The excessive application of manure is responsible for nutrient and bacterial pollution of downstream waterbodies. Manure application based on the crop phosphorus (P) requirements has been recommended as a viable method to reduce nutrient pollution. A plot scale study was conducted to measure the loss of nutrients and bacterial transport in runoff from cropland treated with poultry litter, dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer according to the P requirements of the crop.
Three simulated rainfall events were conducted 1, 2 and 35 days after planting of corn. Highest P and N concentrations were observed in the runoff from plots treated with poultry litter, followed by dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer. The poultry litter treated plots exhibited highest concentrations of bioavailable P in the runoff, compared to all other treatments. The P from poultry litter treated plots was also mostly in the soluble form, which underscores the need to control the runoff from cropland in order to decrease the P losses from the poultry litter treated fields. The edge of the field nutrient concentrations observed in this study were high enough to cause severe to moderate eutrophication problems in downstream waterbodies unless they are diluted. In general, nutrient concentrations were lower during the second simulated event, compared with those from the first event. A significant reduction in the nutrient concentrations of runoff was observed from the second to the third simulated event for all the treatments. This reduction was attributed to the loss of nutrients by natural rainfall-runoff events during the time period between the second and the third simulated rainfall event, plant uptake of nutrients, sorption and leaching processes.
The indicator bacteria analyzed in the present study were fecal Coliform (FC), Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) and Enterococcus (ENT). The bacterial concentrations reported in the runoff for the first and second simulated events were 104 to 105 times higher than the federal and state limits for primary contact recreation waters. No significant effect of treatments was observed on the bacterial concentrations in runoff. The highest concentrations were observed for FC, followed by ENT and EC in the runoff. The ratio of bacteria removed in runoff to the bacteria applied also followed the above trend. The concentrations of bacteria generally increased from the first to second simulated event; unlike the nutrients. However, the bacterial concentrations dropped significantly from second to the third simulated rainfall event to the levels lower than those designated for primary contact recreation water limits. This reduction was attributed to the washing away of bacteria by the heavy rainfall-runoff events in the period between second and third simulated rainfall events and the die-off of bacteria.
The results reported from this study suggest that the manure application based on crop P requirements can also be a significant source of nutrient pollution and should be coupled with other best management practices (BMPs) also to reduce nutrient pollution. The results also suggest that the manure treated cropland can be a source for significant indicator bacterial pollution and appropriate BMPs are required to mitigate their effect.Master of Science
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Smith, Tamara L. "Associations between Fecal Indicator Bacteria Prevalence and Demographic Data in Private Water Supplies in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50985.
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Over 1.7 million Virginians rely on private water systems to supply household water. The heaviest reliance on these systems occurs in rural areas, which are often underserved in terms of financial resources and access to environmental health education. As the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) does not regulate private water systems, it is the sole responsibility of the homeowner to maintain and monitor these systems. Previous limited studies indicate that microbial contamination of drinking water from private wells and springs is far from uncommon, ranging from 10% to 68%, depending on type of organism and geological region. With the exception of one thirty-year old government study on rural water supplies, there have been no documented investigations of links between private system water contamination and household demographic characteristics, making the design of effective public health interventions, very difficult.
The goal of the present study is to identify potential associations between concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (e.g. coliforms, E. coli) in 831 samples collected at the point-of-use in homes with private water supply systems and homeowner-provided demographic data (e.g. homeowner age, household income, education, water quality perception). Household income and the education of the perceived head of household were determined to have an association with bacteria concentrations. However, when a model was developed to evaluate strong associations between total coliform presence and potential predictors, no demographic parameters were deemed significant enough to be included in the final model. Of the 831 samples tested, 349 (42%) of samples tested positive for total coliform and 55 (6.6%) tested positive for E. coli contamination. Chemical and microbial source tracking efforts using fluorometry and qPCR suggested possible E. coli contamination from human septage in 21 cases. The findings of this research can ultimately aid in determining effective strategies for public health intervention and gain a better understanding of interactions between demographic data and private system water quality.
Master of Science
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Högberg, Ann. "Cereal non-starch polysaccharides in pig diets : influence on digestion site, gut environment and microbial populations /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a413.pdf.
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Sundar, Naveen. "REPORT OF AN INTERNSHIP WITH THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION IN CINCINNATI, OHIO." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1092161911.
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Elving, Josefine. "Pathogen inactivation and regrowth in organic waste during biological treatment /." SLU : Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/11652700.pdf.
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St-Germain, Pascale L. "Evaluation of Well Seal Integrity and Its Relative Importance in Assessing Groundwater Quality." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20446.
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Unlike municipal water supplies, provincial regulations do not require systematic testing of domestic well water, which may adversely impact local residents should contamination occur. Private wells are typically shallow relative to municipal wells, and thus, are particularly vulnerable to sources of surficial contamination if preferential recharge pathways such as natural fractures or faulty seals are present.
In order to determine the relative importance of well seal integrity as a preferential pathway, a practical detection method was developed based on infiltrometry. This method successfully detected faulty well seals in a wide range of geological settings across Canada, including: Hobbema, Alberta; Lindsay, Ontario; and Chelsea, Québec. It was most successful in areas of minimal heterogeneity and where the surficial geology is composed of fine-grained sediments.
The community of Chelsea (Québec) was also the primary study site to examine a range of factors affecting water quality including physical characteristics, faulty well seals, other anthropogenic activities and seasonality. Water samples were collected over a period of 14 months and analyzed for bacteria and major-ion chemistry. The results show that the consideration of physical features alone is not enough to predict vulnerability in the study area. Seasonal fluctuations in ionic concentrations (e.g. ionic strength, NO3-N and Cl-) and coliform bacteria are observed and result from disperse and rapid recharge events. Multivariate analysis techniques (e.g. principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) demonstrate that preferential recharge pathways and anthropogenic activities, such as domestic effluents affect the groundwater quality. The data and findings of this study were used to assist in the design of a probabilistic risk assessment model based on the Poisson distribution.
This study demonstrates the complexity and the challenges related to bacterial contamination in drilled wells. In spite of these challenges, this analysis was useful as a baseline to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities, and may be used in future studies to assist municipalities in the evaluation and protection of groundwater supplies.
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Sundar, Naveen. "Report of an internship with the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Sommission (ORSANCO) in Cincinnati, Ohio." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1092161911.
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McCain, April Kathleen. "Influence of market setting and time of purchase on counts of aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, and coliform and prevalence of Salmonella and Listeria in beef, pork, and chicken in Vietnam." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1604197.
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The objective of this study was to determine the influence of market type and sampling time on Salmonella and Listeria prevalence and microbiological quality of 540 beef, pork, and whole chicken samples collected in 6 supermarkets (SM), 6 indoor markets (IM), and 6 open markets (OM) at opening (T0) and 4 h after the opening (T4) in Vietnam. Salmonella and Listeria prevalence ranged from 30.4 to 71.0% and 56.6 to 99.9 %, respectively, in beef, pork, and chicken in Vietnam. Aerobic bacteria counts ranged from 10.5 to 11.6 log CFU/g, whereas, E. coli and coliform counts ranged from 7.2 to 11.4 log CFU/g in beef, pork, and chicken in Vietnam. E. coli counts were influenced by the interaction of market type and sampling time in beef and pork. Market characteristic data that were considered relevant to microbiological safety of fresh meat and poultry products were collected for individual samples.
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Kyambadde, Joseph. "Optimizing processes for biological nitrogen removal in Nakivubo Wetland, Uganda /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-134.
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Hiliare, Sheldon. "Impact of Manure Land Management Practices on Manure Borne Antibiotic Resistant Elements (AREs) in Agroecosystems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102218.
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Rising global antibiotic resistance has caused concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Majority of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, primarily with livestock rearing. Animal manure land application integrates livestock farming and agroecosystems. This manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) (resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and veterinary antibiotics) that contribute towards antimicrobial resistance. Altering manure application techniques can reduce surface runoff of other contaminants such as excess N and P, pesticides, and hormones, that can impact water quality. Conventional tillage practices in the U.S. has reduced or stopped, making subsurface injection of manure a promising option when compared to surface application. Our research compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping system, and manure-rainfall time gaps to gauge the impact on AREs in the environment. Two field-scale rainfall simulation studies were conducted along with one laboratory study. Using the injection method lowered concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, 9-30 times less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to 1 d time gap for that broadcast method. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other based on manure application and soil ARG richness in all manure-amended soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained 52 ARGs with higher abundance compared to runoff from surface applied plots. ARGs in the former were more correlated to soil and more correlated to manure in the latter. The highest antibiotic concentrations were in the injection slit soil of those plots. Antibiotic concentrations in samples corresponded positively to concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and there was a positive correlation between resistant FCB and their associated ARGs (Spearman's ρ = 0.43-0.63). A CRIISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for in-situ detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.Doctor of Philosophy
Rising global antibiotic resistance cause concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Most of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, especially with livestock rearing. Overuse of antibiotics that are medically important to human medicine compromises the effectiveness of our medicines. Animal manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) such as resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and antibiotics) that contribute towards resistance issues. Once these AREs enter the environment, they can be taken up by crops, runoff into surface water or leached into ground water, or even reside within the animal products we consume. Altering manure application techniques is beneficial for nutrient conservation but also potentially for reducing ARE spread. With our research, we compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping systems, and manure-rainfall time gaps to find ways to balance the need for manure application and the spread of resistance. We used two field-scale rainfall simulation studies along with one laboratory study. Overall, using the injection method resulted in significantly lower concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to the 1 d time gap for broadcast methods. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other and soil ARG totals in all manure applied soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained more soil ARGs and runoff from surface applied plots containing more manure associated ARGs. The subsurface injection method also caused highest antibiotic concentrations in the injection slit soil of those plots. High antibiotic concentrations in samples generally meant high concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and resistant FCB were also found with their associated ARGs as well. A CRISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for onsite detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.
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Silva, Maria Cristina de Almeida. "Avaliação da utilização de colifagos como indicadores virais a partir da análise de enterovírus e adenovírus em efluentes tratados por diferentes processos biológicos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/34150.
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Os esgotos domésticos contêm uma alta quantidade de bactérias e outros organismos patogênicos e não patogênicos que são descarregados em corpos hídricos. A contaminação da água, pela presença de bactérias e vírus patogênicos, traz conseqüências indesejáveis, principalmente de saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de emprego da análise de colifagos, como indicador viral. Para isso, amostras de esgoto bruto, efluente tratado por reator UASB e efluente de lodo ativado, da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos São João Navegantes, Porto Alegre, foram coletadas durante o período de junho/2006 a junho/2007. As análises físicas, químicas e microbiológicas, DBO5, turbidez, sólidos totais, quantificação de coliformes totais, fecais e de colifagos foram realizadas em 99 amostras, conforme APHA, 2005. Na determinação da presença de adenovírus e enterovírus foram testadas 36 amostras, utilizando-se a técnica de concentração por filtração-eluição e ultracentrifugação. Posteriormente, purificação e avaliação da infectividade. Por fim, as amostras foram submetidas a teste de nested PCR e RT-PCR, a fim de verificar a presença de adenovírus e enterovírus, respectivamente. Nas 36 amostras testadas, a presença de enterovírus foi confirmada em apenas 5,56% das amostras e, adenovírus, em 16,67% das amostras. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre colifagos e bactérias coliformes totais e fecais, bem como entre colifagos e os parâmetros físicos e químicos. Desta independência encontrada entre vírus e bactérias se destaca a necessidade de monitoramento conjunto de ambos os microrganismos. Verificou-se uma similaridade em relação à sazonalidade referente ao comportamento de colifagos e o descrito na literatura referente a vírus entéricos. Observou-se, também, a baixa eficiência do tratamento para remoção de microrganismos, ressaltando-se a importância de realização de um tratamento terciário para assegurar a qualidade microbiológica do efluente. As relações entre colifagos e vírus entéricos não foram possíveis de serem analisadas, devido aos dados inconclusivos obtidos no presente trabalho.Domestic sewage contains a high amount of bacteria and other pathogens and non pathogens that are discharged into water bodies. Contamination of water by the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses, brings undesirable consequences, especially for public health. The objective of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using analysis of coliphages as viral indicator. Samples of raw sewage, treated effluent by UASB reactor and by activated sludge, from Wastewater Treatment Systems São João Navegantes, Porto Alegre, were collected during the period of june/2006 to june/2007. Physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes, namely BOD5, turbidity, total solids, quantification of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and coliphages were performed in 99 samples, following the techniques described in APHA 2005. The presence of enteric viruses was tested on 36 samples. The technique of concentration by filtration-elution and ultra-centrifugation was used for this purpose. Subsequently, purification and infectivity test was performed. The samples were tested to nested PCR and RT-PCR to verify the presence of adenovirus and enterovirus, respectively. In 36 samples tested, the presence of enteroviruses was confirmed in only 5.56% of the samples, and adenovirus, in 16.67% of the samples. No significant correlation was found among coliform bacteria and coliphages, and also between the presence of coliphages and physical and chemical parameters. The independence found between viruses and bacteria indicates the need for joint monitoring of both microrganisms. The behavior of coliphages was observed to follow the path described in the literature about enteric viruses in relation to seasonality. There was observed a low efficiency in terms of microorganisms removal, emphasizing the need for a tertiary treatment to ensure the microbiological quality of the effluents tested. Relations between coliphages and enteric viruses were not able to be analyzed, due to inconclusive data obtained in this work.
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Dias, Maria Fernanda Falcone [UNESP]. "Qualidade microbiológica de águas minerais em garrafas individuais comercializadas em Araraquara." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95197.
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Com a dúvida sobre a qualidade da água de abastecimento público, o cidadão passou a utilizar a água mineral com maior intensidade. Para atender a esta demanda as indústrias aumentaram a produção, novas empresas surgiram e também os falsários. Assim, é necessário conhecer-se a qualidade esperada e paga pelo consumidor nesse produto, realmente existe. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar aspectos de qualidade microbiológica em amostras de água mineral natural, não carbonatada, em garrafas individuais de 330mL a 600mL, das diversas marcas comercializadas em supermercados na cidade de Araraquara-SP. Foram utilizadas sessenta e nove amostras provenientes de dezessete marcas. As amostras foram adquiridas aleatoriamente, em épocas e estabelecimentos diferentes para que fossem originadas de lotes diversos. Para análise de coliformes totais e coliformes fecais/E. coli utilizou-se a técnica de substratos cromogênicos; para enterococos e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram utilizadas as técnicas de tubos múltiplos específicas; para contagem de bactérias heterotróficas, foi utilizada a técnica de cultivo em profundidade. Todas as amostras de todas as marcas (100%) apresentaram ausência de coliformes fecais/E.coli, duas amostras (2,9%) de uma marca (5,9%) apresentaram contaminação por coliformes totais, duas amostras (2,9%), de duas marcas (11,8%) apresentaram contaminação por enterococos, três amostras (4,3%) de duas marcas (11,8%) apresentaram Pseudomonas aeruginosa e quarenta amostras (58%) de doze marcas (70,6%) apresentaram contagens acima de 500 UFC/mL para bactérias heterotróficas. Verificou-se que, das sessenta e nove amostras analisadas (100%) apenas seis (8,7%) apresentaram-se contaminadas com um ou mais dos indicadores especificados pela legislação brasileira para águas minerais. Entretanto, considerando os padrões para água mineral e o padrão...
With the doubt on the water quality in public supplying, the citizen started to use the mineral water with larger intensity. For attend this demand the factory had increased the production, new companies had appeared and also the falsifiers. Thus, it’s necessary to know if the quality waited and paid for the consumer in this product, really exists. The objective of the research was to evaluate aspects of microbiological quality in natural mineral water samples, not carbonated, in individual bottles of 330mL to 600mL, of the diverse marks commercialized in supermarkets in the city of Araraquara-SP. Sixty nine samples proceeding from seventeen marks had been used. The samples had been acquired aleatory, at different times and establishments for that they were originated from diverse lots. For analysis of fecal coliform/E. coli and total used it cromogenic substrate technique; for enterococcus and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used the technique of multiple tube specific; for counting of heterotrophic bacteria, was used the technique of culture in depth. All the samples of all the marks (100%) had presented absence for fecal coliform/E.coli., two samples (2.9%) of one mark (5.9%) had presented contamination for total coliform, two samples (2.9%), of two marks (11.8%) had presented contamination for enterococcus, three samples (4.3%) of two marks (11.8%) had presented Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and forty samples (58%) of twelve marks (70.6%) had presented counting above of 500 CFU/mL for heterotrophic bacteria. It was verified that, of the sixty nine analyzed samples (100%), only six (8.7%) had been presented contaminated with one or more than the pointers specified for the Brazilian legislation for mineral waters used in this research. However, considering the standards for mineral water and the standard for heterotrophic bacteria established by the legislation for water of human consumption...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Sattar, Anas Akram. "Lipopolysaccharide in marine bathing water : a potential real-time biomarker of bacterial contamination and relevance to human health." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3185.
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The quality of marine bathing water is currently assessed by monitoring the levels of faecal indicator bacteria. Among other drawbacks, results are retrospective using the traditional culture based methods. A rapid method is thus needed as an early warning to bathers for bacterial contamination in marine bathing waters. Total lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was chosen here as a potential general biomarker for bacterial contamination. Levels of total LPS, measured using a Kinetic QCL™ Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay, highly correlated with enumerated Escherichia coli and Bacteroides species. Levels of LPS in excess of 50 EU mL-1 were found to equate with water that was unsuitable for bathing under the current European Union regulations. Results showed that monitoring the levels of total LPS has a potential applicability as a rapid method for screening the quality of marine bathing water. More importantly, the LAL assay overcome the retrospective results when using culture based assessment since the LAL assay takes less than 30 minutes. Although false positive events were not detected, the occurrence of a false positive has been hypothesised, hence a more specific faecal biomarker was also investigated. LPS of five Bacteroides species (B. fragilis, B. caccae, B. ovatus, B. xylanisolvens and B. finegoldii) isolated from marine bathing waters samples were successfully profiled and showed high similarity between isolates in LPS gel electrophoresis banding pattern. Similar results were shown when investigating the endotoxic activity of Bacteroides species with the Kinetic QCL™ LAL assay. The potential biological relevance of Bacteroides LPS was also investigated in cell culture models indicating that Bacteroides showed similar induction of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1α) and generally the biological activity was approximately 100 fold less than E. coli LPS. In addition, an ELISA assay was designed for the detection of Bacteroides LPS. Results showed that the Bacteroides LPS has a high potential to be used as a faecal biomarker, however, further work is required to develop a fully functional assay. The potential biological relevance of LPS present in contaminated bathing waters was also investigated in cell culture models. Results showed that there is a significant difference in the production of proinflammatory cytokines in comparison to “clean” bathing waters. Thus, results suggest that the European Directive regulations should be extended to cover the levels of total LPS in bathing waters to assure safety to the users of marine recreational water.
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Dias, Maria Fernanda Falcone. "Qualidade microbiológica de águas minerais em garrafas individuais comercializadas em Araraquara /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95197.
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Orientador: Adalberto Farache FilhoBanca: Maria da Penha Longo Mortatti Catanozi
Banca: Wellington Cyro de Almeida Leite
Resumo: Com a dúvida sobre a qualidade da água de abastecimento público, o cidadão passou a utilizar a água mineral com maior intensidade. Para atender a esta demanda as indústrias aumentaram a produção, novas empresas surgiram e também os falsários. Assim, é necessário conhecer-se a qualidade esperada e paga pelo consumidor nesse produto, realmente existe. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar aspectos de qualidade microbiológica em amostras de água mineral natural, não carbonatada, em garrafas individuais de 330mL a 600mL, das diversas marcas comercializadas em supermercados na cidade de Araraquara-SP. Foram utilizadas sessenta e nove amostras provenientes de dezessete marcas. As amostras foram adquiridas aleatoriamente, em épocas e estabelecimentos diferentes para que fossem originadas de lotes diversos. Para análise de coliformes totais e coliformes fecais/E. coli utilizou-se a técnica de substratos cromogênicos; para enterococos e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram utilizadas as técnicas de tubos múltiplos específicas; para contagem de bactérias heterotróficas, foi utilizada a técnica de cultivo em profundidade. Todas as amostras de todas as marcas (100%) apresentaram ausência de coliformes fecais/E.coli, duas amostras (2,9%) de uma marca (5,9%) apresentaram contaminação por coliformes totais, duas amostras (2,9%), de duas marcas (11,8%) apresentaram contaminação por enterococos, três amostras (4,3%) de duas marcas (11,8%) apresentaram Pseudomonas aeruginosa e quarenta amostras (58%) de doze marcas (70,6%) apresentaram contagens acima de 500 UFC/mL para bactérias heterotróficas. Verificou-se que, das sessenta e nove amostras analisadas (100%) apenas seis (8,7%) apresentaram-se contaminadas com um ou mais dos indicadores especificados pela legislação brasileira para águas minerais. Entretanto, considerando os padrões para água mineral e o padrão...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: With the doubt on the water quality in public supplying, the citizen started to use the mineral water with larger intensity. For attend this demand the factory had increased the production, new companies had appeared and also the falsifiers. Thus, it's necessary to know if the quality waited and paid for the consumer in this product, really exists. The objective of the research was to evaluate aspects of microbiological quality in natural mineral water samples, not carbonated, in individual bottles of 330mL to 600mL, of the diverse marks commercialized in supermarkets in the city of Araraquara-SP. Sixty nine samples proceeding from seventeen marks had been used. The samples had been acquired aleatory, at different times and establishments for that they were originated from diverse lots. For analysis of fecal coliform/E. coli and total used it cromogenic substrate technique; for enterococcus and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used the technique of multiple tube specific; for counting of heterotrophic bacteria, was used the technique of culture in depth. All the samples of all the marks (100%) had presented absence for fecal coliform/E.coli., two samples (2.9%) of one mark (5.9%) had presented contamination for total coliform, two samples (2.9%), of two marks (11.8%) had presented contamination for enterococcus, three samples (4.3%) of two marks (11.8%) had presented Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and forty samples (58%) of twelve marks (70.6%) had presented counting above of 500 CFU/mL for heterotrophic bacteria. It was verified that, of the sixty nine analyzed samples (100%), only six (8.7%) had been presented contaminated with one or more than the pointers specified for the Brazilian legislation for mineral waters used in this research. However, considering the standards for mineral water and the standard for heterotrophic bacteria established by the legislation for water of human consumption...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Greghi, Simone de Queiróz. "Avaliação da eficiência de métodos rápidos usados para detecção de coliforme totais e coliforme fecais em amostras de água, em comparação com a técnica de fermentação em tubos múltiplos /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88350.
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Resumo: A água de consumo humano é um dos importantes veículos de enfermidades diarréicas de natureza infecciosa, o que torna primordial a avaliação da sua qualidade microbiológica. Métodos que permitam a identificação de bactérias indicadoras, como os coliformes, são preferidos para estas análises, pois sua presença indica a possível existência de patógenos. Como existem diversos métodos que podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência dos métodos rápidos Colilert (Idexx) (TSD-C) e Readycult Coliformes (Merck) (TSD-R) com a Técnica de Fermentação em Tubos Múltiplos (TFTM), para a determinação de bactérias coliformes totais, coliformes fecais, em amostras de águas de diversas origens. Foram analisadas 219 amostras divididas em 3 grupos águas de sistemas de abastecimento público, águas de superfície e águas subterrâneas, que foram coletadas no período de dezembro de 2002 a junho de 2003. Para a quantificação de coliformes totais observou-se nos métodos Colilert e Readycult que a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram altas, (> 95%), e o coeficiente kappa foi muito próximo de 1, indicando concordância ótima entre estas técnicas e a TFTM. Para a determinação de coliformes fecais observou-se que a especificidade foi máxima (100%) em ambos os métodos rápidos, a sensibilidade foi alta para o método Readycult (87%), mas menor para o método Colilert (> 76%); o coeficiente kappa foi alto para o método Readycult (0,85), e menor para o método Colilert (0,74) indicando concordâncias ótima e boa, respectivamente. O uso destas técnicas permite a obtenção de resultados em 24 horas, representando grande vantagem pela rapidez e a possibilidade de correção de problemas existentes, principalmente em sistemas de abastecimento.Abstract: The water used for human intake is one of the most important vehicles for infective diarrheic diseases, which make the evaluation of its microbiological quality fundamental. Methods that allow the identification of indicative bacteria are preferred for these types of analyses. The presence of faeces contamination such as coliformes, indicates the possible existence of pathogens. Since there are several methods that could be used for this purpose, the objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of the quick methods. The methods Colilert (Idexx) (DST-C) and Readycult Coliforms (Merck) (DST-R) with the Technique of Fermentation in Multiple Tubes (TFTM), were considered for the determination of total coliform, fecal coliforms, in samples of water from several sources. The study analyzed 219 samples collected in the period between December 2002 and June 2003. These samples were divided into 3 groups: general public/ water supply systems; surface waters and underground waters. Colilert and Readyculty methods were used to quantify total coliforms contamination. Sensibility and specificity were high, over 95%. The kappa coefficient was verging on 1, indicating a positive correlation between these techniques and TFTM. To determine fecal contamination it was noticed that the specificity was at it's maximum (100%) in both quick methods and the sensibility was high for the Readycult method (87%), but slightly lower for the Colilert, over 76%. The kappa coefficient was high for the Readycult method (0,85), and lower for the Colilert methods (0,74), indicating a positive correlation. The use of these techniques enables the ability obtain the results in 24 hours, offering great advantages in its speed and the possibility of correcting existing problems, in corrent water supply systems.
Orientador: Maria da Penha Longo Mortatti Catanozi
Coorientador: Adalberto Farache Filho
Banca: Cyro de Almeida Leite
Banca: Clóvis Wesley Oliveira de Souza
Mestre
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Palmer, Hilary R. "Bottle water storage location and its impact on microbiogical quality." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1304.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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Torres, Dayana Melo. "Decaimento bacteriano em lagoas de estabiliza??o no Nordeste brasileiro." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15977.
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-17Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Stabilization pond system consisting in more sewage treatment used in Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, representing about 90% of all systems. Fecal bacteria are removed mainly facultative ponds and in maturation ponds. Many factors influence bacterial decay, such as the levels of pH and DO, temperature, light intensity, HDT and nutrient availability. The bacterial decay rate (Kb) is calculated considering many variables, but the hydraulic regime is a significant influence for microorganisms removal, and the dispersed flow which best characterizes a stabilization pond. However, some authors developed equations for the Kb accordant plug flow and complete mixing. This research study aimed to evaluate the bacterial decay of fecal coliform and Enterococcus sp. in stabilization ponds designed to treat domestic sewage, full-scale, in RN. All systems have assessed pretreatment, a facultative pond (LF) followed by two maturation (LM1 and LM2). The parameters availed were: temperature, pH, DO, BOD5, COD, fecal coliform, Enterococcus sp., Chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, fixed and volatile. In general, there were not significant differences for pH, DO and temperature in the ponds, except for the new systems, since they have low flow and hydraulic loads. The removal of organic matter in the ponds was low, about 70%, and nearly all are overloaded organic and operational problems. The bacterial removals were low, with average 96% for LF for fecal coliform, and 98% for Enterococcus sp.; LM1 were in itself a removal for fecal coliform about 71%, and 81% for Enterococcus sp.; LM2 have efficiency of 69% for fecal coliform, and 68% for Enterococcus sp. The equation proposed by Von Sperling (1999), according to the dispersed flow regime, generated empirical values of Kb more approximate to calculated values of Kb. On average, the calculated Kb to coliforms in the LF was 0.31 d-1, and for both maturation ponds were 0.35 d-1. For Enterococcus sp. the average was 0.40 d-1 for LF, 0.55 d-1 for LM1, and 0.58 d-1 for LM2. These results also showed that the Kb obtained in full-scale systems are smaller than those found in pilot-scale ponds. Moreover, one can say that the equation proposed by Marais (1974), according to the complete-mix regime, overestimates Kb. Actual results of Kb indicated that fecal coliforms are more resistant to adverse conditions present in stabilization ponds than Enterococcus sp., therefore, an indicator of microbiological safety and efficiency. The factors significant interventions in the rate of bacterial decay were concentrations of COD, the organic loading and HDT. The few Kb relationship between pH, DO and temperature were not significant. Finally, we conclude that it s essential to correct operation and maintenance, for not performing these activities is one of the main factors contributing to low rates of bacterial decay.
Lagoas de estabiliza??o consistem no sistema de tratamento de esgotos mais utilizado no Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil, correspondendo a cerca de 90% de todos os sistemas. As bact?rias fecais s?o removidas principalmente nas lagoas facultativas e de matura??o. Muitos fatores influenciam no decaimento de bact?rias, como: os n?veis de pH e OD, temperatura, intensidade luminosa, TDH e disponibilidade de alimento. A taxa de decaimento bacteriano (Kb) ? calculada a partir de muitas vari?veis, mas o regime hidr?ulico possui significativa influ?ncia na remo??o de microorganismos, sendo o de fluxo disperso o que melhor caracteriza uma lagoa de estabiliza??o. Todavia, alguns autores elaboraram equa??es para o Kb conforme o regime de mistura completa. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o decaimento bacteriano de coliformes termotolerantes e Enterococcus sp. em lagoas de estabiliza??o destinadas ao tratamento de esgotos dom?sticos, em escala real, no RN. Todos os sistemas avaliados possuem tratamento preliminar, uma lagoa facultativa (LF), seguida de duas de matura??o (LM1 e LM2). Os par?metros avaliados foram: temperatura, pH, OD, DBO5, DQO, coliformes termotolerantes, Enterococcus sp., clorofila a, s?lidos em suspens?o totais, fixos e vol?teis. N?o foram identificadas diferen?as significativas entre os valores de pH, OD e temperatura nas lagoas, exceto para os sistemas mais novos, j? que eles possuem baixas vaz?es e cargas hidr?ulicas. A remo??o de mat?ria org?nica nos sistemas de tratamento foi baixa, cerca de 70%, e praticamente todas est?o com sobrecarga org?nica e com problemas operacionais. As remo??es bacterianas tamb?m foram baixas, com m?dia para as LF de 96% para coliformes termotolerantes, e de 98% para Enterococcus sp.; nas LM1 obteve-se remo??o para coliformes termotolerantes de 71%, e para Enterococcus sp. de 81%; e, nas LM2 a efici?ncia foi de 69% para coliformes termotolerantes e de 68% para Enterococcus sp. A equa??o proposta por Von Sperling (1999), segundo o regime de fluxo disperso, foi a que gerou valores de Kb emp?ricos mais aproximados dos valores de Kb calculados a partir de dados reais. Em m?dia, o Kb calculado com base nos dados reais para coliformes termotolerantes nas LF foi de 0,31 d-1, e em ambas as lagoas de matura??o foram de 0,35 d-1. Para Enterococcus sp. a m?dia nas LF foi de 0,40 d-1, nas LM1 foi igual a 0,55 d-1, e nas LM2 de 0,58 d-1. Esses resultados tamb?m demonstraram que os Kb obtidos em sistemas em escala real s?o menores do que os verificados em lagoas em escala piloto. Al?m disso, pode-se afirmar que a equa??o proposta por Marais (1974), segundo o regime de mistura completa, superestima o Kb. Os resultados dos Kb calculados indicaram que os coliformes termotolerantes s?o mais resistentes ?s condi??es adversas presentes em lagoas de estabiliza??o do que os Enterococcus sp., sendo, portanto, um indicador microbiol?gico mais eficiente e seguro. Os fatores de significativa interven??o na taxa de decaimento bacteriano foram as concentra??es de DQO, a carga org?nica e o TDH. As poucas rela??es existentes entre Kb com pH, OD e temperatura n?o foram estatisticamente significativas. Por fim, conclui-se que ? fundamental a opera??o e manuten??o corretas, pois a n?o realiza??o dessas atividades consiste em um dos principais fatores que contribuem para as baixas taxas de decaimento bacteriano.
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Greghi, Simone de Queiróz [UNESP]. "Avaliação da eficiência de métodos rápidos usados para detecção de coliforme totais e coliforme fecais em amostras de água, em comparação com a técnica de fermentação em tubos múltiplos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88350.
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greghi_sq_me_arafcf.pdf: 1181637 bytes, checksum: 0cd9fb57685ecbaa16af28a52eff747e (MD5)Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A água de consumo humano é um dos importantes veículos de enfermidades diarréicas de natureza infecciosa, o que torna primordial a avaliação da sua qualidade microbiológica. Métodos que permitam a identificação de bactérias indicadoras, como os coliformes, são preferidos para estas análises, pois sua presença indica a possível existência de patógenos. Como existem diversos métodos que podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência dos métodos rápidos Colilert (Idexx) (TSD-C) e Readycult Coliformes (Merck) (TSD-R) com a Técnica de Fermentação em Tubos Múltiplos (TFTM), para a determinação de bactérias coliformes totais, coliformes fecais, em amostras de águas de diversas origens. Foram analisadas 219 amostras divididas em 3 grupos águas de sistemas de abastecimento público, águas de superfície e águas subterrâneas, que foram coletadas no período de dezembro de 2002 a junho de 2003. Para a quantificação de coliformes totais observou-se nos métodos Colilert e Readycult que a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram altas, (> 95%), e o coeficiente kappa foi muito próximo de 1, indicando concordância ótima entre estas técnicas e a TFTM. Para a determinação de coliformes fecais observou-se que a especificidade foi máxima (100%) em ambos os métodos rápidos, a sensibilidade foi alta para o método Readycult (87%), mas menor para o método Colilert (> 76%); o coeficiente kappa foi alto para o método Readycult (0,85), e menor para o método Colilert (0,74) indicando concordâncias ótima e boa, respectivamente. O uso destas técnicas permite a obtenção de resultados em 24 horas, representando grande vantagem pela rapidez e a possibilidade de correção de problemas existentes, principalmente em sistemas de abastecimento.
The water used for human intake is one of the most important vehicles for infective diarrheic diseases, which make the evaluation of its microbiological quality fundamental. Methods that allow the identification of indicative bacteria are preferred for these types of analyses. The presence of faeces contamination such as coliformes, indicates the possible existence of pathogens. Since there are several methods that could be used for this purpose, the objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of the quick methods. The methods Colilert (Idexx) (DST-C) and Readycult Coliforms (Merck) (DST-R) with the Technique of Fermentation in Multiple Tubes (TFTM), were considered for the determination of total coliform, fecal coliforms, in samples of water from several sources. The study analyzed 219 samples collected in the period between December 2002 and June 2003. These samples were divided into 3 groups: general public/ water supply systems; surface waters and underground waters. Colilert and Readyculty methods were used to quantify total coliforms contamination. Sensibility and specificity were high, over 95%. The kappa coefficient was verging on 1, indicating a positive correlation between these techniques and TFTM. To determine fecal contamination it was noticed that the specificity was at it's maximum (100%) in both quick methods and the sensibility was high for the Readycult method (87%), but slightly lower for the Colilert, over 76%. The kappa coefficient was high for the Readycult method (0,85), and lower for the Colilert methods (0,74), indicating a positive correlation. The use of these techniques enables the ability obtain the results in 24 hours, offering great advantages in its speed and the possibility of correcting existing problems, in corrent water supply systems.
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Frizzo, Caroline. "Ecologia bacteriana em áreas inundadas de arrozais do Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2007. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4299.
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CT-Hidro - Fundo Setorial de Recursos Hídricos
O presente estudo, inserido na Linha de Pesquisa Conservação e Manejo de Ecossistemas e de Vida Silvestre, teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água de irrigação e a diversidade de bacilos em diferentes áreas inundadas de arrozais do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). As amostras de água foram coletadas em cinco regiões produtoras de arroz: Campanha, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Depressão Central e Fronteira Oeste, correspondendo aos municípios: Dom Pedrito, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Camaquã, Cachoeira do Sul e Uruguaiana, respectivamente. Os ensaios das análises microbiológicas da qualidade da água, isolamento, multiplicação e caracterização das amostras de água foram realizados no Laboratório de Microbiologia da Unisinos. Os resultados obtidos, quanto à análise da qualidade microbiológica da água, revelam que os índices de coliformes totais registrados nas cinco regiões foram mais elevados que os índices de coliformes fecais, os quais, quando presentes nas amostras, foram encontrados em baixas freqüências. Na análise quantitativa dos bacilos foi verificada maior freqüência de bactérias na fase vegetativa, cujo valor reduziu na fase reprodutiva da cultura do arroz irrigado, sendo identificadas nas referidas amostras 18 espécies de bacilos. O resultado da análise, que compara os índices de diversidade, indica que não há diferença significativa entre os índices das cinco regiões orizícolas (F2,4=1,600; P>0,05) e entre os canais de irrigação e parcelas de cultivo (F2,4=1,392; P>0,05). Os gêneros bacterianos mais abundantes registrados nas amostras de água foram Bacillus, Corynebacterium e Lactobacillus. Os dados microbiológicos obtidos na presente pesquisa servirão de subsídio ao conhecimento da microbiota das águas superficiais nas regiões orizícolas do RS e ao manejo do agroecossistema de arroz irrigado.
This study, within the Research Line Preservation and Management of Ecosystems and Wildlife, aims at the assessment of the quality of the irrigation water, and the bacilli diversity in various flooded areas in rice growing fields in Rio Grande do Sul. (RS). Water samples were collected in five rice-producing areas: Campaign, Northern Littoral, Southern Littoral, Central Depression and Western Border, corresponding to the Dom Pedrito, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Camaquã, Cachoeira do Sul and Uruguaiana counties, respectively. Trials of microbiological analysis of the water quality, isolation, multiplication and characterization of the water samples were carried out at the Microbiology Laboratory of UNISINOS. The obtained results for the analysis of the water microbiological quality show that the indexes of total coliforms recorded in the five regions were higher than the ones of fecal coliforms which, when present in the samples were found in low frequencies. The bacilli quantitative analysis showed a higher frequency of bacteria in the vegetative phase, of which the value was decreased in the reproduction phase of the paddy rice culture, with the identification of 18 bacilli species in the previously mentioned samples. The analysis result which compares the diversity indexes point to the lack of a significant difference among the indexes for the five rice growing areas (F2,4=1,600; P>0,05), and between the irrigation channels and the cultivation plots (F2,4=1,392; P>0,05). The most abundant bacterial genera in the water samples were Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Lactobacillus. Microbiological data from this research will subsidize the knowledge of the microbiota of the shallow waters in the rice growing areas of RS and the management of the paddy rice agroecosystem, as well.
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Wind, Lauren Lee. "Persistence of Culturable Antibiotic Resistant Fecal Coliforms From Manure Amended Vegetable Fields." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86262.
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The reduced efficacy of antibiotics in treating common infections is one of the most pressing health concerns of the 21st Century. Increasing evidence links the widespread use of antibiotics in livestock production to the transfer of bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes to the broader environment. It is therefore critical to understand the persistence and dissemination of resistance in agricultural soils to understand potential threats to consumers. The goal of this large-scale agricultural field experiment was to identify the effects of crop (lettuce, radish) and fertilizer type (inorganic, compost, raw manure) on the incidence and persistence of antibiotic-resistant fecal coliforms, a common family of fecal indicator bacteria used to track the environmental spread of antibiotic resistance. Soil samples were collected eight times over a 120-day period and analyzed for fecal coliforms utlizing a suite of MacConkey agars supplemented with different antibiotics (ceftazidime, clindamycin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline). Given the number of samples with resistant fecal coliform concentrations below the limit of detection, analyses to identify the effects of soil treatment and crop relied on Zero-inflated Poisson Regressions. Antibiotic-resistant culturable fecal coliforms were recoverable from soils across all treatments immediately following application, though persistence throughout the experiment varied by antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole- and tetracycline-resistant fecal coliforms were nondetectable after Day 1; this was expected, as the cattle supplying the manure amendments were not treated with these antibiotics or similar analogs. Clindamycin- and erythromycin-resistant fecal coliforms were nondetectable after 42 days but rebounded on Day 90 in the soil; both of these drugs were of the same antibiotic class as the ones used to treat the dairy cattle during the manure collection period. Ceftazidime-resistant fecal coliform levels were consistently high throughout the duration of the growing season. No statistical differences were observed between root and aboveground crops. Results suggest that soils amended with raw or composted dairy manure are at risk of contamination with antibiotic resistant fecal coliforms; however, composting decreased the antibiotic resistant fecal coliform levels of the macrolide (erythromycin) and lincosamide (clindamycin) antibiotic classes administered to the dairy cattle (cephapirin and pirlimycin).Master of Science
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Nettelbladt, Carl-Gustaf. "Effects of starvation and haemorrhage on the large bowel coliform flora with special reference to bacterial mucosal adherence and translocation /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1998/91-628-2783-9.
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Marquezi, Marina Chiarelli. "Comparação de metodologias para a estimativa do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes em amostras de água." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-21102010-160234/.
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Em quase todos os ambientes aquáticos são encontrados diversos microrganismos, entre eles alguns patogênicos ao homem, que tem como rota de transmissão o ciclo fecal-oral. Pelo fato de a água ser o alimento mais consumido pela população, ela está associada a diversos casos de doenças e de riscos à saúde pública. Assim, o controle da qualidade da água antes do seu consumo é essencial, e para a garantia de sua qualidade devem ser feitas análises que buscam indicar a contaminação por material de origem fecal. O grupo de bactérias mais usado para a determinação de contaminação fecal é o grupo coliformes totais, que tem como subgrupo os coliformes termotolerantes. A bactéria Escherichia coli é integrante do grupo coliforme termotolerante, e é a mais indicada para determinação de contaminação fecal pelo fato de estar presente em grande quantidade em fezes de humanos e animais de sangue quente. Para a análise de bactérias do grupo coliformes totais e E. coli há diversos métodos, entre eles o método convencional de fermentação em tubos múltiplos (FTM) e os métodos rápidos Colilert e Colitag. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar estes três métodos para tais análises em amostras de água provenientes de pontos com contaminações distintas (abastecimento, bica e rio), assim como comparar as contagens encontradas de coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli pelo método FTM. Os métodos rápidos Colilert e Colitag se mostraram equivalentes ao FTM nas análises de coliformes totais em amostras de água provenientes de bica e de abastecimento, e nas análises de E. coli em amostras de água de abastecimento, da bica e do rio. Para as análises de coliformes totais em amostras de água do rio o método FTM apresentou uma diferença significativa em relação ao método Colilert e Colitag. Ambos os métodos rápidos não diferiram entre si. A diferença encontrada entre estes métodos nestas análises pode ter ocorrido devido à presença de Aeromonas nas amostras, que podem ter gerado resultados falso-positivos nos métodos rápidos, superestimando a contagem de coliformes totais; ou pela maior capacidade dos métodos rápidos em recuperar células injuriadas de coliformes totais, detectando uma quantidade maior destas bactérias. Na comparação das contagens encontradas para coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli nas mesmas amostras foi encontrada uma diferença significativa. Este resultado é explicado pelo fato de o grupo coliforme termotolerante incluir bactérias de origem não exclusivamente fecal, tais como Enterobacter e Klebsiella, o que pode superestimar a contaminação fecal da amostra. Já a E. coli tem origem exclusivamente fecal, sendo mais indicada para tal análise. Assim, como os métodos rápidos se mostraram equivalentes ao método convencional estudado, devese preferir o uso dos métodos rápidos, que dão o resultado em 24 horas, indicando a qualidade da água a tempo de evitar o uso desta pela população. Na escolha entre as bactérias do grupo coliformes termotolerantes e a E. coli para a indicação da contaminação fecal, deve-se preferir o uso da E. coli.In almost all aquatic environments are found in various microorganisms, including some pathogenic to man, which route of transmission is the fecal-oral cycle. Because the water is the food most consumed by people, it is associated with several cases of diseases and risks to public health. Thus, control of water quality prior to consumption is essential, and to guarantee its quality must be made analysis seeking to indicate contamination by fecal material of origin. The group of bacteria most commonly used for the determination of fecal contamination is the total coliform group, which has as subgroup thermotolerant coliforms. The bacterium Escherichia coli is a member of the group thermotolerant coliform, and is most suitable for determination of fecal contamination by being present in large quantities in feces of humans and warmblooded animals. For the analysis of bacteria of the group coliform and E. coli there are several methods, including the conventional method Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF), and the rapid methods Colilert and Colitag. This study aimed to compare these three methods for analysis in water samples from different points with different contamination (supply, fountain and river) and compare the count found for thermotolerant coliform and E. coli by the method FTM. The methods Colilert, Colitag and FTM were equivalent in the analysis of total coliform in water samples from the fountain and supply, and the analysis of E. coli in samples of supply, fountain and river. For analysis of total coliform in water samples from the river, FTM method showes a significant difference compared to the methods Colilert and Colitag. Both rapid methods did not differ. The difference between these methods in these tests may be due to the presence of Aeromonas in the samples, which may have generated false-positive results in rapid methods, overestimating the total coliform count; or the largest capacity of rapid methods in recovering injured cells of coliforms, detecting a larger amount of these bacteria. Comparing the scores found for thermotolerant coliform and E. coli in the same samples was found a significant difference. This result is explained by a thermotolerant coliform group include bacteria not exclusively fecal origin, such as Klebsiella and Enterobacter, which may overestimate the faecal contamination of the sample. Since E. coli is exclusively fecal origin, being more suitable for such analysis. So, as rapid methods showed to be equivalent to the conventional method studied, one should prefer the use of rapid methods that give results in 24 hours, indicating the water quality in time to prevent its use in the population. In choosing between coliform thermotolerant bacteria and E. coli for the indication of fecal contamination, it is preferable to use E. coli.
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Serva, Lozano Saúl, and Bocanegra Víctor Reynaldo Colmenares. "Coliformes, bacterias heterotróficas y protozoarios emergentes en reservorios domésticos de agua." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2007. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2007/serva_ls/html/index-frames.html.
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Toothman, Byron R. "Phosphorus and carbohydrate limtation [i.e. limitation] of fecal coliform and fecal enterococcus within tidal creek sediments /." Electronic version (PDF), 2006. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/toothmanb/byrontoothman.pdf.
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Donze, Jennifer Lauren. "Factors affecting total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial counts at 30 lakes in Hillsborough County, Florida." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0005366.
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Caselani, Kelly [UNESP]. "Avaliação dos controles microbiológicos e do programa de redução de patógenos no abate de bovinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94629.
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caselani_k_me_jabo.pdf: 1897501 bytes, checksum: 58d7092f2bddb55a69e072e202d99cf8 (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o resultado dos controles ambientais e operacionais, rotineiros e derivados do plano APPCC – Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle, aplicados ao abate de bovinos, e da pesquisa de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica e Listeria monocytogenes). Com duração de um ano, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em abatedouro-frigorífico habilitado à exportação localizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 411 amostras ambientais para pesquisa de Listeria spp., 1.192 amostras de superfície de contato para a Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), 200, 100, 775, 264 e 100 amostras de superfície de carcaça para CBT, Coliformes totais, E. coli, Salmonella spp. e E. coli O157:H7, respectivamente, além de 256 amostras de recortes cárneos para a pesquisa de E. coli O157:H7. Os resultados evidenciaram condição higiênica aceitável para 51,1% das amostras ambientais de CBT, com 62,9% de amostras não aceitáveis no setor de abate. Um valor elevado de amostras (15,1%) foi positivo para Listeria spp. e para Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). Observou-se que 89,6%, 2,8% e 7,6% das amostras de carcaça foram satisfatórias, aceitáveis e insatisfatórias para E. coli, respectivamente. Para a amostragem comparativa, 88,5% das amostras apresentaram-se satisfatórias para CBT, 84% para Coliformes Totais e 83,6% para E. coli. Nenhuma das amostras de carcaça analisadas foi positiva para Salmonella spp. ou para E. coli O157:H7. A frequência da ocorrência de E. coli O157:H7 em amostras de recortes cárneos (carne industrial) foi de 0,31%, com apenas uma amostra positiva
This study aimed to evaluate the result of the environmental and operational controls which are routine or derived from HACCP Plan - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, applied to slaughter cattle, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms research (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes). During one year, the research was developed in a slaughterhouse, enabled to export, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed 411 environmental samples for Listeria spp. research, 1.192 samples of surface contact for Total Bacterial Count (TBC), 200, 100, 775, 264 and 100 samples of carcass surface for TBC, Total Coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, besides 256 samples of meat cuts for E. coli O157:H7 research. The results showed that 51,1% of the environmental samples of TBC were in acceptable hygienic condition and 62,9% of samples were not acceptable in the slaughter industry. A high value of samples (15,1%) was positive for Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). It was observed that 89,6%, 2,8% and 7,6% of the samples of carcass were satisfactory, acceptable and unsatisfactory for E. coli, respectively. For comparative sampling, 88,5% of the samples were satisfactory for TBC, 84% for Total Coliform and 83, 6% for E. coli. None of the samples of carcass tested was positive for Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7. The frequency of the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in samples of meat cuts (meat industry) was 0,31%, with only one positive sample
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Paul, Sabu. "Bacterial total maximum daily load (TMDL): development and evaluation of a new classification scheme for impaired waterbodies of Texas." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1514.
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Under the Clean Water Act (CWA) program the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) listed 110 stream segments with pathogenic bacteria impairment in 2000. The current study was conducted to characterize the watersheds associated with the impaired waterbodies. The main characteristics considered for the classification of waterbodies were designated use of the waterbody, land use distribution, density of stream network, average distance of a land of a particular use to the closest stream, household population, density of on-site sewage facilities (OSSF), bacterial loading due to the presence of different types of farm animals and wildlife, and average climatic conditions. The availability of observed in-stream fecal coliform bacteria concentration data was evaluated to obtain subgroups of data-rich and data-poor watersheds within a group. The climatic data and observed in-stream fecal coliform bacteria concentrations were analyzed to find out seasonal variability of the water quality. The watershed characteristics were analyzed using the multivariate statistical analysis techniques such as factor analysis/principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis. Six groups of watersheds were formed as result of the statistical analysis. The main factors that differentiate the clusters were found to be bacterial contribution from farm animals and wildlife, density of OSSF, density of households connected to public sewers, and the land use distribution. Two watersheds were selected each from two groups of watersheds. Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) model was calibrated for one watershed within each group and tested for the other watershed in the same group to study the similarity in the parameter sets due to the similarity in watershed characteristics. The study showed that the watersheds within a given cluster formed during the multivariate statistical analysis showed similar watershed characteristics and yielded similar model results for similar model input parameters. The effect of parameter uncertainty on the in-stream bacterial concentration predictions by HSPF was evaluated for the watershed of Salado Creek, in Bexar County. The parameters that control the HSPF model hydrology contributed the most variance in the in-stream fecal coliform bacterial concentrations corresponding to a simulation period between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2000.
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Craig, Shelby G. "Bacterial Indicators of Fecal Pollution: Exploring Relationships between Fecal Coliform and Enterococcus Groups in Central and South Florida Surface Waters." NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/445.
Full textAbstract:
Ambient and recreational surface waters worldwide experience fecal pollution due to a variety of anthropogenic sources. Fecal waste has been proven, for over a century, to harbor pathogenic microorganisms which subsequently cause a variety of disease and illness in human hosts. The benefits of utilizing fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as a simple, inexpensive means to detect fitful human pathogens within a variety of water matrices are vast. However, no universal agreement exists in regard to which indicator is best suited for detection of fecal contamination and pathogens in environmental waters, and no single standard for bacterial indicators has been federally mandated.
This study sought to explore the potential benefits of a multiple-indicator approach to water quality analysis of fresh and brackish surface waters. The distribution and fluctuation of two frequently used, EPA approved groups of FIB – fecal coliform and Enterococcus – were explored, and relationships between the two FIB groups were examined in fresh and brackish surface waters of Central and South Florida. Samples were collected over a period of 12 consecutive months, spanning April 2015 through March 2016, and analyzed using membrane filtration procedures outlined in Standard Methods 9222D and EPA method 1600. Raw and log transformed colony forming unit (CFU) data, per 100 mL, was analyzed annually and seasonally through linear regression, Spearman correlation, and exploratory data analysis techniques performed in R-Studio.
The results of this study showed a moderate to strong relationship between fecal coliform and Enterococcus under both fresh and brackish conditions. The presence of a positive, linear relationship between fecal coliform and Enterococcus in both fresh and brackish water was apparent in both seasonal and annual regression analysis; upward and downward fluctuation(s) in one variable was shown to predict similar fluctuation(s) in the other year-round. However, while fecal coliform and Enterococcus showed moderate to strong correlations, causation was not implied. Low R2 values showed that the FIB groups were not dependent upon one another in any case, either annually or seasonally. The results of this study challenge previously accepted views of fecal coliform and Enterococcus effectiveness as ideal fresh and brackish water FIB, their suitability as sole indicators of fecal pollution, and their ideal usage as indicators for waters of varying salinities; results support those previously seen in studies such as Hanes and Fragala 1967, which emphasize the need for a multiple indicator approach to water quality analysis of ambient and recreational waters experiencing brackish conditions.
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Graves, Alexandria Kristen. "Identifying Sources of Fecal Pollution in Water as Function of Sampling Frequency Under Low and High Stream Flow Conditions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27162.
Full textAbstract:
Sources of fecal pollution were evaluated as a function of sampling frequency with stream samples from Mill Creek, Montgomery County, VA. Samples were collected monthly for one year, plus weekly for four consecutive weeks during seasonal high flows (March), and seasonal low flows (September-October), plus daily for seven consecutive days within the weekly schedules. Thirty stream samples were collected from each of two sites (60 total) in Mill Creek, and 48 isolates of E. coli per sample (total of 2,880 stream isolates) were classified by source using antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and comparing the resulting patterns against a known-source E. coli library (1,158 isolates). The same process was performed with enterococci isolates against an enterococci library (1,182 isolates). The average rate of correct classification (ARCC) for the E. coli library with a three-way split (human, livestock, and wildlife) was 89.0%, and the ARCC of the species-specific E. coli library (cattle, deer, goose, human, misc. wildlife) was 88.9%. The ARCC of the enterococci library with a three-way split was 85.3%, and the ARCC of the species-specific enterococci library was 88.1%. The results did not justify the need for daily or weekly sampling, but indicated that monthly was adequate (quarterly and every-other-month were not). There was a seasonal effect as the human signature was highest during high flow while the livestock signature dominated during low flow. The results also indicated that sampling should be done over a period of time that includes both seasonal wettest and driest periods (at least 8 months).Ph. D.
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Graves, Alexandria Kristen. "Determining Sources of Fecal Pollution in Water for a Rural Virginia Community." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34409.
Full textAbstract:
This project involves developing and applying bacterial source tracking (BST) methodology to determine sources of fecal pollution in water for a rural community (Millwood, VA). Antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) is the primary BST method for fecal source identification, followed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for confirmation. Millwood consists of 66 homes, all served by individual septic systems, and a stream (Spout Run) passes through the center of the community. Spout Run drains a 5,800 ha karst topography watershed that includes large populations of livestock and wildlife. Stream and well samples were collected monthly and analyzed for fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, starting in 5/99 and ending in 5/00. Twelve percent of the well samples and 92% of the stream samples were positive for fecal coliforms, and 26% of the stream samples exceeded the recreational water standard (1,000 fecal coliforms/100 ml). ARA of fecal streptococci recovered from the stream samples indicated that isolates of human origin appeared throughout the stream as the stream passed through Millwood with a yearly average of (approx. 10% human, 30% wildlife, and 63% livestock), and the percent human origin isolates declined downstream from Millwood. These results were obtained by comparing the antibiotic resistance profiles of stream isolates against a library of 1,174 known source isolates with correct classification rates of 94.6% for human isolates, 93.7% for livestock isolates, and 87.8% for wildlife isolates.
There is a human signature in Spout Run, but it is small compared to the proportion of isolates from livestock and wildlife. The sporadic instances where well water samples were positive appeared primarily during very dry periods. Restricting livestock access to streams can dramatically lower fecal coliform counts during the unusually hot and dry periods. Reducing FC counts to below recreational water standards for Virginia (1000 per 100ml for any one sample) may be achievable, however to maintain streams below standards may prove to be difficult, as Spout Run is in an area where there are large populations of Canada geese, deer, and other wildlife, and will be hard to restrict these animals.Master of Science