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1
Fiksdal, L., I. Tryland, and H. Nelis. "Rapid detection of coliform bacteria and influence of non-target bacteria." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0769.
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of fluorogenic substrates (4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactoside, 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide) has been used for rapid (25min) detection of indicators of faecal water pollution, i.e. coliform and thermotolerant coliform bacteria. In the present work, enzymatic activities and different groups of bacteria (i.e. thermotolerant coliforms, coliforms, β-galactosidase positive and β-glucuronidase positive bacteria) from sewage effluent and polluted river water have been investigated. Ratios of the order of 1:10 between coliforms and β-galactosidase positive bacteria were demonstrated. The contribution from β-galactosidase positive non-coliform bacteria to the measured enzyme activity should not, therefore, be neglected. Numbers of β-glucuronidase positive non-coliforms indicate interference of this group in the rapid assay.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "The origin of bacterial contamination in AL-Habania reservoir in Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 2 (June 5, 2011): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.2.243-247.
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Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania reservoir was studied during the period from February 2005 to January 2006; samples were collected from four stations (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, and faecal Streptococci were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters through calculating the most probable number. Highest count of Coliform bacteria (1500 cell/100ml) was recorded at AL-Razaza during August, and the lowest count was less than (300 cell/100ml) in the rest of the collection stations for all months. Fecal Coliform bacteria ranged between less than 300 cells/100ml in all stations for all months to 700 cell/100ml in AL-Warrar, AL-Razaza and in the middle of the reservoir stations during August. Streptococci bacteria count ranged between less than 300 cell/100ml to 700 cell/100ml as a highest record in AL-Razaza station during August for both. The ratio between fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci (FC: FS) was detected to determined the origin of the pollution in the reservoir depending on Geldrich statistical law in this research, the ratio ranged between (1) to (2.3).
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Mannapperuma, W. M. G. C. K., C. L. Abayasekara, G. B. B. Herath, and D. R. I. B. Werellagama. "Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from different tropical waters in Sri Lanka." Water Supply 13, no. 6 (September 12, 2013): 1463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.143.
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This study investigated the bacteriological contamination of different water sources in Sri Lanka. Source waters (n = 74) including bottled water, well water and surface water were assessed for enumerating total coliforms and faecal coliforms using the membrane filtration method. The results showed that 18.5 and 14.8% of bottled water samples were contaminated with total coliforms and faecal coliforms, respectively. All the well water and surface water samples exceeded the WHO permitted levels for total coliforms and faecal coliforms. Bacteriological identification using biochemical tests and api 20E identification tests revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in all water sources tested. Bottled water mainly contained three Enterobacter species, while well water samples showed the broadest spectrum of bacteria including eleven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Rautella, and 10 non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Salmonella and Acinetobacter. Surface waters contained seven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Rautella and Serratia, and eight non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter. Detection of higher bacteriological counts and identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria in different source waters suggest a potential health risk of the water sources used in Sri Lanka.
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Garkuwa, Nuru Adamu, Sa’adatu Said Mustapha, Sani Aliyu Ibrahim, Muhammad Yusha’u, Mansur Abdulrasheed, and Usman Adamu Garkuwa. "Enumeration of total and Feacal coliform bacteria of some borehole water in Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.35s.
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Inadequate provision of potable drinking water in relation to teaming population is forcing most of the urban communities to drink untreated water obtained from traditional boreholes. Hence, the need to assess the portability of drinking water. In this research, boreholes water samples collected within Gombe city were investigated bacteriologically using multiple tube fermentation and pour plate methods to examine feacal coliform and coliform bacterial counts respectively; bacterial isolation was conducted using standard culture methods. Identification of the bacterial Isolates were carried out by macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical examinations. Total coliform bacteria ranges from <3 to 11 MPN/100 ml and 1 to 3 MPN/100ml for faecal coliform. The borehole water samples from studied areas had high counts of faecal coliforms (Escherichia coli), and other pathogens like Entrobacter and Salmonella. The findings showed that all the borehole water analysed were not suitable for human consumption and may pose a serious threat to the health of consumers and therefore, there is need for treatment of these borehole waters by the borehole proprietors and also by simple treatment methods such as boiling, filtration before drinking and agitation by the consumers.
Keywords: Borehole water, Quality, Isolation, Identification, Coliform bacteria
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Kuo, Jong-Tar, Li-Li Chang, Chia-Yuan Yen, Teh-Hua Tsai, Yu-Chi Chang, Yu-Tang Huang, and Ying-Chien Chung. "Development of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization as a Rapid, Accurate Method for Detecting Coliforms in Water Samples." Biosensors 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11010008.
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Coliform bacteria are indicators of water quality; however, most detection methods for coliform bacteria are time-consuming and nonspecific. Here, we developed a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach to detect four types of coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Citrobacter freundii, simultaneously in water samples using specific probes for 16S rRNA. This FISH method was applied to detect coliform bacteria in simulated water and domestic wastewater samples and compared with traditional detection methods (e.g., plate counting, multiple-tube fermentation (MTF) technique, and membrane filter (MF) technique). Optimal FISH conditions for detecting the four types of coliforms were found to be fixation in 3% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C for 2 h and hybridization at 50 °C for 1.5 h. By comparing FISH with plate counting, MTF, MF, and a commercial detection kit, we found that FISH had the shortest detection time and highest accuracy for the identification of coliform bacteria in simulated water and domestic wastewater samples. Moreover, the developed method could simultaneously detect individual species and concentrations of coliform bacteria. Overall, our findings indicated that FISH could be used as a rapid, accurate biosensor system for simultaneously detecting four types of coliform bacteria to ensure water safety.
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Ferdana, Gilang, Nursyirwani Nursyirwani, and Bintal Amin. "CONCENTRATION OF WATER POLLUTION INDICATORS BACTERIA IN SIRIH PADANG SUMATERA BARAT." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.4.1.44-53.
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This research was conducted in October 2019 in the waters of Sirih Bay Padang, West Sumatra Province. The objective of this research aimed was to determine the number of bacterial cells as an indicator of water pollution (total coliform and Escherichia coli) in the waters of Sirih Bay, Padang. The method used in this study was a survey method. Polluted waters in Sirih Bay as sampling location was divided into 3 stations, namely the PLTU area (St. I), near BPBALP Padang (St. II) and a residential area (St. III). Isolation of total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria was carried out by assumption and affirmation tests which were further identified and carried out physiological and biochemical properties. The results showed the total number of coliforms in Sirih Bay waters in the assertion test using BGLB media ranged from 75-460 MPN/ml. This indicates the existence of pollution of coliform bacteria in these waters based on the Decree of the State Minister of Environment No. 51 of 2004 concerning Sea Water Quality Standards, the maximum level of total coliform bacteria is 1000 MPN / 100 ml. The results of this study indicated that the waters of Sirih Bay are considered to be in poor condition
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Seo, Mijin, Haejin Lee, and Yongseok Kim. "Relationship between Coliform Bacteria and Water Quality Factors at Weir Stations in the Nakdong River, South Korea." Water 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061171.
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Artificial structures installed in rivers can change the natural physical, physiochemical, and biological characteristics of the rivers. Coliform bacteria are important water quality indicators, related to human health. This study investigated the relationship between coliform bacteria and water quality factors at eight weir stations constructed in the Nakdong River, a major river in South Korea. Fifteen water quality factors were analyzed at these sites from 2012 to 2016 using correlation and multiple regression analyses. The results for all stations confirmed the analytical validity, with high adjusted R2 values of approximately 0.6 and 0.8 on average for total and fecal coliforms, respectively. The results showed influential water quality factors affecting the concentration of coliform bacteria at weir stations. Specifically, total coliforms were mostly affected by organic matter and fecal coliforms were mostly affected by phosphate phosphorus and suspended solids. Rainfall was the most influential factor affecting both coliforms. Further, both coliforms were negatively affected by organic matter below the Dalseong weir in the mid- to downstream area of the Nakdong River. A positive relationship with phosphate phosphorus was indicated at all weir stations. To the authors’ knowledge, this kind of study has never been attempted so far. Thus, the study results can provide important information on influential water quality factors related to coliform bacteria, especially in the Nakdong River, creating a foundation for future water quality management.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 4 (December 2, 2012): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.4.600-607.
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Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs were studied during the period from February 2001 to January 2002, samples were collected from four stations in AL-Habania reservoir (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir) and from two stations at AL-Tharthar reservoir (Ein AL-Hilwa and the middle of the reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, faecal Streptococci and total count of bacteria were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters of both reservoirs through calculating the most probable number. Highest count of Coliform bacteria (15000 cell/100ml) was recorded at Ein AL-Hilwa and lowest count at AL-Theban regulator and middle of AL-Tharthar reservoirs and reached (400 cell/100ml), faecal Coliform bacteria ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (2300 cell/100ml). Total Streptococci ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (24000 cell/100ml), faecal Streptococci ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (900 cell/100ml). Total bacterial count showed variable values due to ecological changes at the stations of study which reached (3980 cell/ml) in the forth station towards AL-Razzaza reservoir and was declined to (580 cell/ml) at the middle of AL-Tharthar reservoir. Results were discussed in the research text.
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Harwood, Valerie J., Joseph Butler, Danny Parrish, and Victoria Wagner. "Isolation of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from the Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin centrata)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 865–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.2.865-867.1999.
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ABSTRACT Total and fecal coliform bacteria were isolated from the cloaca and feces of the estuarine diamondback terrapin. The majority of samples contained fecal coliforms. Escherichia coli was the predominant fecal coliform species isolated, and members of the genusSalmonella were isolated from 2 of 39 terrapins. Fecal coliform numbers are used to regulate shellfish harvests, and diamondback terrapins inhabit the brackish-water habitats where oyster beds are found; therefore, these findings have implications for the efficacy of current regulatory parameters in shellfishing waters.
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SILK, TODD M., ELLIOT T. RYSER, and CATHERINE W. DONNELLY. "Comparison of Methods for Determining Coliform and Escherichia coli Levels in Apple Cider†." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.11.1302.
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The main objective of this research was to determine the easiest and most reliable media for enumerating coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli levels in apple cider. During the autumn of 1994 a total of 59 apple cider samples were collected directly from 12 cider producers and were assessed for bacterial levels and pH. Plate count agar was used to determine heterotrophic bacteria levels. Coliform levels were determined using three different media: violet red bile agar (VRBA), Petrifilm High Sensitivity Coliform Count Plates (PHSCCP), and Trypticase soy agar with a VRBA overlay (TSA/VRBA) for attempted recovery of coliforms injured by the low pH of the apple cider. Eosin methylene blue agar (EMBA) and Petrifilm E. coli Count Plates were used to screen cider samples for E. coli. Apple cider had an average pH of 3.34 ± 0.08. Heterotrophic bacterial levels ranged from 2.30 to 7.11 log CFU/ml. All cider samples contained coliform bacteria with levels varying greatly; on the different media, we found the following: on VRBA, <1.00 to 4.37 log CFU/ml; on TSA/VRBA, 1.20 to 4.40 log CFU/ml; and on PHSCCP, < 1.00 to 4.56 log CFU/ml. Coliform levels were most easily determined in apple cider by using PHSCCP. However TSA/VRBA proved to be more reliable; coliform detection was significantly (P < 0.05) increased. EMBA was ineffective for screening apple cider for E. coli, with the low pH of the cider producing many false-positive results. E. coli was only recovered by using Petrifilm E. coli Count Plates with one of the 59 samples positive for E. coli (non-O157:H7) at a level of 10 CFU/ml.
11
GURAN, HS, G. DURUKAN, and D. MANN. "Assessment of the Microbiological Profile, Species Diversity and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Recovered Bacteria from Retail Honeys in Turkey." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.26763.
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The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological profile, coliform and staphylococcal species diversity, and the antimicrobial susceptibility of coliform and other Gram-negative bacteria recovered from retail honeys in Turkey. A total of 150 honey samples, including extracted honey and comb honey samples, were purchased from honey sellers. The honey samples were analyzed for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total mesophilic anaerobic bacteria (TMAnB), coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus spp., lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts, and molds. All presumptive coliform and Staphylococcus isolates were identified at species level and then Gram-negative isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility. TMAB, TMAnB, LAB, yeasts and molds mean counts (log cfu/g) in the samples were 3.26±1.08, 3.0±0.89, 2.93±0.52, 2.90±0.83, 1.80±0.53, respectively. Eighteen point seven percent and 15.3% of extracted and comb honey contained coliform and Staphylococcus spp., respectively, with a mean count (MPN/g) of 8.06±1.23 and 0.71±0.66. TMAB, Staphylococcus spp. and yeast contamination rates were significantly higher in the extracted honeys (P<0.05). Presumptive coliform and Staphyloccus spp. isolates were mostly identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. Among coliform and non-coliform Gram-negative recovered isolates, antimicrobial resistance was highest against ceftriaxone (92.4%) and cefepime (91.5%) followed by tigecyclin (46.2%). The results obtained in this study provide insight on the microbiological profile of honey and the diversity of coliform and Staphylococcus species in honey samples. Moreover, these results show that honey, which is considered beneficial for human health, may contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Syamsussabri, Muhamad, Riza Nurhermi Ningtyas, Amalia Ainun Najah, M. Saiful Fahmi, and Endang Suarsini. "Analysis of Coliform Bacteria Contamination in Drinking Water Sources in Malang City." El-Hayah 7, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/elha.v7i1.7244.
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This study aims to determine the contamination of coliform bacteria in drinking water sources of residents in Malang City. Type of this research is explorative descriptive research. The study population was all drinking water sources of residents throughout Malang City, while the research sample was 15 residents wells in five subdistricts of Malang City with each sample taken three sample points. The samples were tested using 3M petrifilm E. coli/coliform count plate. The results showed that all the samples studied were contaminated with coliform bacteria with the highest percentage of 23.01% for E. coli bacteria contamination and 15.41% for total coliform bacterial contamination with an average of bacterial colonies 200 colonies.
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Balzer, M., N. Witt, H. C. Flemming, and J. Wingender. "Faecal indicator bacteria in river biofilms." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 5 (March 1, 2010): 1105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.022.
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Biofilms in surface waters primarily consist of allochthonous microorganisms. Under conditions of pollution faecally derived bacteria may interact with these biofilms. Total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci are used to monitor source water quality, indicating faecal pollution and the possible presence of enteric pathogens. In the present study the occurrence of faecal indicators was investigated in biofilms (epilithic biofilms, sediments) of German rivers. All of the biofilms contained significant concentrations of these bacteria, which were several orders of magnitude lower compared with the total cell number and the number of culturable heterotrophic plate count bacteria indicating that faecal indicator bacteria represented a minor fraction of the whole biofilm communities. The biofilms displayed approximately two orders of magnitude higher concentrations of total coliforms, E. coli and enterococci compared with the overlying water. Identification of coliform and enterococcal isolates from the biofilms revealed the presence of species which are known to be opportunistic pathogens. Overall, the results of the present study show that faecal indicator bacteria can survive in the presence of high cell densities of the authochthonous microflora in epilithic biofilms and sediments, suggesting that these biofilms may act as a reservoir for bacterial pathogens in polluted rivers.
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Davis, Ernst M., M. Truett Garrett, and Terri D. Skinner. "Significance of indicator bacteria changes in an urban stream." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1995): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0614.
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An urban coastal stream, above tidal reach, and three municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents were analyzed for fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and enterococci to determine the effect of dechlorination on those bacterial populations. Analyses were conducted during low and high flow periods from stormwater inflow. Improvement in bacterial water quality was found, principally due to municipality efforts to correct illicit connections and other sewerage system problems. Fecal coliform genera were identified and quantified. Regrowth of dechlorinated effluent bacteria was minimal.
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PAILLE, DIANE, CAMERON HACKNEY, LAWERENCE REILY, MARY COLE, and MARILYN KILGEN. "Seasonal Variation in the Fecal Coliform Population of Louisiana Oysters and its Relationship to Microbiological Quality." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.7.545.
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Seasonal variation was observed in the type of bacteria which comprised the fecal coliform population of oysters. Escherichia coli was the principal fecal coliform when water temperatures were below 22°C. Conversely, Klebsiella sp. predominated during the summer months. No significant relationship was observed between levels of E. coli and enterococci and non-E. coli fecal coliforms in oysters. Fecal coliform and E. coli levels were significantly (p >0.001) related in water. Klebsiella sp. isolated from oysters demonstrated considerably less multiple antimicrobial agent resistance than clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Fecal coliform-positive Klebsiella species had characteristics of environmental organisms. Results of this study suggest that high levels of non-E coli fecal coliforms in oysters harvested in the summer from beds meeting the fecal coliform water standard are not indicative of sewage pollution. Furthermore, it is suggested that the safety indicator in the guideline for oyster meats should be changed form fecal coliforms to E. coli.
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Booth, J., and G. M. Brion. "The utility of the AC/TC ratio for watershed management: a case study." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0054.
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A human-impacted watershed was monitored during the dry summer seasons in 2002 and 2003 to investigate the impact of providing access to sewer mains to local village residences. Faecal coliform concentrations were monitored at select sites along the 30-mile stretch of creek, together with faecal streptococci, enterococci and total coliforms. Analysis of the results found that levels of faecal coliforms were inadequate at identifying significant known influxes of human and animal sewage established by sanitary survey. However, the bacterial ratio of atypical colonies to total coliform colonies (AC/TC), obtained from the total coliform membrane filter assay on m-Endo media, correctly indexed human faecal impact of inadequately sewered villages located along the creek. In addition, the AC/TC ratio correctly classified the predominant source of faecal runoff in the creek headwaters as agricultural, and indicated when aged agricultural faecal material was introduced by tributaries. An approach for watershed management that uses the AC/TC ratio in addition to levels of bacteria is proposed.
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Kolm, Hedda Elisabeth, Maria Fernanda Schoenenberger, Mariana da Rocha Piemonte, Patrícia S. de A. Souza, Guilherme Schnell e. Scühli, Mariele B. Mucciatto, and Roseli Mazzuco. "Spatial Variation of Bacteria in Surface Waters of Paranaguá and Antonina Bays, Paraná, Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 45, no. 1 (March 2002): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132002000100005.
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Spatial variability in the concentration of total bacteria, saprophytes and coliforms abundance was investigated in surface waters of Paranaguá and Antonina Bays. Six points along a profile from the entrance of Paranaguá Bay to the innermost part of Antonina Bay, were sampled on February 26, 1997. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, particulate organic carbon, water transparency and seston were also measured. Determination of total bacterial abundance and biomass were made with the epifluorescent method. Saprophytic bacteria counts were conducted with ZoBell 2216E culture medium with fresh and 32‰ water and the coliform MPN was enumerated with the chromogenic substrate method. Principal component analysis of biotic and abiotic data showed a gradient from the innermost bay to the baymouth bar with an increase in total and halophobic aerobic cultivated bacteria concentration at Antonina Bay. Greatest values of halophilic aerobic cultivated bacteria were found at the bay’s middle part. The greatest fecal coliform number was observed near Paranaguá City. We concluded that regarding bacterial spatial distribution the outer region of the estuary was highly influenced by the adjacent ocean and that the inner part had typical estuarine characteristics.
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Khanafer, Majida, Husain Al-Awadhi, and Samir Radwan. "Coliform Bacteria for Bioremediation of Waste Hydrocarbons." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1838072.
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Raw, domestic sewage of Kuwait City contained about 106 ml−1colony forming units ofEnterobacter hormaecheisubsp.oharae(56.6%),Klebsiellaspp. (36%), andEscherichia coli(7.4%), as characterized by their 16S rRNA-gene sequences. The isolated coliforms grew successfully on a mineral medium with crude oil vapor as a sole source of carbon and energy. Those strains also grew, albeit to different degrees, on individualn-alkanes with carbon chains between C9and C36and on the individual aromatic hydrocarbons, toluene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and biphenyl as sole sources of carbon and energy. These results imply that coliforms, like other hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms, oxidize hydrocarbons to the corresponding alcohols and then to aldehydes and fatty acids which are biodegraded byβ-oxidation to acetyl CoA. The latter is a well-known key intermediate in cell material and energy production.E. colicells grown in the presence ofn-hexadecane (but not in its absence) exhibited typical intracellular hydrocarbon inclusions, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Raw sewage samples amended with crude oil,n-hexadecane, or phenanthrene lost these hydrocarbons gradually with time. Meanwhile, the numbers of total and individual coliforms, particularlyEnterobacter, increased. It was concluded that coliform bacteria in domestic sewage, probably in other environmental materials too, are effective hydrocarbon-biodegrading microorganisms.
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TOWNSEND, D. E., R. L. IRVING, and A. NAQUI. "Comparison of the SimPlate Coliform and Escherichia coli Test with Petrifilm, Three-Tube MPN, and VRBA + MUG Methods for Enumerating Coliforms and E. coli in Food." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.4.444.
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SimPlate for coliforms and Escherichia coli (CEc) is a new method for the detection and quantification of coliforms and E. coli in food. Internal validation of the method was carried out at IDEXX Laboratories (Westbrook, ME) with 180 food samples representing a variety of different food matrices and compared against three-tube MPN (most probable number), VRBA (violet red bile agar) + MUG, and Petrifilm (E. coli count) methods. SimPlate CEc was highly correlated with each of these methods for the quantification of coliform bacteria (r ≥ 0.90). An insignificant number of food samples were found to contain E. coli; therefore, no meaningful correlation data could be generated. Four hundred forty-four additional food samples were tested at five collaborating laboratories for the presence of coliforms and E. coli using SimPlate CEc and either VRBA + MUG or Petrifilm (E. coli count). Regression analysis of data from SimPlate for CEc versus Petrifilm E. coli count plates generated correlation coefficients (r) of at least 0.89 for total coliforms and at least 0.90 for generic E. coli. Correlation coefficients between SimPlate for CEc and VRBA + MUG data were at least 0.90 for coliforms and at least 0.86 for E. coli. SimPlate for CEc demonstrated better recovery of E. coli than Petrifilm when high populations of bacteria were present. E. coli was not detected in 20 of 50 (40%) raw milk samples tested by the Petrifilm method due to the presence of interfering coliform and noncoliform bacteria. It is concluded that SimPlate for CEc is a suitable alternative for determining numbers of coliform bacteria and E. coli in food.
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Borbolla-Vazquez, Jessica, Paul Ugalde-Silva, José León-Borges, and Job Alí Díaz-Hernández. "Total and faecal coliforms presence in cenotes of Cancun; Quintana Roo, Mexico." BioRisk 15 (December 2, 2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.15.58455.
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The large increase in population in Cancun, Mexico has increased domestic, agricultural and industrial activities, resulting in inadequate solid and liquid waste management that can affect underground aquifers. One of the factors which affects water quality is coliform bacteria. The present study focused on determining the presence of total and faecal coliforms in ten urban cenotes in Cancun. Sampling was carried out in the dry and rainy seasons of 2018. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was used to determine the concentration of coliform bacteria. The results from the analyses indicate that the ten cenotes are contaminated with total and faecal coliforms. Additionally, the concentration of coliforms increases during the rainy season. We conclude that all the cenotes are contaminated with faecal coliforms and suggest that more studies are necessary to determine the origin of this contamination and the impact on the ecosystem.
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Szita, G., B. Gyetvai, J. Szita, M. Gyenes, N. Solymos, L. Soos, A. Hajos, P. Toth, and S. Bernáth. "Synthetic Culture Media Evaluated for the Detection of Coliform Bacteria in Milk, Cheese and Egg Melange." Acta Veterinaria Brno 77, no. 1 (2008): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200877010143.
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Simple synthetic culture media of liquid and solid form (X broth and X agar) were tested for selective isolation of coliform bacteria. Selectivity is based on the ability of coliform bacteria to grow when the minimal medium contains simple inorganic substances as nitrogen and carbon supply. Selectivity of the media was tested by inoculation of pure cultures of different microbes belonging to the genera of Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Pseudomonas and the family Enterobacteriaceae and was found to be complete in this range. The comparative investigation of milk, camembert cheese and egg melange samples in the traditional and new media proved good applicability of X broth and X agar for an effective and selective detection of coliform bacteria. When testing pasteurized milk samples, X agar detected coliforms in significantly higher counts than violet red-bile-lactose agar.
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Hatha, A. A. M., K. S. Christi, R. Singh, and S. Kumar. "Bacteriology of the fresh water bivalve clam Batissa violacea (Kai) sold in the Suva market." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 23, no. 1 (2005): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp05009.
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Forty samples of freshwater clam (Batissa violacea), popularly known as Kai, collected from the Suva market were analysed for total aerobic plate count and total coliforms. The heterotrophic bacteria isolated by plate count were also characterised up to genera. The results indicated higher than acceptable level of plate count and coliform bacteria. While total plate count of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 5.5 x 105 colony forming units (cfu) per gram to more than 107 cfu/ gram, total coliform load varied between 1.1 x 104 to 1.1 x 105 per 100 gm of Kai flesh. The characterisation of the heterotrophic bacteria revealed the predominance of the genera Micrococcus (34%) and Bacillus (24%). Other genera encountered included Acinetobacter, Vibrio, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The results revealed the need for depuration of the Kai in clean running water to reduce the bacterial load to acceptable levels. Temperature control soon after harvesting by proper icing and thorough cooking of the Kai before consumption is also recommended.
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du Preez, M., R. Kfir, and P. Coubrough. "Investigation of injury of coliforms after chlorination." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1995): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0576.
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The extent of coliform injury after chlorination and the relationship between regrowth of injured coliforms and assimilable organic carbon concentrations (AOC) were studied. Seeded (Escherichia coli E25), sterilized tap water (AOC concentration adjusted to 400mg C/l) was incubated for a period of 3 weeks (25-28°C) after chlorination (0.5 and 1mg/l). Bacteria were enumerated using m-Endo agar LES and m-T7 agar. Chlorination resulted in a 3 log reduction in coliform counts within one minute. No viable colonies were found for 27% of the water samples enumerated with m-Endo agar LES. Injured coliforms were enumerated from all the water samples except one and were present in higher numbers than non-injured coliforms in the majority of the water samples. During the second and third weeks of incubation, only injured bacteria were observed in chlorinated samples. Additional AOC contributed little to the survival and regrowth of chlorinated bacteria.
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Adinortey, Cynthia Ayefoumi, Denis Worlanyo Aheto, Alex Asomeni Boateng, and Rosemary Agbeko. "Multiple Antibiotic Resistance-Coliform Bacteria in Some Selected Fish Farms of the Central Region of Ghana." Scientifica 2020 (December 4, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6641461.
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This study aimed at assessing the quality of water and fishery products as well as the antibiotic resistance status of some selected fish farms of the Central Region of Ghana. Interview guides were administered to farmers to get data on farming practices and antibiotic use. Total coliform loads of catfish (Clarias gariepinus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and water samples were determined. Coliforms were identified through various biochemical assays, and their antibiotic resistance patterns were determined. Generally, the total coliform loads of water samples significantly surpassed those of fish samples p < 0.05 . The maximum and minimum antibiotic resistance percentages were recorded for ampicillin (96.83%) and gentamicin (6.35%), respectively. Although farmers stated that antibiotics were sparingly used, coliform bacteria isolated exhibited various antibiotic resistance patterns. Four out of six fish farms harboured some coliforms with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices above 0.2, an indication that these bacteria originated from potentially dangerous sources where antibiotics are regularly used.
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Ashley, R. M., and W. Dabrowski. "Dry and storm weather transport of coliforms and faecal streptococci in combined sewage." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 7 (April 1, 1995): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0247.
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Combined sewage coliform bacteria are important as indicators of pathogenic microorganisms and of their possible discharge into the environment. Whilst specifying limits for viruses, most legislation recognises the difficulty of enumerating such organisms and also prescribes limits for coliforms. Despite the importance of these organisms, little is known about their numbers and behaviour in sewerage systems. A data collection programme is described which has monitored dry and wet weather sewage coliform bacteria and also sediment bacteria. These data are used to review recent UK recommendations for assessing bacteria numbers in storm discharges. It is concluded that relationships between bacteria numbers and other physical/chemical parameters may be developed during DWF, but are seasonally and catchment dependent. Extension of DWF measurements to predict storm bacteria may be possible with more data.
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Sorger, George J., and James S. Quinn. "Tetracycline-resistant coliforms in the effluent of the main sewage treatment plant in Hamilton, Ontario — do they have a common ancestral strain?" Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 7 (July 2010): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-041.
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Sewage, a major source of bacterial contamination of the environment, can be an important health hazard. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in sewage can exacerbate this problem. The sources of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in sewage are, for this reason, worth identifying and addressing. The bacterial flora in the effluent of the Woodward Avenue Wastewater Treatment Plant (WAWTP) in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, contains many antibiotic-resistant coliforms. Here we ask, are the antibiotic resistance genes in the coliforms in the effluent of WAWTP descended from a recent common ancestor strain? If so, the source could be identified and eliminated. If, on the other hand, the antibiotic resistance genes in the bacterial flora of the WAWTP have more than one origin, identification and elimination of the source(s) could be difficult. There was considerable diversity of antibiotic resistance patterns and antibiotic resistance genes among the effluent and influent coliform isolates of the WAWTP, suggesting multiple genetic ancestry. The patterns of horizontal transmissibility and sequence differences in the genes tetA and tetE among these coliform isolates also suggest that they have no one predominant ancestral strain. Using the same logic, the evidence presented here is not compatible with a single ancestral origin of the antibiotic resistance genes in the isolates described herein.
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Brion, G. M., H. H. Mao, and S. Lingireddy. "New approach to use of total coliform test for watershed management." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2000): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0292.
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This study monitored surface water quality around a reservoir for a 2-year period. It was found that the total coliform test could be used in new ways, and in conjunction with other bacterial and viral indicators, to provide valuable information on the sources of fecal inputs and their potential impact on water quality. Two new approaches to the use of total coliforms were developed. Specifically, it was found that atypical colonies (AC) from the total coliform, membrane filtration test were invaluable input parameters for neural network models that could be trained to recognize and predict potentially hazardous fecal sources from agricultural activities. AC counts were also used in conjunction with total coliphage (TP) concentrations to create a reference index relative to domestic sewage to rank the level of fecal contamination at sites within the watershed. Atypical colonies isolated from total coliform tests of surface water samples were further classified with the API 20E system. The classification showed that the heterogeneous group known as atypicals consisted of three main groups of bacteria: modified coliforms, Aeromonas, and a mix of predominantly Vibrio and Samonella.
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Tahya, Aknes, M. Kaihena, and Theopilus Watuguly. "UJI KELIMPAHAN BAKTERI COLIFORM PADA MAKANAN JAJANAN BAKSO TUSUK YANG DIJUAL DI LINGKUNGAN SDN 82 KUDAMATI DAN SDN 2 TANAH TINGGI AMBON." Biopendix: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 4, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol4issue2page97-101.
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Background: Snack food is part of food that is inseparable from the community. Snack food consists of various types, one of which is skewer meatballs. Skewers are a type of snack food made from flour and meat that is round and then boiled until cooked, has a savory and chewy taste. One of the bacteria that often contaminates snacks is coliform bacteria. Coliform bacteria is a group of rod-shaped gram negative bacteria.
Method: The sample used in the study was skewered meatball samples taken at the location of SDN 82 Kudamati and SDN 2 Tanah Tinggi Ambon. Testing for the presence of coliform bacteria was carried out at the Indonesian Institute of Research and Standardization Laboratory in Ambon. The type of research used is descriptive. Calculation of the number of bacterial colonies using the standard Total Plate Count (TPC).
Results: The study showed that the two positive samples contained coliform bacteria with the highest number of coliform bacteria colonies in code A1 1.55 x 105 at location A SDN 82 Kudamati and the lowest at code B1 1.49 x 103 at location B SDN 2 Tanah Tinggi. If compared with SNI for processed meat and chicken products is 1 x 105 colonies / gram, which means the highest number of colonies cannot be consumed.
Conclusion: Skewers meatball snacks sold in SDN 82 Kudamati and Ambon Tanah 2 Elementary School 2, positive for coliform bacteria
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KOONSE, BRETT, WILLIAM BURKHARDT, STUART CHIRTEL, and GEORGE P. HOSKIN. "Salmonella and the Sanitary Quality of Aquacultured Shrimp." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.12.2527.
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In this study, we examined the prevalence of Salmonella and coliform bacteria on shrimp aquaculture farms to develop guidelines or preventative measures for reducing Salmonella and fecal contamination on products harvested from these farms. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in conjunction with foreign government regulatory agencies, the aquaculture industry, and academia affiliates, analyzed 1,234 samples from 103 shrimp aquaculture farms representing six countries between July 2001 and June 2003 for fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. A significant relationship was found (P = 0.0342) between the log number of fecal bacteria and the probability that any given sample would contain Salmonella. The likelihood of any given sample containing Salmonella was increased by 1.2 times with each 10-fold increase in either fecal coliform or E. coli concentration. The statistical relationship between Salmonella concentration and that of both fecal coliforms and E. coli was highest in grow-out pond water (P = 0.0042 for fecal coliforms and P = 0.0021 for E. coli). The likelihood of finding Salmonella in grow-out pond water increased 2.7 times with each log unit increase in fecal coliform concentration and 3.0 times with each log unit increase in E. coli concentration. Salmonella is not part of the natural flora of the shrimp culture environment nor is it inherently present in shrimp grow-out ponds. The occurrence of Salmonella bacteria in shrimp from aquaculture operations is related to the concentration of fecal bacteria in the source and grow-out pond water.
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Pal, Partha. "Detection of Coliforms in Drinking Water and its Effect on Human Health - A Review." International Letters of Natural Sciences 17 (June 2014): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.17.122.
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The coliform group has been used extensively as an indicator of water quality and has historically led to the public health protection concept. Total coliforms are a group of bacteria commonly found in the environment, for example in soil or vegetation, as well as the intestines of mammals, including humans. Total coliform bacteria are not likely to cause illness, but their presence indicates that the water supply may be vulnerable to contamination by more harmful microorganisms. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the only member of the total coliform group of bacteria that is found only in the intestines of mammals, including humans. The presence of E. coli in water indicates recent fecal contamination and may indicate the possible presence of disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Although most strains of E. coli bacteria are harmless, certain strains, such as E.coli 0157:H7, may cause illness. About 80 % of communicable diseases in the world are waterborne. According to WHO estimate about 80 % of water pollution in developing country, like India is carried by domestic waste. In India 70 % of the water is seriously polluted and 75 % of illness and 80 % of the child mortality is attributed to water pollution. The improper management of water systems may cause serious problems in availability and quality of water. The major pathogenic bacteria responsible for water borne disease are spread by the faeco-oral route, in which water may play an intermediate role. The aim of this review is to examine methods currently in use for the detection of coliforms in drinking water and also to evaluate the possible health hazards associated with drinking water contaminated with coliforms.
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Schomaker, Rachel, and Brittany Gasper. "Waterfowl Influence on Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Central Florida Freshwater Lakes." Fine Focus 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/ff.4.1.67-79.
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Bacteria are important natural components of virtually every environment, including water systems. While many are beneficial to the ecosystem in which they are found, some can be indicators of pathogens that can endanger human health. Fecal coliform bacteria such as Escherichia coli are bacterial indicators that can originate from many of the same sources as pathogenic bacteria and serve as a sign that pathogens may be present. These bacterial counts can be influenced by many different well-studied environmental factors, including pH, temperature, and nutrient availability. In addition to these factors, mammalian and waterfowl presence can influence coliform abundance. While this area of research has been examined before, conflicting conclusions have been reached as to whether or not waterfowl abundance positively correlates with coliform bacteria abundance. Levels of E. coli as well as Enterococcus, a genus of non-coliform bacterial organisms that are also found in high concentrations in feces, were measured by membrane filtration of water samples collected from six freshwater lakes around Lakeland, FL and were isolated from fresh fecal samples that were simultaneously collected from waterfowl species present at the lakes. Results suggest a correlation between the abundance of E. coli and the presence of waterfowl.
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Palmer, Merv. "Bacterial loadings from resuspended sediments in recreational beaches." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-061.
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Bacterial loadings from the resuspension of contaminated sediments were measured in situ at three Toronto waterfront beaches and the increase in water bacterial densities due to sediment resuspension was determined. The loadings due to sediment resuspension varied from 0 to 1410 fecal coliforms/(m2∙s). Sediment loadings in excess of 100 fecal coliforms/(m2∙s) caused significant increases in the water fecal coliform densities in shallow beach areas. Over 2970 water samples were analyzed for both fecal coliforms and E.coli and it was found that fecal coliforms and E.coli were statistically correlated. Over 1770 water samples were analyzed for both fecal coliforms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and these bacteria were found to be statistically correlated. Key words: beach bacterial contamination, sediment resuspension loadings, fecal coliforms, E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Jazrawi, Sameer F., Zainab A. Al-Doori, and Tahreer A. Haddad. "Antibiotic resistant coliform and faecal coliform bacteria in drinking water." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 39, no. 3-4 (June 1988): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00279482.
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Sueiro, R. A., M. Araujo, C. J. Santos, M. J. Gómes, and M. J. Garrido. "Evaluation of Coli-ID and MUG Plus media for recovering Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria from groundwater samples." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 12 (June 1, 2001): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0741.
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Several chromogenic media for detecting coliform bacteria in water are commercially available including Coli ID medium (ID) (bioMérieux) and MUG Plus cefsulodin agar (MP) (Laboratorios Microkit, S.L.). Since little is known about the performance of these media, we have evaluated their usefulness for recovering Escherichia coli and other coliform organisms in groundwaters used for direct human consumption. Variance analysis of obtained data showed that no statistically significant differences in counts of E. coli and other coliforms on ID and MP media compared with reference methods. However, the evaluation of sensitivity and recovery efficiency of both media showed that the two chromogenic media were more sensitive and significantly more efficient (P = ļ0.05) than reference medium for detecting coliforms in groundwater. However, the identification of 400 typical and atypical colonies isolated from ID and MP media demonstrated a higher specificity when using ID for coliforms and E. coli. In summary, the two chromogenic media evaluated could be used as alternative methods to reference media for detecting and recovering coliform bacteria in groundwater samples. MP agar was more sensitive and efficient than ID agar whereas the latter was more specific and selective.
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Nedwell, D. B., N. J. Russell, and T. Cresswell-Maynard. "Long-term survival of microorganisms in frozen material from early Antarctic base camps at McMurdo Sound." Antarctic Science 6, no. 1 (March 1994): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209400009x.
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Plate counts were made of bacteria surviving in materials from Shackleton's and Scott's camps from the first decade of this century. Several millions of bacteria per g of material were detected in samples of pony dung and lesser numbers in dried peas, pearl barley, chaff and straw. No coliforms had survived in the dung: apparent positives in the presumptive coliform counts proved to be sporing Bacillus spp. when tested in a confirmatory coliform test. Subsamples of the colonies growing on agar plates all proved to be either Bacillus spp. producing endospores or actinomycetes (Micromonospora spp.) with single spores along the hyphae.
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Neupane, Saraswoti, Kotie White, Jessica L. Thomson, Ludek Zurek, and Dana Nayduch. "Environmental and Sex Effects on Bacterial Carriage by Adult House Flies (Musca domestica L.)." Insects 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070401.
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Adult house flies frequent microbe-rich sites such as urban dumpsters and animal facilities, and encounter and ingest bacteria during feeding and reproductive activities. Due to unique nutritional and reproductive needs, male and female flies demonstrate different interactions with microbe-rich substrates and therefore dissemination potential. We investigated culturable aerobic bacteria and coliform abundance in male and female flies (n = 107) collected from urban (restaurant dumpsters) and agricultural (dairy farm) sites. Whole-fly homogenate was aerobically cultured and enumerated on nonselective (tryptic soy agar; culturable bacteria) and selective (violet-red bile agar, VRBA; coliforms) media. Unique morphotypes from VRBA cultures of agricultural flies were identified and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials. Female flies harbored more bacteria than males and there was a sex by site interaction with sex effects on bacterial abundance at the urban site. Coliform abundance did not differ by sex, site or sex within site. Both male and female flies carried antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria: 36/38 isolates (95%) were resistant to ≥1 antimicrobial, 33/38 were multidrug-resistant (≥2), and 24/38 isolates were resistant to ≥4 antimicrobials. Our results emphasize the role of house flies in harboring bacteria including AMR strains that pose a risk to human and animal health.
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Widyaningsih, Wiwid, Supriharyono Supriharyono, and Niniek Widyorini. "ANALISIS TOTAL BAKTERI COLIFORM DI PERAIRAN MUARA KALI WISO JEPARA." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 5, no. 3 (December 20, 2016): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v5i3.14403.
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ABSTRAK Kali Wiso merupakan sungai yang berada di tengah kota Jepara. Perairan ini menjadi tempat pembuangan limbah-limbah secara langsung. Limbah tersebut diantaranya limbah domestik, limbah pasar, limbah kapal, serta limbah TPI. Berdasarkan masukan limbah tersebut menjadikan muara ini tercemar. Perairan yang tercemar dapat dilihat dari pengamatan secara fisika, kimia, maupun biologis. Kondisi perairan yang tercemar secara biologis dilihat dari keberadaan bakteri patogen yang ada di perairan. Indikator bakteri yang digunakan yaitu bakteri coliform, karena sifatnya yang berkorelasi positif dengan bakteri patogen lainnya. Pemanfaatan perairan ini digunakan untuk kegiatan pelabuhan, tempat bersandar kapal nelayan, serta kegiatan perikanan yang ada di sekitar perairan Jepara. Oleh karena itu perlu diketahui kepadatan bakteri coliform sehingga dapat bermanfaat sesuai dengan peruntukannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui total bakteri coliform serta mengetahui adanya bakteri Escherichia coli. Penelitain ini dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2016 di Muara Kali Wiso dengan dua kali pengulangan dalam kondisi pasang dan surut. Metode yang digunakan yaitu survei dengan teknik sampling purposive sampling. Metode analisa laboratorium yang digunakan berdasarkan SNI -01-2332-1991. Kepadatan bakteri coliform pada perairan muara Kali Wiso yaitu >110.000 sel/100ml dan bakteri Escherichia coli sebesar >110.000 sel/100ml. Pada kondisi pasang dan surut kepadatan bakteri coliform dan Escherichia coli memiliki nilai perikaraan yang sama, namun tidak menandakan bahwa total bakteri keduanya sama. Kepadatan bakteri coliform dan Escherichia coli telah melebihi batas kriteria mutu air yang telah ditetapkan. Keberadaan bakteri patogen ini bisa mengkontaminasi biota-biota yang ada di perairan. Sehingga jika biota tersebut dikonsumsi oleh manusia bisa menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan secara tidak langsung. Kata kunci: Muara Kali Wiso; Bakteri Coliform; Bakteri Escherichia coli ABSTRACT Kali Wiso is the river in the middle of Jepara. This river receives wastes disposal from surrounding across. The waste including domestic waste, market waste, ship waste, and waste from fish market. Based on the inputs of the waste that made the estuary polluted. Polluted waters can be seen from the observation of physical, chemical, and biological. The conditions of the waters which biologically polluted are recognized from the pathogenic bacteria existing in these waters. The indicator of bacteria used, namely coliform bacteria, because of its positive correlation with other pathogenic bacteria. The utilization of these waters is used for the activities of the port, fishing pout, and fishing activities in the waters around Jepara. Therefore, its important to know the density of coliform bacteria so that can be advantageous according to its purpose. The purpose of this study to determine total of coliform bacteria and the existence of Escherichia coli bacteria. This research conducted in March 2016 at Kali Wiso estuary with on the condition of ups and downs with two repetitions. The method used is a survey with purposive sampling technique. Laboratory analysis method used by ISO -01-2332-1991. The density of coliform bacteria in the waters of the Kali Wiso estuary is >110.000 cells/100ml and Escherichia coli bacteria is >110.000 cells/100ml. On the condition of ups and downs density of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli have the same approximate value, but it does’nt signify that the total of bacteria both are the same. The density of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli have exceeded the water quality criteria that have been set. The existence of these pathogenic bacteria can contaminate the biota in aquatic. Therefore, this biotics are consumed by humans, it can cause health problem indirectly. Keywords: Kali Wiso Estuary; Coliform Bacteria; Escherichia coli Bacteria
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Elnager Ahmed Ibrahim, Mirghani, Mohammed Ismail Humaida, and Ahmed Subahi Ahmed Kassar. "DETECTION OF INDICATORS ORGANISMS IN BOILED MILK VENDED IN THE MARKETS OF EL-OBIED CITY-NORTH KORDOFAN STATE - SUDAN." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12585.
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Background: This study was conducted within the markets of Elobeid City- North Kordofan State-Sudan, to detect the presence of indicator organisms (coliform and E.coli bacteria) in boiled milk, during the amount from October 2012 to October 2015. Methodology: The study covered all the places for the boiled milk sale found within the markets of Elobeid City, which are 84 places. Data were collected from all milk handlers who were 87 by observation- checklist. The info were analyzed manually and therefore the results presented in tables and figures showing for the odds. 84 samples of boiled milk were collected from the offering containers of boiled milk, and examined for the presence of coliform bacteria. Results: The coliforms bacteria contaminated most boiled milk samples (77.38%) and 43% of positive milk samples for coliforms was found contaminated by E.coli bacteria. The factors that contributed to the microbial contamination for boiled milk by coliform bacteria are lack of the health licenses for the milk handling (57.14%), and lack of milk covering (47.6%). Conclusion: This study concluded that the milk was marketed under unhygienic conditions and theres no assurance to its safety and wholesomeness. This study recommend the health authorities to require immediate measures for correction of the health violations of milk safety requirements, additionally to the health education for milk handlers about the diseases that are transmitted by contaminated milk, and training about hygienic handling of milk before licensing.
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Nelson, K. L. "Ultraviolet light disinfection of wastewater stabilization pond effluents." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0634.
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A reveiw of recent experiments on the particle-association of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluents and the effect that this has on UV disinfection is presented. The most significant finding is that a direct linear correlation was observed between the total number of particles with associated coliform bacteria and the residual coliform bacteria concentration after UV disinfection. In contrast to the other treatment systems, effluents from an aerated and a facultative pond system had very low numbers of particles with associated coliforms. Therefore, despite high suspended solids concentrations, the pond effluents were easily disinfected with UV because the majority of the coliforms were not associated with particles. More research is needed, in particular, on the effect of UV irradiation on algal solids and the implications for the discharge or reuse of pond effluents. The main factors affecting the costs of UV compared to chlorine disinfection are also discussed.
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Bagde, U. S., and A. K. Rangari. "Periodicity of Coliform Bacteria in an Aquatic Environment." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 7 (October 1, 1999): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0350.
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The present study deals with enumeration and seasonal distribution of total and faecal coliform bacteria, the indicators of microorganisms causing faecal pollution of the aquatic ecosystem by a multiple tube technique. A lake called Upvan lake of Thane city, India was investigated during 1996-97 for the purpose. Bacterial population varied with seasonal variations in the water body. Bacterial counts increased during summer months and lowered during winter months. Highest coliform counts were reported in monsoon and lowest in winter season. Samples collected from different sites of the lake showed wide variations in the counts of bacteria. Positive correlation was established between faecal and total coliform. Bacteriological analysis of lake water indicated that water was polluted by faecal contaminants to the extent that it was unportable for drinking purposes and unsuitable from the recreation point of view and hence needed thorough impoundment.
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M, Okafor Chibuanuli, Ikegbunam Moses N, Nwachukwu Judith C, Ebenebe Ijeoma N, and Nnanna Joy C. "Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Nigerian Fermented Food Condiments." Journal of Biology and Life Science 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v11i1.16251.
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Food borne diseases remain a growing public health problem gotten through the consumption of contaminated food and water. A world health organization report, 2015 estimated 600million episodes of illness due to contaminated food worldwide. Amongst all age groups, Africa bore the greatest burden of diarrhoeal diseases. Gram-negative bacteria have become a significant challenge to the control of infection as a result of acquisition of antibiotic resistant genes. This is especially of concern in Nigeria where fermented condiments are important part of daily meals and sometimes consumed without cooking. This work thus identifies Gram negative bacteria from fermented condiments and evaluates the antibiotic resistance profile of the bacterial isolates. The fermented condiments- Iru (Parkia biglobosa) (67), Ogiri-igbo (Ricinus communis) (58), Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) (22) and Okpei (Prosopis africana) (42), were obtained from markets in Abuja, Gboko, Lokoja, Okenne, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ijebu-Ode, Ilorin, Lagos, Ondo and Ore. Coliform and faecal coliform test was done. Isolation of the Gram-negative bacteria was done using MacConkey agar. Taxonomic studies were carried out on the isolated Gram negative bacteria. Determination of antibiotic resistance profile of the Gram-negative bacteria was done by disc diffusion method. Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) samples had the highest percentage occurrence of coliforms (100%). Faecal coliform were more prevalent in Ukpaka (20%) and Iru (16.67%). Klebsiella pneumonia was prevalent in the 3 of the fermented condiments (Iru, Ogiri and Ukpaka). Escherichia coli was the most frequent Gram-negative bacteria in Okpei samples. The relatively high recovery rates of Gram-negative bacteria shows possible contamination of fermented condiments by human pathogens. The isolates from Ukpaka showed the highest resistance (55.3%) to Cotrimoxazole. The effect of the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics could be transmission of resistant strains from farm to house, treatment failure and a limited choice of antibiotics used for treatment.
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M, Okafor Chibuanuli, Ikegbunam Moses N, Nwachukwu Judith C, Ebenebe Ijeoma N, and Nnanna Joy C. "Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Nigerian Fermented Food Condiments." Journal of Biology and Life Science 11, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v11i1.16383.
Full textAbstract:
Food borne diseases remain a growing public health problem gotten through the consumption of contaminated food and water. A world health organization report, 2015 estimated 600million episodes of illness due to contaminated food worldwide. Amongst all age groups, Africa bore the greatest burden of diarrhoeal diseases. Gram-negative bacteria have become a significant challenge to the control of infection as a result of acquisition of antibiotic resistant genes. This is especially of concern in Nigeria where fermented condiments are important part of daily meals and sometimes consumed without cooking. This work thus identifies Gram negative bacteria from fermented condiments and evaluates the antibiotic resistance profile of the bacterial isolates. The fermented condiments- Iru (Parkia biglobosa) (67), Ogiri-igbo (Ricinus communis) (58), Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) (22) and Okpei (Prosopis africana) (42), were obtained from markets in Abuja, Gboko, Lokoja, Okenne, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ijebu-Ode, Ilorin, Lagos, Ondo and Ore. Coliform and faecal coliform test was done. Isolation of the Gram-negative bacteria was done using MacConkey agar. Taxonomic studies were carried out on the isolated Gram negative bacteria. Determination of antibiotic resistance profile of the Gram-negative bacteria was done by disc diffusion method. Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) samples had the highest percentage occurrence of coliforms (100%). Faecal coliform were more prevalent in Ukpaka (20%) and Iru (16.67%). Klebsiella pneumonia was prevalent in the 3 of the fermented condiments (Iru, Ogiri and Ukpaka). Escherichia coli was the most frequent Gram-negative bacteria in Okpei samples. The relatively high recovery rates of Gram-negative bacteria shows possible contamination of fermented condiments by human pathogens. The isolates from Ukpaka showed the highest resistance (55.3%) to Cotrimoxazole. The effect of the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics could be transmission of resistant strains from farm to house, treatment failure and a limited choice of antibiotics used for treatment.
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Aliero, Adamu Almustapha, Namadina Hassan Jega, Ahmad Ibrahim Bagudo, Sahabi Sule Manga, and Kabiru Hussaini. "Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Coliform Bacteria Isolated from Slaughterhouse Wastewater in Jega Town, Kebbi State, Nigeria." Borneo Journal of Pharmacy 3, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v3i3.1530.
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Wastewater is an essential reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, which include resistant strains. This study determined the antibiotics resistance pattern of Coliform bacteria isolated from slaughterhouse wastewater in Jega local government. Five different samples of wastewater from different locations of a slaughterhouse were collected using standard sample collection techniques. Coliform bacteria were isolated using the standard microbiological method. The total bacterial count was determined using plate count agar. Suspected coliforms were identified based on morphological and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the standard disc diffusion method. The highest bacterial count (8.4x102 CFU/ml) was observed from the wastewater collection point, and the lowest bacterial (1.2x102 CFU/ml) count from the slaughtering point. Three Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter aerogenes, were identified. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated in slaughterhouse wastewater 39 (45.8%). Among the antibiotics tested against isolated bacteria, Septrin was the most resistant antibiotics recorded against E. coli and E. aerogenes with 84.61% and 88.89% resistant, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to show higher resistance to Chloramphenicol and Septrin with 84.21% resistance each. The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from slaughterhouse wastewater showed the risks associated with antimicrobial drug resistance transferred from food-producing animals to humans. Management concerns, such as local government health officers and community development officers, should increase the sensitization of slaughterhouse workers by organizing conferences or conducting radio talk to educates these slaughterhouse workers on the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater and health risk associated with antimicrobial-drug resistance transferred from animals to humans.
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Hagler, Allen N., Carlos A. Rosa, Paula B. Morais, Leda C. Mendonça-Hagler, Georgia M. O. Franco, Fabio V. Araujo, and Carlos A. G. Soares. "Yeasts and coliform bacteria of water accumulated in bromeliads of mangrove and sand dune ecosystems of southeast Brazil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-146.
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Yeasts and coliform bacteria were isolated from water that accumulated in the central cups and adjacent leaf axilae of two bromeliads, Neoregelia cruenta of a coastal sand dune and Quesnelia quesneliana of a mangrove ecosystem near the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The mean total coliform counts were above 10 000 per 100 mL for waters of both plants, but the mean fecal coliform counts were only 74 per 100 mL for Q. quesneliana and mostly undetected in water from N. cruenta. Of 90 fecal coliform isolates, 51 were typical of Escherichia coli in colony morphology and indol, methyl red, Volges–Proskauer, and citrate (IMViC) tests. Seven representatives of the typical E. coli cultures were identified as this species, but the identifications of nine other coliform bacteria were mostly dubious. The yeast community of N. cruenta was typical of plant surfaces with basidiomycetous yeasts anamorphs, and the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans was prevalent. Quesnelia quesneliana had a substantial proportion of ascomycetous yeasts and their anamorphs, including a probable new biotype of Saccharomyces unisporus. Our results suggested that the microbial communities in bromeliad waters are typically autochtonous and not contaminants.Key words: yeasts, fecal coliforms, bromeliad waters, mangrove, Restinga.
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Zhang, Ya, Pei-Ying Hong, Mark W. LeChevallier, and Wen-Tso Liu. "Phenotypic and Phylogenetic Identification of Coliform Bacteria Obtained Using 12 Coliform Methods Approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 17 (June 26, 2015): 6012–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01510-15.
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ABSTRACTThe current definition of coliform bacteria is method dependent, and when different culture-based methods are used, discrepancies in results can occur and affect the accuracy of identification of true coliforms. This study used an alternative approach to the identification of true coliforms by combining the phenotypic traits of the coliform isolates and the phylogenetic affiliation of 16S rRNA gene sequences with the use oflacZanduidAgenes. A collection of 1,404 isolates detected by 12 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved coliform-testing methods were characterized based on their phylogenetic affiliations and responses to their original isolation media and lauryl tryptose broth, m-Endo, and MI agar media. Isolates were phylogenetically classified into 32 true-coliform, or targetedEnterobacteriaceae(TE), groups and 14 noncoliform, or nontargetedEnterobacteriaceae(NTE), groups. It was shown statistically that detecting true-positive (TP) events is more challenging than detecting true-negative (TN) events. Furthermore, most false-negative (FN) events were associated with four TE groups (i.e.,Serratiagroup I and theProvidencia,Proteus, andMorganellagroups) and most false-positive (FP) events with two NTE groups, theAeromonasandPlesiomonasgroups. InEscherichia colitesting, 18 out of 145E. coliisolates identified by enzymatic methods were validated as FN. The reasons behind the FP and FN reactions could be explained through analysis of thelacZanduidAgenes. Overall, combining the analyses of the 16S rRNA,lacZ, anduidAgenes with the growth responses of TE and NTE on culture-based media is an effective way to evaluate the performance of coliform detection methods.
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Bohra, Dau Lal, Vikas Modasiya, and Chandan Kumar Bahura. "Distribution of coliform bacteria in waste water." Microbiology Research 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mr.2012.e2.
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Biological activity of water can be apparently judged by the colonization of bacteria (microbes). In order to find out the extent of pollution and the relationship between inorganic matters and microbiota, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of bacteria in various types of sewage waters, namely sewage water by the residential colonies (group I), industrial waste water (group II), sewage treatment hub (group III), unorganized collected waste water (group IV) and old residential waste collection center (group V), of Bikaner city (Rajasthan, India) was carried out from February, 2010 to May, 2010. Water samples were taken from surface only owing to low depth and investigated for various abiotic factors (viz. transparency, pH, carbonate, bicarbonate, total alkalinity, total hardness, salinity, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, nitrate, silica, and inorganic phosphorous) and biotic factors (viz. number and diversity of bacteria). The domestic sewage water causes major water borne diseases basing upon Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and coliform Count (CC). The coliform count in the present study ranged from 2.5 to 5.12 MPN/mL. Comparision of microbial population in sewage water from all different Groups was done and the higher values of TBC and CC were recorded only in Sewage treatement hub (Group III).
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Shirey, James J., and Gary K. Bissonnette. "Sheen formation and growth response of groundwater bacteria to reduced oxygen concentrations during incubation of M-Endo medium." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-044.
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In vitro pure-culture studies were conducted to assess growth and sheen formation of groundwater bacteria on M-Endo medium incubated under reduced oxygen concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16%). Coliform and noncoliform bacteria were isolated from 17 untreated, rural groundwater supplies on M-Endo medium. All 16 coliform isolates tested were capable of sheen formation at oxygen concentrations of 4% or greater, yet some of these same isolates (Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, and Hafnia alvei) were either unable to grow or failed to produce a metallic sheen when incubated under strict anaerobiosis. Approximately 70% of the 21 noncoliform isolates examined exhibited growth inhibition at oxygen concentrations of 8% or less. The growth of a false-positive coliform isolate of Serratia fonticola was inhibited when incubated under reduced oxygen concentrations of 16% or less. Our findings suggest that the selectivity of M-Endo medium, and resultant inhibition of noncoliforms and false-positive coliforms, is enhanced by incubation in the absence of oxygen. However, the failure of strict anaerobiosis to permit detection of total coliforms such as Hafnia and Enterobacter spp. may compromise the reliability of this technique for evaluating the sanitary quality of some waters. On the other hand, oxygen concentrations of 4, 8, 12, and 16% permitted adequate sheen development of all coliforms tested while inhibiting some noncoliforms. Key words: coliforms, anaerobiosis, groundwater, sheen formation.
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Thayib, Soeminarti S., and Flor Soehadi. "PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE AEROBIC HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA AND THE MICROBIAL INDICATORS IN JAKARTA BAY." Marine Research in Indonesia 20 (May 10, 2018): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v20i0.384.
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The distribution of heterotrophic bacteria and microbial indicators in the Jakarta Bay were studied. Higher frequency of occurrences of the total coliform were observed in water samples collected near rivermouths or in the vicinity of islands. Lower frequency of occurrences of total coliform were obtained from samples collected from the far northern side of the Bay. The isolated strains belong to the genera Achromobacter, Vibrio, Flavobacteria, Micrococcus and coliforms. Micrococcus and coliforms were mostly obtained from samples collected at stations which are suspected to be highly influenced by human activities. The presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-like organisms were also determined. Occurrences of the genera varied unpredictably but were mostly within the six genera mentioned.
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Kunarso, Djoko Hadi. "STUDY OF MICROBIAL POLLUTION IN THE ACEH COASTAL WATERS AND ITS VICINITY." Marine Research in Indonesia 33, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v33i1.508.
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Study of microbial pollution in the Aceh coastal waters and its vicinity were carried out in the period of August - September 2006. The purpose of the study is to monitor the marine and coastal environments related to the bacterial condition in Aceh waters after the tsunami disaster. The sediment and water samples were collected from 28 stations in four sites in the Aceh waters (Eastern Aceh, Northern Aceh, Western Aceh and Simeulue Islands waters), using the RV. Baruna Jaya VIII. The determination of microbial pollution was based on parameters of coliform and pathogenic bacteria. The coliform bacteria was analysed by membrane filter technique and pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella and Vibrio) by isolation method based on the selective culture media of Salmonella and TCBS agar. The results of the study showed that density of total coliform bacteria varied between 40 and 1055 CFU/100 ml with an average of 443 CFU/100 ml. Based on the pattern of the distribution of coliform bacteria it was found the highest number in Eastern Aceh with the value of 611 CFU/100 ml and the lowest number in Western Aceh with the value of 348 CFU/100 ml. Based on the density of coliform bacteria, Aceh waters was in the lower permissible level of the Indonesian and WHO standards, means that the coastal environment in Aceh waters is still in good condition. Four genera of pathogenic bacteria isolated from seawater samples were Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Aeromonas and Proteus, and 6 genera from sediments samples were found i.e. Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Aeromonas, Yersinia, Proteus and Vibrio. The pathogenic bacteria from the samples such as Salmonella typhy and Vibrioparahaemoliticus had low pathogenic potential. This indicated that the risk of pathogenic bacterial contamination in Aceh and its vicinity waters were relatively low, therefore, the conditions of coastal and marine environments were relatively in good condition.
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Pratiwi, Avenda Diza, Niniek Niniek Widyorini, and Arif Rahman. "ANALISIS KUALITAS PERAIRAN BERDASARKAN TOTAL BAKTERI COLIFORM DI SUNGAI PLUMBON, SEMARANG An Analysis of Waters Quality Based on Coliform Bacteria in Plumbon River, Semarang." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 8, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v8i3.24258.
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ABSTRAK Sungai Plumbon merupakan sungai yang berada di daerah Mangkang Kulon, terletak di pemukiman padat penduduk. Terdapat sumber pencemar yang masuk ke dalam perairan diantaranya limbah industri rumahan maupun limbah rumah tangga Kegiatan ini dapat menurunkan kualitas perairan. Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui kualitas perairan adalah berdasarkan total bakteri Coliform. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui total bakteri Coliform, hubungan total bakteri Coliform dengan nitrat serta bahan organik total dan mengetahui beban pencemaran beserta indeks pencemaran di sungai Plumbon, Semarang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret 2019 dilakukan setiap seminggu sekali dalam waktu dua minggu. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah metode observasi. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling pada 3 stasiun dengan 3 titik di setiap stasiunnya. Analisis data yang digunakan meliputi analisis kepadatan bakteri Coliform, analisis kualitas air berdasarkan baku mutu dan indeks pencemaran, analisis beban pencemaran serta analisis korelasi pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kepadatan rata-rata total bakteri Coliform berkisar antara 5.566 – 1.203.333 MPN/100 ml. Keberadaan total bakteri Coliform memiliki hubungan yang lemah dengan nitrat dan bahan organik total di Sungai Plumbon, Semarang. Kepadatan rata-rata total bakteri Coliform dan beban pencemaran bakteri Coliform yang diperoleh pada setiap stasiun tidak memenuhi baku mutu kelas II menurut Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82 tahun 2001, sedangkan status pencemaran di sungai Plumbon dikategorikan sebagai tercemar ringan hingga sedang. ABSTRACT Plumbon River is a river in Mangkang Kulon, It is located in densely populated settlements. There are pollutant resource such as home industry waste and household waste in the water. It can decrease water quality. The waters quality can be predicted with the total number of coliform bacteria. This research was aimed to obtain total Coliform bacteria, find the correlation between total Coliform bacteria with nitrate and organic matter, and pollution load with pollution index in Plumbon River, Semarang. This research was conducted on March 2019 and it was held every week in two weeks. The method used in this research was observation method. The sample of this research was taken purposively in 3 stations with 3 points in every station. The data analysis included the analysis of Coliform bacteria density, the analysis of water quality based on quality standards and waters index, the analysis of pollution load, and the analysis of pearson correlation. The result of this research was showed that average density of total Coliform bacteria in the range between 5.566 - 1.203.333 MPN/100 ml. The existence of total Coliform bacteria has low relation with nitrate and total organic matter in Plumbon River, Semarang. The average density of total Coliform bacteria and bacterial pollution load in every station was not fulfill the quality standards class II. Based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001, whereas pollution status of Plumbon River has been categorized as mild to moderate polluted.