Academic literature on the topic 'Collaboration of logistics companies'

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Journal articles on the topic "Collaboration of logistics companies"

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Do, Wooseok, Hyeongjun Park, Koohong Chung, and Dongjoo Park. "An Effects Analysis of Logistics Collaboration: The Case of Pharmaceutical Supplies in Seoul." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 2442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082442.

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This paper estimates the environmental, social and financial effects of logistics collaboration of the existing logistics companies in Seoul, Korea. The truck routing models for collaborative and non-collaborative deliveries are proposed to estimate the collaboration effects. Findings show that both major and minor companies can benefit from logistics collaboration by saving delivery costs and time through economies of scale. The results from the study further indicate that logistics collaboration can mitigate negative environmental impacts resulting from urban logistics by reducing the number of delivery trucks, and shortening delivery times and travel distances. Discussion of related challenges that must be addressed during the implementation of logistic collaboration is included as well.
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Mulyati, Erna. "MULTIGROUP ANALYSIS IN SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE." Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen 21, no. 2 (September 2020): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jbm.v21i2.466.

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This study aims to examine differences in private and government third-party logistics companies in Indonesia in terms of improving supply chain performance. In this research, supply chain performance testing is influenced by collaboration, radical innovation, and incremental innovation. The sample used is the third-party logistics industry in West Java and DKI Jakarta, totaling 100, which is divided into private third-party logistic companies and government-owned third-party logistics companies. The results showed that there are differences in the effects of collaboration. There is supply chain performance where there are differences in the influence of collaboration and radical innovation on supply chain performance between private companies and government. There is no difference in the influence of collaboration and incremental innovation on supply chain performance between private companies and the government. The findings of this study indicate that radical and incremental innovation acts as a partial mediation on the effect of collaboration on supply chain performance in private and government companies.
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Kirono, Indro, Armanu Armanu, Djumilah Hadiwidjojo, and Solimun Solimun. "Logistics performance collaboration strategy and information sharing with logistics capability as mediator variable (study in Gafeksi East Java Indonesia)." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 36, no. 8 (September 2, 2019): 1301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-11-2017-0246.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of collaboration, capability and information sharing (IS) on logistic performance, the effect of collaboration and IS on capabilities, the effect of collaboration on logistic performance through capabilities, the influence of IS on logistic performance through capabilities and the effect of logistics capabilities on logistics performance. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach and is included in explanatory research. This research uses cross section research design. The research populations are all companies incorporated in GAFEKSI (Joint Forwarder and Expedition Indonesia) of East Java. Sampling in this research is by using a purposive sample. The sample of this study amounted to 47 forwarder and expedition companies. Data analysis method used is partial least square. Findings Collaboration has a positive impact on capabilities (CAP); capability (LOC) positive impact on logistic performance; collaboration does not directly affect the logistics performance; and construct capabilities (LOC) is the mediation of IS in building business logistics performance. Increasing the intensity of IS has no direct contribution to increased flexibility, and collaboration is driven by partnership and network, whereas CT (trust) can be ignored, as it is not proven to make a dominant contribution to collaboration. Originality/value The novelty of this research is found in the strategic role of capabilities as the dominant latent variable in building business performance of logistic companies. This study finds dual mediation, where both mediations are expressed as full mediation, because the direct effect of mediator latent variables is significant (Little et al., 2010; Hair et al., 1995).
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Ullah, Asad. "Identifying the Types of Logistic Collaboration in SCM: A Study of Indian Automobile Manufacturing Companies." Journal of Management and Strategy 11, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v11n1p26.

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In the context of supply chain, collaboration is relatively a very broad and encompassing term and as such needs further clarification. This study aims to identify the types of logistic collaboration in the Indian automobile manufacturing companies’ vis-à-vis their supply chain management. This paper seeks to report the results of the survey conducted within the Indian automobile manufacturers regarding the type of collaborative practices in their supply chain and tries to illustrate how the size of the company, nature and the various segments affects their decisions regarding the choice of the type of collaborative practices. The paper fulfils the gap in the literature by examining the type of collaborative practices within the Indian automobile manufacturers and will thus be beneficial to the logistics managers and support further empirical research work in this field.
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Tomasz, Lis, and Bajdor Paula. "Information Management and Companies’ Logistics Cooperation." Valahian Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vjes-2017-0001.

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Abstract Cooperation, regardless of its nature or involvement degree, is one of the most important factors determining the companies’ success on a dynamic market. This is caused by the need to quick adaption to changes. Using the opportunities and avoid risks is a daily task of top management. The cooperation allows the use the capital of everyone participant involved in the process. It is thus a factor directly influencing the process of gaining the competitive advantage. Each event market, including any change, can be seen in terms of the information aspect. Collaboration at any stage is also an information process. As well as company management. It can be said that the cooperation of companies focused on success, depends on the efficiency of information management. The aim of the article is to realize the complexity of information management. It is also awareness of the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to the issue of information in the life of the company.
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ÖZKAN, Ahmet Hakan, and Orhan Emre Elma. "DEMAND OF OUTSOURCING IN TURKEY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY." Revista Produção e Desenvolvimento 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32358/rpd.2017.v3.233.

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The level of the collaboration of third-party logistics users and logistic service providers are elaborated in Turkey. The synergy which is expected to come out after this cooperation seems to be lacking. Therefore the industry of Turkey is operating by carrying the opportunity cost of this synergy. The purpose of this paper is defining the reasons of the necessity of third-party logistics (3PL) using and exploring the reasons of being reluctant to this kind of collaborations. An empirical study is conducted in industrial organizations in Turkey. The research is designed according to the structure of the Turkish companies and the main issues of the logistics. Semi-structured interview are used to collect information and learn the opinions of the managers of the companies. The responses from 7 logistic service provider companies and 10 from some other randomly selected companies were evaluated at this explaratory research, 17 valid responses are analyzed. According to findings of this study, the expected synergy does not seem to be able to appear before the removement of some prejudices and embracing the modern and effective methods. On the other hand, size of the companies is strictly correlated with outsourcing and it is the reason of inadequate demand in Turkey.
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Tatarczak, Anna. "A Framework to Support Coalition Formation in the Fourth Party Logistics Supply Chain Coalition." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 5, no. 338 (September 28, 2018): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.338.12.

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The growing diversity of programmes concerning the solutions associated with the fourth party supply chain operations, the increasing pressure to optimise all resources and capabilities, as well as the continually increasing integration of different types of technologies are the driving force in the establishment of fourth party logistics supply chain coalition. Choosing the most rational and practical cost allocation mechanism in the fourth party logistics supply chain coalition, with the aim of reducing the overall operating costs, is the main condition ensuring companies’ motivation to participate in collaboration. This paper addresses the concepts from the game theory combined with multi‑criteria problems in order to introduce a realisable profit distribution mechanism, with the potential to establish practical collaborations among companies. The aim is to achieve the best conditions for collaboration. Case studies are used to demonstrate the utility of the framework.
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Pomponi, Francesco, Luciano Fratocchi, and Silvia Rossi Tafuri. "Trust development and horizontal collaboration in logistics: a theory based evolutionary framework." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 20, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-02-2014-0078.

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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide academicians and practitioners alike with a theory-based framework regarding horizontal collaboration in logistics. The proposed tool is based on an incremental perspective, according to two main dimensions: mutual trust among partners and the extent of the cooperation. Design/methodology/approach – This study used a “synthesising” approach to gauge potential contributions previously spread across different streams of research and disciplines that are now integrated into the framework. We conduct a deep literature review to characterise the horizontal collaboration phenomenon along two levels of analysis. In doing so, we examined relevant literature in the field of horizontal cooperation in logistics to critically appraise aims of, impediments to and existing models for horizontal collaboration. Additionally, we reviewed seminal literature of four organisational theories to assess their potential to contribute to the theoretical foundations of the growing topic of horizontal collaboration. Transaction Cost Economics, Social Exchange, Resource Dependence and Social Dilemma represent the theoretical foundations to cast light to how to design and implement inter-organisational horizontal initiatives. Findings – The proposed tool organises horizontal collaborations within three steps for each of the two levels of classification: trust and extent of the cooperation. The organisational theories reviewed play different roles to help in different stages of the horizontal collaboration. Additionally, for each combination of trust/extent of the cooperation coherent pairs of aims of the collaboration and assets that are to be shared are defined. Research limitations/implications – The article represents the first attempt to analyse horizontal collaboration from within the discipline itself and from the wider field of SCM through other well-established theoretical lenses. The proposed tool has shed some light into the black box of (un)successful horizontal collaboration, but it is theory based – which represents its main limitations – thus, requiring further testing of the research streams suggested in the paper. Practical implications – The article not only gives insights into theoretical challenges of horizontal collaborations that needs further investigation but is also useful to companies involved in horizontal collaborations by helping define coherent assets that are to be shared to achieve specific goals. In its more theoretical underpinning, the framework can also inspire the partnership philosophy and help sketch a collaborative evolutionary path. Originality/value – The lack of a theoretically robust landmark that could help understand, design and implement horizontal collaborations has been defined as a major theoretical and practical shortcoming. The article represents the first contribution aimed at filling that gap.
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Paula, Istefani Carisio de, Elaine Aparecida Regiani de Campos, Regina Negri Pagani, Patricia Guarnieri, and Mohammad Amin Kaviani. "Are collaboration and trust sources for innovation in the reverse logistics? Insights from a systematic literature review." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 25, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 176–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-03-2018-0129.

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PurposeThe purpose in this paper is to develop a systematic literature review aiming to reveal innovation opportunities associated with the thematic collaboration and trust in the reverse logistics field.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopted a parallel analysis approach segregating the systematic literature review papers in two groups at NVivo®, collaboration and trust in the supply chain and collaboration and trust in reverse logistics, aiming to explore in the first group of papers insights for innovation on collaboration and trust in reverse logistics. The content analysis strategy was supported by the knowledge exchange theory described in Gravier et al. (2008).FindingsReverse logistics is hardly dissociated from broader sustainable supply chain management approaches, which make all considerations on collaboration and trust designed for such approaches valuable and valid for reverse logistics. Collaboration and trust concepts in supply chain and in reverse logistics contexts are quite similar, while collaboration/trust is mandatory for managing networks in sustainable approaches and in reverse logistics, as well. Downstream and upstream, the chain disruptive innovation business models may be developed between focal companies and returns system third-party logistics providers, fourth-party logistics providers or end-customers, in a business-to-customer collaboration approach. Several collaboration technologies are listed in three perspectives: knowledge sharing, knowledge generation and knowledge implementation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study uses a specific protocol for the systematic literature review, and due to inclusion and exclusion criteria, other protocols can provide different results. The strategy of analysis under the knowledge exchange perspective may give a type of result different from other perspectives.Originality/valueThis research systematizes the existing knowledge on the collaborations and trust, which is a priority basis for reverse logistics, providing insights to researchers and practitioners in the area and identifying an agenda for future studies.
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Zhang, Hong Xia, and Xiao Dan Zhang. "Research on Cloud Computing-Based Virtual Logistics Enterprise Performance Management." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 5357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.5357.

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Virtual Logistics Enterprise is a joint collaboration between multiple companies to adapt to changing market demands. These member companies have complementary resources and technologies. Cloud computing can provide dynamic resource for each member of virtual logistics enterprises mainly based on Internet-related services. Virtual Logistics Enterprise performance management can efficient and timely acquire the implementation of various companies performance objectives relying on cloud computing platform. Through cloud computing, corporate members can obtain real-time information on the implementation of the overall performance objectives virtual logistics enterprise. Virtual Logistics Enterprise Performance Management can also help member companies to improve their internal performance management. Cloud computing is efficient contact these dynamic virtual logistics enterprise members together. Virtual Logistics Enterprise member companies will be integrated in accordance with pre-set performance management objectives with the cloud computing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Collaboration of logistics companies"

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Sandberg, Erik. "Logistics Collaboration in Supply Chains : A Survey of Swedish Manufacturing Companies." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Logistics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-498.

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The purpose of this thesis is to describe logistics collaboration in supply chains. During the past two decades, a new trend towards integration and collaboration in supply chains has been recognised among researchers as well as among business practitioners. This philosophy is called supply chain management and has received enormous attention in logistics research. Collaboration based on supply chain management is expected to reduce total cost and improve service towards the supply chain’s end customers at the same time.

The argumentation in existing literature is however seldom underpinned by more rigorous empirical material and becomes therefore conceptual and superficial. Furthermore, it is incongruous about what actually is done when companies collaborate and what more specific effects are achieved. Therefore more research, especially survey based, is needed in order to verify existing literature. In this thesis the perspective of a focal company is taken in order to concretise the ideas from supply chain management and investigate what it means for an individual company.

Based on supply chain management literature, a questionnaire was constructed which focused on the content of the collaboration and its driving forces, barriers and effects. Furthermore, differences between triadic collaborations, i.e. collaborations where both the supplier and customer of the focal company are involved, and dyadic collaborations (collaboration with either a supplier or a customer) were investigated.

The questionnaire was mailed to 482 Swedish manufacturing companies which had a turnover of more than SEK 100 Million per annum and with more than 100 employees. This population was considered as a typical target group for the supply chain management literature. 177 usable answers were received which gives a response rate of 37.8%.

The results from this study are summarised in five propositions. It is proposed that the content of logistics collaboration in the Swedish manufacturing companies’ supply chains is rather operative in its character and does not reach the strategic level that is advocated by the literature. In particular, the degree of process approach in the collaborations is low. This area has a great potential for improvements.

The results also indicate that the intensity of the collaboration, i.e. frequency of information sharing, degree of joint operative planning of involved supply chain activities, and process approach, are positively related to the effects experienced of the collaboration. The relation between joint strategic planning and the operative collaboration issues is however weak and does not seem to influence the effects experienced as a consequence of the collaboration.

Furthermore, engagement from top management is recognised as an important driver for successful collaboration. Top management involvement means an increased internal focus on the collaboration and facilitates more intensive collaboration.

Finally, differences in attitude and behaviour are recognised depending on whom the collaboration partner is. The study shows that the traditional way of managing supply chain relations still dominates, where the focal company “demand what he wants” upstream much more than in the case for downstream relations. Such differences according to SCM literature should not exist and can be considered as a serious threat for SCM based collaboration.


The ISBN is incorrect in the printed version but corrected in the electronic version. ISRN/Report code: LiU-Tek-Lic 2005:35.
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Andersen, Alexander, and Ludvig Brewitz. "Collaboration within Supply Chains : Can conflicts be attributed to the different roles of logistics companies?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management (CeLS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30259.

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Introduction – Supply chains increase in size and complexity, more actors are becoming involved and an increased collaboration among actors are a necessity. Still, undesired conflicts occurs and are unavoidable in a collaboration. There are ways to reduce the negative effects and improve management of conflicts provided by previous researchers focus on conflicts and conflict management in general. However, this thesis emphazises on investigating what conflicts that occur within different collaboration setups that can be attributed to the type of logistics company involved. Therefore, the following purpose is stated: Investigate what types of conflicts occurring during collaboration that can be attributed to the different roles of 3PL and 4PL companies. Methodology – To answer the purpose a single case study was conducted which involved a focal firm and its collaboration with two different logistics companies (a 3PL and a 4PL) within the same economical climate. Due to the uniqeness of the case, a multiple methods qualitative study was performed and to strengthen the validity of the data collected both documantary analysis as well as semi-structured interviews were conducted. Respondents were handpicked based on knowledge of both collaboration setups, to ensure quality of the data collected. Gathered data were sumarized and categorized using Mamad and Chahdi (2013) conflict factors, and later analyzed to accurately detect key points to generate a result and answer the research questions. Result – To summarize the result, findings of what we discovered through our data analysis generated similarites and differences in conflicts occurred within both collaboration setups. These conflicts are linked to Mamad and Chahdi (2013) conflicts factors regarding collaboration among actors, in order to clarify why and which conflict area these conflicts occurred in. Analysis – From the conflicts identified in the result, further analysis were conducted. Where, previous literature regarding logistics companies (3pl and 4PL) were applied in order to enable attribution of conflicts to company types. Conclusion – Through the analysis, many conflicts that occured are based on factors such as operational structure, problem solving and company policies which are not affected by the company type. However, three conflicts and problem areas can be connected to be generally more common either with 3PL companies or 4PL companies. The first lies within the commitment area where 3PL companies can generally be seen as less committed. The second area is communication were important information were more often late due to passing through more actors, causing more conflicts when collaborating with a 4PL. The last problem area were within formalization where findings suggests that there are conflicts caused by 4PLs using several carriers which causes problems such as varying regulations and truck dimensions from carriers.
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Андрійчик, Андрій Вікторович, and Andriy Andriychyk. "Глобалізаційна реакція на сучасні логістичні процеси." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50507.

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1. Кустріч Л.О. Логістичні інновації як основа управління підприємством. Економіка та держава. 2020. №. 2. С. 10-14.
Глобалізація промисловості і торгівлі надала не тільки багато переваг, але і створило безліч завдань. Компанії, які колись обслуговували тільки місцеві ринки, тепер працюють з клієнтами та споживачами, що знаходяться далеко від своїх основних місць базування. У той же час, їх постачання і виробничі можливості мають всесвітній масштаб. В результаті, їх мережі постачання і розподілу, стали більш складними і, як правило більш невизначеними. Завданням управління і координацією цієї глобальної мережі матеріальних та інформаційних потоків, стала ключовим пріоритетом для підприємств, оскільки вони прагнуть залишатися конкурентоспроможними на постійно мінливому ринку. Отже, потреба в більш високому рівні матеріально-технічного забезпечення та управлінні ланцюгами поставок, сьогодні є як ніколи великою.
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Zhu, Jie. "Logistics horizontal collaboration : an agent-based simulation approach to model collaboration dynamics." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2017. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/86456/.

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Underutilized capacity, long shipping lead time, high cost and lack of sufficient scale are examples of logistics inefficiencies that have troubled many supply chain operations. Logistics horizontal collaboration (LHC) is believed to be an innovative approach to tackle the increasing logistics challenges. This kind of collaborative logistics is quickly gaining momentum in practice but relevant contributions in literature are scarce. So far it remains unclear how LHC could be structured and operated given the limited understanding of the various characteristics and forms of LHC between companies. Furthermore, the explicit impact of LHC on the participating partners, as well as on the supply chain system is understudied. Very few studies have explored the process of collaboration and how it links to performance behaviours. Case studies and Agent-Based Simulation are employed in this thesis to study the research gaps identified above. Case studies are initially conducted to examine the key elements which can support the design of LHC, and to make a classification of models for collaboration. These are followed by Agent-Based Simulation to model a typical collaboration process and work out what benefits would emerge if participating in horizontal collaboration and how the collaboration can produce the impacts on the supply chain operations for individuals and the system as a whole. The case studies suggest that “collaboration structures”, “collaboration objectives”, “collaboration intensity”, and “collaboration modes” are the four key elements critical to the design of a LHC project. Each element represents an important aspect of the collaboration and exhibits different characteristics and forms. Based on these key elements, several typologies are derived which together provide a comprehensive view to explain the different types of LHC in practice. The simulation modelling demonstrates that LHC can significantly benefit the logistics efficiency in terms of capacity utilization and customer service in the sense of order fill-rate, and such beneficial effects are consistently observed in different supply chain environments. In particular, LHC can produce better logistics performance in a relationship-based supply chain network where downstream customers can support upstream shippers with more stable and predictable demand. On the other hand, information sharing in the collaboration, for the most part, does not facilitate the higher collaboration gains for partners. Specifically, sharing either the demand or supply information in the horizontal collaboration is not helpful in increasing collaboration gains. Hence there is a difference for the value of information sharing in the context of horizontal collaboration as opposed to vertical collaboration, the latter of which is often justified as providing more beneficial gains. The research findings provide insights for practitioners and scholars about how to develop a type of collaboration project or study, as well as enabling a better understanding of the dynamic collaboration effects.
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Ouati, Nisrine Jr, and Loïc Jr Vidot. "Logistics - Managing effective logistics : A case study related to Swedish companies." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1590.

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Daudi, Morice [Verfasser]. "Trust in Sharing Resources in Logistics Collaboration / Morice Daudi." Düren : Shaker, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188552376/34.

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Myllynpää, Otto, and Joseph Hanosh. "Collaboration between companies in sharing economy and Skanska." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29250.

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Purpose: The aim is to investigate the content of the collaboration between car sharing companies and the construction company. The authors aim to map the different phases of collaboration and create a reasonable model to exhibit the collaboration. Methodology: This paper used qualitative approach as the method. Primary and secondary data were used. Primary data was gathered through phone interviews. The respondents were divided into three different categories in order to achieve the most comprehensive understanding. The categories are car sharing, construction company and city official organizations. In total the research had fourteen respondents from eleven different organizations. Findings: The authors developed a business model that may be used as a general outline if the closed-pool systems are applied to other major cities. The approximate costs were calculated and the general motivations for parties to advance to business making were mapped. The city hopes to increase alternative travelling methods and save for other purposes. The construction company aims to achieve zoning benefits in terms of cost-reduction and to have more space where to build. The car sharing companies aim to increase their market share and build their business. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the collaboration between car sharing companies and the construction company is possible within the city’s influence. The zoning benefits may be acquired with correct advancement through phases and, in theory, they would ensure a working business model that enables that the needs of all parties are satisfied. Practical Contribution: Decision makers of all parties may use the information of the study to build the optimal service to the Finnish business environment. The study is additionally intended to provide insight to individuals who are interested concerning zoning and closed-pool car sharing systems. Limitations: This study is delimited to understand the industry from the perspectives of car sharing companies, construction company and the city officials. Thus, the study does not investigate the open-pool business model characteristics of car sharing companies nor provide a follow-up information concerning the success of the collaboration. The study only involves companies operating in the Finnish business environment. Suggestions regarding future research: Future research should conduct a similar study like this, but in a larger scale, meaning in at least two different countries. Future studies can focus on more than one city within a country to raise the validity and reliability of the results and conclusions.
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Simões, Gonçalo André. "Perception of portuguese companies on logistics in China." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17330.

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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
A China ocupa uma posição de destaque na economia mundial. O setor logístico é um dos principais eixos de competitividade para a evolução do abastecimento de um mercado de consumo. Além disso, um bom desempenho logístico é quintessencial na atividade de uma empresa, podendo até ser uma fonte de vantagem competitiva; no reverso da medalha, um mau desempenho nesta área de atuação pode levar a insatisfação por parte de clientes e ao desperdício de oportunidades de negócio. Na sua pesquisa de 2006, Ilhéu apontou o sistema logístico e de distribuição chineses como um dos problemas das empresas portuguesas ao estabelecerem-se na China, entre outros. Uma revisão de literatura que cobre o que é a logística, qual a evolução do sistema logístico chinês, e qual o impacto logístico do e-commerce na China foi apresentada. A partir disso, foi apresentado um modelo de análise que permite avaliar a perceção das empresas portuguesas sobre a logística na China, com base em três dimensões: "disponibilidade de serviços de valor-acrescentado em Fornecedores de Serviços Logísticos (FSLs)", "eficiência de FSLs", e a "adequação dos FSLs ao e-commerce". Os resultados obtidos oferecem duas China occupies a relevant position in the world economy. The logistics sector is one of the main competitiveness axes for a consumer market's supply evolution. Moreover, good logistic performance is quintessential in a company's activity, and may even be a source of competitive advantage; on the other hand, a poor performance in this area may lead to customer dissatisfaction and to the waste of business opportunities. In her 2006 research, Ilhéu signalled the Chinese logistics and distribution system as one of the several issues faced by Portuguese companies when seeking to operate in the Chinese market. A literature review covering what logistics is, how the Chinese logistics system has evolved, and the logistical impact of e-commerce in China is presented. Drawing from this, an analysis model that allows for the assessment of the perception of Portuguese companies on logistics in China was presented, based on three dimensions: "availability of value-added services in LSPs", "efficiency of LSPs", and "LSPs adequacy to e-commerce". The results obtained offer two main conclusions: that Portuguese companies have the perception that the value-added services available in China are adequate to distributing their products there and that the LSPs are adequate for distributing their products on the Chinese e-commerce market, even though they do not consider that the LSPs available for distributing their products in the Chinese market are efficient.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Tuuli, Jaakko. "Third Party Logistics Companies as Knowledge Sellers : A Dyadic Third Party Logistics Relationship Perspective." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-11727.

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With the changes in the business environment, there has been an increasing dependence on the skills of companies to deliver customer adapted products quickly and on time around the world. Therefore, instead of being caught in the high cost and unsatisfactory result of managing logistics operation by themselves, many companies have chosen to outsource some or all of their logistics and supply chain activities to specialist third party logistics companies (TPL). Hence, the TPL companies are managing and integrating their customers’ supply chains to increase the competitiveness and profitability.  It is argued, that knowledge is becoming the only resource capable of offering competitive advantage and continued growth and prosperity for supply chain partners. Therefore, the effective transfer and creation of knowledge has become a top priority in a supply chain. Since third party logistics companies have taken on the major responsibility of managing customers’ supply chains, effective knowledge management has become a top priority for them as well.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe the knowledge transfer and creation processes within the third party logistics dyadic relationships in the context of supply chain integration.

The thesis has been carried out by using inductive and conductive research approaches and the qualitative study has been carried out by applying multiple case studies as a research strategy. The empirical material is gathered from four companies in two third party logistics relationships. Data was collected through several interviews conducted at the target companies and the findings have been analysed using the existing theory stated in the frame of reference.

The main conclusions from this study are that the buyer-seller context determines the way knowledge is transferred and created in the dyadic third party relationships, and the companies did not have any specific strategies or governance structures for managing knowledge although considered important. How the companies in the dyadic TPL relationships transfer and create knowledge changes with the evolvement of the relationship. Knowledge transfer must penetrate all companies and all organizational levels to increase a holistic and integrated understating of the whole supply chain to achieve value created. How TPL companies create and utilize knowledge internally vary due to company size and the practices used. In addition, the customer company using multiple TPL providers is able to transfer and create knowledge from all TPL relationships to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of its supply chain. Due to the buyer-seller characteristic, however, there are no or very little barriers for knowledge creation and transfer in a dyadic TPL relationship.

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Gadde, Maya. "A prototype of an enterprise information collaboration platform." Ohio : Ohio University, 2002. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1174590844.

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Books on the topic "Collaboration of logistics companies"

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Sandberg, Erik. Logistics collaboration in supply chains: - a survey of Swedish manufacturing companies. Linko ping: Department of Management and Economics, Linko pings universitet, 2005.

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Cruijssen, Frans. Cross-Chain Collaboration in Logistics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57093-4.

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Younger, Roderick. Logistics trends in European consumer goods: Challenges for suppliers, retailers and logistics companies. London: Financial Times Retail & Consumer Publishing, 1997.

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Taylor, David H. European logistics systems employed by UK manufacturing companies. Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield, Department of Transport and Logistics, 1993.

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1953-, Crum Colleen, ed. Supply chain collaboration: How to implement CPFR and other best collaborative practices. Boca Raton, FL: J. Ross Pub., 2005.

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Supply chain performance: Collaboration, alignment, and coordination. London, UK: ISTE, 2010.

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Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2012.

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Cao, Mei. Supply Chain Collaboration: Roles of Interorganizational Systems, Trust, and Collaborative Culture. London: Springer London, 2013.

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Straube, Frank. Internationalisation of Logistics Systems: How Chinese and German companies enter foreign markets. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.

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Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Collaboration of logistics companies"

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Yi, Sanghyuk, Bernd Scholz-Reiter, and Kap Hwan Kim. "Collaborative Carry-Out Process for Empty Containers Between Truck Companies and a Port Terminal." In Dynamics in Logistics, 473–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23512-7_46.

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Kohler, Mariela Castro, and Tobias Hagen. "A Conceptual Framework for a Communication and Collaboration Platform Within a European Transnational Logistics Knowledge Cluster of Universities and Companies." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 84–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57799-5_9.

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Pfohl, Hans-Christian. "Service Functions of Logistics Companies." In Logistics Systems, 257–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64349-5_15.

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Skorna, Alexander C. H., Christoph Bode, Oliver Baecker, Jan vom Brocke, and Elgar Fleisch. "Design for Business Innovation: Linking the Value Chains of Logistics Service and Cargo Insurance Companies by Designing a Collaborative Service Infrastructure." In Global Perspectives on Design Science Research, 461–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13335-0_32.

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Lynch, Jane. "Effective Supply Chain Collaboration." In Contemporary Operations and Logistics, 193–218. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14493-7_11.

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D’Andrea, Raffaello. "Human–Robot Collaboration: The Future of Smart Warehousing." In Disrupting Logistics, 149–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61093-7_12.

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Cruijssen, Frans. "Collaboration in Other Industries." In Cross-Chain Collaboration in Logistics, 41–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57093-4_4.

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Cruijssen, Frans. "Cross-Chain Collaboration Typology." In Cross-Chain Collaboration in Logistics, 67–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57093-4_6.

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Macé-Ramète, G., and J. Gonzalez-Feliu. "Collaboration Issues for City-Logistics." In Enterprise Interoperability, 171–74. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119081418.part5.

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Cruijssen, Frans. "Logistics Developments Impacting Horizontal Collaboration." In Cross-Chain Collaboration in Logistics, 29–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57093-4_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Collaboration of logistics companies"

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Holubcik, Martin, Jakub Soviar, Frantisek Pollak, Jarmila Strakova, and Petra Partlova. "Strategic Management and Logistic Operations of the Alliance of Airlines: Oneworld Case study." In Organizations at Innovation and Digital Transformation Roundabout: Conference Proceedings. University of Maribor Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978961-286-388-3.18.

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t Strategic business management extends significantly into the logistics processes. Global companies need to maintain their competitive advantage through cooperative activities. This often means collaboration between companies which are in normal conditions, direct competitors. This paper examines and presents the situation of airlines in the United States of Amerika that have created a strategic alliance to expand the potential market for all customers of individual companies. The use of strategic management in similar competitive/cooperative relationships helps to create synergies. From the perspective of the future strategy, the main goal of the process is primarily to connect the internal logistics processes between the individual companies, and subsequently achieve the expansion of the customer base, or to enrich the supply presented for customers of various companies in the strategic alliance. Another important aspect of this collaboration is a marketing survey of customer requirements. In particular, the new trends in transportation, providing up to date information, transparency of the ordering system, improving transport links, and others that the customers require. Effective interconnection of strategic management, logistic operations and marketing of the individual cooperative companies stimulates the creation of synergies, mainly in terms of strengthening the strategic competitiveness on a global scale (new value for customers, growth of market share and the increase of revenues for the cooperative subjects).
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Ajerame, Malika. "Impact of inter-organizational collaboration on logistics information systems adoption case of Moroccan agribusiness companies." In 2017 International Colloquium on Logistics and Supply Chain Management (LOGISTIQUA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/logistiqua.2017.7962893.

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Levičar, Stanislav. "Potential of Benford's Law and Machine Learning Based Verification in Agricultural Logistics." In XIV. International Conference on Logistics in Agriculture 2020. University of Maribor Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-406-4.4.

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Food supply chains are becoming increasingly more complex, contributing to emergence of new threats and risks for the involved stakeholders. Additionally, the information technology accelerated development of new and more productive ways of collaboration among organizations (members of supply chains) and helped to optimize their processes. Tighter collaboration among those companies is only possible if sufficient level of trust is established among them, which is often an obstacle that is not easily overcome. Since individual companies (which are part of supply chain) are unable to verify and rely on the data that is provided by third parties, the potential advantages are not fully realized. In this article we try to identify a possibility to remove one important element of this obstacle by using Benford’s law as the basis for general-purpose verification tool that is additionally enhanced by statistics based methods of machine learning algorithms that can be implemented in IT supported business operations. The potential usefullness of those methods lies in the fact that they are able to identify the patterns and correlations without explicit users’ input.
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Dahmani, Louisa, Lambertus Carolus Joppe, and Vincent Dekker. "A Low Impact Rigless Well Abandonment Solution for Complex Wells." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209047-ms.

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Abstract Discuss a cost-effective rigless methodology to abandon complex onshore wells. – Onshore wells can be near housing, and multiple non-technical risks (NTR) need to be carefully managed to keep the license to operate. – Select a 100% electric rigless plug and abandonment (P&A) unit to reduce emissions, smell, and noise contour. – Manage and execute a complex P&A scope of work of 60+ wells in three years. This paper studies the solutions selected and implemented by the project management team in collaboration with the well operator for a successful start-up and cost-effective well abandonment project. – Implement the first fully integrated well abandonment project solution for onshore P&A in the Netherlands including well P&A services, hydraulic workover (HWO), logistics, and site preparation. – Ensure full compliance with the stringent local mining and environmental regulations. – Select a bespoke P&A unit to provide a robust solution for complex P&A work. – Select downhole services and technologies to successfully execute a complex, rigless P&A work scope. The project encompasses over 60 wells on 23 different onshore locations drilled over a 50 year period. The known scope of work and requirements of multiple contingencies while managing NTRs resulted in the selection of a rigless well abandonment solution. – A modular, highly capable rigless well abandonment unit in combination with enabling downhole technologies provides a total solution for simple and complex wells. – A 100-percent electrically powered P&A unit reduces emissions, smell, and noise contour. This was thefirst electrified P&A unit in the history of the operator running on grid power. All well site equipment is electrically powered (HWO P&A Unit, Mud/Cement Pumps, and ancillary equipment) to reduce emissions, smell, and noise contour. – Project management and engineering is key to ensuring efficient planning and close collaboration with the well operator's project team. – Collaboration between partners enables multi-skilling and reduction of POB to save additional costs. – Improve efficiencies and execution through extensive after-action reviews and learning curves. – Successfully execute complex P&A work and re-establish annular cement integrity on multiple complex wells (perforate, wash and cement, section milling, perf, circulate and cement) – More than 40 wells completed in two years, and operations continue today. – This is the first fully integrated well abandonment approach that includes full project management, well-site supervision, cross-product services, and extensive third-party management (HWO, logistics, and other third-party service companies). – A 100% electric P&A unit reduces emissions, smell, and noise contour, delivering a net reduction of CO2 through electrification.
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van Eijk, Emiel, Paul Mentink, Ben Kraaijenhagen, Per Elofsson, Julius Engasser, Alex Freixas, and Ton Bertens. "AEROFLEX '“ AEROdynamic and FLEXible Trucks, Assessment methodology for improving transport efficiency for real logistic use-cases." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2021-adm-137.

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This paper is part of the AEROFLEX project – AEROdynamic and FLEXible Trucks for Next Generation of Long Distance Road Transport. Aim of the project is to develop and demonstrate new technologies, concepts and architectures for complete vehicles, while ensuring that the varying needs of customers are satisfied with respect to the continuously changing operation conditions. These technologies comprise of distributed hybrid powertrains (e.g. electric dolly and/or trailers), advanced vehicle aerodynamics (e.g. active roof and ride height adjustment, gap reducer, side skirts, boat tail, etc.), and smart loading units (e.g. double load floor trailers supported by cargo loading optimization software, multi-modality trailers and horizontal collaboration). The main target of the project is to show that it is possible to improve the efficiency of logistic operations with 18-33%. One of the main challenges of the project is the assessment of the efficiency of the different (combinations of) innovations in real-world applications in a limited timeframe. In order to do so, an innovative assessment approach is used which combines on-road tests of vehicle combinations on public roads with (partial) simulations in different simulation and calculations models. The current paper will focus on the assessment framework that links the on-road tests with logistic use-cases and the Vehicle-in-the-Loop (VIL) testing approach as a means to test physical vehicles in a simulated environment. The assessment method enables full simulation of a vehicle of which only the origin, destination and vehicle specifications are known. It contains of a route profile generator to obtain the route (including speed limit and elevation profile) from origin and destination. This is followed by a mission profile generator to determine the vehicle’s speed over the route. The vehicle model, which contains the different technologies of interest, consequently provides the energy consumption and fuel consumption. The VIL test method allows for measured quantification of fuel consumption and emissions for these real missions, while being fully flexible in vehicle type and set of innovations of interest. The VIL testing approach is developed to evaluate vehicle performance of a truck connected to a transient dynamometer in a climatic altitude test chamber. The truck is driving a real-world route while it is virtually heavier and longer and equipped with for instance an electric dolly. Additionally, the VIL test approach is used for functional testing of the powertrain energy management system between truck and electric trailers. A unique factor in the final technical assessment, is the use of so-called customer use cases. Over 50 companies in the logistics sector are interviewed about their day-to-day business and from these interviews a set of use-cases is gathered that contain a wide variety in logistic concepts, length of routes, multi-modality, road elevation and more. Connecting these real-world driving missions to the unique test facility, the vehicle performance can be evaluated under controlled environmental circumstances while different combinations of technologies can be applied in a systematic, flexible and generic manner.
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Mossop, John, and Daniel McLaughlin. "Carbon Transportation and Storage, from Shore to Seabed." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31878-ms.

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Abstract The Energy Transition is redefining how energy is produced, consumed, and viewed. Many consumers today are requiring a more sustainable method of energy generation as a means of combatting climate change, and nations have pledged to take steps to control climate emissions. Newly developed methods of energy generation and solutions to decarbonize industrial zones, are essential to achieving carbon reduction commitments, and maintain the quality of life expected in today's world. The company has committed to continue to develop and improve its Green by Design™ products to further reduce customer CO2 emissions. Investing the time and resources to develop equipment used in the injection and storage of CO2 in depleted subsea reservoirs, is a natural fit for most companies with subsea expertise. Having a cost-effective, safe and sustainable plan to transport, inject, store, and monitor CO2 has become the latest challenge facing the offshore industry, but as carbon taxes are implemented around the globe, the economic benefits outweigh the costs. Industry needs to find solutions to fulfill the worlds desire to inject and store CO2. The development of partnerships/collaborations with logistics and storage development companies to create a plan to address the loading, transportation, injection, storage, and remote monitoring of CO2 is fundamental to enhancing the scale needed to address a global problem. This ‘shore to seabed’ solution allows industrial CO2 producers to cost-effectively reduce their carbon footprint. This coupled with field-proven wellhead and compact tree systems along with patented, carbon footprint reducing technology, can allow CO2 storage operators to economically store CO2 offshore long-term. Digital monitoring around the injection site, which is enabled by a move towards a full electric field further enables optimization and proactive maintenance.
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Feng, Chun, Guangmin Fan, Yi Zhang, and Tingting Yang. "Collaboration in Humanitarian Logistics." In International Conference of Logistics Engineering and Management (ICLEM) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41139(387)155.

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Zhang, Chenyan, Hongyan Yu, and Zhongying Liu. "Logistics Collaboration Supported by Electronic Logistics Marketplaces." In 2008 IEEE Symposium on Advanced Management of Information for Globalized Enterprises, AMIGE. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/amige.2008.ecp.17.

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Chenyan Zhang, Hongyan Yu, and Zhongying Liu. "Supporting logistics collaboration through Electronic Logistics marketplaces." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2008.4683032.

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Chillakanti, Pratap. "Secure collaboration in on boarding companies." In 2012 Tenth Annual International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pst.2012.6297955.

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Reports on the topic "Collaboration of logistics companies"

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Giachetti, Ronald, and Jose A. Rojas-Villafane. Simulation Modeling and Statistical Network Tools for Improving Collaboration in Military Logistics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada510072.

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Allende, Victor, and Jorge Anaya. Collaboration in Humanitarian Logistics: Comparative Analysis of Disaster Response in Chile and Haiti 2010. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada536337.

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Konaev, Margarita, and Husanjot Chahal. The Path of Least Resistance: Multinational Collaboration on AI for Military Logistics and Sustainment. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200052.

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As multinational collaboration on emerging technologies takes center stage, U.S. allies and partners must overcome the technological, bureaucratic, and political barriers to working together. This report assesses the challenges to multinational collaboration and explains how joint projects centered on artificial intelligence applications for military logistics and sustainment offer a viable path forward.
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Arnold, Zachary, and Ngor Luong. China’s Artificial Intelligence Industry Alliance. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200094.

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As part of its strategy to achieve global leadership in AI, the Chinese government brings together local governments, academic institutions, and companies to establish collaboration platforms. This data brief examines the role of China’s Artificial Intelligence Industry Alliance in advancing its AI strategy, and the key players in the Chinese AI industry.
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Roye, Thorsten. The Right Level of Automation for Industry 4.0. SAE International, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022013.

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In its entirety, automation is part of an integrated, multi-disciplinary product development process including the design, process, production, logistics, and systems approach—it depends on all these areas, but it also influences them as well. Automation in aerospace manufacturing is present throughout the entire supply chain, from elementary part manufacturing at suppliers up to final assembly, and a clear understanding of all the benefits (and drawbacks) of automation would help designers and engineers select the right designs for and levels of automation. The Right Level of Automation Within Industry 4.0 examines all impacts of automation that should be known by designers, manufacturers, and companies before investments in automation-related decisions are made—regardless of the which industry they work in. The process and the set of criteria discussed in this report will help decision makers select the right level of automation.
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Slattery, Kevin. Unsettled Topics on the Benefit of Additive Manufacturing for Production at the Point of Use in the Mobility Industry. SAE International, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021006.

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An oft-cited benefit of additive manufacturing (AM), or “3D-printing,” technology is the ability to produce parts at the point of use by downloading a digital file and making the part at a local printer. This has the potential to greatly compress supply chains, lead times, inventories, and design iterations for custom parts. As a result of this, both manufacturing and logistics companies are investigating and investing in AM capacity for production at the point of use. However, it can be imagined that the feasibility and benefits are a function of size, materials, build time, manufacturing complexity, cost, and competing technologies. Because of this, there are instances where the viability of point-of-use manufacturing ranges from the perfect solution to the worst possible choice. Unsettled Topics on the Benefits of Additive Manufacturing for Production at the Point of Use in the Mobility Industry discusses the benefits, challenges, trade-offs, and other determining factors regarding this new level of AM possibilities.
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O’Brien, Tom, Deanna Matsumoto, Diana Sanchez, Caitlin Mace, Elizabeth Warren, Eleni Hala, and Tyler Reeb. Southern California Regional Workforce Development Needs Assessment for the Transportation and Supply Chain Industry Sectors. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1921.

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COVID-19 brought the public’s attention to the critical value of transportation and supply chain workers as lifelines to access food and other supplies. This report examines essential job skills required of the middle-skill workforce (workers with more than a high school degree, but less than a four-year college degree). Many of these middle-skill transportation and supply chain jobs are what the Federal Reserve Bank defines as “opportunity occupations” -- jobs that pay above median wages and can be accessible to those without a four-year college degree. This report lays out the complex landscape of selected technological disruptions of the supply chain to understand the new workforce needs of these middle-skill workers, followed by competencies identified by industry. With workplace social distancing policies, logistics organizations now rely heavily on data management and analysis for their operations. All rungs of employees, including warehouse workers and truck drivers, require digital skills to use mobile devices, sensors, and dashboards, among other applications. Workforce training requires a focus on data, problem solving, connectivity, and collaboration. Industry partners identified key workforce competencies required in digital literacy, data management, front/back office jobs, and in operations and maintenance. Education and training providers identified strategies to effectively develop workforce development programs. This report concludes with an exploration of the role of Institutes of Higher Education in delivering effective workforce education and training programs that reimagine how to frame programs to be customizable, easily accessible, and relevant.
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The role of incentives in encouraging workplace HIV/AIDS policies and programs. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1007.

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This brief examines the role of incentives in encouraging companies in Thailand to adopt workplace policies and programs that address AIDS-related stigma and discrimination and respond to the needs of workers for information and services. The research was a collaboration between the Horizons Program, American International Assurance (AIA), the Thailand Business Coalition on AIDS (TBCA), and AusAID. After the initiative was launched (known as the AIDS-response Standard Organization), TBCA staff built relationships with company managers to explain and promote the advantages of joining. Companies agreeing to implement at least three HIV/AIDS workplace policies would receive a reduction of 5–10 percent off group life insurance premiums from AIA, Thailand’s largest insurance provider, if they were AIA clients. As the initiative evolved, TBCA introduced the additional incentive of a certificate endorsed by the government and awarded at a high-profile public ceremony. For each company agreeing to participate, TBCA offered assistance to enhance their activities, including providing educational leaflets, videos, and a mobile exhibition, as well as condoms, peer education training, counseling and referrals to support groups for HIV-positive employees, and assistance with writing company HIV/AIDS policies.
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