Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Collaborative Ecosystems'

Dans cette thèse, je présente l'application de méthodes et de connaissances en génie logiciel au développement, à la maintenance et à l'évolution de Coq —un assistant de preuve interactif basé sur la théorie des types— et de son écosystème de paquets. Coq est développé chez Inria depuis 1984, mais sa base d’utilisateurs n’a cessé de s’agrandir, ce qui suscite désormais une attention renforcée quant à sa maintenabilité et à la participation de contributeurs externes à son évolution et à celle de son écosystème de plugins et de bibliothèques.D'importants changements ont eu lieu ces dernières années dans les processus de développement de Coq, dont j'ai été à la fois un témoin et un acteur (adoption de GitHub en tant que plate-forme de développement, tout d'abord pour son mécanisme de pull request, puis pour son système de tickets, adoption de l'intégration continue, passage à des cycles de sortie de nouvelles versions plus courts, implication accrue de contributeurs externes dans les processus de développement et de maintenance open source). Les contributions de cette thèse incluent une description historique de ces changements, le raffinement des processus existants et la conception de nouveaux processus, la conception et la mise en œuvre de nouveaux outils facilitant l’application de ces processus, et la validation de ces changements par le biais d’évaluations empiriques rigoureuses.L'implication de contributeurs externes est également très utile au niveau de l'écosystème de paquets. Cette thèse contient en outre une analyse des méthodes de distribution de paquets et du problème spécifique de la maintenance à long terme des paquets ayant un seul responsable<br>In this thesis, I present the application of software engineering methods and knowledge to the development, maintenance, and evolution of Coq —an interactive proof assistant based on type theory— and its package ecosystem. Coq has been developed at Inria since 1984, but has only more recently seen a surge in its user base, which leads to much stronger concerns about its maintainability, and the involvement of external contributors in the evolution of both Coq, and its ecosystem of plugins and libraries.Recent years have seen important changes in the development processes of Coq, of which I have been a witness and an actor (adoption of GitHub as a development platform, first for its pull request mechanism, then for its bug tracker, adoption of continuous integration, switch to shorter release cycles, increased involvement of external contributors in the open source development and maintenance process). The contributions of this thesis include a historical description of these changes, the refinement of existing processes, and the design of new ones, the design and implementation of new tools to help the application of these processes, and the validation of these changes through rigorous empirical evaluation.Involving external contributors is also very useful at the level of the package ecosystem. This thesis additionally contains an analysis of package distribution methods, and a focus on the problem of the long-term maintenance of single-maintainer packages

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores<br>The society that we live in faces today big demographic changes. Nowadays, peo-ple live longer, and it is expected that this trend will proceed. In 2000, there were already 420 million people with more than 65 years old, which correspond to about 7% of the world population. In 2050, it is expected that this number reaches 1500 million which corresponds to about 16% of the world population. Naturally, in these circumstances, the number of disabled people will increase as well. This context brings new challenges to the traditional health care systems in Portugal and in the rest of the world. There is an urgent need to search for new solutions that will allow people to live in the best possible way, in the latest stages of life. In order to fulfill this need, it is necessary to develop systems that allow to extend their life in their favorite environment, improving their safety, autonomy, mobility and welfare. Nowadays, information and communication technologies (ICT) offer new opportunities to provide care and assistance. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), is such a paradigm, in which technology is used as a way to improve the independ-ence and welfare of aged or disabled people at their homes. This dissertation has the purpose of contributing to providing an answer to this necessity, associated to a development of an ecosystem for Ambient Assisted Living, associated to a business model and the search for the possibility of collabo-rative networks creation, in order to look for efficient and accessible solutions for AAL services provision.

QUT Foundry is a university coworking space that is actively involved in supporting and promoting entrepreneurship for students, staff and alumni to develop entrepreneurship and innovation to grow on campus. This thesis explores the role of the QUT Foundry in promoting entrepreneurship and collaborative learning activities among its members, through interviews with QUT Foundry staff and members. Using qualitative methods approach, this study identified that combining the concept of place, people and system can provide greater opportunities to generate creativity and innovation within university coworking spaces.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 15, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Les plateformes digitales (DP) de l’économie collaborative (EC) ont transformé les institutions et les organisations établies dans de nombreux secteurs d’activité. Des études antérieures ont souligné le rôle central de la légitimité lorsqu’une DP entre sur un marché en tant qu’innovation de rupture remodelant les relations entre le marché, les régulateurs et la société dans son ensemble. Très peu d’études ont étudié la construction et le maintien de la légitimité en cas de crise au milieu de multiples acteurs. En conséquence, notre thèse explore comment les DPs de l’EC orchestrent les relations entre plusieurs acteurs pour construire et maintenir leur légitimité en temps de crise. En nous concentrant sur une étude de cas unique – Airbnb à New York – nous analysons comment une DP peut gérer de multiples relations en développant des stratégies relationnelles – que nous avons qualifiées d'identité, de professionnalisation et de sélection – en combinaison avec des mécanismes de travail institutionnels pour construire et maintenir sa légitimité cognitive et sociopolitique en temps de crise. Nous ouvrons la boîte noire de cette « interrelation » en soulignant le nécessaire équilibre à trouver au fil du temps entre ces deux types de légitimité. Nous décrivons les forces sociales en présence et les conséquences des stratégies d’une DP sur son écosystème. En effet, bien que la crise puisse être considérée comme un « accélérateur » de légitimité pour la DP, elle révèle également les tensions, les problèmes éthiques et les paradoxes des plateformes digitales de l’économie collaborative<br>Digital platforms (DP) in the Sharing Economy (SE) transformed sectors and disrupted well-established institutions and organizations. Prior studies have noted the central role of legitimacy when DP entered a market as disruptive innovation reshaping the relationships between the market, regulators, and society at large. Very few studies have studied the building and maintenance of legitimacy in the case of a crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, amid multiple actors. Consequently, our thesis explores how digital platforms in the SE manage multiple actors’ relationships to build and maintain their legitimacy in times of crisis. By focusing on a single case study – Airbnb in New York City – we analyze how a DP can navigate multiple relationships in times of crisis, by developing relational strategies – that we characterized as identity, professionalization, and selection – in combination with institutional work mechanisms to build and maintain its cognitive and socio-political legitimacy. We open the black box of this “interplay” by underlying the required balance that has to be found over time between these two types of legitimacy. We describe the social forces at hand and the consequences of the DP strategies on its ecosystem. Indeed, although the crisis can be seen as an “accelerator” of legitimacy for the DP, it also reveals tensions, ethical issues, and the DP’s paradoxes in the SE

The goal of planning is to use knowledge to determine action. Planning theory has focused specifically on how the process of achieving this occurs. Two dominant theories prevail: rational comprehensive and communicative planning theory. The former relies heavily on the scientific method as a model for acquiring knowledge from which the correct action can be determined. The latter suggests that collaborative processes that engage stakeholders in decision-making offer distinct advantages to achieving both knowledge and action through consensus processes. This study looks at how knowledge is developed in collaborative planning processes used in ecosystem management. Knowledge is defined as more than simply data and information. It includes the tacit elements that underlie and give meaning to the data and information. As such, it requires processes that are more communicative in nature. At the same time, ecosystem management practices are rooted in the natural sciences and rely heavily on rational, instrumental reasoning to determine management plans. This combination of rational and communicative approaches provides for an interesting setting in which to understand the interaction of the two and to determine if there are advantages to conceptualizing planning in one way or the other. The study targets the remedial action planning done in the Great Lakes since 1987. Forty-three Areas of Concern were established throughout the basin, and in each, a stakeholder planning committee established. The committee was charged with developing a plan for remediating the water quality of the area. Over the past fourteen years, they have struggled through many circumstances to accomplish this with varying degrees of success. As each utilized slightly different procedural approaches and faced different obstacles, they provide an excellent laboratory for comparison. The study offers an analysis of the elements of the process and the implications of the different ways of approaching the various steps and stages. The analysis focuses on revealing what needs to be intact prior to collaborating, how information is collected, shared, and utilized, and how decisions are made and formalized in these processes. It focuses specifically on the information itself, communication issues, structural elements, and factors outside the process and how these all work together to enhance or inhibit collaboration. Following a detailed analysis of the process, a model for doing ecosystem management based on knowledge is developed and the basic principles of the model suggested. Collaboration is often theorized to accomplish far more than simply improved knowledge for decision-making. Some believe it will improve democracy, equality, and accountability. The study concludes with a brief reflection on these possibilities.<br>Ph. D.

Background: Swedish textile waste management ecosystem is recognized to be a multi-actor ecosystem as opposed to a single-actor scenario whereas actors tend to perform their activities single-handedly and in a fragmented manner. Participating actors, each play a significant role in handling and treating the textile waste but this fragmented system renders certain drawbacks. The main treatment of textile waste in Sweden is incineration which addresses environmental damages. This in particular is more worrying when textiles are used as a fuel. This highlights the necessity for the actors to perform in a network and expand their collaboration, thus move more efficiently towards development of a sustainable innovation and find an alternative for the current treatment of textile waste. Purpose: This study strives to investigate the challenges and at the same time opportunities of implementation of a collaborative business model for sustainable innovation. This has been achieved through taking benefits of value mapping tool and actor-mapping. The core values of actors have been identified which was continued by identification of their shared and conflicting values. Methodology: Pre-study was conducted in order to design and develop two mappings, “main actors mapping”, “actor’s activity mapping” which helped the authors and the interviewees to gain a better realization of the Swedish Textile Waste Management ecosystem through visualization. The process of data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews with Open-ended questions which resulted to rich detailed responses from the interviewees. Seven organizations as the representative of Swedish textile waste management ecosystem were reached and studied. The outcomes of the interview were analyzed by the aid of value mapping tool and led the authors to formulate the answer to the research question. Interview findings: Interview findings presents the outcome of the collected data in accordance with the purpose of the study and the answer to the proposed research question. Consequently, this chapter provides a description of the Activity classification in TWM eco-system in Sweden as an outcome of the pre-study, continued by expanding on the results of Actors mapping &amp; their activities in TW eco-system and Activity mapping in relation to actors’ interactions, which were achieved by the aid of value mapping tool. This chapter is concluded by providing actors perspectives regarding the formation and the suitability of a collaborative business model for sustainable innovation on the basis of mapped values within textile waste scenario in Sweden. Analysis&amp; Discussion: This study tends to present rich and comprehensive picture in a descriptive manner in regards with participating actors, their activities, collaboration and value-orientations within Swedish textile waste scenario and propose a solution to the identified short-comings of the system by investigating the potentials of a collaborative business model for sustainable innovation. The literature review confirm and support the interview findings and addresses the need for further dialogue and collaboration among actors while highlighting the need from moving from ego-centric business model to multi-actor business model. This chapter is concluded by the response to the research question.

Global industries are characterized by complex networks of organizations, which are often dominated by a few disproportionately large transnational corporations. While industry consolidation is not a new phenomenon, the scale and speed at which global industries now impact diverse social-ecological systems is unprecedented. In this thesis, I combine the interconnected perspective of business ecosystems with the sustainability focus of the social-ecological systems literature through the concept of keystone actors. Adopting a network perspective, I apply this framing to the global clothing industry, and specifically analyze the patterns of coordination and collaboration among actors working to address systemic sustainability challenges facing the industry. While keystone actors wield significant influence over both the industry’s biophysical and socio-economic impacts, I find it is the presence of key brokers – actors who mediate indirect connections between keystone actors in the clothing industry – that possess the potential to coordinate action around sustainability challenges into a collective industry-wide effort. I conclude the thesis by discussing how the empirical findings, and network perspective more generally, can advance the study of keystone actors in global business ecosystems.

Residential non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners within the Wildland/Urban interface are an increasingly important forest owner demographic. An increase in rural residential land use is fragmenting historically large contiguous forestlands. Consequently resource management has become decentralized. NIPF-landowners, as the new land managers, must now be capable of creating resilient forest ecosystems at the landscape scale. To overcome this issue landowners and resource managers at all levels of decision-making (including landowners) must come to understand how social structures such as psychology, organizations, institutions, and culture are linked to behavior and the physical world. Collaborative Interface Modeling (CIM) has been created in response to an information gap that exists between the social and natural sciences at the site scale. CIM reveals the causal linkages between land use decisions and their effects allowing landowners to more closely trace and investigate their management policies, behaviors, and feelings as well as the consequences of those behaviors. A demonstration of the CIM process with residential forest landowners is conducted to evaluate the process and detect possible implications of encroaching development on the Jefferson National Forest in Montgomery County, Virginia. A focus on fuel wood collection was established because it has been noted as a potential source of negative impact. Possible implications and improvements to the CIM process are also noted.<br>Master of Landscape Architecture

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>The nation’s socially constructed deficit-oriented discourse and linear organizational structure is incongruent with the decentralized, interconnected, and complex adaptive problems faced by homeland security. The thesis question is: Can the homeland security enterprise benefit from a people-centric, strengths-based systems approach to increase the nation’s ability to adapt, withstand and recover from disasters? In the current linear dominated all-hazards world, the ranks are experiencing less trust, less security, less cooperation, less effectiveness, and less happiness. In contrast, a people-centric, strengths-based world, in which community is central, features more involvement, more trust, more resiliency, more participation, more inclusiveness, and more empowerment. This thesis aims to show that the collective of homeland security needs an all-opportunities plan, a new way of thinking, based on the strengths of communities and the willingness of the American people to contribute. The concepts of appreciative inquiry, positive deviance, social network analysis, and social construction examined in research, and case studies were used to provide recommendations for the future. The thesis posits that the homeland security enterprise has evolved into a homeland security ecosystem due to globalization, social complexity, ubiquitous smart technologies, and the ability of communities of interest to form outside of traditional organizational structures.

Introdotto nel 2004, il paradigma dell’Open Innovation incomincia a permeare le pratiche aziendali di tutto il mondo ribaltando il concetto di collaborazione, dove adesso viene concepita come centrale una strategia di strutturazione di un ecosistema interdipendente. In questo lavoro di tesi si fornisce un’analisi della letteratura allargata in riferimento a due attori in particolare del sistema, ovvero le PMI e le università, di cui si identifi-ca una relazione in termini di strategie di Open Innovation. Le prime, di-fatti, risultano avere agilità nelle logiche di collaborazione, ma non di-spongono di una consulenza all’innovazione strutturata; le seconde, inve-ce, hanno una capacità significativa di trasferimento tecnologico e impatto sul territorio, ma sistemi di incentivi per i ricercatori disallineati. All’interno degli Open Innovation Ecosystems, l’obiettivo della tesi è dimostrare in via qualitativa il potenziale della relazione tra PMI e univer-sità, che si sostanzia in programmi quali ad esempio SUGAR.

There is an increase in the consideration of ecosystem services (ES) within the planning, policy, and research sectors. The increase in sectors working with ES is leading to an increase in scale mismatches, where ecosystem services are being mismanaged, leading to problems. Using a combination of methods these scale issues were investigated. A systematic review of both scientific and grey literature was undertaken which analysed 112 documents and led to a survey of 72 subjects who were working with ES across different sectors, and finally 19 in-depth interviews were undertaken, in order to understand fully the scale issues, and potential solutions being used. The systematic review found that a lot of ecosystem service scientific literature was based on, or had connections with, the global issue of climate change, this was in contrast to the survey that found that both researchers and those in policy are working at a regional spatial scale or below. The in-depth interviews attributed this to many factors including the pressure to publish in high-impact journals, and applying for funding. The survey found that the different sectors are working at different scales, and where they do work at the same scale, the definition they place on that scale term is different. The survey and in-depth interviews found that funding can influence the extent of a project and funding timelines lead into the temporal scale of a project. Funding can encourage collaboration with stakeholders and between sectors in order to pool resources and expertise. Alongside clarity of terms used and expectations for the project, collaboration was also put forward as one of the methods which can alleviate scale mismatches.

The UNFCCC initiated mechanism Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an important policy instrument for combating climate change, using payments to create economic incentives for developing countries to preserve their forests. However, there is a need for closer scrutiny of whether the mechanism is able to generate its intended outputs and outcomes. The study assessed REDD+ productivity performance in collaborative governance using an instrumental case study of a Collaborative Governance Regime (CGR), the CarBi project in Vietnam. The assessment was based on Emerson and Nabatchi’s productivity performance matrix encompassing three units of analysis - the Participant Organisations, the CGR and the Target Goals. The study was conducted as a Minor Field Study (MFS) using in-depth interviews, complemented with official documents. The findings showed that progress was made in achieving target goals such as forest restoration and enhanced biodiversity, but that REDD+ was not adapted to suit the CGR’s need for stable payments and was not financially feasible to implement in a conservation focused project. Instead, outputs and outcomes were sustained as a result of the transition to the national Payment for Forest Ecosystem Services (PFES). However, the REDD+ safeguards, supporting the inclusion of local communities and indigenous peoples, were lost in the transition and PFES reliance on funding from hydropower dams posed both environmental and social challenges to CGR sustainability.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-13T11:42:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermegomesmartins.pdf: 2653766 bytes, checksum: c58fd5a1c1871badea4b7305135c8684 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-13T16:46:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermegomesmartins.pdf: 2653766 bytes, checksum: c58fd5a1c1871badea4b7305135c8684 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T16:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermegomesmartins.pdf: 2653766 bytes, checksum: c58fd5a1c1871badea4b7305135c8684 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-13<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>[Contexto] Experimentos científicos complexos envolvem a utilização de dados e recursos distribuídos que necessitam da colaboração de diversos pesquisadores. Por envolver pesquisadores geograficamente distribuídos, o desenvolvimento de um experimento pode ser caracterizado através de um ecossistema de experimentação científica, onde grupos de pesquisa distribuídos interagem trocando informações para realizar um experimento. Neste contexto, a plataforma E-SECO implementa uma abordagem de ecossistema de software científico com o objetivo de apoiar a experimentação entre grupos de pesquisadores distribuídos. Entretanto, não basta oferecer apenas recursos de colaboração para diferentes grupos de pesquisa. Para que os grupos possam de fato colaborar entre si, é necessário apoiar as suas atividades considerando o contexto de cada um deles, bem como as suas necessidades. [Objetivo] Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho é tratar a falta de um processo para apoiar o desenvolvimento de serviços de colaboração de modo a considerar informações do contexto de cada um dos grupos. Em específico, grupos que utilizam uma plataforma de ecossistema de software científico. [Método] Para isso, este trabalho apresenta duas estratégias: (i) um processo para o desenvolvimento de serviços de colaboração que considera a abordagem de Linha de Produtos de Software e de uma Arquitetura Orientada a Serviço, e (ii) um mecanismo para apoiar o alinhamento entre os serviços de colaboração considerando-se a necessidade de eles interoperarem. [Resultados] A partir deste processo, é possível disponibilizar serviços de colaboração que atendam às necessidades específicas de cada grupo de pesquisa e, com o mecanismo de apoio ao alinhamento de seus conceitos, potencializar a interoperabilidade em ecossistemas de software. Podem-se citar como contribuições deste trabalho a apresentação de um processo para o desenvolvimento de serviços de colaboração, um mecanismo de apoio ao alinhamento entre serviços de colaboração, e a investigação de sua viabilidade.<br>[Context] Complex scientific experiments involve the use of distributed data and resources that require the collaboration of several researchers. Considering that they comprise geographically distributed researchers, the conduction of an experiment can be characterized by a scientific experimentation ecosystem in which distributed research groups interact by exchanging information to perform an experiment. In this context, the E-SECO platform implements a software scientific ecosystem approach in order to support the development of services that support the distributed experimentation among groups of researchers. However, it is not enough to only offer collaboration features to support the development of services by different groups. It is also necessary to support its activities considering the context of each of group and their needs, as well as the mechanisms that compose a software ecosystem. [Objective] Thus, the objective of this study is to address the lack of a process to support the development of such collaboration services to consider information on the context of each group. In particular, groups which utilize a scientific platform software ecosystem. [Method] Therefore, this work presents two strategies: (i) a process for the development of collaborative services that considers the Software Product Line and a Service Oriented Architecture, and (ii) a mechanism to support the alignment between collaboration services considering the need of them to interoperate. [Results] Experiments were performed in order to verify the feasibility of the solution. From the proposed process, it is possible to provide collaboration services that fulfill the requirements of each research group and, with the support mechanism for the alignment of its concepts, it is possible to enhance the interoperability of software ecosystems. As contributions it can be cited: present a process for the development of collaboration services, and offer a mechanism to support the alignment between collaboration services.

Thesis (Ph.D)--City Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.<br>Committee Chair: Elliott, Michael; Committee Member: Carroll, C. Ronald; Committee Member: Contant, Cheryl; Committee Member: Norton, Bryan; Committee Member: Stiftel, Bruce. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

[EN] The main objectives of this research are the following. First, to analyse the models and methods in Decision Support Systems (DSS) for forest management, taking into account the important features which allow forestry related problems to be categorized. Second, to define strategic criteria for the sustainable management of Mediterranean forests, as well as to elicit and aggregate the stakeholders' preferences. Third, to propose a robust methodology to implement collaborative management focused on ESS and to develop indicators for the main functions of ESS. The methodology is based on a workshop and surveys to elicit the decision makers', experts' and other stakeholders' preferences. Several techniques were then used to aggregate individual judgements and determine social preferences, in particular, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Goal Programming (GP). In addition, a PROMETHEE based method has been developed to provide indicators of the ESS, classified into provisioning, maintenance and direct to citizens services. The analysis of DSS for forest management has shown that the best choice of approach to solve a given problem depend on its nature, which can be characterized by the temporal scale, spatial context, spatial scale, number of decision makers or stakeholders, objectives and finally goods and services involved. A decision hierarchy for strategic management of Valencian forests has been developed by involving experts during the design phase. This was later validated in consultation with the stakeholders in a workshop and provides the base from which to obtain the social preferences. The results show greater importance for environmental and social criteria and lesser relevance for economic criteria, valid for both public and private Mediterranean forests. This result is the same regardless of which preference aggregation technique was used and takes into account the preferences of the majority of the stakeholders and also the minority opinions furthest from the consensus. New products and services such as rural tourism, renewable energies, landscape, hydrological regulation and erosion control, biodiversity and climate change mitigation are relevant. This research also proposes a robust methodology to implement collaborative management focused on ESS provided by protected areas and aggregated indicators for their main functions. Decision makers, technical staff and other stakeholders are included in the process from the beginning, by identifying ESS and eliciting preferences using the AHP method. Qualitative and quantitative data are then integrated into a PROMETHEE based method in order to obtain indicators for provisioning, maintenance and direct to citizens services. This methodology, which has been applied in a forest natural park, provides a tool for exploiting available technical and social data in a continuous process, as well as graphical results, which are easy to understand. This approach also overcomes the difficulties found in prioritising management objectives in a multiple criteria context with limited resources and facilitates consensus between all of the people involved. The new indicators define an innovative approach to assessing the ESS from the supply perspective and provide basic information to help establish payment systems for environmental services and compensation for natural disasters.<br>[ES] Los principales objetivos de esta investigación son los siguientes. En primer lugar, analizar los modelos y los métodos de los sistemas de ayuda a la toma de decisiones para gestión forestal, teniendo en cuenta las características relevantes que permiten clasificar los problemas forestales. En segundo lugar, definir los criterios estratégicos para la gestión forestal sostenible del bosque mediterráneo, así como obtener y agregar las preferencias de los decisores y otras partes interesadas. En tercer lugar, proponer una metodología robusta para implementar una gestión colaborativa centrada en los servicios del ecosistema y desarrollar indicadores para las principales funciones de estos servicios. La metodología se fundamenta en una jornada de trabajo con decisores, expertos y otros grupos de personas interesadas, así como en encuestas a todos ellos. Después se han utilizado varias técnicas para agregar las preferencias individuales y determinar las preferencias de los distintos grupos sociales, en particular el proceso analítico jerárquico y la programación por metas. Adicionalmente, se ha desarrollado un método basado en PROMETHEE que permite obtener indicadores de los servicios del ecosistema, clasificados en servicios de producción, mantenimiento y directos a los ciudadanos. El análisis de los sistemas de ayuda a la toma de decisiones para gestión forestal ha puesto de manifiesto que los mejores enfoques para resolver los problemas forestales dependen de su naturaleza, caracterizada por la escala temporal, el contexto espacial, la escala espacial, el número de decisores o personas interesadas, el número de objetivos y por último los bienes y servicios involucrados. Se ha desarrollado una jerarquía de decisión para la gestión estratégica de los bosques valencianos involucrando a expertos en la fase de diseño. Este modelo fue validado posteriormente por las partes interesadas en una jornada organizada con esta finalidad y ha sido la base para obtener las preferencias sociales. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la mayor importancia de los criterios medioambientales y sociales y la menor relevancia de los económicos, tanto para el monte mediterráneo público como privado. Este resultado es independiente del método de agregación utilizado y tiene en cuenta tanto las preferencias de la mayoría como de la minoría más alejada del consenso. Son relevantes los nuevos productos y servicios tales como el turismo rural, las energías renovables, el paisaje, la regulación hidrológica y el control de la erosión, la biodiversidad y la mitigación del cambio climático. Esta investigación también propone una metodología robusta para implementar una gestión colaborativa centrada en los servicios del ecosistema que proporcionan las áreas protegidas e indicadores agregados para sus principales funciones. Los responsables de las decisiones, el personal técnico y otras personas interesadas han participado desde el inicio del proceso, identificando los servicios del ecosistema y proporcionado sus preferencias mediante la técnica del proceso analítico jerárquico. Después se integran los datos cualitativos y cuantitativos en un método basado en PROMETHEE con la finalidad de obtener indicadores para los servicios de producción, mantenimiento y directos a los ciudadanos. Esta metodología, que se ha aplicado en un parque natural, facilita la explotación de los datos técnicos y sociales en un proceso continuo y proporciona resultados gráficos muy fáciles de entender. Este enfoque también permite superar las dificultades que surgen al priorizar los objetivos de gestión en un contexto multicriterio con recursos limitados y facilita el consenso entre todas las personas involucradas. Los nuevos indicadores representan un enfoque innovador para la valoración de los servicios del ecosistema desde el punto de vista de la oferta y proporcionan información básica para establecer sistemas de pagos por<br>[CAT] Els principals objectius d'aquesta recerca són els següents. En primer lloc, analitzar els models i els mètodes dels sistemes d'ajuda a la presa de decisions per a gestió forestal, tenint en compte les característiques rellevants que permeten classificar els problemes forestals. En segon lloc, definir els criteris estratègics per a la gestió forestal sostenible del bosc mediterrani, com també obtenir i agregar les preferències dels decisors i altres parts interessades. En tercer lloc, proposar una metodologia robusta per a implementar una gestió col·laborativa centrada en els serveis de l'ecosistema i desenvolupar indicadors per a les principals funcions d'aquests serveis. La metodologia es fonamenta en una jornada de treball amb decisors, experts i altres grups de persones interessades, i també en enquestes a tots ells. Després s'han utilitzat diverses tècniques per a afegir-hi les preferències individuals i determinar les preferències dels diferents grups socials, en particular el procés analític jeràrquic i la programació per metes. Addicionalment, s'ha desenvolupat un mètode basat en PROMETHEE que permet obtenir indicadors dels serveis de l'ecosistema, classificats en serveis de producció, manteniment i directes als ciutadans. L'anàlisi dels sistemes d'ajuda a la presa de decisions per a la gestió forestal ha posat de manifest que els millors enfocaments per a resoldre els problemes forestals depenen de la naturalesa d'aquests problemes, caracteritzada per l'escala temporal, el context espacial, l'escala espacial, el nombre de decisors o persones interessades, el nombre d'objectius i, finalment, els béns i serveis involucrats. S'ha desenvolupat una jerarquia de decisió per a la gestió estratègica dels boscos valencians involucrant experts en la fase de disseny. Aquest model ha sigut validat posteriorment per les parts interessades en una jornada organitzada amb aquesta finalitat i ha sigut la base per a obtenir les preferències socials. Els resultats posen de manifest la major importància dels criteris mediambientals i socials i la menor rellevància dels econòmics, tant per a la muntanya mediterrània pública com privada. Aquest resultat és independent del mètode d'agregació utilitzat i té en compte tant les preferències de la majoria com de la minoria més allunyada del consens. Són rellevants els nous productes i serveis, com ara el turisme rural, les energies renovables, el paisatge, la regulació hidrològica i el control de l'erosió, la biodiversitat i la mitigació del canvi climàtic. Aquesta recerca també proposa una metodologia robusta per a implementar una gestió col·laborativa centrada en els serveis de l'ecosistema que proporcionen les àrees protegides i indicadors agregats per a les seues funcions principals. Els responsables de les decisions, el personal tècnic i altres persones interessades hi han participat des de l'inici del procés, identificant els serveis de l'ecosistema i proporcionant les seues preferències mitjançant la tècnica del procés analític jeràrquic. Després s'integren les dades qualitatives i quantitatives en un mètode basat en PROMETHEE amb la finalitat d'obtenir indicadors per als serveis de producció, manteniment i directes als ciutadans. Aquesta metodologia, que s'ha aplicat en un parc natural, facilita l'explotació de les dades tècniques i socials en un procés continu i proporciona resultats gràfics molt fàcils d'entendre. Aquest enfocament també permet superar les dificultats que sorgeixen a l'hora de prioritzar els objectius de gestió en un context multicriteri amb recursos limitats i facilita el consens entre totes les persones involucrades. Els nous indicadors representen un enfocament innovador per a la valoració dels serveis de l'ecosistema des del punt de vista de l'oferta i proporcionen informació bàsica per a establir sistemes de pagaments per serveis ambientals i compensacions per desastres naturals.<br>Segura Maroto, M. (2015). ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES BASED ON MULTIPLE CRITERIA AND GROUP DECISION MAKING [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/57955<br>TESIS

A fundamental purpose of state-mandated growth management has been to infuse regional environmental concerns into local land use planning. Similarly, collaborative ecosystem planning efforts have attempted to encourage local communities to participate in regional planning efforts, and to adopt regional environmental goals and objectives into local land use plans. This paper presents results from a study of state-mandated local planning and collaborative regional planning, addressing in particular local ability to adopt and implement ecosystem planning initiatives for development management. I found that a state mandate not only achieves plans from communities that would not otherwise plan, but also the plans produced are of higher quality than plans made voluntarily without a mandate. However, while these plans generally acknowledge the need for regional resource protection, local plans are rarely go beyond stating support for State minimum resource protection rules. Conversely, I found that participation in a regional ecosystem planning effort had little effect on local land use policy. Within this context, key factors yielding more environmentally focused planning and implementation included local commitment to ecosystem planning, development pressure, and recent natural hazard impacts. Key factors steering communities away from ecosystem management included poor economic conditions, a desire to maintain local autonomy, and consultant-driven planning processes. Challenges for all communities include the ability to adopt policies that address biodiversity and regionally significant landscapes.

Ekosystemtjänster är de ekologiska funktioner, egenskaper eller processer som bidrar till att främja människors välbefinnande. Mänsklig aktivitet kan ha negativ påverkan på ekosystemtjänster men genom att integrera ekosystem inom flera samhällssektorer och politiska områden kan det strävas efter att dessa genererar viktiga ekosystemtjänster. I denna uppsats undersöks hur ekosystemtjänster integreras i den fysiska planeringen. I undersökningen har en dokumentanalys genomförts tillsammans med att tjänstemän från tre kommuner samt Länsstyrelsen intervjuats. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk utgörs av den socio-ekologiska planeringsteorin samt begreppet ekosystemtjänster. Resultatet visar på att arbetet med att integrera ekosystemtjänster i planeringen är olika inarbetat utifrån varje kommuns egna förutsättningar. Att värna om ekosystemtjänster kan skapa mervärden i samhället. Kunskap och samverkan är något som anses vara viktigt för att skapa förståelse inom ämnet och att i framtiden monetärt värdesätta ekosystemtjänster skulle kunna bidra till en ökad förståelse för vad de bidrar med och vad som skulle kunna gå förlorat.<br>Ecosystem services are the ecological functions, properties or processes that contribute to promoting human well-being. Human activity can have a negative impact on ecosystem services, but by integrating ecosystems into several sectors of society and policy areas, it can be ensured that these generate important ecosystem services. This essay examines how ecosystem services are integrated into spatial planning today. In the survey, a literature study was conducted together with interviews with officials from three municipalities and the County Administrative Board. The theoretical framework of the thesis consists of the socio-ecological planning theory and the concept of ecosystem services. The results show that the work of integrating ecosystem services into the planning is differently incorporated based on each municipality's own conditions. Protecting ecosystem services can create added value in society. Knowledge and collaboration are considered important for creating understanding within the subject and that in the future monetary valuation of ecosystem services could contribute to an increased understanding of what they contribute and what could be lost.

Background: Innovation and collaboration are deemed popular terms that are widely used and agreed on. It is implied that innovation without collaboration seems to be unlikely (Deichmann et al., 2017, Haanæs et al., 2018, Innov8rs, 2018). However, the meaning behind innovations of disruptive, incremental, or radical character remains vague and presumably differs between practitioners, just as it differs among scholars. Also, the literature only implies how collaboration can be used effectively for innovation, whilst focussing more on what forms of collaborations are existing.   Research questions: How is innovation understood in the CIC? How does the CIC work together in order to realise cross-industry collaborations for innovation?   Purpose: This study aims at investigating the variety of innovation understanding and how it is applied in collaborations, based on the views of practitioners from different companies that are part of the Cross Industry Club.   Method: This research is designed as an exploratory case study and follows a qualitative strategy with abductive reasoning. Data is collected through nine semi-structured interviews with representatives from five different companies.   Conclusion: The study revealed that practitioners have other aspects in mind which define their understanding of innovation compared to scholars. By that, the usage of innovation terminology is rather arbitrary in practice. The influence of innovation frameworks on the understanding of innovation and the collaborative work have been revealed. Innovation in a cross-industry collaboration, in its purpose and characteristics, is similar to the work of communities of practice. Challenges that appear during the emergence of a collaboration like the CIC, and values that affect the initial work towards cross-industry projects, have been identified.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to understand how partner alignment can be created in a business ecosystem to work towards sustainability in the construction industry. The following research questions will therefore be studied: RQ1. What incentives are important for the subcontractors in a business ecosystem to reach partner alignment in a construction context? RQ2. What factors are required to create norms in the business ecosystem to reach partner alignment in a construction context? RQ3. How can the relationship between incentives and norms in a business ecosystem affect partner alignment in a construction context? Method Through a qualitative, abductive, single case study, we aimed to find answers to the research questions presented above. The data collection was completed in three different waves, where the second phase was where the main data was collected through 25 semi-structured interviews. We aimed to understand the current situation in the first wave, understand the subcontractors view in the second wave and validate the result in the third wave. The analysis of the data was completed through a thematic analysis, where we transcribed and coded the data with themes mainly originated from the previously studied literature. Findings Our findings resulted in two frameworks showing (1) recommendations important to perform in diverse stages of a collaboration in order to use incentives and norms in the best way possible. The aim is to reach partner alignment in a business ecosystem in the construction industry and thereby influence the subcontractors to work towards sustainability. Further, it is shown in framework number (2) how both incentives and norms have an important role, where incentives are important for short-term motivation to confirm good behavior and will be significant in the beginning of a relationship. Norms on the other hand, evolve over time and clarify an expected behavior, but the implementation should still start in the beginning of the collaboration.  Theoretical implications We contribute to the literature by applying the ecosystem concept in the construction industry, where a project-based partnering structure has previously dominated. Further, we create a greater understanding for what is required to achieve aligned partners in a construction context and how the combination of incentives and norms can contribute to this. Lastly, we give a more thorough analysis of the interaction between incentives and norms and how they relate to each other.  Managerial implications We provide managerial guidelines of how to establish partner alignment and encourage subcontractors in a business ecosystem to work with sustainability. We provide recommendations of motivation drivers, in terms of incentives and norms, and drivers significant to implement in certain phases of a collaborative setting. We further describe the relationship between incentives and norms, and state that incentive confirms good behavior and creates short-term motivation, while norms clarifies an expected behavior.  Keywords Partner alignment, business ecosystem, collaborative strategies, sustainability, construction, incentives, norms, shared values<br>Syfte Syftet med studien är att förstå hur deltagarna i ett ekosystem kan enas för att jobba mot en hållbar byggindustri. Följande forskningsfrågor kommer därmed studeras: RQ1. Vilka incitament är viktiga för underentreprenörerna i ett ekosystem för att uppnå enade deltagare kring hållbarhet i byggbranschen? RQ2. Vilka faktorer krävs för att skapa normer i ett ekosystem för att uppnå enade deltagare kring hållbarhet i byggbranschen? RQ3. Hur kan relationen mellan incitament och normer i ett ekosystem påverka deltagarnas samtycke kring hållbarhet i byggbranschen? Metod Genom en kvalitativ, abduktiv, fallstudie, strävade vi efter att besvara forskningsfrågorna presenterade ovan. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i tre olika faser, där den andra fasen utgjorde insamlingen av data som slutligen möjliggjorde att vi kunde besvara forskningsfrågorna. Fasen utgjordes av 25 semistrukturerade intervjuer, varav 20 respondenter tillhörde externa företag och fem respondenter tillhörde fallstudiens studerade företag. Målet med första fasen var att förstå den nuvarande situationen, för att sedan förstå underentreprenörernas syn i den andra fasen och slutligen validera resultatet i den tredje fasen. Analysen av data genomfördes med en tematisk analys, där vi transkriberade och kodade data, med teman som huvudsakligen härstammar från den tidigare studerade litteraturen. Resultat Vårt bidrag resulterade i två modeller som visar (1) rekommendationer för olika faser av ett samarbete, för att incitament och normer ska användas på bästa möjliga sätt. Målet är att uppnå enade deltagare i ett ekosystem i byggindustrin and därigenom influera underentreprenörer till att tänka hållbart. Vidare visar modell (2) relationen mellan incitament och normer och hur båda har en betydande roll. Incitament är viktigt för kortsiktig motivation, för att bekräfta ett önskvärt beteende och kommer ha stor betydelse framförallt i början av ett samarbete. Normer utvecklas över tid och tydliggör ett förväntat beteende men där implementeringen bör fortfarande ske i samarbetets startskede. Teoretiska bidrag Vi bidrar till litteraturen genom att applicera ett ekosystemperspektiv i byggbranschen, där en projekt-baserat partnering struktur tidigare har dominerat. Vidare skapar vi en större förståelse för vad som krävs för att skapa enade deltagare kring hållbarhet i ett bygg-kontext och hur kombinationen av incitament och normer kan bidra till det. Slutligen ger vi en grundlig analys av hur interaktionen mellan incitament och normer kan ha betydelse för att uppnå hållbarhet. Praktiska bidrag Vi presenterar riktlinjer för hur en företagsledning kan skapa enade deltagare och uppmuntra underentreprenörer i ett ekosystem till att jobba med hållbarhet i åtanke. Vidare presenterar vi rekommendationer för motivationsfaktorer, i termer av incitament och normer, och vilka som bör implementeras i vilken fas av ett samarbete. Slutligen beskriver vi relationen mellan incitament och normer, och konstaterar att incitament bekräftar önskvärda beteenden och skapar kortsiktig motivation, medan normer tydliggör ett förväntat beteende. Nyckelord Ekosystem, samarbetsstrategier, hållbarhet, bygg, incitament, normer, värderingar

La collaboration entre startups et grandes entreprises s’avère de plus en plus nécessaire dans le contexte actuel d’innovation ouverte, d’accélération de la demande du marché et donc de course de plus en plus rapide à l’innovation. Ces partenaires asymétriques présentent toutefois des différences notoires qui peuvent générer une distance entre eux, susceptible de mettre en péril le projet de collaboration. Au-delà de la dyade, d’autres acteurs de l’écosystème, en particulier les intermédiaires de l’innovation, participent également au projet de collaboration. L’objectif de cette thèse est de faire émerger les facteurs favorisant la collaboration symbiotique entre startups et grandes entreprises, basés sur une indépendance organisationnelle et financière des acteurs. Cette thèse vise également à montrer l’intérêt du recours à l’analogie avec la symbiose biologique entre symbiotes interagissant dans un écosystème donné. Il s’agit ainsi de mettre en exergue les facteurs d’équilibre de la relation, dans une optique gagnant-gagnant. Partant des différences mises en lumière à travers la distance cognitive, cette recherche propose d’étudier le phénomène de la collaboration startup - grande entreprise selon une approche exploratoire et une méthode mixte, qualitative et quantitative, basée sur la méthode des cas. L’étude de 38 cas réalisée (ayant conduit à une collecte de données auprès de 53 répondants sous forme d’entretiens et de questionnaire) propose une approche temporelle, multi-perspectives et holistique, mobilisant le cadre théorique de la proximité (géographique, cognitive, sociale, organisationnelle) et celui des capacités dynamiques. Cette recherche a donné lieu à quatre articles conduisant à plusieurs contributions théoriques et managériales. En premier lieu, l’étude selon la perspective des startups a permis d’identifier les facteurs favorisant la proximité et la collaboration entre startups et grandes entreprises en fonction de quatre niveaux : intra-organisationnel de la grande entreprise, intra-organisationnel de la startup, inter-organisationnel et écosystémique. La poursuite de l’exploration a mis en lumière la complémentarité des compétences des équipes fondatrices de startups, en comparaison avec les startupers solos, et qui est source de proximité avec les grandes entreprises. La suite de l’étude, selon la perspective des grandes entreprises, a mis en évidence l’importance d’un management fondé sur l’intelligence collective ainsi que de l’évolution du rôle des managers intermédiaires des grandes entreprises dans l’implémentation d’une stratégie d’innovation ouverte intégrant une variété d’acteurs, telles que les startups. Enfin, l’étude de la perspective des intermédiaires de l’innovation quant à leurs rôles dans le développement de la collaboration startup - grande entreprise a permis de faire émerger ces différents rôles selon trois phases de la construction de la collaboration, dont celui de constituer une ressource externe pour la grande entreprise pour la régénération de ses capacités dynamiques. Une contribution transversale est également l’identification et l’opérationnalisation des 2+1 phases de la collaboration suivant un axe chronologique : les phases Amont, de Design et de Processus de la collaboration<br>Collaboration between startups and large firms is becoming increasingly necessary in the current context of open innovation, accelerating market demand and thus the increasingly rapid race to innovate. These asymmetrical partners, however, present significant differences that can generate a distance between them that can jeopardize the collaboration project. Beyond the dyad, other actors of the ecosystem, in particular innovation intermediaries, also participate in the collaborative project. The objective of this thesis is to bring out the factors fostering symbiotic collaboration between startups and large firms, based on an organizational and financial independence of the actors. This thesis also aims to show the interest of using the analogy with the biological symbiosis between symbionts interacting in a given ecosystem. The aim is thus to highlight the balance factors of the relationship, in a win-win perspective. Starting from the differences brought to light through cognitive distance, this research proposes to study the phenomenon of startup - large firm collaboration according to an exploratory approach and a mixed qualitative and quantitative method, based on the case method. The study of 38 cases carried out (leading to a data collection from 53 respondents in the form of interviews and survey) proposes a time-based, multi-perspective and holistic approach, mobilizing the theoretical framework of proximity (geographical, cognitive, social, organizational) and that of dynamic capabilities. This research resulted in four articles leading to several theoretical and managerial contributions. Firstly, the study from the startup's perspective allowed to identify the factors fostering proximity and collaboration between startups and large firms according to four levels: intra-organizational of the large firm, intra-organizational of the startup, inter-organizational and ecosystemic. Further exploration has then highlighted the complementary skills of startup founding teams, compared to solo startuppers, which is a source of proximity to large firms. The continuation of the study, from the perspective of large firms, brought to light the importance of a management based on collective intelligence as well as the evolving role of middle managers in large firms in the implementation of an open innovation strategy integrating a variety of actors, such as startups. Finally, the study of the perspective of innovation intermediaries regarding their roles in the development of startup - large firm collaboration has allowed these different roles to emerge according to three phases of the collaboration construction, including that of constituting an external resource for the large firm for the regeneration of its dynamic capabilities. A transversal contribution is also the identification and operationalization of the 2+1 phases of the collaboration along a chronological axis: the Upstream, Design and Process phases of the collaboration

Récemment, avec les progrès technologiques rapides que nous observons dans le domaine des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC), de nombreux Systèmes d'Information (SI) sont introduits dans nos vies à la maison ou au travail. Cela entraînera des défis croissants pour les utilisateurs, tels que la nécessité de gérer d'énormes quantités de ressources et la difficulté de collaborer avec les autres. Afin de trouver la bonne information au bon moment pour prendre des décisions éclairées, les utilisateurs doivent rechercher des ressources réparties dans de nombreux SI (courriels, réseaux sociaux, pages wiki, notes électroniques, etc.). Le processus de recherche de ressources dans différents SI est coûteux et prend du temps; il doit donc être optimisé. L'émergence des Écosystèmes Numériques (DE) offre aux utilisateurs le potentiel d'améliorer l'accessibilité et la coordination des différents systèmes.D'autre part comparable à un DE, un système de systèmes d'information (SoIS) est composé de SI intégrés qui sont hétérogènes et fonctionnent indépendamment de manière autonome, mais qui sont mis en réseau pour un objectif commun.L'objectif mentionné précédemment, pourrait être l'organisation et le partage de ressources hétérogènes. Cette thèse se concentre sur le passage des Écosystèmes Numériques à un système de systèmes d'information en tant que solution aux défis émergents auxquels sont confrontés les utilisateurs de différents SI dans un contexte de collaboration. Le SoIS donne l'occasion d'explorer comment la collaboration peut être améliorée grâce à une combinaison de différents SI dans l'environnement numérique des organisations. Dans ce contexte, nous avons défini un modèle sémantique et un modèle architectural de SoIS. Nous avons ensuite développé un prototype, appelé MEMORAeSoIS, basé sur ces modèles comme support de collaboration. Ce prototype peut offrir la possibilité d'indexer, de partager, d'annoter et de recommander des ressources importantes provenant de différents SI<br>Recently, with the rapid technological advancement that we are witnessing in the domain of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), many Information Systems (ISs) are introduced into our lives either at home or at work. That will cause growing challenges for the users, such as the need for managing huge amounts of resources and the difficulty to collaborate with others. In order to find the right information at the right time to make educated decisions, users have to look for resources distributed in many ISs (emails, social networks, wiki pages, electronic notes etc.). The process of searching for resources in different ISs is costly and time-consuming; therefore it needs to be optimized. The emergence of Digital Ecosystems (DE) presents the users with the potential for improving the accessibility and coordination of different systems. On the other hand, comparable to DE, a System of Information Systems (SoIS) is comprised of integrated ISs which are heterogeneous and independently operable on their own but are networked together for a common goal. The goal, as mentioned before, might be organizing and sharing of heterogeneous resources.This thesis focuses on moving from Digital Ecosystems towards a System of Information Systems as a solution to the emergent challenges facing users of different ISs in a collaboration context. The SoIS gives the opportunity to explore how collaboration can be enhanced through a combination of different ISs in the digital environment of organizations. In this context, we defined a semantic model and an architectural model of SoIS. We then developed a prototype, called MEMORAeSoIS, based on these models as collaboration support. This prototype can provide the ability to index, share, annotate, and recommend important resources coming from different ISs.Recently, with the rapid technological advancement that we are witnessing in the domain of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), many Information Systems (ISs) are introduced into our lives either at home or at work. That will cause growing challenges for the users, such as the need for managing huge amounts of resources and the difficulty to collaborate with others. In order to find the right information at the right time to make educated decisions, users have to look for resources distributed in many ISs (emails, social networks, wiki pages, electronic notes etc.). The process of searching for resources in different ISs is costly and time-consuming; therefore it needs to be optimized. The emergence of Digital Ecosystems (DE) presents the users with the potential for improving the accessibility and coordination of different systems. On the other hand, comparable to DE, a System of Information Systems (SoIS) is comprised of integrated ISs which are heterogeneous and independently operable on their own but are networked together for a common goal. The goal, as mentioned before, might be organizing and sharing of heterogeneous resources.This thesis focuses on moving from Digital Ecosystems towards a System of Information Systems as a solution to the emergent challenges facing users of different ISs in a collaboration context. The SoIS gives the opportunity to explore how collaboration can be enhanced through a combination of different ISs in the digital environment of organizations. In this context, we defined a semantic model and an architectural model of SoIS. We then developed a prototype, called MEMORAeSoIS, based on these models as collaboration support. This prototype can provide the ability to index, share, annotate, and recommend important resources coming from different ISs

Purpose - As energy demand increases in tandem with an increasing climate crisis, the world runs towards renewable energy generation. Within the area of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) there are a multitude of opportunities that should be capitalized on, but this requires an integration of the connected systems of Information Technology (IT) and the governing systems of Operational Technology (OT). In the utility sector, this has proven very complex. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges between utility companies, IT providers, and OT providers in the ecosystem to identify activities to combat these challenges by developing a contingency framework. Thus, contributing to the development of Smart Grids (SG) within renewable energy generation. Method – To fulfill the purpose of this study, the partnership between the Swedish branch of a global technology company and a sizeable Swedish energy producer has been investigated. A qualitative single case study has been conducted with an inductive, explorative approach. Empirical data were collected from 22 interviews and 4 workshops from six different companies across five countries. The interviews and workshops were conducted in three different waves: 1) Explorative, 2) Investigatory, and 3) Validatory. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings – Findings from our data analysis have identified challenges and key activities in four main categories: 1) IT/OT Collaborative Challenges, 2) IT/OT Technical Challenges, 3) IT/OT Collaborative Activities, and 4) IT/OT Technical Activities. These findings are combined to form a contingency framework that emphasizes the activities to overcome industry challenges. Theoretical and Practical Implications – Our findings and framework expand on current literature in IIoT, SGs, and Innovation Ecosystems development by investigating the collaborative challenges and activities within IT/OT collaboration rather than specific technologies or ecosystem structures. It also expands the literature on IT/OT convergence by taking a broader ecosystem perspective than only IT and OT companies. Our framework provides practical contributions for managers by identifying key challenges and activities and how these relate to each other. Limitations and Future Research – Our study is limited to a single case study on wind power generation in northern Europe. Therefore, future studies are recommended to investigate if our findings apply to other companies, industry sectors, and geographical areas.

Trots digitaliseringens snabba utveckling under senaste åren är fastighetsbranschen långt ifrån färdig-digitaliserad. En faktor som visat sig haft stor påverkan på digitaliseringens framgång är livskraftiga ekosystem och samarbete mellan aktörer, vilket idag är något som det saknas kunskap och forskning om. Syftet med den här rapporten är därför att undersöka vilka ekosystem som har skapats kring olika projekt samt förstå deras roll inom digital transformation. Frågeställningen besvaras med hjälp av en kartläggning av relevanta projekt och med en bakomliggande teori som bas för diskussion och slutsats. Av arbetet har framkommit att det mest förekommande ekosystemet är av typen innovation, med varierande huvudaktörer beroende på projekt.<br>Even though the development of digitalization has spread rapidly over the last few years digitalization within the real estate sector has yet to run its course. A lack of knowledge about ecosystems, and importantly, an understanding of collaboration among actors within these systems, calls for additional research efforts. Taking a project-based perspective, this report summarizes insights and conclusions from a study of selected activities over the past decade in Sweden. The problem is answered by mapping relevant projects and with a background theory as a base for discussion and conclusion. We conclude that while the ’Innovation-type’ ecosystem is prevalent throughout the real estate sector, there is a broad range of actors involved depending on the type of ecosystem in question.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>The value of accountability as a key feature of strengthening health systems and reducing maternal, newborn and child mortality is increasingly emphasised globally, nationally and locally. Frontline health professionals and managers play a crucial role in promoting maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) services in an equitable and accountable manner. They are at the interface between higher-level health system management and communities, facing demands from both sides and often expected to perform beyond their available means. Although accountability is a central topic in the governance of MNCH literature, it has mostly been approached at global and national levels, with little understanding of how accountability is integrated into the routine functioning of local health systems. This PhD explores the forms and functioning of accountability at the district level focusing on MNCH as a programmatic area with long-established institutional mechanisms (structures and processes) in South Africa (SA). The thesis is presented in the form of four empirical papers (published or submitted), exploring different dimensions of accountability, which are embedded in a series of narrative chapters. In this thesis, accountability is understood as a set of relations between an accountholder and ‘accountor’ (or duty bearer), in which the latter provides information or justification for actions or decisions taken, and faces the resulting consequences of his/her actions (reward or sanction). Accountability mechanisms are the means to regulate accountability relationships and include broad strategies, interventions or instruments. These mechanisms can take various forms including performance, financial and public accountability, and operate both vertically (accountability inside bureaucratic hierarchies, or towards external stakeholders and/or the community), or horizontally (between peers, ‘neighbour’ units, departments or ministries in a national health system). Drawing conceptually on the field of governance and considering the complexity of the accountability phenomenon, I adopted a case study approach to the PhD research, using a combination of policy document review, interviews (with managers, providers, community representatives and members of labour unions) and field observations, conducted iteratively over 16 months. The study was conducted in Gert Sibande District, one of the three South African health districts in Mpumalanga Province, with an in-depth focus on two of the seven sub-districts in the District. The research found that frontline health professionals have a clear understanding and conceptualisation of accountability in the SA health policy context, despite the reported inability to define accountability by health professionals described in the literature. Respondents referred to accountability as responsibility, answerability and virtue, and also argued for strengthening accountability mechanisms as critical to addressing maternal and child mortality. While deeming accountability as important, frontline professionals experienced the existing accountability mechanisms as ‘too much’ and indicated the desire for the streamlining of existing mechanisms. In this regard, the study documented numerous mechanisms at district level, almost all related to performance accountability in MNCH. These included a performance management system, quality assessment and accreditation processes, quarterly reviews, and death surveillance and response processes. The existence of multiple and overlapping accountability mechanisms engenders operational confusion and ‘accountability overload’ for frontline providers, encouraging empty bureaucratic compliance, while critical gaps – notably in community accountability – remain. In practice, at their best, some mechanisms operate following a reciprocal1 pathway of capacity building with resource provision (from management) and expectation for better performance (from providers). There were, however, contextual variations in the implementation and practice of the mechanisms between sub-district settings. The fieldwork observations and interviews were also able to document how formal institutionalised mechanisms are embedded within a complex system of informal accountability relationships and social norms (‘accountability ecosystem’) that enables or constrains the ability of frontline professionals to fulfil their tasks. In addition, using a Social Network Analysis approach, the research identified key actors and their involved network, which form the relational backdrop to the functioning of accountability mechanisms for MNCH. By revealing complex relationships and collaboration patterns among frontline health professionals, the study was able to show the multi-level action and multiple actors required to achieve MNCH goals.

My study is informed by a partnership initiated between Gun Free South Africa and the Department of Education (District Tshwane South) with the concern of addressing violence in schools. Schools are often seen as professionalised and distant from their local communities. Learners belong to the very communities that are distanced from the school. They bring to school the unresolved issues from their families and interpersonal relations within the community. The study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of violence by a school community and how they cope with it. The study was informed by a qualitative and instrumental case study design within an interpretivist paradigm. Furthermore, the study was guided by an integrated conceptual framework derived from an asset-based and ecosystemic model, coping theories and the management system adapted from Babbie (2001). To address this I incorporated a variety of strategies such as interviews, collages, timeline and concept mapping through which a crystallisation of data could be obtained. I also used informal observations and visual data as additional data generating methods. Through a thematic analysis approach the study reveal the existence of violence as a challenge to the school community, and impacts directly or indirectly to their well-being. The study has further indicated that the perpetrators are known to the victims. The findings of the study suggest that on the basis of the integrated conceptual framework support structures could be mobilized, building partnerships between local schools and the community to provide a firm foundation for educational renewal and community regeneration and to contribute directly to the strengthening and development of the school community. The information gathered might also assist policy developers in developing support and intervention programmes for the restoration of school safety. Copyright<br>Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Educational Psychology<br>MEd<br>unrestricted

The New Space industry is a novel branch of the space industry focusing on innovation and commercialization. It experiences very swift growth, although only a fraction of this growth has taken place in Sweden. In order to change this, policymakers are investing funds and efforts into developing the Swedish New Space industry, including the Kvarken Space Center project, aimed at developing the Northern Swedish New Space industry. Here, we see public support in developing a high-tech innovation ecosystem in a peripheral area. This is a topic offering multiple research streams on the most efficient development methods, two of which juxtapose the knowledge ecosystem and intercompany collaborations respectively. With that in mind, we formulated the following research question:   How are collaborations and the knowledge ecosystem used to source knowledge for the innovation process?   To approach to the subject, we gathered literature on innovation systems and ecosystems in order to analyze the importance of the knowledge ecosystem and the various shapes the industry can assume. This information is linked to theory on knowledge types and sourcing methods considering tacit and codified knowledge, which through different constellations form different needs of knowledge sources.   Our empirical approach investigated how the companies used different knowledge sources, namely collaborations, the knowledge ecosystem, and other sources, including networks, monitoring, and mobility. Thereafter, we considered the effects of outstanding factors, including funding and the peripheral region, on knowledge input in innovation.   We identified that companies in the upstream industry node, i.e. those related to launch activities and vehicles, and companies in the downstream node, i.e. those extracting data from space, both use engineering knowledge. Engineering knowledge requires both tacit and some codified knowledge, suggesting similar knowledge inputs for both nodes. However, different node traits lead to different inputs. Upstream companies see low degrees of knowledge transfer, especially from the knowledge ecosystem and from collaborations due to NDAs and intellectual property regards, and tacit knowledge input from external sources is particularly lacking.  Downstream actors see few constraints to using the investigated knowledge sources, although collaborations saw difficulties due to complexities in structuring them. However, many unilateral complementarities are seen from the knowledge ecosystem, leading to higher knowledge input particularly from networks, while also boosting collaborations to some extent. This was also partly observed in upstream companies. Thus, the knowledge ecosystem sees significant use, although much is indirect, while collaborations see less use.   Our main findings are that policymakers and the knowledge ecosystem should focus more on sources of tacit knowledge, such as students, while investing in network-boosting activities as industry events. Companies, especially upstream ones, should utilize collaborations more. Upstream companies should also utilize the local knowledge ecosystem more, as the rights to intellectual property produced by private actors in universities belong to the producer. Regarding future research, we warrant studies on knowledge sourcing in New Space companies and other knowledge sources, such as networks as a compensatory knowledge source.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-09-21T13:18:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raul Eduardo da Rocha Merch_.pdf: 12607508 bytes, checksum: 3d7c51c9ddd94d9a34e6447f8779b587 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T13:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raul Eduardo da Rocha Merch_.pdf: 12607508 bytes, checksum: 3d7c51c9ddd94d9a34e6447f8779b587 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28<br>Nenhuma<br>O ambiente organizacional do Business to Business (B to B) é constituído por uma multiplicidade de empresas e profissionais. Sua operacionalidade acontece por relações interdisciplinares, interfuncionais e interorganizacionais, formando uma grande rede de negócios. Nesse ecossistema corporativo, o designer assume o papel de ator intérprete, projetando cenários, interligando relações e construindo processos e projetos coletivos de estratégias que visam inovação. Como pouco são os estudos sobre o uso de redes ecossistêmicas de intérpretes e processos de colaboração cocriativa que projetem inovações pelo design nesse segmento, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é identificar se a rede ecossistêmica de intérpretes de uma empresa B to B, pode promover, por meio da colaboração cocriativa, estratégias de design dirigidos à inovação. Para tanto as escolhas da fundamentação teórica, assim como a investigação-ação, abordam uma temática sobre redes, ecossistema, intérpretes, cocriação, inovação, seguido de uma prática de projeto. Com base nesse pressuposto, busca-se responder ao objetivo da pesquisa, utilizando a pesquisa-ação que utilizou como unidade de análise o ecossistema da Clippertec, industria fabricante de equipamentos para o segmento Pet. A metodologia da pesquisa é estruturada por um ciclo de pesquisa-ação. A partir da reflexão teórica, do entendimento de redes, ecossistemas, processos de colaboração cocriativa, inovação, identificação dos segmentos, empresas e profissionais, participantes da rede ecossistêmica da Clippertec, construiu-se um modelo próprio de redes de intérpretes, qual serviu para desenvolver ações projetuais na prática de projeto ocorrida no workshop. A discussão contemplou aspectos relacionados a construção e graus de relações da rede de intérpretes, contribuições por meio de colaboratividade cocritativa, através do workshop e ações projetuais para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de design dirigidos à inovação. Os resultados apontam para a possibilidade de aplicação de um modelo de rede ecossistêmica de intérpretes que, através de colaboração cocriativa, promovam estratégias de design dirigidos à inovação no segmento business to business (B to B).<br>The organizational environment of Business to Business (B to B) consists of a multiplicity of companies and professionals. Its operability happens for relationships which are increasingly interdisciplinary, cross-functional and inter-organizational, forming a large network of business. In this corporative ecosystem, the designer assumes the role of interpreter actor, projecting scenarios, linking relationships and building processes and collective projects of strategies aimed at innovation. As there are few studies on the use of ecosystem networks of interpreters and co-creative collaborative processes that project innovations by design in this segment, the overall objective of this research is to identify whether the ecosystem network of interpreters of a company B to B, can promote, through co-creative collaboration, design strategies driven toward innovation. Therefore the choices of the theoretical foundation, as well as research-action, address the theme on networks, ecosystem, interpreters, co-creation, innovation, followed by a design practice. On the basis of this presumption, the aim is to respond to the objective of the research, using action-research that utilizes as a unit of analysis the Clippertec ecosystem, industry manufacturer of equipment for the Pet segment. The research methodology is structured by a cycle of action-research from the theoretical reflection, the understanding of networks, ecosystems, co-creative collaboration processes, innovation, identification of segments, companies and professionals, ecosystem network participants from Clippertec, constructed by its own model of networks of interpreters, which served to develop actions in design practice that occurred in the workshop. The discussion contemplated aspects related to construction and degrees of relationships of the interpreters network, contributions from co-creative collaborations, through the workshop and design actions for the development of design strategies driving innovation. The results point to the possibility of applying an ecosystem network model of interpreters which, through co-creative collaboration, promote design strategies driving innovation in the B to B segment.

Dans la plupart des pays insulaires du Pacifique sud, la sur-insularité de la Polynésie française constitue un défi unique pour la mise en œuvre de la scolarisation inclusive. Un écart important existe entre l’idéel des injonctions institutionnelles d’une éducation inclusive et le réel des expériences partenariales des familles et des professionnels. La thèse vise à comprendre comment l’évolution des pratiques inclusives en Polynésie française peut répondre, au regard de ses spécificités, aux injonctions d’une éducation inclusive. Il s’agit plus précisément d’étudier, a) les représentations sociales des acteurs de l’éducation inclusive, b) les pratiques collaboratives inclusives entre les professionnels et les familles, ainsi que c) la gestion des ressources humaines et matérielles dans une visée écosystémique. La démarche méthodologique suivie, compréhensive et casuistique, aborde les phénomènes sociaux à partir de dix-huit situations particulières de jeunes en situation de handicap et/ou à BEP domiciliés en Polynésie française. La méthodologie qualitative de cette recherche est aussi de type ethnographique, du fait qu’elle repose, en grande partie, sur une insertion personnelle de longue durée qui permet au chercheur d’appréhender l’expérience des acteurs professionnels de l’éducation inclusive. L’enquête de terrain comprend cinquante-sept entretiens de famille, de professionnels de l’éducation et de professionnels médicaux et médicosociaux. Les résultats obtenus permettent d’identifier douze parcours de vie singuliers de jeunes en situation de handicap et/ou à BEP de Polynésie française, où se côtoient, se confrontent et se confondent, au fil des événements et des expériences individuelles et collectives, les mondes différents de la famille et des divers professionnels. Les parcours de vie avec leurs ruptures et leurs continuités spatiotemporelles mettent en évidence la diversité des situations et des expériences dans le cadre de l’éducation inclusive en territoire insulaire dispersé. Les résultats de ce travail contribuent, par ailleurs, à articuler dans une dynamique croisée et écosystémique trois facettes de l’éducation inclusive. Tout d’abord, ils rendent compte du rôle des représentations sociales des différents partenaires dans l’évolution de l’éducation inclusive en Polynésie française. Ensuite, les résultats montrent que les pratiques collaboratives sont plus axées sur la transmission d’informations que sur la coordination ou la coopération entre les partenaires. Ils suggèrent également une asymétrie dans les interactions entre les familles et les professionnels avec une plus grande importance accordée aux professionnels. La question de la place que peuvent prendre les parents dans l’espace d’inter-métiers est posée. Enfin, l’étude met en évidence, dans une résolution écosystémique, l’importance mais aussi la relativité des distances géographique et culturelle avec les partenaires dans l’efficience de l’éducation inclusive mise en œuvre en tout point de la Polynésie française.Au-delà des prolongements qu’offre cette thèse quant à la scolarisation inclusive des élèves en situation de handicap et/ou à BEP en Polynésie française, les outils proposés de modélisation et de compréhension des parcours de vie et des trajectoires de différents statuts des jeunes en situation de handicap peuvent s’avérer utiles aux professionnels impliqués dans l’éducation inclusive. Les connaissances apportées sur les représentations sociales liées à la situation de handicap, sur les pratiques collaboratives et sur la gestion des ressources en contexte d’insularité dispersé sont susceptibles d’être complétées, discutées et prolongées lors de diverses formations pratiques et théoriques des acteurs de terrain rapprochant ainsi les prescriptions descendantes de scolarisation inclusive du macrosystème des attentes ascendantes des mésosystème et microsystème<br>The aim of this study is to assess the evolution of inclusive education in French Polynesia. Indeed, as in most South Pacific Island countries, French Polynesia's over-insularity represents a unique challenge for the implementation of inclusive schooling. A significant gap exists between the ideals of institutional injunctions for inclusive education and the reality of partnership experiences of families and professionals. This thesis aims to understand how the evolution of inclusive practices in French Polynesia can respond to the injunctions of inclusive education, considering its specificities. More specifically, the aim is to study the social representations of those involved in inclusive education, inclusive collaborative practices between professionals and between the latter and families, and the management of human and material resources from an epistemic perspective.The methodological approach adopted, which is both comprehensive and casuistic, enables social phenomena to be addressed based on eighteen specific situations involving young people with disabilities and/or BEPs living in French Polynesia. The qualitative methodology of this research is also ethnographic, in that it is based, in large part, on a long-term personal insertion which allows the researcher to apprehend the experience of professional actors in inclusive education. The field survey includes fifty-seven interviews with families, education professionals and medical and medico-social professionals. The results obtained and the perspectives envisaged enable me to identify twelve singular life courses of young people with disabilities and/or BEP in French Polynesia, where the different worlds of the family and the various professionals rub shoulders, confront and merge, as events and individual and collective experiences unfold. The life courses, with their spatiotemporal ruptures and continuities, highlight the diversity of situations and experiences in the context of inclusive education in a dispersed island territory. The results contribute to the cross-fertilization and ecosystemic dynamics of three aspects of inclusive education addressed in this work. Firstly, they help to change the way professionals look at the inclusive schooling of young people with disabilities and/or BEP, particularly in terms of considering the social representations of different partners. Secondly, the results show that collaborative practices are more focused on the transmission of information than on coordination or cooperation. They also suggest an asymmetry in the interactions between families and professionals, with greater emphasis on professionals. This raises the question of the role parents can play in the inter-professional arena. Finally, the study highlights, through an ecosystemic resolution, the importance but also the relativity of geographical and cultural distances with partners in the efficiency of inclusive schooling anywhere in French Polynesia. Beyond the extensions offered by this thesis regarding the inclusive schooling of students with disabilities and/or SEN in French Polynesia, the tools proposed for modeling and understanding the life courses and trajectories of different statuses of young people with disabilities may prove useful to professionals involved in inclusive education. The knowledge provided on social representations linked to the disability situation, on collaborative practices and on the management of resources in a dispersed insular context is likely to be supplemented, discussed and extended during various practical and theoretical training for stakeholders. Field thus bringing together the top-down prescriptions for inclusive schooling of the macrosystem with the bottom-up expectations of the mesosystem and microsystem

「内発的地域イノベーション・エコシステム」とは、地域課題の革新的な解決を可能にする多様なプレイヤーによる機能的ネットワークであり、相互作用と共進化により持続する自律的システムである。人口減少を迎える小規模自治体において、いかにそうしたエコシステムを生み出し、地域公共財としての社会関係資本を蓄積しながら、しなやかに地域社会を維持・発展させていくことが可能なのかについて、国内の先進事例をもとに分析を行った。<br>"Endogenous Regional Social Innovation Ecosystem" is that enable innovative solutions to regional challenges. It is a functional network of multi-sectoral players that is autonomous, sustained by interaction and co-evolution among the players. I analyzed based on advanced cases in Japan, about how it is possible for domestic small municipalities with declining populations to maintain and develop the local community in a flexible manner by creating such an ecosystem while accumulating social capital as local public goods.<br>博士(ソーシャル・イノベーション)<br>Doctor of Philosophy in Social Innovation<br>同志社大学<br>Doshisha University

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Information Management, specialization in Information Systems and Technologies Management<br>Digitalization and emerging technologies influence organization’s environment by making them more dynamic and unpredictable. These changes not only provide capabilities for companies to leverage their operational performance, but also bring challenges to organizations that need to assess new strategies in order to survive and sustain their competitiveness. Therefore, the benefits of Digital Ecosystem (DE) become more prominent and promise industry insights and networks that are able to complement an organization’s specific value chain. Organizations have realized that they are not able to survive on a competitive and dynamic market on their own and discovered the opportunities that partnerships can bring. Instead of developing own solutions, organizations reach out to market leaders and adopt their solutions instead. By doing this, innovative solutions and valuable industry insights can be assessed with little effort. In order to integrate the benefits of DE, the organization’s strategic Information Systems Planning needs to be re-evaluated and modified upon new artifacts based on existing research on DE capabilities. Further, considerations upon establishing agility through DE opportunities are arising as well. Nevertheless, studies reveal that only few companies are able to succeed with their digital transformation which is leading to a high quote for failures in the adoption of digital business ecosystems. Hence, the reason for the failure remains unidentified and requires research. As digital ecosystems harbor the potential of providing valuable capabilities and resources to a company, the need for an DE integration framework is emerging.

The population ageing is a global trend that affects almost all countries in the world. The global share of people with 60 years or over is expected to reach 21.6% by 2050. The social and economic impact of this tendency is huge, creating new challenges to healthcare and social support services. Furthermore, population ageing is linked to an increased number of people with physical limitations together with the isolation of persons. The Ambient Assisted Living paradigm seeks to answer to some of this challenges through the integration of innovative technologies, products, systems and services. Aiming the development of an ecosystem of products and services for Ambient Assisted Living, the AAL4ALL project was created joining more than thirty research, academic and industry partners. During the AAL4ALL project a 3-layered model of services ecosystem was adopted for the conceptual architecture. This work presents a collaborative platform as a contribution to the top layer of the conceptual architecture - AAL Ecosystem.<br>O envelhecimento da população é uma tendência global que afeta quase todos os países no mundo. A nível mundial, a percentagem de pessoas com mais de 60 anos deve atingir os 21,6% até 2050. Os impactos sociais e económicos desta tendência são enormes, criando novos desafios aos serviços de saúde e de assistência social. Além disso, o envelhecimento populacional significa um aumento do número de pessoas com limitações físicas bem como o seu isolamento. O paradigma de Ambient Assisted Living procura responder a alguns destes desafios através da integração de tecnologias, produtos, sistemas e serviços inovadores. Com o objetivo de desenvolver um ecossistema de produtos e serviços de Ambient Assisted Living, o projeto AAL4ALL foi criado reunindo mais de trinta parceiros das áreas académica, de investigação e indústria. Durante o projeto AAL4ALL, um modelo de ecossistema de serviços de 3 camadas foi adotado para a arquitetura conceptual. Este trabalho apresenta uma plataforma colaborativa como contributo para a camada superior da arquitetura conceptual – Ecossistema AAL.

Today, software ecosystems have become transparent, allowing users to submit issue reports and new feature requests to the development team. The more permeable boundaries of ecosystems provide an open culture paradigm where stakeholders, customers, developers and other user groups have the access to participate during all phases of requirement development. One example of this open culture in software ecosystems is found in work item discussions, which are aimed to improve how requirements are elicited, analyzed and validated. In this thesis, we investigate who participates in requirements discussions, identifying and focusing on emergent contributors; discussants that are not officially part of the development team or required to participate, but contribute to work item discussions. We report form a case study of online requirement discussion in IBM’s collaborative lifecycle management. We find that external contributors emerge frequently during discussions and that they mediate the clarification of requirements. Our results indicate that it is important for emergent contributors to be involved early in the requirements process, otherwise there is a negative effect on the work items’ progress. We discuss the implications of our findings for both practitioners and researchers with suggestions for future studies.<br>Graduate<br>0984<br>0291<br>0790<br>aminah.yussuf@gmail.com

This cumulative dissertation captures the sharing economy’s sustainability dynamics by applying a macro-, meso-, and micro-level analysis to investigate the actors and elements involved in constituting the field. On a macro-level, the first study examines the social, political, and economic context that shapes (non-)sustainable sharing entrepreneurs’ behavior. The second study's meso-level analysis investigates how sharing entrepreneurs affect other organizations and communities to act more sustainable. Lastly, the third study adopts a micro-level analysis that focuses on entrepreneurs’ identity formation in the contested sharing economy. Overall, this dissertation contributes to a more fine-grained understanding of sustainability in the sharing economy and the various actors and elements involved in constituting the field. Moreover, the dissertation highlights the actions and interventions necessary for the sharing economy’s sustainability path.:List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations CHAPTER 1: Background and Research Gap 1.1 Theoretical Framework 1.1.1 The Evolution of the Sharing Economy 1.1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems 1.1.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Organizational Identity Work 1.2 Research Purpose and Scientific Contribution 1.2.1 Research Article I 1.2.2 Research Article II 1.2.3 Research Article III References CHAPTER 2: Research Article I CHAPTER 3: Research Article II 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theoretical Background 3.2.1 Entrepreneurial Ecosystems 3.2.2 Sustainability in the Sharing Economy 3.3 Data and Method 3.3.1 Research Context 3.3.2 Sampling Logic and Data Collection 3.3.3 Data Analysis 3.4 Findings 3.4.1 Building a Supportive Environment 3.4.2 Disrupting Normative Standards 3.4.3 Reframing the Sustainability Paradigm 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Implications for Theory 3.5.2 Implications for Practice 3.5.3 Limitations and Future Research References CHAPTER 4: Research Article III 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Theoretical Background 4.2.1 Identity Narratives in Contested Fields 4.2.2 Label Work and Collective Identity 4.3 Methodology 4.3.1 Research Setting: The Sharing Economy as a Contested Field 4.3.2 Data Sources and Collection 4.3.3 Data Analysis 4.4 Findings 4.4.1 Embracing the Label for Configuring Local Identity and Field Aspirations 4.4.2 Fixing the Label to Signal Distinctiveness 4.4.3 Unfixing the Label to Embrace Tensions and Ambiguities 4.4.4 Re-Fixing the Label to Consolidate a Collective Identity 4.5 Discussion 4.6 Conclusion References

Current demographic trends suggest that people are living longer, while the ageing process entails many necessities, calling for care services tailored to the individual senior’s needs and life style. Personalized provision of care services usually involves a number of stakeholders, including relatives, friends, caregivers, professional assistance organizations, enterprises, and other support entities. Traditional Information and Communication Technology based care and assistance services for the elderly have been mainly focused on the development of isolated and generic services, considering a single service provider, and excessively featuring a techno-centric approach. In contrast, advances on collaborative networks for elderly care suggest the integration of services from multiple providers, encouraging collaboration as a way to provide better personalized services. This approach requires a support system to manage the personalization process and allow ranking the {service, provider} pairs. An additional issue is the problem of service evolution, as individual’s care needs are not static over time. Consequently, the care services need to evolve accordingly to keep the elderly’s requirements satisfied. In accordance with these requirements, an Elderly Care Ecosystem (ECE) framework, a Service Composition and Personalization Environment (SCoPE), and a Service Evolution Environment (SEvol) are proposed. The ECE framework provides the context for the personalization and evolution methods. The SCoPE method is based on the match between the customer´s profile and the available {service, provider} pairs to identify suitable services and corresponding providers to attend the needs. SEvol is a method to build an adaptive and evolutionary system based on the MAPE-K methodology supporting the solution evolution to cope with the elderly's new life stages. To demonstrate the feasibility, utility and applicability of SCoPE and SEvol, a number of methods and algorithms are presented, and illustrative scenarios are introduced in which {service, provider} pairs are ranked based on a multidimensional assessment method. Composition strategies are based on customer’s profile and requirements, and the evolutionary solution is determined considering customer’s inputs and evolution plans. For the ECE evaluation process the following steps are adopted: (i) feature selection and software prototype development; (ii) detailing the ECE framework validation based on applicability and utility parameters; (iii) development of a case study illustrating a typical scenario involving an elderly and her care needs; and (iv) performing a survey based on a modified version of the technology acceptance model (TAM), considering three contexts: Technological, Organizational and Collaborative environment.

This project explores the potential for integrating an ecosystem service approach with the Central Texas Greenprint for Growth process, a continuing and active stakeholder supported voluntary conservation effort The report provides an overview of the Greenprint process, ecosystem services, and the participatory stakeholder method of social network analysis or mapping. Each of these methods may be used to explore opportunities to enhance the collaborative land conservation planning activity in Central Texas. Conservation goals identified in the Greenprint process are evaluated in terms of ecosystem service and methods for measuring more complete environmental value can be identified. This evaluation focuses on three out of the six goals that the stakeholders have identified as having importance: protect water quality and quantity, preserve farms and ranchlands, and protect cultural resources. Community-based environmental planning or adaptive management processes such as the Greenprint process requires effective communication methods to address complex issues among diverse stakeholders. Social network mapping and analysis are illustrated as a method to evaluate how stakeholders communicate information about ecosystem services. A limited social network analysis is conducted as a pilot study with a stakeholder group in Bastrop, Texas. Natural resource professionals have used social network analysis to understand the structure of relationships and the pathways of communication in community planning processes. I will review this method and its potential for application. Through questionnaires, data gathered at a stakeholder meeting and is used to develop a preliminary social network matrix to demonstrate the method. It is envisioned that the report would advance understanding of how an ecosystem service approach can enhance an active ecological planning process and landscape scale conservation.<br>text

We have been witnessing in the past few years a change in the social paradigm, moving, in just a few dozen years, from a population that used to live less years into one that has increased greatly its life expectancy. This change will imply that the reality of the existing services is also changing, with a much deeper attention being drawn into elderly and their needs. Because each person is unique and has specific needs and desires, it is very difficult that a single service or service provider can provide this solution in a satisfying manner. So, concepts like cooperation and collaboration, as well as service ecosystems become very important in the answer to the new social needs, becoming possible to provide ad-equate services to every elderly. The present work is integrated in a PhD research work, in which an ecosystem was conceptualized. That ecosystem has as inputs information regarding elderly people, their care needs, services they require, and the service providers. This ecosystem is man-aged by an ecosystem manager whose responsibility is to gather the information from the different sources and later, upon request, to run the algorithm to find the most ap-propriate solution for an elderly. This work’s goal is to develop an algorithm – named Service Composition and Personalization Environment (SCoPE) - which will evaluate the elderly request and the information that exists regarding the different services and service providers and try to provide several options to that elderly, according to pre-defined criteria. This algorithm is the ecosystem final part. The answers provided by the ecosystem’s algorithm depend, at each moment, on the information that the ecosystem has. This means that, in case the elderly changes its needs, or in case of the appearance of new services or service providers, the algorithm’s answer may be different. Not only that but also the solutions provided by the algorithm are not meant to be taken as definitive answers for the elderly but as suggestions, so that the elderly may make an informed decision. In conclusion, the developed work demonstrates that the proposed algorithm can provide consistent results to the ecosystem.

In 1995, the Salmon River Watershed Roundtable (SRWR) became a pilot project for a collaborative process to establish community-developed ecosystem objectives, (part of a larger project to develop goals, objectives and indicators of ecosystem health). This thesis evaluates the collaboration using mostly qualitative methods including document analysis, participant observation, interviews with process participants, and a survey of watershed residents. A comparison of the case study to a 5-stage model of collaboration framed the description of events, revealed parallels between the case study and the model, and placed the case study in the "structuring" stage of collaboration. Through evaluating the process from the participants' viewpoints, several conclusions were drawn. (1) The overall goal of the pilot project was achieved, community developed ecosystem objectives were established. (2) Process strengths included: wide-spread awareness and support for the project within the watershed; a clearly defined convenor role; a well organized and facilitated process which encouraged participation of people present; and the education of local residents about their watershed and their neighbours. (3) Process weaknesses or areas for improvement included: unclear roles of watershed residents and government agencies; poor attendance at community meetings; long and repetitive meetings; mistrust over the use of government funds; and scepticism about the ability of the SRWR to implement the objectives developed. Although the project cost $124,955 in contributed funding, as well as huge commitments of time and energy, most process participants thought the benefits of the process out-weighed those costs. Benefits included: anticipated improvements in ecosystem health; education of, and shared understanding among watershed stakeholders; information for use in other planning processes; and organizational direction for the SRWR. Successul elements of the case study provide a strong basis for continuing the pilot project into its next phases (developing ecosystem indicators and a monitoring program) and for cautiously attempting the process in other watersheds. Further assessments should be conducted in the future to determine the productivity of the process outcomes with respect to long term improvements in ecosystem health. Future efforts to develop ecosystem objectives should pay special attention to the cultural and social appropriateness of process methods, and power, authority and acocuntability within the process. Specific recommendations made for the SRWR regarding roles and responsibilities, communications, process, skill development and future research are also applicable to future projects. Both the federal and provincial governments have roles to play in the future promotion and development of ecosystem objectives in collaboration with local multi-stakeholder groups.

The research project upon which this dissertation is based focused on enhancing understandings of the nature of current First Nations/non-Aboriginal relations in environmental management. The project was undertaken as a collaborative initiative by the author, a non-Aboriginal doctoral researcher, in partnership with Walpole Island First Nation. The research served as an opportunity for co-producing knowledge on this subject across cultures and worldviews, and as an effort to build towards our shared aspiration of learning how distinct, yet inextricably linked, First Nations/non-Aboriginal understandings, approaches and worldviews can come together within a context of mutual respect and mutual benefit. The purpose of the research was to investigate the existence and types of issues leading to First Nations/non-Aboriginal tensions in environmental management, to analyze and unpack underlying causes of challenges identified via the research, and to construct avenues for relationship improvement. The research project was grounded in a specific investigation into relations in species at risk conservation and recovery in southern Ontario, Canada. The resulting dissertation is structured around three primary focal areas: 1) investigating and exposing colonial influences at play in Canada’s Species at Risk Act, and offering a new model for co-governance in this arena and beyond; 2) investigating relations surrounding efforts towards traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) transfer in species at risk work, with a focus on exploring issues identified in relation to intellectual imperialism; and 3) introducing and characterizing an original, reconceptualized approach to First Nations/non-Aboriginal relationships in academic research; this approach focused on ways in which investigatory practice can become a means of working towards broader reconciliation goals. Research findings from this dissertation indicate that colonial factors, often unevenly visible to actors involved in environmental management and research, continue to strongly affect the potential for positive, productive First Nations/non-Aboriginal relations in these spheres - including within the species at risk conservation and recovery arena examined here. Project results provide insight into the nature of the factors influencing relationships, as well as potential avenues for addressing the vitality of colonialism in contemporary relations and overcoming the influences on First Nations and on First Nations/non-Aboriginal relationships.

The purpose of the current study was two-fold. Firstly, to explore and describe how school staff members, learners and parents collaborate to prevent violence at two urban secondary schools and secondly, to help school staff members, parents and policymakers to gain a better understanding of the complex and multi-faceted problem of addressing school violence, which should result in guiding them to adopt effective strategies to prevent violence. The ecosystemic perspective, which is an integration of ecological and systems theories combined with the typology of violence, was the theoretical lens through which the phenomenon of adolescent learner violence was viewed. The study was rooted in the sociological interpretative research paradigm and a qualitative descriptive and exploratory case study design was employed. Multi-method data collection strategies (individual, dyad, triad and group interviews; document reviews) were employed to obtain trustworthy data from the three population units of analysis (school staff members, learners and parents) at the two selected urban secondary school sites situated in Johannesburg, South Africa. The inductive qualitative content analysis of the framework approach was used to give a transparent account of the data analysis process. Constant comparative analysis was employed to discover the emergent themes. The main research findings were interpreted by relating the results to the research purpose, the socio-ecological theoretical framework and the existing knowledge base on collaborative strategies for violence prevention. The findings of the current study suggest that family-school collaboration in violence prevention is especially important for families with adolescent children. Adolescence is characterised by many physical and psychological changes and development. Adolescents strive to find their independence and establish their own identities. However, this experimentation may lead to risk-taking or antisocial behaviour. Contrary to current belief, the findings of the current study suggest that adolescent learners want their parents to be involved in their lives and that parents want to support their children’s education but may lack the know-how. The learners explicitly expressed their need for the support and guidance of both their parents and also the school staff members in withstanding the peer and societal pressures that can result in their acting in aggressive or violent ways at school. To promote the positive development of all young people, the school staff members and most centrally young people and their families, must actively work together to establish positive and effective family-school collaborative partnerships as part of their violence prevention strategies. Copyright<br>Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Curriculum Studies<br>unrestricted

Extensive questions have been asked regarding the factors that influence psychotherapeutic effectiveness. Past research has addressed the methods, techniques, as well as the client and therapist variables which potentially influence psychotherapeutic effectiveness. The majority of the research indicates that the therapeutic relationship and other contextual variables exert the greatest influence on psychotherapy successes. This implicates the broader social context in psychotherapy processes. Language appears to be one of the primary contextual factors influencing psychotherapeutic processes and is also embedded in social discourse. Society dominant discourses appear to be based on deficit beliefs toward psychotherapy and emotional functioning. The more relevant issue concerning psychotherapeutic effectiveness therefore appears to be society's dominant discourses affecting the profession. Collaborative social discourses embracing psychology are seldom integrated into mainstream public discourse. A post-modern, ecosystemic perspective is applied to these concerns, proposing a collaborative approach to social discourse, psychotherapy and research. This utilizes reflective, multi-dimensional, respectful and nonjudgmental values, reflecting the shift in social paradigms from the Industrial Age to the Knowledge Age. This shift recognizes that cultural, social and language variables appear to have a greater impact on psychotherapeutic effectiveness than most therapeutic techniques or interventions. These discourses are explored and recommendations are made in an attempt to align psychotherapy with a shifting social paradigm. This alignment could enhance psychotherapeutic effectiveness and the general understanding of psychotherapy.<br>Psychology<br>D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)