Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Collaborative Editors'

L'importance des systèmes collaboratifs a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières années. La majorité de nouvelles applications sont conçues de manière distribuée pour répondre aux besoins du travail collaboratif. Parmi ces applications, nous nous intéressons aux éditeurs collaboratifs temps-réel (RCE) qui permettent la manipulation de divers objets partagés, tels que les pages wiki ou les articles scientifiques par plusieurs personnes réparties dans le temps et dans l'espace. Bien que ces applications sont de plus en plus utilisées dans de nombreux domaines, l'absence d'un modèle de contrôle d'accès adéquat limite l'exploitation de leur plein potentiel. En effet, contrôler les accès aux documents partagés de façon décentralisée et sans alourdir les performances du système collaboratif représente un vrai challenge, surtout que les droits d'accès peuvent changer fréquemment et de façon dynamique au cours du temps. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle de contrôle d'accès générique basé sur l'approche de réplication optimiste du document partagé ainsi que sa politique de contrôle d'accès. Pour cela, nous proposons une approche optimiste de contrôle d'accès dans la mesure où un utilisateur peut violer temporairement la politique de sécurité. Pour assurer la convergence, nous faisons recours à l'annulation sélective pour éliminer l'effet des mises à jour illégales. Vu l'absence d'une solution d'annulation générique et correcte, nous proposons une étude théorique du problème d'annulation et nous concevons une solution générique basée sur une nouvelle sémantique de l'opération identité. Afin de valider notre approche tous nos algorithmes ont été implémentés en Java et testés sur la plateforme distribuée Grid'5000<br>The importance of collaborative systems in real-world applications has grown significantly over the recent years. The majority of new applications are designed in a distributed fashion to meet collaborative work requirements. Among these applications, we focus on Real-Time Collaborative Editors (RCE) that provide computer support for modifying simultaneously shared documents, such as articles, wiki pages and programming source code by dispersed users. Although such applications are more and more used into many fields, the lack of an adequate access control concept is still limiting their full potential. In fact, controlling access in a decentralized fashion for such systems is a challenging problem, as they need dynamic access changes and low latency access to shared documents. In this thesis, we propose a generic access control model based on replicating the shared document and its authorization policy at the local memory of each user. We consider the propagation of authorizations and their interactions. We propose a optimistic approach to enforce access control in existing collaborative editing solutions in the sense that a user can temporarily violate the access control policy. To enforce the policy, we resort to the selective undo approach in order to eliminate the effect of illegal document updates. Since, the safe undo is an open issue in collaborative applications. We investigate a theoretical study of the undo problem and propose a generic solution for selectively undoing operations. Finally, we apply our framework on a collaboration prototype and measure its performance in the distributed grid GRID?5000 to highlight the scalability of our solution

L’édition collaborative (EC) a depuis longtemps attiré l’attention des chercheurs du Computer- supported-cooperative work (CSCW). Les premières recherches sur l’EC (dans les années 1990 et au début de 2000) se concentrent sur la description des différentes caractéristiques d’EC sur la base d’interviews de personnes qui avaient participé à certains projets d’EC. Certaines recherches récentes sur CE commencent à analyser les journaux des activités CE pour étudier comment les gens éditent ensemble avec le support des outils CE modernes tels que les systèmes de contrôle de version Git et Google Docs.D’un point de vue général, le processus d’EC est la synchronisation continue de ‘multiples, parallèles flux d’activités’ de collaborateurs. Si la synchronisation a lieu moins souvent, par exemple le développement d’un projet logiciel basé sur le système de contrôle de version Git, il est considéré comme un mode de travail ‘asynchronous’. Et si la synchronisation a lieu dans un petit intervalle, par exemple en éditant un document partagé dans ShareLaTex, il est considéré comme un mode de travail ‘synchronous’. Plus la divergence est longue, plus le conflit est susceptible de se produire pendant la synchronisation. La résolution des conflits coûte cher, surtout après une longue période de divergence. Il est important de comprendre la fréquence des conflits et la manière dont les utilisateurs résolvent les conflits dans de vrais projets CE pour garantir de bonnes performances et une expérience utilisateur dans l’édition collaborative. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous empruntons les traces de collaboration de quatre grands projets open source dans le système de contrôle de version Git pour mener notre analyse. Nous analysons différents types de conflits textuels qui surviennent au cours du développement et comment les développeurs résolvent ces types de conflits. En particulier concernant les ‘adjacent-line conflict’, nous avons constaté que les utilisateurs les résolvent principalement en appliquant les modifications des deux sites. En outre, nous analysons également la fréquence à laquelle les utilisateurs utilisent le ‘roll-back to previous version’ pour résoudre les conflits de fusion. Le processus de CE basé sur l’éditeur collaboratif en ligne est plus spécifique. Il peut être divisé en plusieurs ‘sessions’ d’édition qui sont effectuées par un seul auteur ou plusieurs auteurs. Ils sont notés respectivement ‘single-authored session’ et ‘co-authored session’. Ce processus de fragmentation nécessite un ‘intervalle’ ou ‘intervalle de temps maximal’ prédéfini qui n’est pas encore bien défini dans les études précédentes. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous analysons les journaux des travaux CE d’un étudiant d’une école d’ingénieurs utilisant ShareLaTeX qui ont été collectés et anonymisés à des fins de confidentialité. En examinant différents ‘maximum time gap’ de 30 secondes à 15 minutes sur les journaux, nous avons constaté que nous pouvons déterminer un ‘maximum time gap’ approprié pour diviser les activités d’EC en sessions en évaluant la distribution de la ‘external-distance’. De plus, nous avons analysé les activités d’édition au sein de chaque ‘co-author session’. Nous empruntons une fenêtre de position temporelle de [30 secondes, 10 caractères] pour examiner ces cas de ‘potential conflict’. Le résultat montre que les gens éditent rarement de près dans les deux positions temporelles. Cependant, les conflits sont plus susceptibles de se produire dans ces cas<br>Collaborative Editing (CE) has long captured the attention of Computer-supported- cooperative work (CSCW) researchers. Early researches about CE (in the 1990s and the early 2000) focused on describing different characteristics of CE based on interviewing people who had participated in some CE projects. Some recent researches about CE started analyzing the logs of CE activities to study how people edit together with support of modern CE tools such as Git version control systems and Google Docs. From the general view point, the process of CE is the continuous synchronization of ‘multiple, parallel streams of activity’ of collaborators. If the synchronization takes place less often, for example the development of a software project based on Git version control system, it is considered as ‘asynchronous’ work mode. And if the synchronization takes place within a small interval, for example editing a shared document in ShareLaTex, it is considered as ‘synchronous’ work mode. The longer the divergence is, more conflicts are likely to happen during the synchronization. Resolving conflicts is costly, especially after a long period of divergence. Understanding how often conflicts happen and how do user resolve conflict in real CE projects is important to ensure good performance and user experience in collaborative editing. In the first part of this thesis, we borrow the collaboration traces of four large open source projects in Git version control system to conduct our analysis. We analyze different types of textual conflicts that arise during the development and how developers resolve these types of conflict. In particular regarding ‘adjacent-lines conflicts’, we found that users mostly resolve them by applying changes from both sites. Besides, we also analyze how often users use ‘roll-back to previous version’ as a way to resolve merge conflict. The process of CE based on online collaborative editor is more specific. It can be split into several ‘sessions’ of editing which are performed by a single author or several authors. They are denoted as ‘single-authored session’ and ‘co-authored session’ respectively. This fragmentation process requires a predefined ‘interval’ or ‘maximum time gap’ which is not yet well defined in previous studies. In the second part of this thesis, we analyze the logs of CE works of students of an Engineering School using ShareLaTeX which were collected and anonymized for privacy purpose. By examining different ‘maximum time gaps’ from 30 seconds to 15 minutes on the logs we found that we can determinate a suitable ‘maximum time gap’ to split CE activities into sessions by evaluating the distribution of the ‘external-distance’. Besides, we analysed the editing activities inside each ‘co-author sessions’. We borrow a [30 seconds, 10 characters] time- position window to examine these ‘potential conflict’ cases. The result shows that people rarely edit closely in both time-position. However, conflicts are more likely to happen in these cases

L'importance des systèmes collaboratifs a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières années. La majorité de nouvelles applications sont conçues de manière distribuée pour répondre aux besoins du travail collaboratif. Parmi ces applications, nous nous intéressons aux éditeurs collaboratifs temps-réel (RCE) qui permettent la manipulation de divers objets partagés, tels que les pages wiki ou les articles scientifiques par plusieurs personnes réparties dans le temps et dans l'espace. Bien que ces applications sont de plus en plus utilisées dans de nombreux domaines, l'absence d'un modèle de contrôle d'accès adéquat limite l'exploitation de leur plein potentiel. En effet, contrôler les accès aux documents partagés de façon décentralisée et sans alourdir les performances du système collaboratif représente un vrai challenge, surtout que les droits d'accès peuvent changer fréquemment et de façon dynamique au cours du temps. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle de contrôle d'accès générique basé sur l'approche de réplication optimiste du document partagé ainsi que sa politique de contrôle d'accès. Pour cela, nous proposons une approche optimiste de contrôle d'accès dans la mesure où un utilisateur peut violer temporairement la politique de sécurité. Pour assurer la convergence, nous faisons recours à l'annulation sélective pour éliminer l'effet des mises à jour illégales. Vu l'absence d'une solution d'annulation générique et correcte, nous proposons une étude théorique du problème d'annulation et nous concevons une solution générique basée sur une nouvelle sémantique de l'opération identité. Afin de valider notre approche tous nos algorithmes ont été implémentés en Java et testés sur la plateforme distribuée Grid'5000<br>The importance of collaborative systems in real-world applications has grown significantly over the recent years. The majority of new applications are designed in a distributed fashion to meet collaborative work requirements. Among these applications, we focus on Real-Time Collaborative Editors (RCE) that provide computer support for modifying simultaneously shared documents, such as articles, wiki pages and programming source code by dispersed users. Although such applications are more and more used into many fields, the lack of an adequate access control concept is still limiting their full potential. In fact, controlling access in a decentralized fashion for such systems is a challenging problem, as they need dynamic access changes and low latency access to shared documents. In this thesis, we propose a generic access control model based on replicating the shared document and its authorization policy at the local memory of each user. We consider the propagation of authorizations and their interactions. We propose a optimistic approach to enforce access control in existing collaborative editing solutions in the sense that a user can temporarily violate the access control policy. To enforce the policy, we resort to the selective undo approach in order to eliminate the effect of illegal document updates. Since, the safe undo is an open issue in collaborative applications. We investigate a theoretical study of the undo problem and propose a generic solution for selectively undoing operations. Finally, we apply our framework on a collaboration prototype and measure its performance in the distributed grid GRID?5000 to highlight the scalability of our solution

Centralized systems are easier to build and maintain as compared to completely distributed systems. However, distributed systems have the potential to be responsive and robust relative to centralized systems. This thesis proposes an architecture and concurrency algorithm for collaborative editing that lies between these extremes and preserves the advantages of both approaches while minimizing their shortcomings The Jupiter collaboration system at Xerox PARC uses a 2-party synchronization protocol for maintaining consistency between two users performing unconstrained edits to the document simultaneously. The primary goal of our work has been to extend this 2-party synchronization protocol to an n-way synchronization algorithm. NetEdit is a prototype collaborative editor built to demonstrate this n-way protocol. It uses a replicated architecture with the processing and data distributed across all the clients and the server. Due to replication, the response time of the local edits performed by the users is quite close to a single user editor. The clients do not need to be aware of other clients in the system since each of them synchronizes with their counterpart at the server. All communication regarding editing operations takes place through this server. As a result this system is quite scalable (linear growth) relative to distributed systems (quadratic growth) in terms of number of communication paths required as the number of clients grow. I discuss the details of this extension and illustrate it through an editing scenario. NetEdit uses groupware widgets (telepointers, and radarview) to distribute awareness information between participants. It supports completely unconstrained editing and allows late joining into a session. It does not assume any structure in terms of roles of participants or protocol for collaboration and thus allow users to form whatever protocol suits them. The results and conclusions derived from a preliminary usability study of NetEdit, discuss its efficacy. They also investigate the role of communication and its use in a groupware setting.<br>Master of Science

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 63).<br>Player programming competitions are becoming a more popular way of introducing students to programming as well as allowing more experienced coders to hone their skills. In these competitions, teams of individuals must work together to produce a software project that will compete against other teams' projects in a well defined test. Collaboration is crucial in the overall learning experience and in determining the quality of the project. Although there are no standardized set of collaborative tools that exist for player programming IDEs, this paper documents the steps taken to investigate the ideal collaborative tools for editing player programs. These tools are a combination of frontend and backend features. Initial testing shows positive feedback from users of older systems. Future work consists of larger scale testing to perfect the standardized collaborative toolset.<br>by Sonny Thai.<br>M.Eng.

Mobile collaborative work is a developing sub-area of Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW). The future of this field will be marked by a significant increase in mobile device usage as a tool for co-workers to cooperate, collaborate and work on a shared workspace in real-time to produce artefacts such as diagrams, text and graphics regardless of their geographical locations. A real-time collaboration editor can utilise a centralised or a replicated architecture. In a centralised architecture, a central server holds the shared document as well as manages the various aspects of the collaboration, such as the document consistency, ordering of updates, resolving conflicts and the session membership. Every user's action needs to be propagated to the central server, and the server will apply it to the document to ensure it results in the intended document state. Alternatively, a decentralised or replicated architecture can be used where there is no central server to store the shared document. Every participating site contains a copy of the shared document (replica) to work on separately. Using this architecture, every user's action needs to be broadcast to all participating sites so each site can update their replicas accordingly. The replicated architecture is attractive for such applications, especially in wireless and ad-hoc networks, since it does not rely on a central server and a user can continue to work on his or her own local document replica even during disconnection period. However, in the absence of a dedicated server, the collaboration is managed by individual devices. This presents challenges to implement collaborative editors in a replicated architecture, especially in a mobile network which is characterised by limited resource reliability and availability. This thesis addresses challenges and requirements to implement group editors in wireless ad-hoc network environments where resources are scarce and the network is significantly less stable and less robust than wired fixed networks. The major contribution of this thesis is a proposed framework that comprises the proposed algorithms and techniques to allow each device to manage the important aspects of collaboration such as document consistency, conflict handling and resolution, session membership and document partitioning. Firstly, the proposed document consistency algorithm ensures the document replicas held by each device are kept consistent despite the concurrent updates by the collaboration participants while taking into account the limited resource of mobile devices and mobile networks. Secondly, the proposed conflict management technique provides users with conflict status and information so that users can handle and resolve conflicts appropriately. Thirdly, the proposed membership management algorithm ensures all participants receive all necessary updates and allows users to join a currently active collaboration session. Fourthly, the proposed document partitioning algorithm provides flexibility for users to work on selected parts of the document and reduces the resource consumption. Finally, a basic implementation of the framework is presented to show how it can support a real time collaboration scenario.

Cloud-based collaborative editors enable real-time document processing via remote connections. Their common application is to allow Internet users to collaboratively work on their documents stored in the cloud, even if these users are physically a world apart. However, this convenience comes at a cost in terms of user privacy. Hence, the growth of popularity of cloud computing application stipulates the growth in importance of cloud security. A major concern with the cloud is who has access to user data. In order to address this issue, various third-party services offer encryption mechanisms for protection of the user data in the case of insider attacks or data leakage. However, these services often only encrypt data-at-rest, leaving the data which is being processed potentially vulnerable. The purpose of this study is to propose a prototype software system that encrypts collaboratively edited data in real-time, preserving the user experience similar to that of, e.g., Google Docs.

Les éditions critiques numériques sont des ressources patrimoniales annotées, sous une forme numérique. De telles éditions prennent la forme d'une transcription des ressources originales, augmentées d'un apparat critique, c'est-à-dire, la forme de données structurées. Dans un contexte collaboratif, a structure de ces données est définie explicitement par un schéma, document interprétable qui contraint la manière dont les éditeurs vont pouvoir annoter les ressources primaires et va de ce fait garantir une certaine homogénéité dans le respect de la politique éditoriale. Les projets d'édition critique numérique font classiquement face à deux problèmes techniques. Le premier a à voir avec l'expressivité des langages d'annotation, qui empêchent l'expression de certaines informations utiles. La seconde tient au fait que, par expérience, les schémas qui sous-tendent une édition critique vont être amenés à évoluer au cours de la réalisation de cette édition ; cependant, modifier le schéma implique qu'il faille mettre à jour l'intégralité des données structurées validées par ce schéma, ce qui est habituellement effectué à la main par les éditeurs, au moyen de scripts ad-hoc – si les éditeurs, faute de moyens ou de temps, ne renoncent pas à faire évoluer la structure de données. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous définissons les fondements théoriques pour l'établissement d'un système éditorial dédié à l'édition critique numérique. Nous définissons les eAG, un modèle d'annotation déporté basé sur un formalisme de graphes cycliques, autorisant a plus grande expressivité. Nous définissons un mécanisme de schéma innovant, SeAG, permettant la validation à la volée des eAG au cours de leur manufacture. Nous définissons également une syntaxe de balisage présentant des similarités avec les langages d'annotation classiques comme XML, tout en préservant l'expressivité des eAG. Enfin, nous proposons une algèbre bidirectionnelle pour les eAG de telle sorte que, si un SeAG S est transformé en un SeAG S', alors tout eAG I validé par S est traduit de manière semi-automatique sous la forme d'un eAG I', validé par S', et tel que toute mise à jour de I (respectivement I') soit propagé, de manière semi-automatique, sur I' (resp. I)<br>Digital Scholarly Editions are critically annotated patrimonial literary resources, in a digital form. Such editions roughly take the shape of a transcription of the original resources, augmented with critical information, that is, of structured data. In a collaborative setting, the structure of the data is explicitly defined in a schema, an interpretable document that governs the way editors annotate the original resources and guarantees they follow a common editorial policy. Digital editorial projects classically face two technical problems. The first has to do with the expressiveness of the annotation languages, that prevents from expressing some kinds of information. The second relies in the fact that, historically, schemas of long-running digital edition projects have to evolve during the lifespan of the project. However, amending a schema implies to update the structured data that has been produced, which is done either by hand, by means of ad-hoc scripts, or abandoned by lack of technical skills or human resources. In this work, we define the theoretical ground for an annotation system dedicated to scholarly edition. We define eAG, a stand-off annotation model based on a cyclic graph model, enabling the widest range of annotation. We define a novel schema language, SeAG, that permits to validate eAG documents on-the-fly, while they are being manufactured. We also define an inline markup syntax for eAG, reminiscent of the classic annotation languages like XML, but retaining the expressivity of eAG. Eventually, we propose a bidirectional algebra for eAG documents so that, when a SeAG S is amended, giving S', an eAG I validated by S is semi-automatically translated into an eAG I' validated by S', and so that any modification applied to I (resp. I') is semi-automatically propagated to I' (resp. I) – hence working as an assistance tool for the evolution of SeAG schemas and eAG annotations

L'elaborato si propone di analizzare il comportamento degli utenti nell'utilizzo di editor collaborativi per documenti di testo. La soluzione proposta è chiamata UICEM, uno strumento che include una versione modificata di Etherpad Lite per monitorare e memorizzare le azioni svolte dagli utenti, le quali poi vengono recuperate, analizzate e aggregate.

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 137-138).<br>TaleBlazer is a platform for creating and playing educational location-based augmented reality games. These games are made by both adults and children game designers using the online TaleBlazer Editor. Oftentimes, building a TaleBlazer game is a group effort, but the previous Editor made collaboration inefficient, difficult, error-prone, and frustrating. This thesis describes a suite of features designed to improve version control for a game and assist designers in sharing their work with others. Together, these features encourage and facilitate collaboration between multiple TaleBlazer designers.<br>by Linda Wang.<br>M. Eng.

In questa tesi sono state analizzate le fondamenta teoriche di Operational Transformation e Change Tracking che sono state successivamente confrontate sia teoricamente sia tramite l'implementazione e la discussione dell'editor collaborativo DOTT (Document Operational Transformation Tracking). Questa analisi è stata eseguita al fine di dimostrare che Operational Transformation e Change Tracking siano fondamentalmente modi diversi per rappresentare una stessa organizzazione dei dati basata sulla rappresentazione sequenziale delle operazioni su un documento.

The aim of this thesis is to locate current problems concerning the process of finding common ground between a creative producer and its respective client, furthermore it aims to propose a solution to this problem in the context of collaborative video editing. The paper starts off by exploring research related to the topic. After that, it establishes, through interviews with experts within fields of video editing and graphic design, what the currently existing problems are concerning communication within their line of work. As a solution to these problems, a collaborative software is proposed with the idea of bridging the understanding between the video editor and its client. The paper ends with some conclusions surrounding the current state of the topic and proposes a way forward for both practitioners and researchers.

Real-time collaboration editing is research area that has been studied for over 20 years. It involves multiple users editing a document such as plain-text, rich-text or an image concurrently over a high-latency network. Many problems involving consistency between users are associated with concurrent document editing, and an innovative technique called Operational Transformation developed by the GROVE (GRoup Outline Viewing Editor) system in 1989 addresses some of these issues. This paper will compare and contrast current implementations of real-time collaborative editors, and on the basis of this analysis describe the creation of a new web-based editor with support for concurrent editing. The design of our web editor will focus on methods of mutual communication between the individual instances of the editors, propagation of text changes, how to solve conflicts between multiple operations, and communication failures.

In questa dissertazione verrà affrontata la mancanza di uno strumento che permetta la stesura e la gestione delle versioni di documenti strutturati, proponendo il modello CoVE. Tale modello si fonda sull'integrazione di due tecnologie: Operational Transformation e Versioning Management System. La prima si occupa di fornire un sistema collaborativo pensato per la produzione di documenti, la seconda si occupa di gestire le possibili versioni/varianti che un documento può assumere. Una possibile implementazione di tale modello abbatterebbe tempi e costi necessari alla stesura di documenti strutturati.

Com o surgimento da WEB 2.0 surge um novo conceito de criação de conteúdo digital. A edição colaborativa de textos é uma prática consolidada que está se tornando cada vez mais comum em toda a internet. Com páginas totalmente dinâmicas e ferramentas específicas, surgem recursos capazes de facilitar o desenvolvimento de textos e conteúdos dos mais diversos assuntos. Apesar desta evolução na forma da criação de textos diversos na internet, o conteúdo de artigos científicos ainda é produzido da forma tradicional na maior parte dos eventos e periódicos. Com revisões ocorrendo no processo blind review o autor muitas vezes não conhece o revisor de seu trabalho. Além disso, o artigo muitas vezes é limitado a uma única versão submetida ao evento, pois não ocorre um processo de evolução, como verificado em enciclopédias online, por exemplo. Um sistema web, aberto à comunidade, que permita criar, editar, indexar e buscar artigos pode contribuir positivamente no contexto das revisões, tornando o processo mais transparente e democrático. Se este sistema permitisse também que os artigos fossem discutidos e revisados, utilizando uma abordagem aberta, seria criado um novo canal para contribuições científicas, ajudando a aumentar a qualidade das publicações. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar a utilização da técnica de edição colaborativa de textos, aplicada em contextos científicos, verificando se esta abordagem auxilia na produção de artigos de qualidade. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um protótipo que estende as características do MediaWiki, o software utilizado pela Wikipedia. Com o auxílio desta ferramenta foi realizado dois experimentos onde foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios. Baseado no resultado dos experimentos é apresentado uma seção de análise do processo que demonstra as etapas necessárias para que o processo ocorra com o propósito de que, ao final, obtenham-se artigos científicos com conteúdo qualificado.<br>The consolidation of Web 2.0 brings more attention to a new concept of digital content edition. The Collaborative Writing is a practice that is becoming increasingly common on the internet. With dynamic pages and specific tools, there are resources that can facilitate text writing. Despite such evolution in the conception of texts on the Internet the scientific articles’ content is still produced in the traditional individual and sequential way in most conferences and journals. The author often does not know the reviewer of his work due to a blind review process. Moreover, the article is often limited to a single version submitted to a conference, because there is not a process of text evolution, as seen in online encyclopedias, for example. A web system that allows creating, editing, indexing and searching articles can contribute to the quality of the reviewing process, making it more transparent and with better quality. If such a system could also allow items to be discussed and reviewed, in a transparent fashion, it will create a new model for scientific contributions, increasing the quality of publications. Hence, the main objective of this work is to evaluate the use of collaborative writing applied to scientific contexts, and to analyze whether such an approach would help in the production of quality articles. This research was developed in an environment that extends features of MediaWiki software employed by Wikipedia. With this tool, it was conducted two experiments. Based on the results of these experiments, it is presented a process analysis that demonstrates the steps necessary to ensure the quality of papers produced.

Hollywood film editing remains on the theoretical margins of contemporary film scholarship, and the cause of this is three-fold. First, despite advances in collaborative authorship studies, the Hollywood film director is still largely regarded as the sole creative lynchpin upon which the film’s success or failure ultimately lies. Second, Classical Hollywood film editing—commonly referred to as the continuity aesthetic—is considered successful if it remains unnoticed, if it remains invisible. Therefore, within this continuity aesthetic, the editor’s ultimate goal is to hide his or her own labor. Third, determining exactly how and where a film editor contributed to a film text during post-production is an incredibly difficult task. So, what is the solution? This dissertation explores how film archives can contribute to knowledge about the cinematic post-production process. My central research questions are: what kinds of information do film archives contain regarding the creative collaboration between the director and the editor? And, what does available archive material tell us about the changes and creative revisions in post-production? To answer these questions, I conducted original archival research on the following Hollywood Renaissance films: Bonnie and Clyde (1967), The Conversation (1974), Annie Hall (1977), and Raging Bull (1980). These films reflect a highly creative era in the Hollywood industry and are well-known for the collaborative relationship between the directors and the editors. To determine how and where collaborative authorship occurred in these films, I compared archival documents such as the storyboards and shooting scripts to the final film texts. These documents contain explicit instructions about how the scenes should be lit, decorated, and shot and how the film itself should be edited together. Therefore, I argue that any editing discrepancies between these documents and the final films were the result of a creative collaboration between the director and the editor. Ideally, this model of “script-to-screen” archival research will inspire other academics to investigate how and where a film’s creative revision occurs during post-production—and to what effect.<br>text

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática<br>The need for computer supported collaboration has grown over the last years and made collaboration processes an important factor within organizations. This trend has resulted in the development of a variety of tools and technologies to support the various forms of collaboration. Many collaborative processes, e.g. strategy building, scenario analysis, root cause analysis and requirements engineering, require various collaboration support tools. Within these synchronous collaborative applications to create, evaluate, elaborate, discuss, and revise graphical models, e.g. data flow, fishbone and brainstorming diagrams, play an important role. Currently, the necessary tools are not integrated and flexible enough to support such processes. In this thesis, we present a synchronous collaborative brainstorming diagram editor that is integrated in a flexible group support system. By this our approach goes beyond the current state of the art as we can be seamlessly integrated with other collaboration support tools such as text-based brainstorming or voting.<br>A necessidade de colaboração suportada por computador tem crescido nos últimos anos e fez dos processos colaborativos um factor importante dentro das organizações. Esta tendência resultou no desenvolvimento de uma variedade de ferramentas e tecnologias para apoiar as diversas formas de colaboração. Muitos processos colaborativos (por exemplo, análise estratégica, cenários de causa ou engenharia de requisitos), exigem o suporte de várias ferramentas de colaboração. Dentro destas aplicações colaborativas síncronas para criar, avaliar, elaborar, discutir e rever modelos gráficos destacam-se dois diagramas de fluxo de dados (data flow), diagrama “espinha de peixe” (fishbone diagrams) e brainstorming, desempenham um papel importante. Atualmente, as ferramentas necessárias não estão integradas e flexíveis o suficiente para suportar tais processos. Nesta dissertação, apresentamos um editor síncrono de diagramas de colaboração de brainstorming, integrado num sistema de apoio a grupos (GSS) flexível para este efeito. Assim, esta abordagem vai além do nosso estado da arte atual, uma vez que pode ser perfeitamente integrado com outras ferramentas de colaboração, tais como brainstorming baseado em texto ou sistemas de votação.

碩士<br>華梵大學<br>電子工程學系碩士班<br>100<br>Real-time collaborative editing is becoming well known and is widely developing along with the rapidly growing internet technology. The basic concept is to allow several people to edit (or draw) an internet document using different computers or internet devices. In this thesis, the “Ghost Write” a collaborative editor based on pen draw will be proposed. “WhiteBoard” and “Yahoo!Messenger” are well known collaborative real-time editors or are some kind of paint chat softwares. WhiteBoard” provides interactions between web pages via the transmission in picture format, while “Yahoo!Messenger” send only the pen draw on a PC screen. However, they both met some restrictions under the limited internet environment in early age. Now, follow with the development and improvement in advanced internet supports, we are able to demonstrate pen draw software (some kind of paint chat) compatible to the concept of real-time collaborative editing. The collaborative drawer (Ghost Write) demonstrated in this thesis, is constructed under the MVC framework and is developed by utilizing Microsoft-.NET Framework of C Sharp(C#) technique. Such a software we have developed meet features of low cost, high internet response and less system loading. It will be useful and powerful in extensive applications such as pen draw in teaching and learning activities, group meetings and discussions. Keyword: Real-time Collaborative editing, MVC,Whiteboard,Ghost Write