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1
Ratchamak, R., T. Vongpralub, W. Boonkum, and V. Chankitisakul. "Cryopreservation and quality assessment of boar semen collected from bulk samples." Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 5 (May 28, 2019): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/125/2018-vetmed.
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The purpose of this study was to examine sperm quality after cryopreservation of ejaculates collected as a bulk sample, which is routinely part of semen collection, and to compare this quality with the sperm-rich fraction in boars. Ejaculates were collected as sperm-rich fractions (SRF) and bulk samples (BE) using a gloved-hand technique. Fresh semen quality in terms of semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm motility and pH were conventionally evaluated. Then, semen was cryopreserved using the liquid nitrogen vapour method. The post-thaw sperm quality was evaluated by assessing sperm motility, live sperm with normal apical ridge and high mitochondrial energy status, lipid peroxidation was evaluated using CASA and fluorescent multiple staining and MDA levels were determined using a spectrophotometer, respectively. In terms of fresh semen quality, sperm motility in fresh semen did not differ significantly between the two groups. The treatment with the greater mean volume (BE; P < 0.05) had a lower mean sperm concentration (P < 0.05); meanwhile, the mean ejaculate pH collected as BE was more basic compared with SRF (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant post-thaw quality changes between sperm-rich fractions and bulk samples of semen. In conclusion, ejaculates can be collected as bulk samples without the need to classify fractions for boar semen cryopreservation.
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Lupo, Cristina, Samy Boulos, and Laura Nyström. "Influence of Partial Acid Hydrolysis on Size, Dispersity, Monosaccharide Composition, and Conformation of Linearly-Branched Water-Soluble Polysaccharides." Molecules 25, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 2982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25132982.
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The effect of partial acid hydrolysis on the physical and chemical properties of galactomannan, arabinoxylan, and xyloglucan was investigated. Polysaccharides were treated at 50 °C with hydrochloric acid for 3–48 h. Portions of isopropanol (i-PrOH) were added sequentially to the hydrolyzates, resulting in fractions that were collected by centrifugation. As expected, a significant reduction of weight-average molecular weight (Mw) was observed with increasing hydrolysis time. Fractional precipitation was successfully applied to collect at least one polymer fraction with dispersity (Đ) close to one for each polysaccharide. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that the partial hydrolysis usually lowered the relative amount of side chains, with the exception of galactomannan, where the composition remained largely unaffected. Estimation of the polymer conformation in solution, through evaluation of the Mark-Houwink parameter coefficient (α), confirmed that acid hydrolysis influenced the polysaccharides’ conformation. It was demonstrated that acid treatment in dilute solution followed by fractional isopropanol precipitation is a method, extendible to a variety of polysaccharides, to obtain materials of decreased molecular weight and low dispersity with slightly altered overall composition and conformation.
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Manilal, Aseer, Sugathan Sujith, Balu Sabarathnam, George Seghal Kiran, Joseph Selvin, Chippu Shakir, and Aaron Premnath LIPTON. "Bioactivity of the red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis collected from the Southwestern coast of India." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 58, no. 2 (June 2010): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592010000200002.
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Among the diverse variety of red algae, Asparagopsis taxiformis constitutes one of the abundant biomass in the Kollam coast (Southwest coast of India). Therefore, in the present study, A. taxiformis was collected, extracted and fractionated using column chromatography. The individual fractions were evaluated in vitro for their antifouling, anticyanobacterial, piscicidal and crustaceans toxicity assays. The fraction eluted with 2:8, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate exhibited strong and broad spectrum of bioactivity. In antifouling assay against Limnea truncatula, the active algal fraction produced 80% of foot repellency at 150 mg/L whereas in anticyanobacterial assay, the active fraction inhibited 100% growth of Trichodesmium sp. at 320 mg/L. The algal fraction showed higher piscicidal effect at the level of 60 mg/L. The crustacean toxicity of the active fraction was also evaluated to find compounds without toxicity in non target organisms, Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. It was found that column fraction showed less toxicity against the non target organisms. The chemical constituents of the active fraction were identified by means of chromatographic systems such as TLC, reverse phase HPLC and GC-MS. The overall activity profile envisages that the active column fraction of A. taxiformis might contain synergistic bioactive metabolites that could be utilized for the control of fouling organisms, algal bloom and herbivorous/predaceous fishes in aquaculture ponds.
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Deringöl, Yasemin. "Misconceptions of primary school students about the subject of fractions: views of primary teachers and primary pre-service teachers." International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i1.16290.
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<span>This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the current knowledge of Primary Teachers and Primary Pre-service Teachers on the misconceptions of primary school students about the subject of fractions. The qualitative research method of case study was used to conduct the research. The data were collected with semi-structured forms that were developed by the researcher to collect the views of Primary Teachers and Primary Pre-service Teachers on the topic. The participants stated that, regarding the subject of fractions, primary school students had difficulties the most in representing fractions by models, the concepts of denominator and numerator, when they need to rank fractions, when they need to solve problems, reading and writing concepts that express fractions, distinguishing types of fractions – converting these, showing a given fraction on number lines and operations on fractions, and they had misconceptions about these.</span>
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Tojo, A., and H. Endou. "Intrarenal handling of proteins in rats using fractional micropuncture technique." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 263, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): F601—F606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1992.263.4.f601.
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Previous micropuncture studies on protein handling along the nephron could not exclude the possibility of contamination by extratubular proteins. Thus we developed a fractional micropuncture method. Renal tubules were punctured with an outer puncture pipette, into which an inner collection pipette was inserted repeatedly to collect tubular fluid, usually up to four fractions. The albumin concentration of tubular fluid was highest in the first fraction and gradually decreased to a constant level, indicating physiological albumin concentrations. On the other hand, low-molecular-weight protein (LMWP) concentrations showed no significant difference among the four fractions. By plotting the protein delivery in the fourth fraction along the nephron, glomerular filtrated protein concentrations were estimated by extrapolating the tubular fluid-to-plasma inulin concentration ratio into one. The glomerular filtrated albumin was 22.9 micrograms/ml (0.00062 in filtration coefficient), and that of LMWP was 72.1 (0.988). Albumin was almost evenly reabsorbed in early (37%) and late (34%) proximal convoluted tubules and the straight tubules (23%). On the other hand, LMWP was more strongly reabsorbed in the early proximal convoluted tubules (54%) than in the late ones (28%) or the straight portion (5%). The fractional micropuncture procedure provides direct evidence of protein handling along the nephron without extratubular protein contamination.
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Hearne, C. E., D. L. Johnson, and H. Van Campen. "Immunogold-Silver Staining (IGSS) of (NCP and CP) BVDV Infected Subcellular Fraction Bands." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600007662.
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Pre-embedding immunogold-silver (IGSS) techniques are useful to localize antigens in cell monolayers and agarose embedded cell suspensions for transmission electron microscopy. Procedural centrifugations, however, present a challenge when attempting to localize antigens in subcellular fractions. Using a Beckman Airfuge Ultracentrifuge to concentrate the subcellar fraction bands and resuspending the organelles in agarose simplifies IGSS processing and resin embedding procedures.Control bovine turbinate (BT), and BT cells infected with cytopathic (cp NADL) and non-cytopathic (ncp NY-1) strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were fractioned according to Bienz et al (1992). Bands containing membrane vesicles (Fig 2) were collected and each fraction band was pelleted at 169,000g for 20 min using an A-95 fixed angle rotor in a Beckman Airfuge Ultracentrifuge. Each fraction pellet was resuspended in 50μl of 30% agarose, solidified, and trimmed to < lmm. IGSS procedures were carried out according to Nanoprobes, Inc., Stoney Brook, NY, and Hearne & Van Campen (1996).
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Mota, Jaedson Cláudio Anunciato, Carlos Eduardo Linhares Feitosa, Lucas de Sousa Oliveira, José Israel Pinheiro, Alfredo Mendonça de Sousa, Thiago Leite de Alencar, Márcio Godofrêdo Rocha Lobato, Alexandre dos Santos Queiroz, and Ícaro Vasconcelos do Nascimento. "Pipette Method: Errors Resulting From Aliquot Collection Depth in Soil Clay Quantification." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n2p244.
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Granulometry represents the relative proportions of the fractions that compose the soil, being an important agronomic tool to infer mean values of density, water availability and cation exchange capacity, besides being useful in soil classification. Among the methods employed to determine the fractions composing the soil, those which consider the separation by sedimentation for the clay fraction still have problems in the analytical protocol, which are directly responsible of errors in the results obtained. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the best pipette immersion depth to collect the aliquot containing only clay, to calculate and discuss the errors associated with collection of the aliquot containing clay fraction in soil granulometric analysis. Samples for granulometric analysis were collected in the superficial layer and top of the B horizon of an Argissolo Amarelo, corresponding to the textural classes sandy loam and sandy clay. Regardless of soil textural class, the depth h = 5 cm established in the calculation using the Stokes’s equation leads to overestimation and underestimation of clay and silt fractions in the soil. The collection should be performed with the pipette tip positioned at h/2 = 2.5 cm.
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Teoh, Sian Hoon, Siti Syardia Erdina Mohamed, Parmjit Singh, and Liew Kee Kor. "IN SEARCH OF STRATEGIES USED BY PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS FOR DEVELOPING FRACTION SENSE." Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction 17, Number 2 (July 31, 2020): 25–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/mjli2020.17.2.2.
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Purpose – Most literature has focused solely on either knowledge about number sense or understanding of fractions. To fill the research gap, this study examined pupils’ abilities in both number sense and fractions. In particular, it investigated Year 4 and Year 5 pupils’ use of strategies in developing their fraction sense. Methodology – This study adopted a descriptive research design, utilising a mixed approach in data collection. An instrument called the Fraction Sense Test (FST) and a clinical interview were used to collect data. The FST comprised 3 strands: fraction concept, fraction representation and effect of operation. A two-stage cluster sampling method was employed to select 396 Year 4 and Year 5 pupils. The sampling involved random selection of the primary schools in the first stage, followed by pupils within the selected schools in the second stage. In addition to descriptive statistics, content analysis of interview transcripts was conducted to identify the presence of concepts and strategies applied among the pupils. Findings – The study found that the pupils scored lowest in effect of operation. It was also revealed that there were four strategies which helped the pupils to develop fraction sense, namely (1) comparing fractions using benchmark fractions of common fractions such as ½, ¼, zero and 1, (2) understanding denominators to determine the size of equal parts, (3) comparing fractions using unit fraction, and (4) applying the strategies in (1) and (2) to manipulate fractions in effect of operation. Significance – The findings provide useful input to facilitate the development of fraction sense ability.
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Xu, Shiwei, Yanting Shen, and Yonghui Li. "Antioxidant Activities of Sorghum Kafirin Alcalase Hydrolysates and Membrane/Gel Filtrated Fractions." Antioxidants 8, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8050131.
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Sorghum has a significant amount of proteins, especially kafirin; however, limited information is available on evaluating its potential for peptide antioxidants. The objectives of this study were to: (1) investigate the effects of two key variables, enzyme-to-substrate ratio and reaction time on kafirin hydrolysis using Alcalase; (2) evaluate the antioxidant performances of the hydrolysates and fractions from membrane ultrafiltration and gel filtration; and (3) identify peptide sequences in the antioxidant fraction using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Kafirin hydrolysates prepared at enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 0.4 Au/g and 4 h had a good balance of antioxidant activity, yield, and economic efficiency. Medium-sized fraction of hydrolysates (5–10 kDa) from membrane filtration possessed the highest antioxidant activities among various fractions. The fraction also unveiled a good inhibition effect against lipid oxidation in emulsion and ground meat systems. Smaller-sized fraction (F3) collected through gel-filtration chromatography had significantly stronger antioxidant activities than other fractions, and 26 representative peptide sequences were identified in the fraction.
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Liu, Yalong, Ping Wang, Yuanjun Ding, Haifei Lu, Lianqing Li, Kun Cheng, Jufeng Zheng, et al. "Microbial activity promoted with organic carbon accumulation in macroaggregates of paddy soils under long-term rice cultivation." Biogeosciences 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2016): 6565–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6565-2016.
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Abstract. While soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation and stabilization has been increasingly the focus of ecosystem properties, how it could be linked to soil biological activity enhancement has been poorly assessed. In this study, topsoil samples were collected from a series of rice soils shifted from salt marshes for 0, 50, 100, 300 and 700 years from a coastal area of eastern China. Soil aggregates were fractioned into different sizes of coarse sand (200–2000 µm), fine sand (20–200 µm), silt (2–20 µm) and clay (< 2 µm), using separation with a low-energy dispersion protocol. Soil properties were determined to investigate niche specialization of different soil particle fractions in response to long-term rice cultivation, including recalcitrant and labile organic carbon, microbial diversity of bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities, soil respiration and enzyme activity. The results showed that the mass proportion both of coarse-sand (2000–200 µm) and clay (< 2 µm) fractions increased with prolonged rice cultivation, but the aggregate size fractions were dominated by fine-sand (200–20 µm) and silt (20–2 µm) fractions across the chronosequence. SOC was highly enriched in coarse-sand fractions (40–60 g kg−1) and moderately in clay fractions (20–25 g kg−1), but was depleted in silt fractions (∼ 10 g kg−1). The recalcitrant carbon pool was higher (33–40 % of SOC) in both coarse-sand and clay fractions than in fine-sand and silt fractions (20–29 % of SOC). However, the ratio of labile organic carbon (LOC) to SOC showed a weakly decreasing trend with decreasing size of aggregate fractions. Total soil DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) content in the size fractions followed a similar trend to that of SOC. Despite the largely similar diversity between the fractions, 16S ribosomal gene abundance of bacteria and of archaeal were concentrated in both coarse-sand and clay fractions. Being the highest generally in coarse-sand fractions, 18S rRNA gene abundance of fungi decreased sharply but the diversity gently, with decreasing size of the aggregate fractions. The soil respiration quotient (ratio of respired CO2–C to SOC) was the highest in the silt fraction, followed by the fine-sand fraction, but the lowest in coarse-sand and clay fractions in the rice soils cultivated over 100 years, whereas the microbial metabolic quotient was lower in coarse-sand-sized fractions than in other fractions. Soil respiration was higher in the silt fraction than in other fractions for the rice soils. For the size fractions other than the clay fraction, enzyme activity was increased with prolonged rice cultivation, whereas soil respiration appeared to have a decreasing trend. Only in the coarse-sand fraction was both microbial gene abundance and enzyme activity well correlated to SOC and LOC content, although the chemical stability and respiratory of SOC were similar between coarse-sand and clay fractions. Thus, biological activity was generally promoted with LOC accumulation in the coarse-sand-sized macroaggregates of the rice soils, positively responding to prolonged rice cultivation management. The finding here provides a mechanistic understanding of soil organic carbon turnover and microbial community succession at fine scale of soil aggregates that have evolved along with anthropogenic activity of rice cultivation in the field.
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Shah, Naseer Ali, Muhammad Rashid Khan, and Akhtar Nadhman. "Antileishmanial, Toxicity, and Phytochemical Evaluation of Medicinal Plants Collected from Pakistan." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/384204.
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Leishmaniasis is an important parasitic problem and is in focus for development of new drugs all over the world. Objective of the present study was to evaluate phytochemical, toxicity, and antileishmanial potential ofJurinea dolomiaea,Asparagus gracilis,Sida cordata,andStellaria mediacollected from different areas of Pakistan. Dry powder of plants was extracted with crude methanol and fractionated withn-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate,n-butanol, and water solvents in escalating polarity order. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of different class of compounds, that is, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, phlobatannins, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, was tested. Its appearance was observed varying with polarity of solvent used for fractionation. Antileishmanial activity was performed againstLeishmania tropicaKWH23 promastigote. Potent antileishmanial activity was observed forJ. dolomiaeamethanol extract (IC50=10.9±1.1 μg/mL) in comparison to other plant extracts. However,J. dolomiaea“ethyl acetate fraction” was more active (IC50=5.3±0.2 μg/mL) againstLeishmania tropicaKWH23 among all plant fractions as well as standard Glucantime drug (6.0±0.1 μg/mL). All the plants extract and its derived fraction exhibited toxicity in safety range (LC50 >100) in brine shrimp toxicity evaluation assay.
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Hoeft, Stephen, and Robert Fletcher. "Analysis of size-segregated samples from vehicular exhaust using laser microprobe mass spectrometry." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1708–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100133175.
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Because of their potential adverse health effects, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are significant environmental pollutants. Many studies have demonstrated the presence of PAHs in vehicular exhaust by using chromatographic analysis techniques on filter samples. Most of these studies do not correlate the aerosol size distribution with that of the composition and occurrence of the PAHs, other than collecting the aerosol into a 'coarse' and a 'fine' (< 2.5 μm diameter) fraction and then determining the PAH content for each fraction. The goal of this study is to characterize the 'fine' fraction aerosol by further segregating it into six size fractions and then using laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LMMS) to analyze each fraction.Samples were collected from the exhaust rooms of traffic tunnels at the Fort McHenry Tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland. This highway tunnel complex separates heavy diesels (trucks) from automobiles. Since each traffic tunnel is independently ventilated, it is possible to collect samples of emissions from either type of vehicular traffic.
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Nagatsuka, Naoko, Nozomu Takeuchi, Takanori Nakano, Emi Kokado, and Zhongqin Li. "Sr, Nd and Pb stable isotopes of surface dust on Ürümqi glacier No. 1 in western China." Annals of Glaciology 51, no. 56 (2010): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931895.
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AbstractStable-isotopic ratios of strontium (Sr), neodymium (Nd) and lead (Pb) provide a means of identifying a geological source of substances and are used as tracers of elements in biological and geochemical processes. We analyzed these isotopic ratios of surface dust (cryoconite) collected on Ürümqi glacier No. 1 , Tien Shan, China. The dust was separated chemically into five fractions (four minerals and organic matter), and the isotopic ratios of each fraction were measured. The Sr and Nd isotopic ratios in the fractions extracted with ultrapure water (saline minerals), hydrogen peroxide solution (organic matter) and acetic acid (carbonate minerals) were low and invariable, whereas those extracted by hydrochloric acid (phosphate minerals) and the residual fraction (silicate minerals) were higher. The difference was likely due to the original source of each fraction. The isotopic ratios of the surface dust collected from different sites showed no significant difference, suggesting that they were spatially uniform across the glacier. The isotopic ratios of the silicate fraction were closer to those of desert sand reported in China than those of the soil and bedrock around the glacier. This suggests that the silicate minerals on the glacier were derived from distant deserts. The isotopic ratios in saline, carbonate and phosphate fractions were also close to those of evaporites and apatite in that desert region, suggesting that these minerals were also derived from that source. The Sr isotopic ratios in the organic fraction were closer to ratios in the saline and carbonate fractions rather than the silicate or phosphate fractions and may therefore reflect the isotopic ratios of the elements when they are incorporated into living microbes on the glacier.
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Flack, Sheila L., Timothy Mark Ledson, and Tharacad S. Ramanarayanan. "Particle Size Characterization of Agricultural Sprays Collected on Personal Air Monitoring Samplers." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 25, no. 2 (2019): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13065.
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Abstract. Potential inhalation exposure of agricultural workers and bystanders to aerosolized particles emitted by typical agricultural spray nozzles is influenced by the particle size distribution (PSD) of the spray. However, inhalation risk assessments do not currently factor in the human-relevant PSD that may be inhaled during pesticide handling activities. This study was conducted to characterize the PSD of aerosols collected with OSHA Versatile Sampler (OVS) tubes, which are monitoring devices commonly used for inhalation risk assessment in worker exposure studies. An Oxford Lasers N60V particle size analyzer was used for characterizing the spray PSD emitted from various agricultural nozzles. Side-by-side air sampling with OVS tubes and Respicon TM particle samplers was conducted to characterize the size distribution of aerosols collected on the OVS tubes during spraying of a diluted chlorothalonil formulation. Based on this comparison, OVS tubes captured the inhalable fraction (mass median diameter (D50) = 100 µm), with approximately 40% of the total inhalation concentration contributing to systemic exposure (D50 = 10 µm) regardless of nozzle spray quality. In addition, nozzles with fine and medium spray produced higher airborne concentrations compared to nozzles with coarse spray. Thus, the use of modern low-drift nozzles (e.g., air-induction nozzles) that emit larger spray droplets can substantially reduce the airborne concentration levels within inhalable particle size fractions. While the concentrations within these airway fractions (e.g., respirable, thoracic, inhalable) increased from extremely coarse to very fine spray nozzles, the relative proportion of each fraction within the total inhalable concentration remained constant regardless of spray quality or nozzle type. Such information on the PSD of pesticide applications can be used to refine inhalation risk assessments for agricultural workers and bystanders. Keywords: Chlorothalonil, Exposure monitoring, Inhalation exposure, Particle size distribution, OVS tube, Respicon TM particle sampler.
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Rahmanb, Md Aminur, Pradip Kumar Biswasb, Mohammad Nazim Zamanb, Md Yunus Miah, Tofazzal Hossain, and SM Imamul Huq. "Characterization of the sand of Brahmaputra river of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 47, no. 2 (July 28, 2012): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i2.11448.
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The aim of this paper is to study on the mineralogy, morphology, magnetic property and composition of the sand of Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh. The sand has been collected from randomly selected seven places and separated by High Intensity Rolling Magnetic Separator into three fractions, viz. magnetic, para-magnetic and non-magnetic parts. The identifications of the valuable heavy minerals existing in these fractions have been performed. The valuable heavy minerals in the separated fractions have been counted under reflected and polarizing microscope and it is found that the magnetic fraction contains ilmenite, magnetite and garnet. The major grain size fraction of the magnetic fraction is 125 - 250 ?m (57.18%). Zircon, rutile, xenotime, monazite, sillimanite etc. have been counted in other two fractions. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Isodynamic Separator have been applied for mineral assessment and to quantify the relative proportion of mineral species. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i2.11448 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(2), 167-172, 2012
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Füleky, György. "Phosphorus Supply of Typical Hungarian Soils." Agrokémia és Talajtan 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.55.2006.1.13.
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The new hot water percolation (HWP) method was introduced to determine the phosphorus supply of soils from the Soil Bank of 36 Hungarian soils. The present work aimed to explain the availability of phosphorus by determining the inorganic phosphate fractions and using ryegrass test plants. Four inorganic phosphate fractions were distinguished: Fraction I, the sorbed phosphates; Fraction II, the easily soluble Ca phosphates and the Al bound phosphates; Fraction III, the Fe phosphates; and Fraction IV, the hardly soluble Ca phosphates. Fraction II, in which the easily soluble Ca phosphates and Al phosphates accumulate, was the main phosphorus source for the test plants on both calcareous and non-calcareous soils. Fraction III (the iron phosphates) plays a greater role in non-calcareous soils, while Fraction IV (the hardly soluble Ca phosphates) in calcareous soils. Both fractions are closely connected with soil development, and with soil properties such as pH and CaCO 3 content. The hot water percolation method reflects the phosphorus supply of soil as well as that measured with ryegrass plants and with the AL method. This new HWP method is in good correlation with the main source of phosphate, with fraction II. For routine purposes the first collected HWP fraction can possibly be used to determine the phosphorus supply of soil correlating well with the phosphorus uptake of test plants.
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Konieczna, Karolina, Zbigniew W. Czerniakowski, and Małgorzata Szostek. "Effect of Granulometric Composition of the Soil on the Occurrence of Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031017.
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The entomological material was collected in the years 2009–2012 and 2014 from 13 different habitat types from three localities in south-eastern Poland. In total, 11,095 Silphidae were collected. This study examined whether the percentage of individual soil granulometric fractions was significantly related to the total abundance of collected Silphidae and individual carrion beetle species. A positive correlation and a statistically significant correlation were found between the total number of specimens collected and the share of the mechanical fraction with a diameter of 0.05–0.002 mm (silt fraction). In three species, a statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the number of collected Silphidae and the share of the mechanical fraction with a diameter of 2–0.05 mm (sand fraction). The two species Phosphuga atrata atrata and Nicrophorus vespilloides the correlation was positive. A statistically significant relationship was also observed for Thanatophilus sinuatus, but the correlation was negative. With regard to the mechanical fraction with a diameter <0.002 mm (clay fraction), a statistically significant relationship was demonstrated for Oiceoptoma thoracicum and for Nicrophorus vespilloides for which the correlation was negative. However, a positive correlation was found for T. sinuatus in this case.
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Nurhayati, Awik Puji Dyah, Rarastoeti Pratiwi, Subagus Wahyuono, and Istriyati . "PROLIFERATION INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF THE ACTIVE FRACTION MARINE SPONGE Cinachyrella sp. AGAINST CELL LINE T47D." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.243.
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<p>Marine sponges Cinachyrella sp. (Family:Tetillidae) in Kukup beach, Kemadang Village, Tanjungsari District, Gunung Kidul, DIY were producing diversity secondary metabolites such as polyketides, alkaloids, peptide and terpene. The purpose of this study was investigated proliferation inhibitory activity of active fraction Cinachyrella sp. against cell line T47D. Sponges samples were collected manually from rocky substrate at depth 0.5 m. The sponges was minced and extracted with 95% ethanol. The ethanol extract was partitioned sequentially with ethyl acetate. The extract ethyl acetate was fractionation with 4 organic solvent, in increasing order of polarity with vacuum liquid chromatography column (VLC) method. Doubling time method was applied to analyse the inhibition proliferative cell line T47D. Resulted showed ethyl acetate extract of Cinachyrella sp. were 12 fractions and all tested fraction obtained by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Fractions that have the same value Rf grouped together to obtain 6 fractions. The fraction number 5 exhibited proliferation inhibitory activity to cell line T47D. The Rf value of active fraction number 5 were 0.125; 0.25 and 0.437. The active fraction 5 than isolation by preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC) was 5 isolate fractions preparative. The isolate fractions preparative number 5 exhibited proliferation inhibitory activity against cell line T47D. Fraction which determined by cerium sulfate and results was expressed terpene and alkaloid. <br /><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Cinachyrella sp., Doubling time method, proliferation inhibitory activity.</p>
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Gulyayev, Dmitriy Konstantinovich, Ekaterina Igorevna Yakovleva, Petr Sergeevich Mashchenko, Sergey Yuryevich Solodnikov, and Valentina Dmitrievna Belonogova. "THE ANTIHYPOXIC ACTIVITY OF SIBERIAN FIR ESSENTIAL OIL FRACTIONS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020047321.
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The component composition and antihypoxic activity of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) essential oil fractions were researched. The foliage of Siberian fir, collected on the territory of the Ilyinsky district of the Perm region in a dark coniferous forest was the raw material for obtaining the essential oil. Samples for the research were collected in December 2018 from trees 40–50 years old. The essential oil was obtained with the Clevenger apparatus. Determination of the component composition of Siberian fir essential oil fractions was made by using chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Experiments for determination of antihypoxic activity of Siberian fir essential oil fractions were made on a hypoxic hypoxia model with hypercapnia. According to the results of the research, it was found that the first fraction is more saturated with monoterpene compounds, but the proportion of sesquiterpenoids increases in following fractions. The main components of all fir oil fractions are: bornylacetate, limonene, ∆3-carene, karyophyllene. It was found that the fractions 1 and 2 have the highest antihypoxic activity in comparison with the reference sample. For further research, we offer fraction 1, because it contains the high level of bornylacetate, and the lowest content of ∆3-carene, which inhibits the ubiquinol cytochrome-C reductase complex, interrupting mitochondrial and cell respiration.
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NÚÑEZ, P. E., M. J. MOLENAAR, W. LAGEWEG, K. W. LI, and M. DE JONG-BRINK. "Excretory–secretory products of Trichobilharzia ocellata and their modulating effects on the internal defence system of Lymnaea stagnalis." Parasitology 114, no. 2 (February 1997): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182096008360.
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Excretory–secretory (E–S) products, released by Trichobilharzia ocellata cultured in vitro, were assessed for their modulatory effects on the internal defence system of the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. E–S products were concentrated and fractionated using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and bacterial clearance activity of haemocytes was taken as a parameter for the internal defence system. Two main fractions of E–S products were produced by T. ocellata, a low molecular fraction (low MW) and a high molecular fraction (high MW), weighing approximately 2 kDa and 40 kDa, respectively. Stage-dependent release of E–S products by transforming miracidia and mother sporocysts was indicated by the difference in proportions of these two fractions, which varied over time. After a culture time of 0–33 h, the smaller fraction was prominent whilst E–S products released between 33 and 72 h consisted of a higher proportion of the high MW fraction. After a culture of 72–96 h, lower and comparable quantities of both fractions were produced by the same batch of cultured parasites. Assaying the 2 fractions released during 0–33 h revealed that the high MW fraction had a suppressing effect on the bacterial clearance activity of haemocytes from juvenile snails and the low MW fraction activated haemocyte activity. Combined fractions obtained during 0–33 h had an activating effect on haemocyte activity but fractions separated from media collected at 33–72 h culture had a suppressing effect on the bacterial clearance activity of the haemocytes. The combined E–S fractions from the 72–96 h incubation had no effect on haemocyte activity. The present study shows that T. ocellata modulates the internal defence system of L. stagnalis by actively interfering with haemocyte function. MALDI-MS analysis of the low MW fraction revealed several components ranging from 450 to 1600 Da. Although it is as yet not clear which factor is responsible for the activating effect it is supposedly a peptide as it is pronase-sensitive and resistant to TFA and acetonitrile.
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Nguyen, Han T. "Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of some brown seaweeds collected in Nha Trang bay, Khanh Hoa province." Journal of Agriculture and Development 19, no. 02 (April 29, 2020): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.11.02.2020.
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Diabetes has become a global problem in recent years. Inhibition of α-glucosidase is one of the effective approaches to control the postprandial blood glucose and thereby managing diabetes. This study evaluated inhibitory activity of seven brown seaweed extracts (Colpomenia sinuosa, Padina australis, Sargassum aquifolium, Sargassum mcclurei, Sargassum duplicatum, Sargassum polycystum and Sargassum swartzi) against α-glucosidase. The results indicated that all seaweed extracts inhibited enzyme activity with the IC50 values ranging from 154.27 to 426.27 μg/mL. The seaweed Sargassum mcclurei showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The effects of extraction conditions and extraction solvent fractions on α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Sargassum mcclurei were investigated. The suitable extraction conditions were found to be the solid to liquid ratio (g/mL) of 1/40, the extraction time of 60 min and the extraction temperature of 60oC. The ethyl acetate extracted fraction showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared with other fractions.
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Łukowski, Adam, and Dorota Dec. "Fractions of Ni, Pb, Cr, and Their Impact on Enzyme Activities of Arable Land Cultivated by the Simplified Method." Minerals 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060584.
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Total metal content is not representing its availability and thus does not provide the details about potential environmental hazards, including the impact on soil enzyme activities. To understand metal availability, chemical fractions must be considered. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of Ni, Cr, and Pb fractions on the enzymatic activity of soils cultivated by the simplified method, which is rare not only in Poland. The percentage of studied metals in fractions was determined according to the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) method. Four fractions were extracted: acid soluble and exchangeable (F1), reducible (F2), oxidizable (F3), and residual (F4). The highest Ni and Cr percentages were noted in fraction F4, and for Pb, they were noted in fraction F2. The smallest Ni and Pb percentages were observed in fraction F1 (most mobile) and for Cr, they were observed in fraction F2. In soil samples collected in spring, the significant relationship was stated between F1/Ni/dehydrogenase, F2/Pb/dehydrogenase, and F2/Pb/urease. Such dependence occurred between F1/Ni/phosphatase and F4/Ni/urease during summer as well as between F1/Ni/phosphatase and F4/Ni/dehydrogenase in autumn. F1/Pb caused a drop in phosphatase activity, whereas F4/Cr influenced its increase. The study results indicated that metal fractions influenced phosphatase activity the most, while protease activity in the soil was not affected.
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Elya, Berna, Yasman ., and Zulfa Edawati. "ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE ASCIDIAN MARINE INVERTEBRATES, DIDEMNUM SP." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/jap.2018.v10s1.17.
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Objective: This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of samples of the ascidian Didemnum sp. collected from Seribu Islands, Jakarta.Methods: Antioxidant activity was tested using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Didemnum sp. was extracted into methanol andthen fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Fractions with the highest antioxidant activity were further fractionated using acceleratedcolumn chromatography.Results: The concentration of sample that reduced the DPPH radical by 50% (IC50) in a methanol extract of Didemnum sp. was 105.10 μg/mL. The ethylacetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 of 90.804 μg/mL). The most active fraction obtained from accelerated column chromatographyfraction had an IC50 of 86.35 μg/mL. The compounds contained in the most active fractions were alkaloids, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, andglycosides.Conclusion: The methanol extract of the ascidian Didemnum sp. exhibited antioxidant activity. Fractionation of the Didemnum sp. extract showed thatthe ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity. Further, fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction by accelerated column chromatographyshowed that fraction VI had the highest antioxidant activity. The most active fraction contained alkaloids, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, andglycosides.
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Qarizada, Deana, Erfan Mohammadian, Azil Bahari Alis, Suriatie Mat Yusuf, Aqilah Dollah, Humapar Azhar Rahimi, Ahmad Shah Nazari, and Muzhda Azizi. "Thermo Distillation and Characterization of Bio Oil from Fast Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS)." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.359.
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Thermo distillation of palm kernel shell in a column reactor was studied in this paper. The objective of this research was to characterize the bio oil and bio oil fractions. The maximum yield was around 70 wt% at 120 °C. The bio oil fractions were collected in ten columns at different temperature ranging between 75- 105°C. HHV of bio oil was 26MJ/Kg. The bio oil moisture, volatility, fixed carbon, and ash were determined and found to be around 6.44wt%, 52.72wt%, 24.39wt%, 16.45wt%, respectively. It can be seen that the PKS bio oil can be considered as an alternative fuel. . HHV of bio oil fraction was between 20- 21MJ/Kg, The density of bio oil fraction was 976.54 g/ mL, and pH of bio oil fraction were around of 2.16.
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Wahyuningsih, Wahyuningsih, Miranti Miranti, Hilwan Yuda Teruna, and Titania Tjandrawati Nugroho. "Isolation of a High Antioxidant Non-Toxic Polar Fraction from Garcinia mangostana Fruit Pericarp by Reverse Phase Column Chromatography." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 24, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.24.1.15-21.
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The crude polar extract of mangosteen fruit pericarp not only has a moderate antioxidant activity of (55±4 μg/mL) but also has high cytotoxicity (16±0.5 μg/mL). The high cytotoxicity presumably is caused by the presence of complex cytotoxic compounds from the mangosteen pericarp. To obtain a non-toxic extract preparation with high antioxidant activity, polar crude 50% ethanol extracts of mangosteen pericarp were partially purified using reverse-phase column chromatography with Silica C18 as the stationary phase and acetonitrile-water gradient elution. Six of the ten fractions collected had high antioxidant activities, with IC50 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging antioxidant levels <50 μg/mL. Three fractions (fractions 3, 5, and 7) with the highest antioxidant activities of (16.4 ± 0.6 µg/mL), (17.8 ± 2 µg/mL) and (17.4 ± 1.8 µg/mL) respectively, were chosen for further cytotoxicity, phenolic content and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The cytotoxic tests were conducted with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. Fraction 3 had low cytotoxicity (LC50 485 ± 96 µg/mL) and fraction 5 was non-toxic (LC50 ≥ 1000 µg/mL), while fraction 7 still had high cytotoxicity (LC50 2.8 ± 0.8 µg/mL). The chromatogram profiles of HPLC showed that fractions 3 and 5 contained more polar compounds than the compounds present in fraction 7. It can be concluded that the reverse phase method succeeded in the isolation of a non-toxic polar fraction, that is, fraction 5, with a significantly higher (p<0.05) antioxidant activity than in the original crude polar extracts. This fraction had a high total phenolic content of 43.3 ± 0.3 g GAE per 100 g extract.
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Smith, Edward H., and Ahmed A. Alqabany. "Fractionation of natural organic matter in the Nile River: implications for treated water quality." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 10 (May 1, 2009): 1989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.198.
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Recent sampling projects in greater Cairo, Egypt have indicated the presence of trihalomethanes and other chlorine disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the public water supply at levels that are periodically in excess of regulatory limits. Therefore, hydrophobic–hydrophilic fractionation of natural organic matter (NOM) was performed for raw Nile River water samples in order to identify the organic fractions that most readily react with chlorine to produce DBPs. Averages of five events over a 13-month period revealed that the hydrophilic neutral fraction made the highest contribution (35%) to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), followed by hydrophobic (29%), transphilic (23%), and hydrophilic charged (13%) fractions. Relative contribution of NOM fractions to DBP formation was measured according to the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) test. Although the transphilic fraction was only the third highest contributor to DOC, on average it constituted the major contribution to THMFP (38%) followed by the hydrophobic fraction (31%). This finding was corroborated by the results of two events in which samples were collected in both Cairo and Luxor (750 km upstream). The transphilic fraction also yielded the best correlation between percent contributions to THMFP versus DOC.
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Kasahara, M., K. C. Choi, and K. Takahashi. "ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS COLLECTED DURING EPISODIC AIR POLLUTION EVENTS IN JAPAN." International Journal of PIXE 02, no. 04 (January 1992): 665–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083592000695.
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More than 3,000 aerosol samples have been collected since 1986 in Kyoto under various meteorological and environmental conditions, including episodic air pollution events such as heavy air pollution, Kosa dust, very clean air, etc. The elemental concentrations of these aerosol samples were determined by PIXE techniques, and elemental concetration data were used to estimate a source contribution of aerosols by applying a receptor model. The concentrations of Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe in both coarse and fine fractions increased tremendously at Kosa event. The maximum source contribution of soil dust amounted to 140 μg/m3 for a six hour average during a Kosa event. On the other hand, the concentrations of S, Zn, Pb and Cu in the fine fraction increased remarkably during heavy air pollution and photochemical smog events.
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Hardiyanti, Rini, Lamek Marpaung, I. Ketut Adnyana, and Partomuan Simanjuntak. "ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF DUKU’S MISTLETOE LEAF (DENDROPHTHOE PENTANDRA (L.) MIQ) COLLECTED FROM MEDAN, INDONESIA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.29725.
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Objective: The objective of this research is to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and flavonoid total of Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq extract.Methods: The leaf of D. pentandra (L.) Miq was gradually extracted using methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. From that extraction process, various isolates were obtained such as isolate of methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and flavonoid total. The obtained flavonoid total was continued into separation process using column system with eluent chloroform:methanol in ratio (9:1, 8:2, 7:3, and 6:4) and from this process was obtained six fractions (F1-5).Results: All isolates and fractions that obtained during the extraction and separation process were continued to the activity measurement, such as antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl method and antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method to Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antioxidant activity (IC50) of the isolate of flavonoid total and fraction of F4 and F5 was 6.69, 5.98, and 5.95 μg/mL, respectively. On the antibacterial activity, measurement showed a linear correlation between the activity and concentration (10 and 100 μg/mL) of all isolates and fractions. The antibacterial activity was dominated by flavonoid total isolate.Conclusions: The results obtained in this research work showed that the extracts and fractions of D. pentandra (L.) Miq have a potency as antioxidant and antibacterial, especially flavonoid total that acts as antioxidant and fractions F4 and F5 that act as antibacterial.
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Gallardo, A., M. Carlos, FJ Colomer, and N. Edo-Alcón. "Analysis of the waste selective collection at drop-off systems: Case study including the income level and the seasonal variation." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17733539.
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There are several factors which have an influence in the selective collection of the municipal waste. To define a selective collection system, the waste generation pattern should be firstly determined and these factors should be analyzed in depth. This paper tries to analyze the economic income level and the seasonal variation on the collection and the purity of light-packaging waste to determine actions to improve the waste management plan of a town. In the first stage of the work, waste samples of the light-packaging containers were collected in two zones of the town with different economic characteristics in different seasons during one year. In the second stage, the samples were characterized to analyze the composition and purity of the waste. They were firstly separated into four fractions: metals; plastic; beverage cartons; and misplaced materials. The misplaced fraction was in its turn separated into cardboard, rubber and leather, inert waste, organic matter, paper, hazardous waste, clothes and shoes, glass and others. The plastic fraction was separated into five types of plastics and the metal fraction into three. In the third stage, the data have been analyzed and conclusions have been extracted. The main result is that the quality of the light-packaging fraction collected in these zones during both seasons were similar. This methodology can be extrapolated to towns with similar characteristics. It will be useful when implementing a system to collect the waste selectively and to develop actions to achieve a good participation in the selective collection of the waste.
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Bernat, Katarzyna, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, Magdalena Zaborowska, and Izabela Samul. "Insight into the Composition of the Stabilized Residual from a Full-Scale Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT) Plant in Terms of the Potential Recycling and Recovery of Its Contaminants." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105432.
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There is a lack of knowledge about the composition and particle size distribution of the <80 mm fraction mechanically separated from residual municipal solid waste (rMSW) and the stabilized residual (SR) after aerobic stabilization in a full-scale MBT plant. Therefore, the composition of the particle size fractions (>60 mm, 60–40 mm, 40–10 mm) of the <80 mm fraction and SR, collected in all seasons (summer (S), autumn (A), winter (W), spring (Sp)), was determined. Biodegradable waste (vegetable waste, other organic waste, paper, cardboard) constituted from 44.1% (A) to 54.3% (Sp) of the <80 mm fraction and it decreased to 8.5% (W) to 17.1% (S) in the SR, after effective biodegradation. In SR, the smaller particle size fractions (up to 40 mm) predominated. The main contaminants in SR were plastic, glass, metal, and other waste. Hierarchical clustering indicated that the composition of the particle size fractions of SR was more similar across four seasons than that of the <80 mm fraction. After stabilization and separation, the share of contaminants increased in the SR size fractions, which means that their recovery before landfilling may be profitable. This suggests a new direction in waste management that would be consistent with the principles of a circular economy, in which a waste product, like SR, which previously could only be landfilled, becomes a source of secondary materials.
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Łaskawiec, Edyta, Joanna Wyczarska-Kokot, Mariusz Kuglarz, and Mariusz Dudziak. "Toxicology Classification of Pool Water Quality in Relation to Selected Pollutant Fractions Present in Washings Samples." Proceedings 6, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecehs-1-05709.
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The aim of the study is to determine the fractional share of organic pollutants in washing samples collected after pressure filter washings. The evaluation of the physicochemical and toxicological quality of raw washings, fractions <200 kDa, <30 kDa, and <300 Da, has been presented. Separation of selected fractions was carried out with the participation of a multistage pressure membrane system using ultra- and nanofiltration. The physicochemical analysis was conducted based on the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration, dissolved organic carbon, and total carbon. The toxicological classification of isolated fractions was also prepared using the percentage of toxicity effects obtained in commercial bioassays—Microtox® and Artoxkit M. The concentration of TOC in the analyzed samples of the raw washings was ranged from 2.50–11.00 mgC/L. The presented study showed a significant share of the organic pollutants fraction with a molar weight below 300 Da in the examined washings (the TOC was from 0.71 to 1.48 mgC/L). No correlation was observed between the concentration of TOC and the percentage of toxic effect. Screening toxicity tests can be a signal of swimming pool water quality, but they need to be extended with additional test organisms or observations of more morphological parameters of these organisms.
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Lima, Julião Soares de Souza, Rone Batista de Oliveira, and Samuel de Assis Silva. "Spatial variability of particle size fractions of an Oxisol cultivated with conilon coffee." Revista Ceres 59, no. 6 (December 2012): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-737x2012000600018.
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Information on the spatial distribution of particle size fractions is essential for use planning and management of soils. The aim of this work to was to study the spatial variability of particle size fractions of a Typic Hapludox cultivated with conilon coffee. The soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m in the coffee canopy projection, totaling 109 georeferentiated points. At the depth of 0.2-0.4 m the clay fraction showed average value significantly higher, while the sand fraction showed was higher in the depth of 0-0.20 m. The silt showed no significant difference between the two depths. The particle size fractions showed medium and high spatial variability. The levels of total sand and clay have positive and negative correlation, respectively, with the altitude of the sampling points, indicating the influence of landscape configuration.
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Suwariyasa, Made. "The Analysis of Students’ Ability of Decimal Numeral Multiplication of the Fifth Grade Students." Journal of Psychology and Instructions 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpai.v1i1.9629.
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This study aimed to (1) describing Learning multiplication of decimal fractions in V grade,(2) The students' ability in completing the multiplication of decimal fractions, (3) The constraints which were faced by students in completing the multiplication of decimal fractions and the solutions to overcome those obstacles. The type of this study was descriptive quantitative and qualitative research. The subjects of this study were the fifth grade students of SD Negeri 2 Penarukan, consisted of 20 students and teachers in V class. The object of this study were (1) Learning multiplication decimal fraction in V grade, (2) The students' ability in completing the multiplication of decimal fractions, (3) The constraints which were faced by students in completing the multiplication of decimal fractions and the solutions to overcome those obstacles. The observation, test, interview, and documentation were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative and qualitative approach. The results showed (1) Learning multiplication decimal fractions was categorized good with a value of 84 , (2) the average test results in classical 59.9 with low category with the highest indicators is to solve everyday problems which involves multiplication of various fractions 55.25% and the lowest indicator is determining the results of multiplication operations of various fractional 88.5 %, (3) The constraints faced by students are: forget the concept of decimal fractions multiplication operations, forget to put coma at the end of the answer and students are still confusein completing the essay task. The solution to overcome those constraints aregiving students a lot of exercises regarding the multiplication of decimal fractions. So that students are better trained and familiar with the particular multiplication exercises.
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Astuti, Rika Indri, Muhammad Eka Prastya, Irmanida Batubara, Eka Budiarti, and Aulia Ilmiyawati. "Antiaging and Antioxidant Bioactivities of Asteraceae Plant Fractions on the Cellular Functions of the Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2021 (September 18, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2119634.
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Research on antioxidants has been gaining worldwide attention because of their essential applications for medicinal purposes. In this study, we conducted bioprospecting of six Asteraceae plants as the source of antiaging and antioxidant agents. Water and chloroform fractions from Ageratum conyzoides L., Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze, Galinsoga parviflora (Cav.), Mikania micrantha Kunth, Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski, and Synedrella nodiflora L. were collected and assayed for their in vitro antioxidant activities and potential antiaging properties using the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as the model organism. Based on the in vitro assay, the water fractions of S. trilobata showed a strong antioxidant activity. Interestingly, all treatment solutions promoted the stress tolerance phenotype of S. pombe to strong H2O2-induced oxidative stress conditions. Moreover, compared with the treatments without plant extract/fraction, all extract and fraction treatments, except the chloroform fractions of A. conyzoides, promoted yeast cell longevity. Strong induction of mitochondria activity was found following the treatments with the extracts and fractions of S. nodiflora, D. integrifolia, and M. micrantha and likely mimicked the calorie restriction-induced lifespan. Interestingly, S. nodiflora water fractions significantly upregulated the mRNA transcripts of the Pap1-mediated core environmental stress response, namely, ctt1 gene in S. pombe. These data indicated that the fractions of Asteraceae plants had potential antioxidant and antiaging activities through various cellular modulations. S. nodiflora water fraction has been shown to have antioxidant and antiaging activities in S. pombe, by modulating stress tolerance response, inducing mitochondrial activity, and increasing the ctt1 gene expression. Compounds analysis identified that S. nodiflora water fraction contained some primarily compounds including oxyphyllacinol, valine, and sugiol.
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Marlett, Judith A., and Milton H. Fischer. "The active fraction of psyllium seed husk." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 1 (February 2003): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002201.
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A series of experiments and evaluations of fractions isolated from psyllium seed husk (PSH) were used to test the overall hypothesis that a gel-forming component of PSH is not fermented and that it is this component that is responsible for the laxative and cholesterol-lowering properties of PSH. A gel is isolated from human stools collected during a controlled diet study when PSH is consumed but not when the control diet only is consumed. Evaluations of three fractions isolated from PSH suggest that gel-forming fraction B, which is about 55% of PSH, is poorly fermented and is the component that increases stool moisture and faecal bile acid excretion, the latter leading to lower blood cholesterol levels. Fraction C, representing <15% of PSH, is viscous, but is rapidly fermented. Fraction A is alkali-insoluble material that is not fermented. In concentrations comparable with their presence in PSH, fractions A and C do not alter moisture and bile acid output. The active fraction of PSH is a highly-branched arabinoxylan consisting of a xylose backbone and arabinose- and xylose-containing side chains. In contrast to arabinoxylans in cereal grains that are extensively fermented, PSH possesses a structural feature, as yet unidentified, that hinders its fermentation by typical colonic microflora.
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Efremov, Aleksandr Alekseyevich, Irina Dement'yevna Zykova, and Natal'ya Sergeyevna Korosteleva. "ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIRADICAL ACTIVITY OF INDIVIDUAL FRACTIONS OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM SEEDS OF HERACLEUM DISSECTUM LEDEB. OF SIBERIAN REGION." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020027029.
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By the method of exhaustive hydroponically obtained essential oil from beans of Heracleum dissectum Ledeb., growing in the Krasnoyarsk region. Separate fractions of oil were obtained: the first after 45 minutes from the beginning of distillation, the second – after 2 hours, the third-after 5 hours, the fourth fraction was collected after the end of hydro-distillation. The component composition of both whole essential oil and its separate fractions was studied. The main components are octyl acetate (60.0%), octyl-2-methylpropanoate (10.2%), n-hexyl-2-methylbutanoate (9.0%). The main amount of octyl acetate (64.7%) is concentrated in the first fraction of the oil. The antimicrobial activity of various fractions of essential oil of borscht dissected against strains of opportunistic microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus 209p, MRSA, Proteus vulgaris. It was found that, depending on the duration of isolation, the antimicrobial activity of essential oil fractions in relation to Staphylococcus aureus 209p, MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa decreases, and in relation to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris increases. The most pronounced inhibitory effect of the third and fourth fractions of essential oil against Klebsiella pneumonia. The antiradical activity of all studied samples of borscht essential oil dissected in reaction with stable free 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical was established. The first fraction showed minimal antiradical activity (15.1%), the fourth – maximum (49.2%).
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Turgut, Alper, and Özlem Yalçin. "Applications of deep learning to the assessment of red blood cell deformability." Biorheology 58, no. 1-2 (August 4, 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bir-201016.
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BACKGROUND: Measurement of abnormal Red Blood Cell (RBC) deformability is a main indicator of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) and requires standardized quantification methods. Ektacytometry is commonly used to estimate the fraction of Sickled Cells (SCs) by measuring the deformability of RBCs from laser diffraction patterns under varying shear stress. In addition to estimations from model comparisons, use of maximum Elongation Index differences (ΔEImax) at different laser intensity levels was recently proposed for the estimation of SC fractions. OBJECTIVE: Implement a convolutional neural network to accurately estimate rigid-cell fraction and RBC concentration from laser diffraction patterns without using a theoretical model and eliminating the ektacytometer dependency for deformability measurements. METHODS: RBCs were collected from control patients. Rigid-cell fraction experiments were performed using varying concentrations of glutaraldehyde. Serial dilutions were used for varying the concentration of RBC. A convolutional neural network was constructed using Python and TensorFlow. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS: Measurements and model predictions show that a linear relationship between ΔEImax and rigid-cell fraction exists only for rigid-cell fractions less than 0.2. The proposed neural network architecture can be used successfully for both RBC concentration and rigid-cell fraction estimations without a need for a theoretical model.
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Liu, Yan Zhong, Jun Wei Ma, Chun Ye Lin, Xi Tao Liu, Hong Xia Yan, and Yu Qing Ren. "Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Soils of School Playgrounds and Residential Areas, Central China." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.362.
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Soil samples were collected from school playgrounds and residential areas of children in Hubei Province, China. Total arsenic content in 2 partial fractions (0-0.25mm and 0-2mm) of soil samples were analyzed. The average total arsenic content of samples in 0-0.25 fraction were 8.43 and 9.43 mg kg-1 in rural and urban soils, respectively, while in the 0-2mm fraction, the average arsenic content were 9.09 and 11.64 mgkg-1. Risk assessment for children in these study sites implied that hazard quotient of arsenic with the reason of soil ingestion were below 1, and the carcinogenic risk was acceptable (<1.0×10−6) in all the sample sites. There was significant difference between the risk assessment with the total arsenic value in 0-0.25mm and 0-2mm fractions in urban soils. While in soil samples of rural areas, risk assessment of different soil fractions had similar results.
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Adhikari, Anjan, Sangita Bhattacharya, Abhijit Chanda, and Tapas Kumar Sur. "Assessment on antinociceptive actions of soluble fractions derived from edible mollusc (Bellamya bengalensis Lam.)." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 12 (November 23, 2017): 2916. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20175218.
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Background: Bellamya bengalensis, an edible bivalve mollusc is traditionally used in the treatment of joint pain, bone fracture, jaundice and eye infections. Present study was designed to find out the most potent analgesic fractions derived from the body mass of Bellamya bengalensis.Methods: The test specimen was collected, identified and fractionated with solvent medium like, phosphate buffer saline (PB), ethyl acetate (EB), methanol (MB) and chloroform (CB). Protein concentration of each fraction was determined. The antinociceptive activities were measured either by thermal models like, hot plate and tail immersion (central analgesic action) or by chemical model like acetic acid induced writhing (peripheral analgesic action) in mice. Diclofenac sodium was used as analgesic standard.Results: Significant peripheral and central analgesic activity showed by phosphate buffer saline fraction at 100mg/kg, even better than diclofenac standard at 10mg/kg. In hot plate and tail immersion tests, phosphate buffer saline showed the highest activity followed by methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction respectively. However, in case of peripheral analgesic experiment, phosphate buffer fraction exhibited maximum writhing inhibitory properties and that was followed by chloroform, methanol and ethyl acetate fraction respectively.Conclusions: Phosphate buffer saline fraction of Bellamya bengalensis showed maximum potential central and peripheral analgesic activity than any other fractions.
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Gioelli, F., E. Dinuccio, D. Cuk, L. Rollè, and P. Balsari. "Acidification with sulfur of the separated solid fraction of raw and co-digested pig slurry: effect on greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions during storage." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15618.
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A study was performed to assess: (1) the feasibility to acidify the separated solid fraction of raw and co-digested pig slurry by using a powdery sulfur-based product; and (2) the effect of this acidification method on greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions during manure storage. Samples of raw and co-digested pig slurry were collected at two commercial farms and mechanically separated by a laboratory-scale screw press device. The sulfur powder (80% concentration) was added to the obtained separated solid fractions at three application rates: 0.5%, 1% and 2% (w/w). Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions were afterwards measured during storage of the acidified samples and compared with those measured from untreated samples (Control). Gaseous emissions were determined with dynamic chamber method by Infrared Photoacoustic Detection. Gaseous losses were monitored along 30 and 60 days of storage time for raw solid fraction and digested solid fraction, respectively. The addition of the tested sulfur powder to solid fractions showed to be a reliable and effective method to acidify raw and co-digested solid fractions. Results showed a significant reduction of both greenhouse gases and ammonia emission regardless of the separated solid fraction type. The highest sulfur application rate (2% w/w) led to a reduction of up to 78% of greenhouse gas emission and 65% of ammonia losses from raw separated solid fraction when compared with the Control. Similar results were achieved from the co-digested solid fraction, with emission reduction of up to 67% for ammonia and 61% for greenhouse gas.
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Oloche, Jeremiah John, Bolaji Bosede Oluremi, and Temiloluwa Oyindamola Koya. "In vitro inhibition of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas efflux pump by Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich." AROC in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (September 14, 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/arocpb01022027.
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Global health is under constant threat due to antimicrobial drug resistance. Bacterial Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are of importance because of their antibiotics resistance. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of extracts of Xylopia aethiopica (XA) on multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas isolates. Fresh samples of XA leaf, stem bark and roots were collected from the botanical garden, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Dried and pulverized samples were extracted with methanol and partitioned into n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was performed by standard methods. Antimicrobial activity and synergistic interaction were determined using microdilution and checkerboard broth dilution methods, respectively. The results revealed that crude methanol extracts of XA leaf, stem bark and root significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the growth of all tested MDR Pseudomonas isolates at 10 mg/mL. At 1 mg/mL, the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf, and dichloromethane fraction of the roots produced clear zones of inhibition of 12 – 20 mm, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 µg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. The modulation factor (MF) of ciprofloxacin, dichloromethane fraction of XA roots and ethyl acetate fraction of XA leaf were 4, 8, and 4 on MDR isolates E01006, OAU058 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, respectively. In all tested isolates, but not E01006 and E01024, the fractional MICs of ciprofloxacin/ethylacetate fraction of XA leaf extract combination was not significantly different (p>0.05) compared with ciprofloxacin/verapamil combination. In conclusion, the root and leaf fractions Xylopia aethiopica that demonstrated antimicrobial activity against MDR P. aeruginosa and synergised with ciprofloxacin have the potential to rejuvenate the antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin in MDR P. aeruginosa.
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Bodini, Renata B., Evandro M. Montini, Carolina C. de Carvalho, Luiz A. B. de Moraes, Antonio J. de A. Meirelles, and Alessandra L. de Oliveira. "Sensory and Composition Analyses of the Aqueous Phases from the Concentration of Guava (Psidium Guava L.) and Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Juices and the Process-Induced Losses of Vitamin C." Open Food Science Journal 11, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874256401911010044.
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Introduction:One of the major problems in the juice industry is the loss of the fruit aroma during the thermal concentration techniques. During this process, the water evaporation, which carries the volatiles, compromises the juice’s flavor. In the fruit juice concentration by vacuum evaporation, the aqueous fraction with the volatiles is composed of only one phase.Methods:This study analyses the volatiles of the aqueous fractions from the concentration of mango and guava juices in a vacuum evaporator under different temperatures. The volatiles from the aqueous fractions were analyzed using mass spectrometry and the sensorial analysis evaluated the fruit aroma intensity.Results:Eighteen volatiles were identified in mango juice, among them, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and ketones were the major ones. The major compounds found in both mango juice and its aqueous fractions were 3-carene, β-pinene, β-terpinene and limonene. In the volatile profile of the aqueous fraction from the guava juice, the predominant compounds were aldehydes, such asn-hexanal and, the alcohol eucalyptol. 24 compounds were identified, including alcohols, sesquiterpenes, esters and ketones, and all characteristic volatiles were present in the guava fruit. Under the different temperature and vacuum conditions, the loss of vitamin C ranged from 35 to 77% for mango and from 15 to 55% for guava juices.Conclusion:Aqueous fractions collected early in the concentration under different temperatures were richer in the distinctive fruit odor when compared with the fractions collected at the end of the process. The loss of vitamin C was higher at higher temperatures and vacuum applied.
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Östensson, Karin, Matts Hageltorn, and Göran Åström. "Differential Cell Counting in Fraction-Collected Milk from Dairy Cows." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 29, no. 3-4 (September 1988): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03548647.
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Zani, Claudia, Francesco Donato, Elisabetta Ceretti, Roberta Pedrazzani, Ilaria Zerbini, Umberto Gelatti, and Donatella Feretti. "Genotoxic Activity of Particulate Matter and In Vivo Tests in Children Exposed to Air Pollution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105345.
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The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between micronuclei and DNA damage in children’s buccal mucosa cells and the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the different sized fractions of particulate matter as well as the concentration of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and metals in particulate matter. Air particulate matter was collected by high volume samplers located near the schools attended by the children on the same days of biological samplings. The mutagenic activity was assessed in different cells in in vitro tests (Ames test on bacteria and comet test on leukocytes). Our study showed weak positive correlations between (a) the mutagenicity of the PM0.5 fraction and PAHs and (b) the micronuclei test of children’s buccal cells and PAHs detected in PM0.5 and PM0.5–3 fractions. A positive correlation was also found between in vitro comet test on leukocytes and PAHs in the PM3–10 fraction. No correlation was observed for metal concentrations in each PM fraction.
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Rothacker, Leo, Alexander Dreves, Frank Sirocko, Pieter M. Grootes, and Marie-Josée Nadeau. "Dating Bulk Sediments from Limnic Deposits Using a Grain-Size Approach." Radiocarbon 55, no. 2 (2013): 943–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200058094.
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Radiocarbon measurements on bulk subaqueous sediments typically provide ages significantly older than actual time of deposition. This is generally caused by the presence of reworked organic compounds, which are depleted in 14C. To explore this issue of age heterogeneity, we collected 4 organic-rich samples from varying depths in a lake sediment core at the Gemündener Maar (Eifel, Germany), a lake of volcanic origin. We divided each sample into 5 standard grain-size fractions: gravel, sand, silt, clay, and 1 fraction smaller than 0.45 μm. These were cleaned separately using a standard acid-alkali-acid treatment. The highly organic gravel-size fraction provided the youngest 14C ages of all grain-size fractions and seems to be associated most closely with the time of deposition. By contrast, the silt and clay fractions show significantly older ages. If the investigated limnic sediment layer does not contain any identifiable terrestrial macrofossils, extracting and measuring coarser grain-size fractions instead of measuring bulk sediment samples will provide a better approximation of the time of sedimentation.
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SIREGAR, HARTUTININGSIH-M., R. S. PURWANTORO, PRAPTIWI PRAPTIWI, and A. AGUSTA. "Antibacterial potency of simple fractions of ethyl acetate extract of Begonia baliensis." Nusantara Bioscience 10, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n100305.
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Siregar HM, Purwantoro RS, Praptiwi, Agusta A. 2018. Antibacterial potency of simple fractions of ethyl acetate extract of Begonia baliensis. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 159-163. Balinese people utilized Begonia baliensis Girm. (Begoniaceae) as traditional medicine to relieve cough. It was applied in a unique way by inserting the plant material into a bamboo column and then burning it in the fire. The liquid produced by the combustion process was used as a cough medicine. Based on this traditional knowledge, it is expected that B. Baliensis has antibacterial activity. B. baliensis plant collected from Bukit Sangyang, Penebel, Tabanan-Bali has been used in this study. The chemical compounds of ethyl acetate extracts were isolated/ separated by column chromatography. The obtained fractions were analyzed for antibacterial activity by disc diffusion assay against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Chromatographic column yielded 14 simple fractions, whereas antibacterial test results showed 5 active fractions. Fraction 3 (F3) was active against S. epidermidis, fraction 5 (F5) against E. coli and S. epidermidis, while fractions 10, 11 and 12 were active only against Bacillus subtilis. Isolation and purification of the active components likely increased their potential as antibacterials.
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Samburova, Vera, A. Gannet Hallar, Lynn R. Mazzoleni, Parichehr Saranjampour, Douglas Lowenthal, Steven D. Kohl, and Barbara Zielinska. "Composition of water-soluble organic carbon in non-urban atmospheric aerosol collected at the Storm Peak Laboratory." Environmental Chemistry 10, no. 5 (2013): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13079.
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Environmental context The organic fraction of atmospheric aerosols is a complex mixture of thousands of species, which play an important role in many atmospheric processes, such as absorbing and scattering solar radiation. We analysed the water-soluble organic fraction of ambient aerosol samples, and quantified over 45 carboxylic acids, sugars, sugar anhydrides and sugar alcohols. The presence of fairly high concentrations of sugars and sugar-alcohols suggests a significant biological input (e.g. pollen, fungi and bacteria) to the water-soluble organic fraction of non-urban aerosols. Abstract Water-soluble organic constituents of PM2.5 aerosol (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5µm) have not been well characterised so far. The goal of this work was to perform quantitative analysis of individual water-soluble organic species in aerosol samples collected in July of 2010 at the Storm Peak Laboratory (3210m above sea level) located in the Colorado Park Range (Steamboat Springs, CO, USA). Aqueous extracts were combined into six composites and analysed for organic carbon (OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-insoluble OC, inorganic ions, organic acids, lignin derivatives, sugar-alcohols, sugars and sugar-anhydrates. Analysis of higher molecular weight water-soluble organics was done using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. Approximately 2400 positive and 4000 negative ions were detected and assigned to monoisotopic molecular formulae in the mass range of 100–800Da. The higher number of negative ions reflects a predominant presence of highly oxidised organic compounds. Individual identified organic species represented up to 30% of the water-soluble organic mass (WSOM). The WSOM fractions of the low molecular weight organic acids, sugars and sugar alcohols were 3–12%, 1.0–16% and 0.4–1.9%. Significant amounts of arabitol, mannitol and oxalic acid are most likely associated with airborne fungal spores and conidia that were observed on the filters using high resolution electron microscopy. Overall, higher concentrations of sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose etc.) in comparison with biomass burning tracer levoglucosan indicate that a significant mass fraction of WSOC is related to airborne biological species.
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Vinnerås, B. "Separation efficiency in a whirlpool surface tension separator, separating faeces and toilet paper for nutrient recovery - pilot-scale study." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0367.
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The main proportion of the plant nutrients in waste from society can be recycled in two unpolluted fractions if the urine and the faeces are collected separately. By using urine-diverting toilets combined with a whirlpool surface tension faecal separator, it is possible to achieve this. If the separator is installed correctly, with a gradual bend to minimise disintegration of the particles, it is possible to collect approximately 92% nitrogen, 86% phosphorus and 76% potassium of the content excreted in the faeces in a small separated fraction that only contains 10% of the flushwater used. The faecal separation is a robust system with no moving parts, which is not significantly affected by the flushwater volume, and almost no water is separated to the separated solids if neither toilet paper nor faeces are flushed.
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Victorio, Cristiane Pimentel, Davi Oliveira e. Silva, Daniela Alviano, Celuta Alviano, Ricardo Machado Kuster, and Celso Luiz Salgueiro Lage. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of Alpinia zerumbet and A. purpurata nonpolar fraction of leaf extract." Revista Fitos 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32712/2446-4775.2021.1037.
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This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of fractions of leaf hydroalcoholic crude extracts: hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanolic of Alpinia zerumbet and A. purpurata by the agar drop diffusion method in order to screen the main compounds involved in antimicrobial activity. Leaves of A. zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt et R.M. Sm. and A. purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum adult plants were collected and then dried and macerated in 70% ethanol. Leaf extracts were further partitioned using solvents in increasing polarity. Dichloromethane fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major compound in the dichloromethane fraction of both species was the hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid). By drop diffusion assay, the antimicrobial activity of crude extract, as well as fractions of hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanolic, was evaluated against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. No bacteria were inhibited. However, the dichloromethane fraction exhibited promising antifungal activity against the following fungi tested: Cryptococcus neoformans, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Trichophytoon rubrum, Microsporium canis and M. gypseum.
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Fitzgerald, Glenn J., Eileen M. Perry, Ken C. Flower, J. Nikolaus Callow, Bryan Boruff, Audrey Delahunty, Ashley Wallace, and James Nuttall. "Frost Damage Assessment in Wheat Using Spectral Mixture Analysis." Remote Sensing 11, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11212476.
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Frost damage to broadacre crops can cause up to an 85% loss in productivity. Although growers have few options for crop protection from frost, a rapid method for assessing frost-induced sterility would allow for timely management decisions (e.g., cutting for hay and altering marketing strategies). Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) has shown success in mapping landscape components and was used with hyperspectral data collected on the canopy, heads, and leaves of wheat at different sites to determine if this could quantify frost damage. Spectral libraries were assembled from canopy components collected from local field sites to generate spectral libraries for SMA from which a series of fraction sets was derived. The frost (Fr) fraction was then used to estimate final yield as a means of measuring frost damage. The best-fitting Fr fractions to yield were derived from the same data set as the source Fr spectra, and these ranged over R2 = 0.58–0.75 at the canopy scale. It was clear that spectral signatures need to be collected at scale to assess frost damage. While Fr fractions were able to estimate yield there was no “universal” endmember set from which a Fr fraction could be derived. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was not able to estimate frost damage consistently. Future work requires determining whether there is a “universal” set of endmembers and a minimum set of targeted wavebands that could lead to multispectral instruments for frost assessment for use in ground and aerial sensors.