Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Collective classification'

Unsolicited messages affects virtually every popular social media website, and spammers have become increasingly proficient at bypassing conventional filters, prompting a stronger effort to develop new methods. First, we build an independent model using features that capture the cases where spam is obvious. Second, a relational model is built, taking advantage of the interconnected nature of users and their comments. By feeding our initial predictions from the independent model into the relational model, we can propagate and jointly infer the labels of all comments at the same time. This allows us to capture the obfuscated spam comments missed by the independent model that are only found by looking at the relational structure of the social network. The results from our experiments shows that models utilizing the underlying structure of the social network are more effective at detecting spam than ones that do not. This thesis includes previously published coauthored material.

Microtubule associated molecular motors are involved in a multitude of fundamental cellular processes such as intracellular transport and spindle positioning. During these movements multiple motor proteins often work together and are, therefore, able to exert high forces. Thus force generation and sensing are common mechanisms for controlling motor driven movement. These mechanisms play a pivotal role when motor proteins antagonize each other, e.g. to facilitate oscillations of the spindle or the nucleus. Single motor proteins have been characterized in depth over the last two decades, our understanding of the collective behavior of molecular motors remains, however, poor. Since motor proteins often cooperate while they walk along microtubules, it is necessary to describe their collective reaction to a load quantitatively in order to understand the mechanism of many motor-driven processes. I studied the antagonistic action of many molecular motors (of one kind) in a gliding geometry. For this purpose I crosslinked two microtubules in an antiparallel fashion, so that they formed \"doublets\". Then I observed the gliding motility of these antiparallel doublets and analyzed the gliding velocity with respect to the relative number of motors pulling or pushing against each other. I observed that the antiparallel doublets gliding on conventional kinesin-1 (from Drosophila melanogaster) as well as cytoplasmic dynein (from Saccharomyces cerevisae) exhibited two distinct modes of movement, slow and fast, which were well separated. Furthermore I found a bistability, meaning, that both kinds of movement, slow and fast, occurred at the same ratio of antagonizing motors. Antiparallel doublets gliding on the non-processive motor protein Ncd (the kinesin-14 from D. melanogaster) showed, however, no bistability. The collective dynamics of all three motor proteins were described with a quantitative theory based on single-motor properties. Furthermore the response of multiple dynein motors towards an external, well-defined load was measured in a gliding geometry by magnetic tweezing. Examples of multi-motor force-velocity relationships are presented and discussed. I established, furthermore, a method for counting single surface immobilized motors to guide the evaluation of the tweezing experiments.

Complex systems can often be modelled as networks, in which their basic units are represented by abstract nodes and the interactions among them by abstract links. This network of interactions is the key to understanding emergent collective phenomena in such systems. In most cases, it is an adaptive network, which is defined by a feedback loop between the local dynamics of the individual units and the dynamical changes of the network structure itself. This feedback loop gives rise to many novel phenomena. Adaptive networks are a promising concept for the investigation of collective phenomena in different systems. However, they also present a challenge to existing modelling approaches and analytical descriptions due to the tight coupling between local and topological degrees of freedom. In this thesis, I present a simple rule-based framework for the investigation of adaptive networks, using which a wide range of collective phenomena can be modelled and analysed from a common perspective. In this framework, a microscopic model is defined by the local interaction rules of small network motifs, which can be implemented in stochastic simulations straightforwardly. Moreover, an approximate emergent-level description in terms of macroscopic variables can be derived from the microscopic rules, which we use to analyse the system\'s collective and long-term behaviour by applying tools from dynamical systems theory. We discuss three adaptive-network models for different collective phenomena within our common framework. First, we propose a novel approach to collective motion in insect swarms, in which we consider the insects\' adaptive interaction network instead of explicitly tracking their positions and velocities. We capture the experimentally observed onset of collective motion qualitatively in terms of a bifurcation in this non-spatial model. We find that three-body interactions are an essential ingredient for collective motion to emerge. Moreover, we show what minimal microscopic interaction rules determine whether the transition to collective motion is continuous or discontinuous. Second, we consider a model of opinion formation in groups of individuals, where we focus on the effect of directed links in adaptive networks. Extending the adaptive voter model to directed networks, we find a novel fragmentation mechanism, by which the network breaks into distinct components of opposing agents. This fragmentation is mediated by the formation of self-stabilizing structures in the network, which do not occur in the undirected case. We find that they are related to degree correlations stemming from the interplay of link directionality and adaptive topological change. Third, we discuss a model for the evolution of cooperation among self-interested agents, in which the adaptive nature of their interaction network gives rise to a novel dynamical mechanism promoting cooperation. We show that even full cooperation can be achieved asymptotically if the networks\' adaptive response to the agents\' dynamics is sufficiently fast.

Founded in 1991, HK Magazine was one of the major English-language publications on local affairs, social issues and entertainment listings published weekly in Hong Kong for a quarter of a century. Apart from providing local entertainment information, it also witnessed the rapid social and political changes of Hong Kong when Britain handed over sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997. In July 2013, HK Magazine was sold to the South China Morning Post (SCMP) Group which was subsequently purchased by Alibaba Group in December 2015. However, the SCMP Group announced on 28 September 2016 that the magazine's final issue would be released on 7 October 2016. The closure of the magazine was viewed by many as the loss of a “fun, independent and free-thinking' publication. In response to the huge reaction from the community, the SCMP Group agreed that the content of HK Magazine would be migrated to the SCMP website before the HK Magazine website was removed. It was however revealed that the SCMP website did not preserve the full archive of HK Magazine as promised. A public appeal was launched to help preserve the collective memory of Hong Kong by archiving the back issues of the magazine. Apart from reviewing the discussion arising from the close down of HK Magazine, this paper also addresses the critical role of the library in long term preserving HK Magazine on one hand and providing access to its digital content on the other.

Many parallel applications from scientific computing use MPI collective communication operations to collect or distribute data. Since the execution times of these communication operations increase with the number of participating processors, scalability problems might occur. In this article, we show for different MPI implementations how the execution time of collective communication operations can be significantly improved by a restructuring based on orthogonal processor structures with two or more levels. As platform, we consider a dual Xeon cluster, a Beowulf cluster and a Cray T3E with different MPI implementations. We show that the execution time of operations like MPI Bcast or MPI Allgather can be reduced by 40% and 70% on the dual Xeon cluster and the Beowulf cluster. But also on a Cray T3E a significant improvement can be obtained by a careful selection of the processor groups. We demonstrate that the optimized communication operations can be used to reduce the execution time of data parallel implementations of complex application programs without any other change of the computation and communication structure. Furthermore, we investigate how the execution time of orthogonal realization can be modeled using runtime functions. In particular, we consider the modeling of two-phase realizations of communication operations. We present runtime functions for the modeling and verify that these runtime functions can predict the execution time both for communication operations in isolation and in the context of application programs.

Kollektive Migration und Schwarmverhalten sind Beispiele für Selbstorganisation und können in verschiedenen biologischen Systemen beobachtet werden, beispielsweise in Vogel-und Fischschwärmen oder Bakterienpopulationen. Im Zentrum dieser Arbeit steht ein räumlich diskretes und zeitlich stetiges Model, welches das kollektive Migrieren von Individuen mittels eines stochastischen Vielteilchensystems (VTS) beschreibt und analysierbar macht. Das konstruierte Modell ist in keiner Klasse gut untersuchter Vielteilchensysteme enthalten, sodass der größte Teil der Arbeit der Entwicklung von Methoden zur Untersuchung des Langzeitverhaltens bestimmter VTS gewidmet ist. Eine entscheidende Rolle spielen hier Gibbs-Maße, die zu zeitlich invarianten Maßen in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Durch eine Simulationsstudie und die Analyse des Einflusses der Parameter Migrationsgeschwindigkeit, Sensitivität der Individuen und (räumliche) Dichte der Anfangsverteilung können Eigenschaften kollektiver Migration erklärt und Hypothesen für weitere Analysen aufgestellt werden
Collective migration and swarming behavior are examples of self-organization and can be observed in various biological systems, such as in flocks of birds, schools of fish or populations of bacteria. In the center of this thesis lies a stochastic interacting particle system (IPS), which is a spatially discrete model with a continuous time scale that describes collective migration and which can be treated using analytical methods. The constructed model is not contained in any class of well-understood IPS’s. The largest part of this work is used to develop methods that can be used to study the long-term behavior of certain IPS’s. Thereby Gibbs-Measures play an important role and are related to temporally invariant measures. One can explain the properties of collective migration and propose a hypothesis for further analyses by a simulation study and by analysing the parameters migration velocity, sensitivity of individuals and (spatial) density of the initial distribution

Notre étude se présente comme une analyse du rapport entre la création de statistiques « ethno-raciales » et les notions d’identité et d’égalité. L’utilisation massive de ces statistiques, d’abord à des fins discriminatoires puis à des fins anti-racistes ou réparatrices, a des conséquences non négligeables sur la conception que l’Amérique se fait d’elle-même, de son identité, de ce que représente la notion d’égalité et de la façon de la mettre en oeuvre. Cette classification représente donc un enjeu identitaire considérable pour une nation qui se définit et s’organise politiquement, juridiquement et administrativement autour de ces statistiques, comme l’illustrent les exemples de l’immigration, de la naturalisation, du mariage, l’étude des disparités de santé publique, l’évolution de la recherche médicale, du fonctionnement du recensement, des Statistiques vitales, la question de l’adoption ou bien des politiques d’affirmative action et de découpe des circonscriptions électorales
Our study is an analysis of the relationships between the creation of “ethno-racial” statistics and the notions of identity and equality. The massive use of those statistics, first for discriminatory purposes then for anti-racist or remedial purposes, has major consequences for America’s conception of itself, of its identity, of what the notion of equality represents and the means to achieve it. Thus this classification raises formidable identity issues for a nation whose definition along with its political, administrative and legal organisation revolve around theses statistics. This point can be observed through several examples such as policies of immigration, naturalisation and marriage, the study of health disparities, the evolution of medical research, the functioning of the census, of Vital statistics, the adoption issue or policies of affirmative action and redistricting

In Germany, many universities have student tickets that are bargained for between student representatives and public transport companies, approved by referendum, and mandatory for all students. They allow the use of public transport at no additional cost. I analyze such a scenario in a theoretical model as an example of a flat-rate ticket for public transport which is implemented by majority decision. The mandatory character of the ticket reduces transaction costs like marketing and ticket inspection, reducing the ticket price and thus the students’ commuting expenses. However, there is a countervailing effect. Students face and rationally expect zero marginal monetary commuting costs, so that new students choose a place of residence which is relatively far from the university. This in turn raises the equilibrium ticket price. It may even be the case that students would be better off if such a ticket had never existed. Nonetheless, they always vote for it in referenda, because accepting the high price is optimal given their place of residence. After laying out the model, I analyze an optimal policy, which consists, for example, of subsidizing student dorms at an efficient distance to the city center.

The topology of interactions in network dynamical systems fundamentally underlies their function. Accelerating technological progress creates massively available data about collective nonlinear dynamics in physical, biological, and technological systems. Detecting direct interaction patterns from those dynamics still constitutes a major open problem. In particular, current nonlinear dynamics approaches mostly require to know a priori a model of the (often high dimensional) system dynamics. Here we develop a model-independent framework for inferring direct interactions solely from recording the nonlinear collective dynamics generated. Introducing an explicit dependency matrix in combination with a block-orthogonal regression algorithm, the approach works reliably across many dynamical regimes, including transient dynamics toward steady states, periodic and non-periodic dynamics, and chaos. Together with its capabilities to reveal network (two point) as well as hypernetwork (e.g., three point) interactions, this framework may thus open up nonlinear dynamics options of inferring direct interaction patterns across systems where no model is known.

The performance of collective communication operations is one of the deciding factors in the overall performance of a MPI application. Open MPI's component architecture offers an easy way to implement new algorithms for collective operations, but current implementations use the point-to-point components to access the InfiniBand network. Therefore it is tried to improve the performance of a collective component by accessing the InfiniBand network directly. This should avoid overhead and make it possible to tune the algorithms to this specific network. The first part of this work gives a short overview of the InfiniBand Architecture and Open MPI. In the next part several models for parallel computation are analyzed. Afterwards various algorithms for the MPI_Scatter, MPI_Gather and MPI_Allgather operations are presented. The theoretical performance of the algorithms is analyzed with the LogfP and LogGP models. Selected algorithms are implemented as part of an Open MPI collective component. Finally the performance of different algorithms and different MPI implementations is compared. The test results show, that the performance of the operations could be improved for several message and communicator size ranges.

Navigation systems are one of the most commonly found electronic gadgets in modern vehicles nowadays. Alongside navigation units this technology is made readily available to individuals in everyday devices such as a mobile phone. Digital maps which come preloaded on these devices accommodate within them an extensive dataset of spatial information from around the globe which aids the driver in achieving a well guided driving experience. Apart from being essential for navigation this sensor information backs up other vehicular applications in making intelligent decisions. The quality of this information delivered is in direct relation to the underlying dataset used to produce these maps. Since we live in a highly dynamic environment with constantly changing geography, an effort is necessary to keep these maps updated with the most up to date information as frequently as possible. The digital map of interest in this study is OpenStreetMap, the underlying data of which is a combination of donated as well as crowdsourced information from the last 10 years. This extensive dataset helps in building of a detailed digital map of the world using well defined cartographic techniques. The information within OpenStreetMap is currently enhanced by a large group of volunteers who willing use donated satellite imagery, uploaded GPS tracks, field surveys etc. to correct and collect necessary data for a region of interest. Though this method helps in improving and increasing the quality and quantity of the OpenStreetMap dataset, it is very time consuming and requires a great deal of human effort. Through this thesis an effort is made to automatically enrich this dataset by preprocessing crowdsourced sensor data collected from the navigation system and driver assistance systems (Traffic Sign Recognition system and a Lane Detection System) of a driving vehicle. The kind of data that is algorithmically derived includes the calculation of the curvature of the underlying road, correction of speed limit values for individual road segments being driven and the identification of change in the geometry of existing roads due to closure of old ones or addition of new ones in the Nuremberg region of Bavaria, Germany. Except for a small percentage of speed limit information on roads segments, other information is currently not available in the OpenStreetMap database for use in safety and comfort related applications. The navigation system has the ability to deliver geographical data in form of GPS coordinates at a certain frequency. This set of GPS coordinates can grouped together to form a GPS track visualizing the actual path traversed by a driving vehicle. A large number of such GPS tracks repeatedly collected from different vehicles driving in a region of interest gives all GPS points which lie on a particular road. These points, after outlier elimination methods are used as a dataset to scientifically determine the underlying curvature of the road with the aid of curve fitting techniques. Additional information received from the lane detection system helps identify curves on a road for which the curvature must be calculated. The fusion of information from these sources helps to achieve curvature results with high accuracy. Traffic sign recognition system helps detect traffic signs while driving, the fusion of this data with geographical information from the navigation system at the instance of detection helps determine road segments for which the recognized speed limit values are valid. This thesis successfully demonstrates a method to automatically enrich OpenStreetMap data by crowdsourcing raw sensor data from multiple vehicles equipped with driver assistance systems. All OpenStreetMap attributes were 100% updated into the database and the results have proven the effectiveness our system architecture. The positive results obtained in combination with minimal errors promise a better future for assisted driving.

The main subject of this thesis is to examine thermo-osmotic flows, which occur on interfaces of non-uniform temperature. Such thermo-osmotic flows are purely non-thermal equilibrium phenomena. Along the non-isothermal interface, specific interaction of a liquid and its solutes with a boundary vary in strength across the interface, according to the local temperature. This boundary can be a solid, a membrane or a phase boundary. The flow is thereby continuously pumping fluid across the interface in direction of the local temperature gradient, resulting in an extended flow pattern in the bulk due to mass conservation. In a system containing particles and heat sources in a liquid under spatial confinement, the thermo-osmotic flow may drive particles in a directed manner, or can lead to collective phenomena. To approach this broad topic of (self-)thermophoresis and collective motion of active particles and quantify the role of the thermo-osmotic flow upon the latter effects, different experiments have been performed: The first experiments aim to quantify the thermo-osmotic flow at a non-isothermal liquid/solid interface for two fundamentally different substrate properties. Further, the bulk flow was investigated for two different systems. The form and spatial extension of this bulk flow pattern depends sensitively on the form of the container and the interface, as well as on the thermo-osmotic flow. The first system is a liquid film confined between two planar glass cover slips. The second case is a Janus particle immobilized on one of the glass slips. In the first case, the non-uniform temperature profile is generated by optical heating of a nanometer sized gold colloid, and in the second case, the heat source is the Janus particle. The bulk flow pattern consists, for the second case, of the flow pattern created by the glass cover slips and the one created by the Janus particle. The following experiments are focusing on the dynamics of mobile self-thermophoretic Janus particles. In particular, their dynamics and the contributions of the thermo-osmotic flow to the interaction of multiple active particles are investigated. To investigate those particles under controlled conditions and examine their interactions at low concentrations for an effectively unlimited amount of time, a real-time feedback algorithm was co-developed to gain control of the motion of multiple active particles simultaneously, called ”photon nudging”. With the help of this method, first experiments have been performed to quantify the dynamics of a Janus particle located close to a heat source.

In this thesis, we present a detailed investigation of the electronic properties of particular transition-metal dichalcogenides. Applying electron-energy loss spectroscopy, the connection between the negative plasmon dispersion of tantalum diselenide and the occurrence of a charge-density wave state (CDW) in this compound as well as related materials is observed. Our studies include doping experiments with alkali metal addition altering the charge density of the compounds. This is known to suppress the CDW. We show that it further changes the plasmon dispersion from negative to positive slope. To estimate the doping rate of the investigated tantalum diselenide samples, a density functional theory approach is introduced, giving reliable results for a quantitative analysis of our findings. We refer to a theoretical model to describe the connection of the charge ordering and the plasmon dynamics. Investigations of the non-CDW compound niobium disulfide give further insights into the proposed interaction. Experimental results are further evaluated by a Kramers-Kronig-analysis. A structural analysis, by means of elastic electron scattering, shows the CDW to be suppressed upon doping, giving space for an emerging superstructure related to the introduced K atoms
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine detaillierte Untersuchung der elektronischen Eigenschaften von ausgewählten Übergangsmetall-Dichalcogeniden präsentiert. Unter Anwendung von Elektronenenergieverlust-Spektroskopie wird die Verbindung der negativen Plasmomendispersion in Tantaldiselenid zum Auftreten eines Ladungsdichtewelle-Zustands (CDW) in diesem und in verwandten Materialien untersucht. Die Untersuchungen schließen Dotierungsexperimente mit dem Zusatz von Alkalimetallen ein, die die Ladungsdichte der Proben beeinflussen. Einerseits unterdrückt dies die CDW. Es wird außerdem gezeigt, dass sich der Anstieg der Plasmonendispersion von negativ zu positiv ändert. Ein Dichtefunktional-Theorie-Zugang zur Abschätzung der Dotierungsraten der untersuchten Tantaldiselenid-Proben wird genutzt, um verlässliche Ergebnisse für die quantitative Analyse unserer Messungen zu erhalten. Ein theoretisches Modell wird einbezogen, welches die Verbindung der Ladungsordung zur kollektiven Anregung der Ladungsdichte beschreibt, Untersuchungen der nicht-CDW Substanz Niobdisulfid geben weitere Einblicke in die Verbindung der beiden Phänomene. Die experimentellen Resultate werden weiterhin mit einer Kramers-Kronig-Analyse ausgewertet. Strukturelle Untersuchungen mit elastischer Elektronenstreuung zeigen, wie die CDW unterdrückt wird und einer auftauchenden Überstruktur, verursacht von den interkalierten K-Atomen, Raum gibt

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A web, inicialmente um mero repositório de informações estáticas, transformou-se numa enorme fonte de aplicações diversas, proporcionando ou fomentando entretenimento, negócios e relacionamentos. Com essa evolução, a web passou a conter uma enorme quantidade de informações valiosas sobre produtos e serviços, especialmente em sites de compra, sites específicos para avaliação de produtos e até mesmo em redes sociais. Com as ferramentas adequadas, é possível monitorar opiniões ou mensurar a aceitação de um objeto qualquer a partir de dados disponíveis online, ao invés de realizar pesquisas de opinião usuais, que são demoradas, trabalhosas, tem alto custo e alcançam um número bastante restrito de pessoas. Com o monitoramento online, todo o processo de consolidação de opiniões pode ser realizado de forma automática, oferecendo um feedback imediato e mais representativo sobre o objeto avaliado. O problema geral desta proposta de tese é a classificação dos usuários de acordo com suas opiniões sobre um objeto de interesse. Comumente, a classificação das opiniões emitidas por um dado usuário é feita através da classificação de sentimentos expressos em textos, postagens ou comentários. Se a classificação de opiniões, no entanto, for realizada em ambientes nos quais haja conexões entre seus usuários (como as redes sociais), uma nova dimensão de informação se apresenta: através da análise dos relacionamentos, é possível inferir as opiniões de usuários a partir da opinião de seus contatos. A abordagem proposta neste trabalho para realização de análise de sentimento em redes sociais é baseada no princípio da assortatividade, que estabelece que indivíduos tendem a se conectar a outros com os quais apresentam alto grau de semelhança. A partir desse conceito, são aplicadas técnicas de classificação coletiva sobre o grafo que representa a rede social. A intenção é explorar o fato de que a classificação coletiva não utiliza apenas as características locais dos nós no processo de inferência, mas também as características e classes dos nós relacionados. Além disso, a classificação é executada de forma simultânea sobre todas as instâncias, o que permite considerar as influências que cada instância exerce sobre outras às quais está relacionada. Para avaliação da viabilidade do método proposto, foi implementado um protótipo que usa um algoritmo de relaxation labeling para a classificação coletiva de opiniões de usuários, e foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso para predição de preferência política de usuários do Twitter, que alcançou resultados promissores.
The web, which was initially a mere repository for static information, has turned into a huge source of different applications, containing not only information but also promoting entertainment, business and relationships. Thus, the web currently has plenty of valuable information on products and services, especially in shopping, product evaluation and social networks websites. With the proper tools, it is possible to monitor opinions or to measure acceptance of a given object from data available online, instead of running usual polls, which are time and labor consuming, expensive and have limited reach. With online monitoring, the opinion consolidation process may be done automatically, offering an immediate, representative feedback on the evaluated object. This thesis proposal general problem is the classification of users according to his/her opinions given a target object. Commonly, the user opinion classification is performed through the use of text classifiers over his/her texts, comments or posts. If this opinion classification process takes place in environments where there are connections among its users (like social networks), a new information dimension shows up: through analysis of users relationships, it is possible to infer users opinions by using his/her contacts opinions. The approach proposed here to social networks sentiment analysis is based on the homophily principle, which states that users are more likely to connect to similar others. Using that concept, we apply collective classification techniques on the graph that represents the social network. The intention is to leverage the fact that collective classification uses not only the local node features in the inference process, but also the features and classes of the neighborhood. Besides, the classification is executed simultaneously on all nodes, which allows considering the influences of each node on its neighbors. To evaluate the proposed method, we implemented a prototype which uses a relaxation labeling algorithm for the collective classification of users opinions, and developed a case study to predict the political preference of users in Twitter, achieving promising results.

This talk discusses optimized collective algorithms and the benefits of leveraging independent hardware entities in a pipelined manner. The resulting approach uses overlap of computation and communication to reach this task. Different examples are given.

Le concept du « smart » envahit de plus en plus notre vie quotidienne. L’exemple type est sans doute le smartphone. Celui-ci est devenu au fil des ans un appareil incontournable. Bientôt, c’est la ville, la voiture, la maison qui seront « intelligentes ». L’intelligence se manifeste par une capacité d’interaction et de prise de décision entre l’environnement et l’utilisateur. Ceci nécessite des informations sur les changements d’états survenus des deux côtés. Les réseaux de capteurs permettent de collecter ces données, de leur appliquer des pré-traitements et de les transmettre aux applications. Ces réseaux de par certaines de leurs caractéristiques se rapprochent de l’intelligence collective, dans le sens, où des entités de faibles capacités se coordonnent automatiquement, sans intervention humaine, de façon décentralisée et distribuée pour accomplir des tâches complexes. Ces méthodes bio-inspirées ont servi à la résolution de plusieurs problèmes, surtout l’optimisation, ce qui nous a encouragé à étudier la possibilité de les utiliser pour les problèmes liés à l’Ambient Assisted Living ou AAL et à la classification automatique de données. L’AAL est un sous-domaine des services dits basés sur le contexte, et a pour objectifs de faciliter la vie des personnes âgées et handicapées dans leurs défis quotidiens. Pour ce faire, il détermine le contexte et, sur cette base, propose divers services. Deux éléments du contexte nous ont intéressé : le handicap et la position. Bien que la détermination de la position (localisation, positionnement) se fasse à l’extérieur des bâtiments avec des précisions très satisfaisantes, elle rencontre plusieurs difficultés à l’intérieur des bâtiments, liées à la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans les milieux difficiles, aux coûts des systèmes, à l’interopérabilité, etc. Nos travaux se sont intéressés au positionnement des personnes handicapées à l’intérieur de bâtiments en utilisant un réseau de capteurs afin de déterminer les caractéristiques de l’onde électromagnétique (puissance, temps, angle) pour estimer la position par méthodes géométriques (triangulation, latération), méthodes de fingerprinting (k plus proches voisins), par des filtres baysiens (filtre de Kalman). L’application est d’offrir des services types AAL tel que la navigation. Nous avons élargi la notion de réseau de capteurs pour prendre en compte tout appareil capable d’émettre et de recevoir une onde électromagnétique et se trouvant dans l’environnement. Nous avons aussi appliqué l’algorithme API sur la classification automatique de données. Enfin, nous avons proposé une architecture à middleware pour la localisation indoor
The concept of « smart » invades more and more our daily life. A typical example is the smartphone, which becames by years an essential device. Soon, it’s the city, the car and the home which will become « smart ». The intelligence is manifested by the ability for the environment to interact and to take decisons in its relationships with users and other environments. This needs information on state changes occurred on both sides. Sensor networks allow to collect these data, to apply on them some pre-processings and to transmit them. Sensor network, towards some of their caracteristics are closed to Swarm Intelligence in the sense that small entities with reduced capababilities can cooperate automatically, in unattended, decentralised and distributed manner in order to accomplish complex tasks. These bio-inspired methods have served as basis for the resolution of many problems, mostly optimization and this insipired us to apply them on problems met in Ambient Assisted Living and on the data clustering problem. AAL is a sub-field of context-aware services, and its goals are to facilitate the everyday life of elderly and disable people. These systems determine the context and then propose different kind of services. We have used two important elements of the context : the position and the disabilty. Although positioning has very good precision outdoor, it faces many challenges in indoor environments due to the electromagnetic wave propagation in harsh conditions, the cost of systems, interoperabilty, etc. Our works have been involved in positioning disabled people in indoor environment by using wireless sensor network for determining the caracteristics of the electromagnetic wave (signal strenght, time, angle) for estimating the position by geometric methods (triangulation, lateration), fingerprinting methods (k-nearest neighbours), baysiens filters (Kalman filter). The application is to offer AAL services like navigation. Therefore we extend the definition of sensor node to take into account any device, in the environment, capable of emiting and receiving a signal. Also, we have studied the possibility of using Pachycondylla Apicalis for data clustering and for indoor localization by casting this last problem as data clustering problem. Finally we have proposed a system based on a middleware architecture

Many epistemic attitudes including belief and knowledge have already been examined to determine the extent to which they can be attributed to collectives. The epistemological literature on explanatory understanding and objectual understanding, on the other hand, has focused almost exclusively on individual subjects. However, there are many situations that can be described by sentences of the form “We understand P”, “We understand why p”, “Group G understands P”, or “G understands why p”. As I shall show, these situations can be classified into five categories: distributive, common, joint, deferential, and cooperative understanding. Based on a definitional scheme, according to which the general concept of understanding has a cognitive component, a factivity component, and an epistemic-pro-attitude component, this paper aims to analyse these five types.

Les données dites multimédia (images, vidéos) se distinguent des données classique par une densité variable d'information et l'impossibilité de normaliser ces données. Du fait de ces particularités, de nouvelles techniques d'indexation et de recherche d'information ont du être etudiées. Il y a principalement deux problèmes a résoudre pour la recherche d'information dans les collections multimédia (ou les bases de données multimédia) : (1) la représentation des données et (2) le processus de recherche du point de vue de l'utilisateur. Dans le cas des bases de données, l'indexation est fortement liée a ces deux problèmes. Dans le cas particulier des images, on distingue trois grandes classes: – la recherche par requêtes formelles, héritée des bases de données classiques ; – la recherche avec boucle de retour, où l'utilisateur fait partie intégrante du processus de recherche ; – la navigation où les images sont organisées en une structure preparée à l'avance, utilisée comme index et comme structure de recherche. C'est sur cette troisième approche que nos travaux se sont portés ; nous nous sommes en effet interessés au treillis de Galois, une structure de graphe permettant d'organiser les éléments d'une relation binaire. Une telle structure de navigation a plusieurs avantages sur une approche classique basée sur des requêtes : en particulier, elle permet d'affranchir l'utilisateur d'une phase de rédaction de requête.

The MPI_Barrier-collective operation, as a part of the MPI-1.1 standard, is extremely important for all parallel applications using it. The latency of this operation increases the application run time and can not be overlaid. Thus, the whole MPI performance can be decreased by unsatisfactory barrier latency. The main goals of this work are to lower the barrier latency for InfiniBand networks by analyzing well known barrier algorithms with regards to their suitability within InfiniBand networks, to enhance the barrier operation by utilizing standard InfiniBand operations as much as possible, and to design a constant time barrier for InfiniBand with special hardware support. This partition into three main steps is retained throughout the whole thesis. The first part evaluates publicly known models and proposes a new more accurate model (LoP) for InfiniBand. All barrier algorithms are evaluated within the well known LogP and this new model. Two new algorithms which promise a better performance have been developed. A constant time barrier integrated into InfiniBand as well as a cheap separate barrier network is proposed in the hardware section. All results have been implemented inside the Open MPI framework. This work led to three new Open MPI collective modules. The first one implements different barrier algorithms which are dynamically benchmarked and selected during the startup phase to maximize the performance. The second one offers a special barrier implementation for InfiniBand with RDMA and performs up to 40% better than the best solution that has been published so far. The third implementation offers a constant time barrier in a separate network, leveraging commodity components, with a latency of only 2.5 microseconds. All components have their specialty and can be used to enhance the barrier performance significantly.

Endosomes are dynamic vesicular structures which transport cargo molecules internalized into the cell via endocytosis. Endosomal trafficking of cargo involves a large number of individual endosomes that regularly interact with each other via fusion and fission and thus form a dynamic network wherein endocytosed cargo is sorted and transported to various other intracellular compartments. In this study we present a general theoretical framework that takes into account individual endosomes and several key microscopic interaction processes among them. By combining theory with quantitative experiments, we seek to address the fundamental question of how the behaviour of the endosomal network emerges from the interactions among many individual endosomes of different sizes and cargo contents. Our theory is based on distributions of endosomes of various sizes and cargo amount. We compare our theory to experimental time course distributions of LDL, a degradative cargo, in a population of early endosomes. Early endosomes display a broad distribution of cargo with a characteristic power law, which we show is a consequence of stochastic fusion events of cargo carrying early endosomes. A simple model can quantitatively describe time-dependent statistics of LDL distributions in individual early endosomes. From fits of the theory to experimental data we can determine key parameters of endosomal trafficking such as the endosome fusion rate and the fluxes of cargo into and out of the network. Our theory predicts several experimentally confirmed scaling behaviours, which arise as a result of endosome fusion. Our theory provides a link between the dynamics at individual endosome level and average properties of the endosomal network. We show from our theory that some features of the endosomal distributions, which arise from interactions among individual endosomes, are sensitive to alterations in chosen parameters. This provides a direct means to study perturbation experiments wherein the cargo distribution can vary in response to changes of the endocytic system. Our analysis provides a powerful tool for the study of genetic and chemical perturbations that may alter specific systems properties and for extracting various kinetic rates involved in endosomal trafficking from only still images at different points.

There are several different algorithms available to perform a synchronization of multiple processors. Some of them support only shared memory architectures or very fine grained supercomputers. This work gives an overview about all currently known algorithms which are suitable for distributed shared memory architectures and message passing based computer systems (loosely coupled or coarse grained supercomputers). No absolute decision can be made for choosing a barrier algorithm for a machine. Several architectural aspects have to be taken into account. The overview about known barrier algorithms given in this work is mostly targeted to implementors of libraries supporting collective communication (such as MPI).

L'etude des grilles de classification permet une apprehension de cette regle juridique specifique instauree par la negociation collective. Une esquisse historique est necessaire pour comprendre l'evolution des grilles et cerner leurs differents types. La diversite des fonctions des grilles revele les enjeux dont elles sont l'objet pour les salaries, les employeurs, l'etat et les partenaires sociaux. Les grilles constituent un cadre pour la construction des identites professionnelles des salaries et pour les decisions de l'employeur en matiere de gestion de l'emploi et des salaires. L'introduction de la notion de << competence >> dans les accords classification suppose de trouver de nouveaux reperes pour les acteurs interesses. Elle suppose egalement un equilibre different entre la branche et professionnelle et le niveau de l'entreprise, enjeu essentiel de la negociation. L'etude du mode d'elaboration des grilles, en particulier de type competence, en fait ressortir les enjeux techniques et ceux touchant a l'instauration d'un nouveau dialogue social. Elle permet d'identifier les techniques de negociation et les tactiques des negociateurs pour construire une grille de classification.

In den 10 Jahren, die seit dem Extremhochwasser in Sachsen vergangen sind, wurde viel für den Hochwasserschutz getan: die Vorhersage, die Kommunikation sowie die Hochwasserschutzanlagen wurden verbessert und es wurden neue Deiche sowie Hochwasserrückhaltebecken errichtet oder angepasst. Eine wichtige Frage ist aber, wie sich das Hochwasserbewusstsein der potenziell betroffenen Bevölkerung entwickelt hat. Im Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob die Lehren von 2002 in Erinnerung sind und weitergegeben wurden oder ob das Hochwasserbewusstsein nachgelassen hat und man sich angesichts besseren Schutzes in Sicherheit wiegt.

Afin de légitimer une approche des systèmes d’information plus documentaire que technologique bien peu en accord avec l’air du temps, le besoin impérieux s’est fait ressentir de faire appel aux fondements théoriques de la fonction renseignement et de son exploitation étroitement dépendante de la maîtrise d’une information devenue surabondante. Ce regard, plus analogique que numérique, s’est intéressé à la construction de sens dans une mémoire partagée, organisée autour d’un besoin collectif de savoir qui la conditionne entièrement. Il s’agit d’assurer la cohésion des actions individuelles en s’appuyant sur la synergie des intentions qui orientent l’action collective et lui donnent ainsi tout son sens. Cette recherche s’est fondée sur une expérience professionnelle ponctuellement réussie, bien que peu suivie par une administration trompée par le mirage d’une technologie omnipotente. Ses résultats sont décrits pour tenter de les pérenniser, dans l’idée d’en élargir la portée et d’en promouvoir l’usage chez d’autres professionnels aux besoins analogues, dans des domaines différents comme, par exemple, celui de la recherche scientifique
Despite the current trend, the pressing need arose to legitimize a documentary approach to information system rather than a technological one, based on the theoretical foundations of intelligence and its exploitation, which is directly connected to the control of an information that has become overabundant. This vision, rather analogical than numerical, focuses on creating sense within a shared memory that is organized around a collective need of knowledge, which directly impacts this memory. The aim is to ensure the cohesion of individual actions by relying on the synergy of intentions, which orient the collective action and give it its meaning. This research was built on a professional experience successful, although little followed by an administration mistaken by the mirage of an omnipotent technology. Its results are described in an attempt to perpetuate them, with the idea of extending their scope and promoting their use to other professionals with similar needs, in different fields such as, for example, scientific research

The growing number of twitter users create large amounts of messages that contain valuable information for market research. These messages, called tweets, which are short, contain twitter-specific writing styles and are often idiosyncratic give rise to a vocabulary mismatch between typically chosen keywords for tweet collection and words used to describe television shows. A method is presented  that uses a new form of query expansion that generates pairs of search terms and takes into consideration the language usage of twitter to access user data that would otherwise be missed. Supervised classification, without manually annotated data, is used to maintain precision by comparing collected tweets with external sources. The method is implemented, as the Tweet Collect system, in Java utilizing many processing steps to improve performance. The evaluation was carried out by collecting tweets about five different television shows during their time of airing and indicating, on average, a 66.5% increase in the number of relevant tweets compared with using the title of the show as the search terms and 68.0% total precision. Classification gives a, slightly lower, average increase of 55.2% in number of tweets and a greatly increased 82.0% total precision. The utility of an automatic system for tracking topics that can find additional keywords is demonstrated. Implementation considerations and possible improvements are discussed that can lead to improved performance.

Content is generated on the web at an increasing rate. The type of content varies from text on a traditional webpage to text on social media portals (e.g., social network sites and microblogs). One such example of social media is the microblogging site Twitter. Twitter is known for its high level of activity during live events, natural disasters, and events of global importance. Challenges with the data in the Twitter universe include the limit of 140 characters on the text length. Because of this limitation, the vocabulary in the Twitter universe includes short abbreviations of sentences, emojis, hashtags, and other non-standard usage. Consequently, traditional text classification techniques are not very effective on tweets. Fortunately, sophisticated text processing techniques like cleaning, lemmatizing, and removal of stop words and special characters will give us clean text which can be further processed to derive richer word semantic and syntactic relationships using state of the art feature selection techniques like Word2Vec. Machine learning techniques, using word features that capture semantic and context relationships, can be of benefit regarding classification accuracy. Improving text classification results on Twitter data would pave the way to categorize tweets relative to human defined real world events. This would allow diverse stakeholder communities to interactively collect, organize, browse, visualize, analyze, summarize, and explore content and sources related to crises, disasters, human rights, inequality, population growth, resiliency, shootings, sustainability, violence, etc. Having the events classified into different categories would help us study causality and correlations among real world events. To check the efficacy of our classifier, we would compare our experimental results with an Association Rules (AR) classifier. This classifier composes its rules around the most discriminating words in the training data. The hierarchy of rules, along with an ability to tune to a support threshold, makes it an effective classifier for scenarios where short text is involved. Traditionally, developing classification systems for these purposes requires a great degree of human intervention. Constantly monitoring new events, and curating training and validation sets, is tedious and time intensive. Significant human capital is required for such annotation endeavors. Also, involved efforts are required to tune the classifier for best performance. Developing and tuning classifiers manually using human intervention would not be a viable option if we are to monitor events and trends in real-time. We want to build a framework that would require very little human intervention to build and choose the best among the available performing classification techniques in our system. Another challenge with classification systems is related to their performance with unseen data. For the classification of tweets, we are continually faced with a situation where a given event contains a certain keyword that is closely related to it. If a classifier, built for a particular event, due to overfitting to what is a biased sample with limited generality, is faced with new tweets with different keywords, accuracy may be reduced. We propose building a system that will use very little training data in the initial iteration and will be augmented with automatically labelled training data from a collection that stores all the incoming tweets. A system that is trained on incoming tweets that are labelled using sophisticated techniques based on rich word vector representation would perform better than a system that is trained on only the initial set of tweets. We also propose to use sophisticated deep learning techniques like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) that can capture the combination of the words using an n-gram feature representation. Such sophisticated feature representation could account for the instances when the words occur together. We divide our case studies into two phases: preliminary and final case studies. The preliminary case studies focus on selecting the best feature representation and classification methodology out of the AR and the Word2Vec based Logistic Regression classification techniques. The final case studies focus on developing the augmented semi-supervised training methodology and the framework to develop a large collection learning optimizer to generate a highly performant classifier. For our preliminary case studies, we are able to achieve an F1 score of 0.96 that is based on Word2Vec and Logistic Regression. The AR classifier achieved an F1 score of 0.90 on the same data. For our final case studies, we are able to show improvements of F1 score from 0.58 to 0.94 in certain cases based on our augmented training methodology. Overall, we see improvement in using the augmented training methodology on all datasets.
Master of Science

The broadcast function MPI_Bcast() from the MPI-1.1 standard is one of the most heavily used collective operations for the message passing programming paradigm. This diploma thesis makes use of a feature called "Multicast", which is supported by several network technologies (like Ethernet or InfiniBand), to create an efficient MPI_Bcast() implementation, especially for large communicators and small-sized messages. A preceding analysis of existing real-world applications leads to an algorithm which does not only perform well for synthetical benchmarks but also even better for a wide class of parallel applications. The finally derived broadcast has been implemented for the open source MPI library "Open MPI" using IP multicast. The achieved results prove that the new broadcast is usually always better than existing point-to-point implementations, as soon as the number of MPI processes exceeds the 8 node boundary. The performance gain reaches a factor of 4.9 on 342 nodes, because the new algorithm scales practically independently of the number of involved processes
Die Broadcastfunktion MPI_Bcast() aus dem MPI-1.1 Standard ist eine der meistgenutzten kollektiven Kommunikationsoperationen des nachrichtenbasierten Programmierparadigmas. Diese Diplomarbeit nutzt die Multicastfähigkeit, die von mehreren Netzwerktechnologien (wie Ethernet oder InfiniBand) bereitgestellt wird, um eine effiziente MPI_Bcast() Implementation zu erschaffen, insbesondere für große Kommunikatoren und kleinere Nachrichtengrößen. Eine vorhergehende Analyse von existierenden parallelen Anwendungen führte dazu, dass der neue Algorithmus nicht nur bei synthetischen Benchmarks gut abschneidet, sondern sein Potential bei echten Anwendungen noch besser entfalten kann. Der letztendlich daraus entstandene Broadcast wurde für die Open-Source MPI Bibliothek "Open MPI" entwickelt und basiert auf IP Multicast. Die erreichten Ergebnisse belegen, dass der neue Broadcast üblicherweise immer besser als jegliche Punkt-zu-Punkt Implementierungen ist, sobald die Anzahl von MPI Prozessen die Grenze von 8 Knoten überschreitet. Der Geschwindigkeitszuwachs erreicht einen Faktor von 4,9 bei 342 Knoten, da der neue Algorithmus praktisch unabhängig von der Knotenzahl skaliert

The work described in this thesis contributes to the development of a system to evaluate sailing performance. This work was motivated by the lack of tools available to evaluate sailing performance. The goal of the work presented is to detect and classify the turns of a sailing yacht. Data was collected using a BlackBerry PlayBook affixed to a J/24 sailing yacht. This data was manually annotated with three types of turn: tack, gybe, and mark rounding. This manually annotated data was used to train classification methods. Classification methods tested were multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) of two sizes in various committees and nearest- neighbour search. Pre-processing algorithms tested were Kalman filtering, categorization using quantiles, and residual normalization. The best solution was found to be an averaged answer committee of small MLPs, with Kalman filtering and residual normalization performed on the input as pre-processing.

Introdução: a violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes é um fenômeno complexo, multifacetado e arraigado nas relações sociais que, por vezes, apresenta-se naturalizado e até banalizado. Historicamente, ela existe nas sociedades desde os primórdios. Nas últimas décadas, porém, houve o aumento significativo de casos de violência contra a criança e o adolescente no mundo. Ao mesmo tempo cresceu, também, a preocupação com a denúncia e o enfrentamento do problema, principalmente por organismos mundiais. Tal preocupação se expressa nas políticas públicas, como tem sido no Brasil. A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é um dos locus em que se pode visibilizar e enfrentar a violência doméstica, pois lida com as populações do território, suas famílias, as creches e as escolas. Preparar os profissionais da APS para lidar com esse fenômeno tem sido um desafio, mas a enfermagem, por meio de sua prática social, apresenta potencial para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica. As consultas de enfermagem devem ser instrumentalizadas para tal, recomendando-se o uso de terminologia padronizada como facilitadora da boa comunicação entre os profissionais e da tomada de decisões nos serviços de saúde. Desse modo, a Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem (CIPE®) recomenda a estruturação de subconjuntos terminológicos como estratégia para facilitar seu uso pelos profissionais. Objetivo: organizar um subconjunto terminológico de diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica contra a criança e o adolescente. Método: pesquisa do tipo metodológica, ancorada nos referenciais da TIPESC Teoria da Intervenção Práxica da Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva e estruturada em quatro fases interdependentes e subsequentes: 1) identificação de termos e conceitos relevantes para a prática de enfermagem em relação ao enfrentamento da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes; 2) mapeamento cruzado dos termos identificados com os termos da CIPE®, versão 2011; 3) elaboração dos enunciados de diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem; 4) estruturação do subconjunto terminológico da CIPE® para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes. Resultados: a revisão de literatura para identificação dos termos resultou em 40 artigos selecionados na base BIREME, que foram processados na ferramenta PORONTO, gerando, assim, uma lista com 17.365 termos. Estes foram normalizados e resultaram em 514 termos que foram mapeados e cruzados com os existentes na CIPE® 2011, evidenciando 214 termos constantes e 138 não constantes nessa classificação. Dessa forma, constituiu-se o banco de termos da linguagem especial de enfermagem para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica contra a criança e o adolescente, o qual, juntamente com o modelo de sete eixos da CIPE®, a norma ISO 18.104 e o modelo teórico, ancorou a elaboração de 139 diagnósticos/resultados e 222 intervenções de enfermagem. Dessa maneira, foi organizado o subconjunto terminológico. Conclusões: a produção do subconjunto ancorado pela visão de mundo da TIPESC possui potencial para aprimoramento da prática profissional no espaço da consulta de enfermagem sistematizada e no âmbito da Atenção Básica de Saúde, bem como no processo de formação de novos profissionais e na educação permanente dos atuais. Faz-se necessária a continuidade da pesquisa, visando à validação conceitual dos termos não constantes na CIPE®.
Introduction: domestic violence against children and adolescents is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, rooted in social relations, which is sometimes featured as natural and common place. Historically, it has existed since primitive societies. However, in the past decades, there has been significant increase in the number of cases of children and adolescents abuse worldwide. Meanwhile, there has also been an increase in the concern to report it and cope with the problem mainly on the part of world organizations. Such concern has been revealed in public policies like in Brazil. The Primary Healthcare Center is one of the loci to unveil and cope with domestic violence as it deals with populations, families, day care centers and schools within its territory. Thus, training professionals to deal with such a phenomenon has been a challenge, but nursing, by means of its social practice, has the potential to cope with domestic abuse. Nursing consultations must use instruments for that, being recommended standardized terminology to facilitate effective communication among professionals and decision-making in health services. Thus, the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) recommends to structure terminology subsets as a strategy to facilitate their use by professionals. Objective: To organize a terminology subset on nursing diagnoses, results and interventions to cope with domestic violence against children and adolescents. Method: methodological research grounded on TIPESC (Theory of Nursing Praxis Intervention in Collective Health) background and framed in four interdependent and subsequent phases: 1) identification of terms and concepts relevant for nursing practice regarding coping with domestic violence against children and adolescents; 2) cross-checked mapping of the identified terms with the ICNP® terminology, version 2011; 3) elaboration of enunciates for nursing diagnoses, results and interventions; 4) framing of the ICNP terminology subset to cope with domestic abuse against children and adolescents. Results: literature review for term identification resulted in 40 selected articles in BIREME database, processed by means of PORONTO tool, thus generating a list of 17,365 terms. Those were standardized and resulted in 514 terms which were mapped and cross-checked with the existing ones in ICNP® 2011, evidencing 214 existing terms and 138 non-existing terms in this classification. Thus, special nursing terminology database to cope with domestic abuse against children and adolescents was framed, which anchored the elaboration of 139 diagnoses/results and 222 nursing interventions along with the ICNP® 7-Axis model, ISO 18104 and the theoretical model. Thus, the terminology subset was organized. Conclusions: the elaboration of the subset grounded on TIPESC worldview has the potential to refine professional practice in systematic nursing search and in the scope of Primary Healthcare, besides the process of training new professionals and provide ongoing education to current ones. The continuity of the research is deemed necessary aiming at the conceptual validation of non-existing terms in the ICNP®.

La diversité et le nombre d'actes juridiques collectifs dans les diverses branches du droit privé traduisent l'évolution des besoins de la société, et mettent en évidence l'inadaptation d'une classification des actes juridiques toujours basée sur un modèle individualiste. Toutefois, loin de constituer, selon l'opinion doctrinale dominante, une catégorie d'acte juridique originale aux côtés du contrat et de l'acte unilatéral, l'acte collectif doit être appréhendé comme une de leurs espèces. Envisagé comme une sous-catégorie transversale des types d'actes juridiques classiques, l'acte collectif se définit comme un acte juridique, de nature conventionnelle ou unilatérale, dont les effets de droit sont destinés à régir la situation juridique d'une collectivité abstraite d'individus étrangère à la création de l'acte. La teneur de l'acte ainsi que la mise en oeuvre des droits nés de l'acte sont ainsi marqués par la dissociation qui s'opère entre les auteurs et les destinataires de l'acte.

Computer and Information Science
Ph.D.
Recent advances in technology have led to an explosion in data collection over time rather than in a single snapshot. For example, microarray technology allows us to measure gene expression levels in different conditions over time. Such temporal data grants the opportunity for data miners to develop algorithms to address domain-related problems, e.g. a time series of several different classes can be created, by observing various patient attributes over time and the task is to classify unseen patient based on his temporal observations. In time-sensitive applications such as medical applications, some certain aspects have to be considered besides providing accurate classification. The first aspect is providing early classification. Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential for allowing physicians to design appropriate therapeutic strategies at early stages of diseases, when therapies are usually the most effective and the least costly. We propose a probabilistic hybrid method that allows for early, accurate, and patient-specific classification of multivariate time series that, by training on a full time series, offer classification at a very early time point during the diagnosis phase, while staying competitive in terms of accuracy with other models that use full time series both in training and testing. The method has attained very promising results and outperformed the baseline models on a dataset of response to drug therapy in Multiple Sclerosis patients and on a sepsis therapy dataset. Although attaining accurate classification is the primary goal of data mining task, in medical applications it is important to attain decisions that are not only accurate and obtained early, but can also be easily interpreted which is the second aspect of medical applications. Physicians tend to prefer interpretable methods rather than black-box methods. For that purpose, we propose interpretable methods for early classification by extracting interpretable patterns from the raw time series to help physicians in providing early diagnosis and to gain insights into and be convinced about the classification results. The proposed methods have been shown to be more accurate and provided classifications earlier than three alternative state-of-the-art methods when evaluated on human viral infection datasets and a larger myocardial infarction dataset. The third aspect has to be considered for medical applications is the need for predictions to be accompanied by a measure which allows physicians to judge about the uncertainty or belief in the prediction. Knowing the uncertainty associated with a given prediction is especially important in clinical diagnosis where data mining methods assist clinical experts in making decisions and optimizing therapy. We propose an effective method to provide uncertainty estimate for the proposed interpretable early classification methods. The method was evaluated on four challenging medical applications by characterizing decrease in uncertainty of prediction. We showed that our proposed method meets the requirements of uncertainty estimates (the proposed uncertainty measure takes values in the range [0,1] and propagates over time). To the best of our knowledge, this PhD thesis will have a great impact on the link between data mining community and medical domain experts and would give physicians sufficient confidence to put the proposed methods into real practice.
Temple University--Theses

Recently, pattern recognition/classification has received a considerable attention in diverse engineering fields such as biomedical imaging, speaker identification, fingerprint recognition, etc. In most of these applications, it is desirable to maintain the classification accuracy in the presence of corrupted and/or incomplete data. The quality of a given classification technique is measured by the computational complexity, execution time of algorithms, and the number of patterns that can be classified correctly despite any distortion. Some classification techniques that are introduced in the literature are described in Chapter one. In this dissertation, a pattern recognition approach that can be designed to have evolutionary learning by developing the features and selecting the criteria that are best suited for the recognition problem under consideration is proposed. Chapter two presents some of the features used in developing the set of criteria employed by the system to recognize different types of signals. It also presents some of the preprocessing techniques used by the system. The system operates in two modes, namely, the learning (training) mode, and the running mode. In the learning mode, the original and preprocessed signals are projected into different transform domains. The technique automatically tests many criteria over the range of parameters for each criterion. A large number of criteria are developed from the features extracted from these domains. The optimum set of criteria, satisfying specific conditions, is selected. This set of criteria is employed by the system to recognize the original or noisy signals in the running mode. The modes of operation and the classification structures employed by the system are described in details in Chapter three. The proposed pattern recognition system is capable of recognizing an enormously large number of patterns by virtue of the fact that it analyzes the signal in different domains and explores the distinguishing characteristics in each of these domains. In other words, this approach uses available information and extracts more characteristics from the signals, for classification purposes, by projecting the signal in different domains. Some experimental results are given in Chapter four showing the effect of using mathematical transforms in conjunction with preprocessing techniques on the classification accuracy. A comparison between some of the classification approaches, in terms of classification rate in case of distortion, is also given. A sample of experimental implementations is presented in chapter 5 and chapter 6 to illustrate the performance of the proposed pattern recognition system. Preliminary results given confirm the superior performance of the proposed technique relative to the single transform neural network and multi-input neural network approaches for image classification in the presence of additive noise.
Ph.D.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science

History
Ph.D.
This dissertation is a study of how religion is manufactured, policed, imagined, and defended in the modern United States. It traces the history of one group, MOVE, from its inception in the late 1960s to the present in order to illustrate how the category of religion functions in the modern United States. The central premise of the book is that MOVE people believed MOVE was a religion. They believed, nearly from the very beginning of the group, that John Africa was a prophet who communicated on behalf of the divine, that his Teachings were inspired and had supernatural effects on the body, and that MOVE people had a role to play in a cosmic conflict between forces of good (The Law of Mama) and forces of evil (The System). Despite this, MOVE was rarely allowed to be a religion. That is, MOVE’s claim that they had a religion was, more often than not, dismissed. Historians of religion have, in recent years, begun turning their attention to the people with the power to define lived experience as either religious or secular. In MOVE’s case, the people who defined their experience as secular, and not religious, included police officers, judges, journalists, established religious leaders, and politicians. At various points throughout MOVE’s history, these social actors articulated a series of claims about what “true religion” was and why MOVE did not count. The disconnect between how MOVE people viewed themselves and how MOVE was understood by most outside the group points to the central concern of this dissertation.
Temple University--Theses

Computer and Information Science
Ph.D.
In my dissertation, I will present my research which contributes to solve the following three open problems from biomedical informatics: (1) Multi-task approaches for microarray classification; (2) Multi-label classification of gene and protein prediction from multi-source biological data; (3) Spatial scan for movement data. In microarray classification, samples belong to several predefined categories (e.g., cancer vs. control tissues) and the goal is to build a predictor that classifies a new tissue sample based on its microarray measurements. When faced with the small-sample high-dimensional microarray data, most machine learning algorithm would produce an overly complicated model that performs well on training data but poorly on new data. To reduce the risk of over-fitting, feature selection becomes an essential technique in microarray classification. However, standard feature selection algorithms are bound to underperform when the size of the microarray data is particularly small. The best remedy is to borrow strength from external microarray datasets. In this dissertation, I will present two new multi-task feature filter methods which can improve the classification performance by utilizing the external microarray data. The first method is to aggregate the feature selection results from multiple microarray classification tasks. The resulting multi-task feature selection can be shown to improve quality of the selected features and lead to higher classification accuracy. The second method jointly selects a small gene set with maximal discriminative power and minimal redundancy across multiple classification tasks by solving an objective function with integer constraints. In protein function prediction problem, gene functions are predicted from a predefined set of possible functions (e.g., the functions defined in the Gene Ontology). Gene function prediction is a complex classification problem characterized by the following aspects: (1) a single gene may have multiple functions; (2) the functions are organized in hierarchy; (3) unbalanced training data for each function (much less positive than negative examples); (4) missing class labels; (5) availability of multiple biological data sources, such as microarray data, genome sequence and protein-protein interactions. As participants in the 2011 Critical Assessment of Function Annotation (CAFA) challenge, our team achieved the highest AUC accuracy among 45 groups. In the competition, we gained by focusing on the 5-th aspect of the problem. Thus, in this dissertation, I will discuss several schemes to integrate the prediction scores from multiple data sources and show their results. Interestingly, the experimental results show that a simple averaging integration method is competitive with other state-of-the-art data integration methods. Original spatial scan algorithm is used for detection of spatial overdensities: discovery of spatial subregions with significantly higher scores according to some density measure. This algorithm is widely used in identifying cluster of disease cases (e.g., identifying environmental risk factors for child leukemia). However, the original spatial scan algorithm only works on static spatial data. In this dissertation, I will propose one possible solution for spatial scan on movement data.
Temple University--Theses

Business Administration/Accounting
Ph.D.
Classification shifting is an earnings management tool that managers use to misclassify items within the income statement to inflate core earnings (McVay 2006). This study investigates how high-quality auditors (i.e., Big Four auditors, auditors with long tenure, and industry-specialist auditors) respond to managers' usage of classification shifting and also how the existence of internal control deficiencies affect the incidence of classification shifting. I adopt the models of Fan, Barua, Cready and Thomas (2010). My empirical analyses are based on quarterly financial data during the sample period of 1988-2007. I find that before the passage of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), industry specialist auditors are able to curb the incidence of classification shifting. This is consistent with the findings of previous studies that high-quality auditors are capable of preventing managers from manipulating earnings. Furthermore, I document that before the passage of SOX, a high-quality auditor (i.e., a Big Four auditor) at a local audit office is likely to mitigate the classification shifting behavior of an economically important client. However, after the passage of SOX, a high-quality auditor (i.e., a Big Four auditor, an auditor with long tenure, or an industry-specialist auditor) is inclined to allow the classification shifting behavior if the client brings large revenues to the local office. This supports the "substitution effect", which suggests that companies replace the accrual-based management with the usage of other earnings management methods in the post-SOX period. Finally, I find that there is no relationship between the existence of material internal control weakness and the incidence of classification shifting. While there are ample studies about the reaction of high-quality auditors to the usage of accrual-based management and real activities management, my study provides empirical evidence about how high-quality auditors deal with the incidence of classification shifting. My study also provides an understanding about how an internal control system can influence managers' decision of choosing earnings management methods.
Temple University--Theses

Computer and Information Science
Ph.D.
Time series are common in many research fields. Since both a query and a target sequence may be noisy, i.e., contain some outlier elements, it is desirable to exclude the outlier elements from matching in order to obtain a robust matching performance. Moreover, in many applications like shape alignment or stereo correspondence it is also desirable to have a one-to-one and onto correspondence (a bijection) between the remaining elements. To address the problem of noisy time series data we propose using an algorithm that determines the optimal subsequence bijection (OSB) of a query and target time series. The OSB is efficiently computed since the problem’s solution is mapped to a cheapest path in a DAG (directed acyclic graph). We make several significant improvements to the original OSB algorithm and show that these improvements are theoretically and experimentally justified. We compare OSB to standard and state of the art distance measures such as Euclidean distance, Dynamic Time Warping with and without warping window, Longest Common Subsequence, Edit Distance with Real Penalty, and Time Warp Edit Distance. Moreover, we show that OSB is particularly suitable for partial matching. In addition to noisy data, imbalanced time series data sets present a particular challenge to the data mining community. Often, it is the rare event that is of interest and the cost of misclassifying the rare event is higher than misclassifying the usual event. When the data is highly skewed toward the usual, it can be very difficult for a learning system to accurately detect the rare event. There have been many approaches in recent years for handling imbalanced data sets, from under-sampling the majority class to adding synthetic points to the minority class in feature space. To address the problem of imbalanced data sets, we present an innovative approach to adding synthetic points (ghost points) to the minority class in distance space and theoretically show that these points preserve the distances. All current methods that add synthetic points to minority classes do so in feature space. However, distances between time series are known to be non-Euclidean and non-metric, since comparing time series requires warping in time. In addition, in some fields data is not available as feature vectors, but instead as pairwise distances between objects in the data set. Therefore the only recourse to augmenting the minority class is to add synthetic points in distance space. Our experimental results on standard time series using standard distance measures show that our synthetic points significantly improve the classification rate of the rare events, and in most cases also improves the overall accuracy of support vector machines. We also show how adding our synthetic points can aid in the visualization of time series data sets. For time series classification, a large number of similarity approaches have been developed, with the main focus being the comparison or matching of pairs of time series. In these approaches, other time series do not influence the similarity measure of a given pair of time series. By using the locally constrained diffusion process (LCDP), other time series do influence the similarity measure of each pair of time series, and we show that this influence is beneficial. The influence of other time series is propagated as a diffusion process on a graph formed by a given set of time series. We use LCDP when densifying the minority class data space by adding ghost points. Our experimental results demonstrate that using LCDP when densifying the minority class also improves the classification rate of the minority class.
Temple University--Theses

Two different methods are used to solve the stochastic collection equation (SCE) numerically. They are called linear discrete method (LDM) and bin shift method (BSM), respectively. Conceptually, both of them are similar to the well-known discrete method (DM) of Kovetz and Olund. For LDM and BSM, their concept is extended to two prognostic moments. Therefore, the \"splitting factors\" (which are constant in time for DM) become time-dependent for LDM and BSM. Simulations are shown for the Golovin kernel (for which an analytical solution is available) and the hydrodynamic kernel after Hall. Different bin resolutions and time steps are investigated. As expected, the results become better with increasing bin resolution. LDM and BSM do not show the anomalous dispersion which is a weakness of DM.
Es werden zwei verschiedene Methoden zur numerischen Lösung der \"Gleichung für stochastisches Einsammeln\" (stochastic collection equation, SCE) vorgestellt. Sie werden als Lineare Diskrete Methode (LDM) bzw. Bin Shift Methode (BSM) bezeichnet. Konzeptuell sind beide der bekannten Diskreten Methode (DM) von Kovetz und Olund ähnlich. Für LDM und BSM wird deren Konzept auf zwei prognostische Momente erweitert. Für LDM und BSM werden die\" Aufteil-Faktoren\" (die für DM zeitlich konstant sind) dadurch zeitabhängig. Es werden Simulationsrechnungen für die Koaleszenzfunktion nach Golovin (für die eine analytische Lösung existiert) und die hydrodynamische Koaleszenzfunktion nach Hall gezeigt. Verschiedene Klassenauflösungen und Zeitschritte werden untersucht. Wie erwartet werden die Ergebnisse mit zunehmender Auflösung besser. LDM und BSM zeigen nicht die anomale Dispersion, die eine Schwäche der DM ist.

Die Stadtentwicklungspolitik in Deutschland formuliert aufgrund veränderter Rahmenbedingungen wie dem demografischen Wandel, der Globalisierung der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen oder auch veränderter öffentlicher Finanzen, die normative Idee, Stadtquartiere durch eine intensivere Beteiligung privater Akteure zu entwickeln. Bisherige Versuche der Städtebauförderung die Einbindung privater Kleineigentümer in quartiersbezogene Handlungsansätze zu stimulieren zeigen, dass dies bislang nur unzureichend gelingt. Auf rationalen Handlungslogiken basierende Theorien sprechen im Zusammenhang der privaten Erstellung öffentlicher Güter sogar von „Marktversagen“. Und trotzdem existieren bereits erste Eigentümerstandortgemeinschaften (ESG) in Deutschland. Was ermöglichte dieses private Engagement? Angesichts fehlender empirischer Daten über freiwilliges kollektives Handeln privater Eigentümer in der Quartiers-entwicklung, geht die vorliegende Dissertation der Frage nach, welche Faktoren die Entstehung von ESG bestimmen und die institutionelle Struktur von ESG charakterisieren. Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage wurde ein vergleichendes Fallstudiendesign mit ESG in Dortmund, Essen und Görlitz gewählt. Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation verdeutlichen, dass ESG als abhängige Variable sowohl durch die individuellen Interessen bzw. Handlungsstrategien der Immobilieneigentümer bei der Bewirtschaftung ihrer Immobilien, als auch durch den Steuerungsanspruch staatlicher Akteure in der Quartiersentwicklung bestimmt werden. Die Autorin leitet die individuellen und kollektiven Handlungsstrategien der Akteure her und setzt sich mit der individuellen Motivation zum Handeln auseinander. Zusätzlich werden grundlegende institutionelle Merkmale von ESG und ihre Eigenheit als Urban Governance-Ansatz diskutiert. Aus den als Hypothesen formulierten Ergebnissen werden abschließend Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis sowie der weitere Forschungsbedarf abgeleitet.:A Einleitung.............................................................................................................23 1 Hintergrund und Problemstellung.....................................................................25 1.1 Städte im Wandel der Zeit...........................................................................25 1.2 Die Städtebauförderung im Wandel der Zeit...............................................33 2 Gegenstand und Zielstellung der Untersuchung................................................37 2.1 Gegenstand der Untersuchung...................................................................37 2.2 Ziel und Fragestellung der Untersuchung....................................................42 3 Aufbau der Arbeit.............................................................................................45 4 Grenzen der Arbeit...........................................................................................49 B Kollektives Handeln – theoretische Einordnung der zentralen Problematik...........51 1 Über die individuelle Herausforderung, kollektiv zu handeln.............................53 1.1 Zum Charakter des Kollektivgutes...............................................................54 1.2 Kollektives Handeln als rationales Handeln..................................................56 1.3 Kollektives Handeln als soziales Handeln.....................................................60 1.4 Zwischenfazit..............................................................................................65 2 Über die Befähigung zum kollektiven Handeln mittels Institutionen..................67 2.1 Verwendung des Begriffs und Entstehung von Institutionen........................67 2.2 Einflussfaktoren bei der Entstehung von Institutionen.................................72 2.3 Typen von Institutionen und ihre Interaktionsformen..................................78 2.4 Charakter von Institutionen und ihre Wirkungen.........................................84 2.5 Zwischenfazit..............................................................................................87 3 Kollektives Handeln als Koordinations- und Kooperationsaufgabe des Staates...91 3.1 Das Verhältnis zwischen staatlichen und privaten Akteuren.........................91 3.2 Von Planung über Steuerung zu Governance..............................................94 3.3 Wandel im Planungsverständnis in der Stadtentwicklung..........................101 3.4 Zwischenfazit............................................................................................108 C Herangehensweise und Methodik .....................................................................111 1 Wahl des Forschungsdesigns...........................................................................113 2 Auswahl und Erhebung der Daten..................................................................117 2.1 Auswahl der Fallstudien ...........................................................................117 2.2 Auswahl der Interviewpartner ..................................................................121 2.3 Erhebung der Daten..................................................................................124 2.4 Wahl der Interviewart und Durchführung der Interviews...........................126 3 Auswertung der Daten....................................................................................129 3.1 Erkenntnistheoretische Grundannahmen...................................................129 3.2 Prozess der Analyse..................................................................................130 3.3 Generierungen der Hypothesen................................................................135 D Einführung in Eigentümerstandortgemeinschaften (ESG) in Deutschland und die Fallstudien ...137 1 Eigentümerstandortgemeinschaften in Deutschland........................................139 1.1 Anlass für Eigentümerstandortgemeinschaften in Deutschland..................139 1.2 Entwicklungsstand von ESG in Deutschland .............................................140 1.3 ESG als Regelungstatbestand der Bundesgesetzgebung............................143 1.4 ESG als ExWoSt-Forschungsfeld................................................................145 2 Fallstudie ESG Brunnenstraßenviertel in Dortmund .........................................149 2.1 Strukturdaten der Stadt Dortmund............................................................149 2.2 Strukturdaten des ESG-Standortes............................................................151 2.3 Entstehung, Akteure und Inhalte der ESG.................................................155 2.4 Handlungsmotive und -strategien der Beteiligten......................................157 2.5 Institutionelle Merkmale der ESG..............................................................161 3 Fallstudie ESG Vogelheim in Essen ..................................................................163 3.1 Strukturdaten der Stadt Essen...................................................................163 3.2 Strukturdaten des ESG-Standortes............................................................167 3.3 Entstehung, Akteure und Inhalte der ESG.................................................169 3.4 Handlungsmotive und -strategien der Beteiligten......................................170 3.5 Institutionelle Merkmale der ESG..............................................................172 4 Fallstudie ESG Gründerzeitquartier in Görlitz ..................................................175 4.1 Strukturdaten der Stadt Görlitz.................................................................175 4.2 Strukturdaten des ESG-Standortes............................................................180 4.3 Entstehung, Akteure und Inhalte der ESG.................................................184 4.4 Handlungsmotive und -strategien der Beteiligten......................................186 4.5 Institutionelle Merkmale der ESG..............................................................188 E Vergleichende Analyse der Daten und Generierung übergreifender Aussagen zu ESG…...191 1 Zwischen Idealisten und Rationalisten: Akteursgruppen und Rollenbilder........193 1.1 Die Akteursgruppen in ESG.......................................................................193 1.2 Rollenbilder der Akteure und ihre Rolle in der ESG....................................199 2 Zwischen öffentlich und privat: Themen und Projekte der ESG........................205 2.1 Zur Wahrnehmung der Handlungssituation .............................................205 2.2 Projekte der ESG.......................................................................................209 3 Investition versus Exit: Handlungsstrategien der Akteure.................................215 3.1 Handlungsoptionen der Eigentümer bzgl. der Immobilie...........................215 3.2 Handlungsoptionen der Eigentümer bzgl. der ESG....................................222 3.3 Handlungsoptionen der öffentlichen Hand................................................226 3.4 Zusammenspiel und Pfadabhängigkeit in der Strategiewahl .....................229 4 Zwischen Unsicherheit und Sicherung: Motivation der Immobilieneigentümer.239 4.1 Reduzierung von Unsicherheit als übergeordnetes Motiv..........................240 4.2 Steigerung von Macht und Einfluss durch ESG..........................................243 4.3 Monetäre Vorteile durch ESG....................................................................246 4.4 Lösung eines Sachproblems durch ESG....................................................249 4.5 Der Einfluss von Kontextbedingungen auf die Entstehung von ESG...............251 5 Hemmnisse und Erfolgsfaktoren im Entstehungsprozess..................................257 5.1 Hemmnisse für die Entstehung einer ESG..................................................257 5.2 Erfolgsfaktoren für die Gründung einer ESG..............................................263 6 Zwischen strategischem Netzwerk und Gemeinschaftsorganisation: institutionelle Ausprägung bei ESG..................................................................271 6.1 Die Generierung von Nutzen durch ESG...................................................271 6.2 Mit der Institution ESG verbundene Kosten...............................................273 6.3 Normen und Diskontierungsraten der Akteure..........................................279 7 Zwischen Anreiz und Zwang: Urban Governance und die Rolle des Staates....283 7.1 Zwischen Anreiz und Zwang: Steuerungsansätze in ESG...........................283 7.2 Urban Governance: Zur Rolle der öffentlichen Hand in ESG......................289 F Diskussion der Hypothesen und Schlussfolgerungen .........................................293 1 Diskussion der Hypothesen zu den Forschungsfragen.....................................295 1.1 Beteiligte und Themen von ESG................................................................296 1.2 Handlungsmotive und -strategien der Beteiligten......................................301 1.3 Erfolgsfaktoren und Hemmnisse im ESG-Entstehungsprozess....................307 1.4 Institutionelle Merkmale von ESG.............................................................310 1.5 ESG als Governance in der Stadtentwicklung............................................314 1.6 Fazit zur Leitfrage.....................................................................................319 2 Schlussfolgerungen und weiterer Forschungsbedarf .......................................323 2.1 Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis..............................................................323 2.2 Weiterer Forschungsbedarf.......................................................................330 G Verzeichnisse......................................................................................................335 1 Quellen...........................................................................................................337 1.1 Literatur....................................................................................................337 1.2 Internet.....................................................................................................357 1.3 Interviewpartner.......................................................................................358 2 Abkürzungsverzeichnis....................................................................................365 3 Abbildungsverzeichnis.....................................................................................367 4 Tabellenverzeichnis.........................................................................................369
This PhD thesis deals with a concept of urban development which is at present in a pilot phase in Germany, the Local Property Owner Partnership (LoPOP). These are characterized by a voluntary collective development of the quarter at the initiative of the property owners. The demographic, economic and social structures lead to spatially differentiated changes which induce complex problems in urban development. Among others, this may result in a notable increase of vacant flats, an increasing demand for low-barrier flats or in investment backlogs of the public infrastructure. A large part of the up-coming investment tasks concerns private property and requires action by private property owners, e.g. in the development of living space. Attempts to activate proprietors via urban development funding have shown minor success up to now. Current urban development policy formulates the idea to reach a positive development of structurally weak quarters by a more intensified participation of private actors in collective approaches. In view of the missing of empirical data on voluntary action by private proprietors in the urban development, the PhD thesis investigates which factors determine the establishment of Local Property Owner Partnerships and characterize their institutional structure. Due to the small number of existing LoPOPs in Germany as well as to the limited number of scientific publications dealing with this subject, a comparative case study design was chosen. Fifty-six partially structured interviews were held in three heterogeneously distinctive LoPOPs in Dortmund, Essen and Görlitz. The transcribed interview data were processed by means of reconstructive content analyses and the results were formulated as hypotheses. The results of the thesis show that the subject of examination, LoPOPs, can be discussed with respect to actor-related and institutional theories as well as governance approaches. LoPOPs are defined as a dependent variable with respect to the individual interests and strategies of action of the property owners concerning their real estate management as well as to the governance requirements of state actors concerning the development of the quarter. Thereby, it has become apparent that one should make a distinction between the strategies of action of the state and the private actors. Both groups show three basic types of action strategies which have constructional and social as well as structural impacts on the quarter. The individual strategies of action of the proprietors are invest, wait and exit. With regard to the quarter, the municipal actors have the strategies develop, wait or retract at their disposal. Moreover, the data analyses discovered a path dependency between the individual management strategies of the proprietors and their action in the collective situation. The actors who are focusing on wait or on exit play the role of free riders. With regard to the proprietors who are willing to invest, three collective strategies of action may be noted: wait, individual effort and cooperation. As a central motive for choosing the collective strategy of action cooperation and, thus for commitment to participating in the LoPOP, the reduction of uncertainty could be identified. According to this, the preparedness for cooperation depends on the intensity of uncertainty in the management of the property and, thus, also on the degree of being affected by the above mentioned structural change. Whether the LoPOP is a suitable tool for the elimination of this uncertainty is closely connected with its institutional structure. LoPOPs are - taking into account the specific constellation of actors - characterized by high transaction costs, due to the low legal and social possibilities for sanctions. Therefore, a clear value of the projects and the common standards of the actors are all the more necessary for success. LoPOPs deal with the development of quarters and produce, as a private initiative, also public goods. This establishes the public interest in their development. The results of the thesis show that, due to the constellation of actors, interests and themes in voluntary LoPOPs, the state actors concentrate on the interaction form of the horizontal coordination. Therefore, LoPOPs can be referred to as a form of Urban Governance. Moreover, it becomes obvious that, when the mission statement of a voluntary, informal and private network of small proprietors shall be realised, on the one hand free riders cannot be avoided, on the other hand the public authorities are indispensable providing consulting and financial support. In comparison with traditional approaches of urban development funding, LoPOPs, as collective development approaches, need an intensive involvement of local actors in addition to the thematic debate during their preparation. The thesis terminates with conclusions for practice as well as needs for further research drawn from the generated hypotheses. The needs for further research refer inter alia to the evaluation of effects of the LoPOPs; the analysis of learning processes among the groups of actors in the development process and in the verification of the generated hypotheses in this work.:A Einleitung.............................................................................................................23 1 Hintergrund und Problemstellung.....................................................................25 1.1 Städte im Wandel der Zeit...........................................................................25 1.2 Die Städtebauförderung im Wandel der Zeit...............................................33 2 Gegenstand und Zielstellung der Untersuchung................................................37 2.1 Gegenstand der Untersuchung...................................................................37 2.2 Ziel und Fragestellung der Untersuchung....................................................42 3 Aufbau der Arbeit.............................................................................................45 4 Grenzen der Arbeit...........................................................................................49 B Kollektives Handeln – theoretische Einordnung der zentralen Problematik...........51 1 Über die individuelle Herausforderung, kollektiv zu handeln.............................53 1.1 Zum Charakter des Kollektivgutes...............................................................54 1.2 Kollektives Handeln als rationales Handeln..................................................56 1.3 Kollektives Handeln als soziales Handeln.....................................................60 1.4 Zwischenfazit..............................................................................................65 2 Über die Befähigung zum kollektiven Handeln mittels Institutionen..................67 2.1 Verwendung des Begriffs und Entstehung von Institutionen........................67 2.2 Einflussfaktoren bei der Entstehung von Institutionen.................................72 2.3 Typen von Institutionen und ihre Interaktionsformen..................................78 2.4 Charakter von Institutionen und ihre Wirkungen.........................................84 2.5 Zwischenfazit..............................................................................................87 3 Kollektives Handeln als Koordinations- und Kooperationsaufgabe des Staates...91 3.1 Das Verhältnis zwischen staatlichen und privaten Akteuren.........................91 3.2 Von Planung über Steuerung zu Governance..............................................94 3.3 Wandel im Planungsverständnis in der Stadtentwicklung..........................101 3.4 Zwischenfazit............................................................................................108 C Herangehensweise und Methodik .....................................................................111 1 Wahl des Forschungsdesigns...........................................................................113 2 Auswahl und Erhebung der Daten..................................................................117 2.1 Auswahl der Fallstudien ...........................................................................117 2.2 Auswahl der Interviewpartner ..................................................................121 2.3 Erhebung der Daten..................................................................................124 2.4 Wahl der Interviewart und Durchführung der Interviews...........................126 3 Auswertung der Daten....................................................................................129 3.1 Erkenntnistheoretische Grundannahmen...................................................129 3.2 Prozess der Analyse..................................................................................130 3.3 Generierungen der Hypothesen................................................................135 D Einführung in Eigentümerstandortgemeinschaften (ESG) in Deutschland und die Fallstudien ...137 1 Eigentümerstandortgemeinschaften in Deutschland........................................139 1.1 Anlass für Eigentümerstandortgemeinschaften in Deutschland..................139 1.2 Entwicklungsstand von ESG in Deutschland .............................................140 1.3 ESG als Regelungstatbestand der Bundesgesetzgebung............................143 1.4 ESG als ExWoSt-Forschungsfeld................................................................145 2 Fallstudie ESG Brunnenstraßenviertel in Dortmund .........................................149 2.1 Strukturdaten der Stadt Dortmund............................................................149 2.2 Strukturdaten des ESG-Standortes............................................................151 2.3 Entstehung, Akteure und Inhalte der ESG.................................................155 2.4 Handlungsmotive und -strategien der Beteiligten......................................157 2.5 Institutionelle Merkmale der ESG..............................................................161 3 Fallstudie ESG Vogelheim in Essen ..................................................................163 3.1 Strukturdaten der Stadt Essen...................................................................163 3.2 Strukturdaten des ESG-Standortes............................................................167 3.3 Entstehung, Akteure und Inhalte der ESG.................................................169 3.4 Handlungsmotive und -strategien der Beteiligten......................................170 3.5 Institutionelle Merkmale der ESG..............................................................172 4 Fallstudie ESG Gründerzeitquartier in Görlitz ..................................................175 4.1 Strukturdaten der Stadt Görlitz.................................................................175 4.2 Strukturdaten des ESG-Standortes............................................................180 4.3 Entstehung, Akteure und Inhalte der ESG.................................................184 4.4 Handlungsmotive und -strategien der Beteiligten......................................186 4.5 Institutionelle Merkmale der ESG..............................................................188 E Vergleichende Analyse der Daten und Generierung übergreifender Aussagen zu ESG…...191 1 Zwischen Idealisten und Rationalisten: Akteursgruppen und Rollenbilder........193 1.1 Die Akteursgruppen in ESG.......................................................................193 1.2 Rollenbilder der Akteure und ihre Rolle in der ESG....................................199 2 Zwischen öffentlich und privat: Themen und Projekte der ESG........................205 2.1 Zur Wahrnehmung der Handlungssituation .............................................205 2.2 Projekte der ESG.......................................................................................209 3 Investition versus Exit: Handlungsstrategien der Akteure.................................215 3.1 Handlungsoptionen der Eigentümer bzgl. der Immobilie...........................215 3.2 Handlungsoptionen der Eigentümer bzgl. der ESG....................................222 3.3 Handlungsoptionen der öffentlichen Hand................................................226 3.4 Zusammenspiel und Pfadabhängigkeit in der Strategiewahl .....................229 4 Zwischen Unsicherheit und Sicherung: Motivation der Immobilieneigentümer.239 4.1 Reduzierung von Unsicherheit als übergeordnetes Motiv..........................240 4.2 Steigerung von Macht und Einfluss durch ESG..........................................243 4.3 Monetäre Vorteile durch ESG....................................................................246 4.4 Lösung eines Sachproblems durch ESG....................................................249 4.5 Der Einfluss von Kontextbedingungen auf die Entstehung von ESG...............251 5 Hemmnisse und Erfolgsfaktoren im Entstehungsprozess..................................257 5.1 Hemmnisse für die Entstehung einer ESG..................................................257 5.2 Erfolgsfaktoren für die Gründung einer ESG..............................................263 6 Zwischen strategischem Netzwerk und Gemeinschaftsorganisation: institutionelle Ausprägung bei ESG..................................................................271 6.1 Die Generierung von Nutzen durch ESG...................................................271 6.2 Mit der Institution ESG verbundene Kosten...............................................273 6.3 Normen und Diskontierungsraten der Akteure..........................................279 7 Zwischen Anreiz und Zwang: Urban Governance und die Rolle des Staates....283 7.1 Zwischen Anreiz und Zwang: Steuerungsansätze in ESG...........................283 7.2 Urban Governance: Zur Rolle der öffentlichen Hand in ESG......................289 F Diskussion der Hypothesen und Schlussfolgerungen .........................................293 1 Diskussion der Hypothesen zu den Forschungsfragen.....................................295 1.1 Beteiligte und Themen von ESG................................................................296 1.2 Handlungsmotive und -strategien der Beteiligten......................................301 1.3 Erfolgsfaktoren und Hemmnisse im ESG-Entstehungsprozess....................307 1.4 Institutionelle Merkmale von ESG.............................................................310 1.5 ESG als Governance in der Stadtentwicklung............................................314 1.6 Fazit zur Leitfrage.....................................................................................319 2 Schlussfolgerungen und weiterer Forschungsbedarf .......................................323 2.1 Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis..............................................................323 2.2 Weiterer Forschungsbedarf.......................................................................330 G Verzeichnisse......................................................................................................335 1 Quellen...........................................................................................................337 1.1 Literatur....................................................................................................337 1.2 Internet.....................................................................................................357 1.3 Interviewpartner.......................................................................................358 2 Abkürzungsverzeichnis....................................................................................365 3 Abbildungsverzeichnis.....................................................................................367 4 Tabellenverzeichnis.........................................................................................369

L’ingénierie des connaissances offre un cadre rationnel permettant une représentation des connaissances acquises à travers les expériences. En fait, la représentation rationnelle des connaissances permet leur exploitation et leur réutilisation. Le fait de rendre explicite les lois qui régissent un certain comportement fournit une sémantique forte aux observables ainsi qu’une argumentation de ce comportement, prête à être reproduite et réadaptée pour résoudre les problèmes. Nous étudions dans ce mémoire les classifications des traces des réalisations de projet de conception d’une manière à avoir une agrégation des connaissances et fournir ainsi une représentation des concepts manipulés, des directives et des compétences de l’organisation ainsi que des stratégies de négociation et de résolution coopérative de problèmes. Cette représentation facilitera la réutilisation des connaissances. Les projets de conception sont réalisés par des équipes pluridisciplinaires, qui collaborent pour développer un nouveau produit. Pendant le déroulement des projets, la connaissance produite est le résultat d’un travail collectif. Le processus pour capitaliser et garder trace de la connaissance afin d’établir une mémoire de projet est basé sur deux types de connaissance ; le contexte de projet et la logique de conception. Par ailleurs nous expliquons notre mécanisme de regroupement qui permet d’expliciter la stratégie coopérative de résolution de problème apprise à partir de projets antérieurs
The knowledge engineering offers a rational framework allowing a representation of knowledge obtained through the experiences. This technique found a great application in knowledge management and especially to capitalize knowledge. In fact, the rational representation of knowledge allows their exploitation and their re-use. It is a necessary condition to allow a re-use and a knowledge appropriation. The knowledge management must take into account this dimension, since its first concern is to make knowledge persistent, ready to be reused. We study the traces classifications of the design project achievements in order to have a knowledge aggregation and to thus provide a representation of handled knowledge : directives and competences organization as well as negotiation strategies and cooperative problems solving. The design projects are realized by multi disciplinary teams, which collaborate to develop a new product. During projects accomplishment, knowledge produced is the result of a collective work. I present a process to capitalize and to trace knowledge in order to build Project Memory. This one is based on two types of knowledge ; the project context and the design rational. Moreover we explain our regrouping mechanism which allows making explicit the resolve problem strategy learned from past project