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Huebner, Bryce Prinz Jesse J. "Distributing cognition a defense of collective mentality /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1540.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy." Discipline: Philosophy; Department/School: Philosophy.
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Clément, Romain Jean Gilbert. "Collective cognition and decision-making in humans and fish." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17605.
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Das Zusammenleben in Gruppen ist im Tierreich ein weit verbreitetes Phänomen. Einer der Vorteile des Gruppenlebens könnte die sogenannte „Schwarmintelligenz“ sein, das heißt die Fähigkeit von Gruppen kognitive Probleme zu lösen, die die Problemlösekompetenz einzelner Individuen übersteigt. In der vorliegenden Dissertation untersuchte ich, ob die Gruppengröße beim Menschen und bei Fischen mit einer verbesserten Entscheidungsfindung einhergeht. Beim Menschen analysierte ich zunächst das Abschneiden von Einzelpersonen, die später als Teil einer Gruppe getestet wurden, in einfachen Einschätzungsaufgaben sowie komplizierteren Satz-Rekonstruktionstests. Meine Frage war, ob es Individuen in Gruppen gelingt bessere Entscheidungen zutreffen als das einem durchschnittlichen Individuum der Gruppe alleine möglich wäre und ob Gruppen sogar die Leistung ihres besten Mitglieds in den individuellen Tests überbieten könnten. Tatsächlich konnte ich zeigen, dass Gruppen die Leistung des besten Mitglieds übertreffen, wenn die Problemstellung für Einzelpersonen zu komplex ist oder sich häufig wiederholt. Weiterhin gelang mir zu zeigen, dass Gruppen von Menschen bei einer simulierten Prädationssituation, ähnlich wie es bereits für andere Tierarten beschrieben wurde, anhand von so genannten „Quorum“-Regeln durch non-verbale Kommunikation entscheiden, ob sie bleiben oder flüchten. Dabei dienen einfache Bewegungsmuster als Schlüsselreiz. Individuen einer Gruppe erhöhen durch diesen Mechanismus gleichzeitig ihre echt positiven und verringern ihre falsch positiven Entscheidungen. Beim Guppy, einem Süßwasserfisch aus Trinidad, untersuchte ich in deren natürlichem Habitat, ob die Fähigkeit einzelner Individuen zwischen einer genießbaren und einer ungenießbaren Futterquelle zu unterscheiden, mit der Gruppengröße ansteigt. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Guppys mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit eine genießbare Futterquelle identifizierten, sobald sie Teil einer größeren Gruppe waren.<br>Group living is a widespread phenomenon. One of its assumed advantages is collective cognition, the ability of groups to solve cognitive problems that are beyond single individuals’ abilities. In this thesis, I investigated whether decision-making improves with group size in both humans and fish, thus using the strengths of each system. In humans, I tested individual performance in simple quantity estimation tasks and a more difficult sentence reconstruction task first alone and then as part of a group. My question was whether groups were able to improve not only on average individual decisions, but also to beat their best members. Indeed, when a given problem is recurrent or too complex for individuals, groups were able to outperform their best members in different contexts. Furthermore, I showed that in a simulated predation experiment, groups of humans decided to stay or to escape using quorum thresholds based on movement behaviour without verbal communication, as has been shown in other animals. This simple movement mechanism allowed individuals in groups to simultaneously increase true positives and decrease false positives. In the guppy, a freshwater fish from Trinidad, I tested in their natural environment whether individuals’ ability to distinguish between an edible and a non-edible food item increases with group size. My results indicate that guppies had better chances to identify the edible food item when part of bigger groups. By investigating several populations with different ecological backgrounds, in particular differing in predation levels, I found that, despite a lower sampling activity in high predation habitats, predation did not affect the improvement of decisions in groups.
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Alavi, Seyyed Babak Education Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "A multilevel study of collective efficacy, self-mental models, and collective cognition in university student group activities." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Education, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/33242.
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The main goal of this study was to identify some determinants of collective efficacy in small groups. A multilevel approach was used to posit hypotheses and research questions relating individual and shared beliefs of collective efficacy to collective cognition activities, task interdependence, self-efficacy for group work, and collective orientation. A two-phase longitudinal design was employed. The sample comprised 270 university students, enrolled in seven courses and involved in 86 work groups in both phases of the study. All groups were required to perform interdependent academic tasks. The results of multiple regression analysis of aggregated variables provided some evidence that the more group members perceived themselves to be interdependent in the early stages of group work and assigned their tasks interdependently during group processes, the more likely they developed high collective efficacy in the final stages of group work. Collective efficacy was also related to the group average of self-efficacy for group work when task interdependence was high. Multilevel analysis was also used. These results showed that variation at the individual level was considerable, and there was significant but relatively little variation at the group level, with small effect sizes, for a few variables including collective efficacy. Structural equation modelling was used to confirm the theoretical framework at the individual level after accounting for group level variation. The results suggested that integration and constructive evaluation of ideas during group processes and self-efficacy for group work may have been determinants of collective efficacy at the individual level. Moreover, collective efficacy at the individual level was related to an interdependent perception of self in relation to other group members. The results suggest that helping group members learn how to evaluate and integrate each other???s ideas during group activities, and perceive themselves to be interdependent may enhance group capabilities for performing tasks. In addition, improving students??? self-efficacy for group work was identified as a key factor, as it may enhance a sense of interdependence among group members, improve the extent to which group members participate in integrating and evaluating ideas, and increase the whole group???s capabilities for performing tasks.
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Woods, Richard David. "Collective responses to acoustic threat information in jackdaws." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/25978.
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Navigating the physical world may present only a small fraction of the challenges faced by social animals. Sociality brings with it numerous benefits, including access to important information that may have otherwise been harder to come by. However, almost every aspect of these apparent benefits may also entail additional cognitive challenges, including how to interpret signals from conspecifics, who to attend to, and how to incorporate knowledge about signallers when deciding how to respond. One approach to understanding the cognitive abilities associated with social function is to investigate social species that take part in potentially costly group behaviours, where individual decisions must be made in a social context. In this thesis I explore how jackdaws (Corvus monedula), a highly sociable corvid species, use acoustic information to coordinate collective anti-predator responses. In Chapter Two I showed using playback experiments that the magnitude of collective responses to anti-predator recruitment calls known as “scolding” calls depends on the identity of the caller, with larger responses to familiar colony members than unfamiliar individuals. In Chapter Three I then used habituation-dishabituation experiments to show that this vocal discrimination operates at the level of the individual, with jackdaws discriminating between the calls of different conspecifics, regardless of their level of familiarity. In Chapter Four, I examined whether aspects of call structure conveyed information about threat levels. Here, I found that high rates of scolding calls were associated with elevated threats, and playback experiments suggested that this information might result in larger group responses. The finding that jackdaws are capable of mediating their response to alarm calls based on the identity of the individual caller, and on structural variation in call production, raised the question of whether jackdaws employed similar forms discrimination between acoustic cues made by predators in their environment. I investigated this in Chapter Five, using playback experiments to show that jackdaws responded not only to the vocalisations of resident predators, but that this ability extended to novel predators, and that responsiveness was mediated by the phase of the breeding season in which predators were heard. Together, these findings provide insights in to how discrimination among acoustic cues can mediate group behaviour in species that respond collectively to threats.
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Gallotti, Mattia Luca. "Naturally we : a philosophical study of collective intentionality." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/2997.
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According to many philosophers and scientists, human sociality is explained by our unique capacity to ‘share’ the mental states of others and to form collective intentional states. Collective intentionality has been widely debated in the past two decades, focusing especially on the issue of its reducibility to individual intentionality and the place of collective intentions in the natural realm. It is not clear, however, to what extent these two issues are related, and what methodologies of investigation are appropriate in each case. In this thesis I set out a theory of the naturalization of collective intentionality that draws a line between naturalizability arguments and theories of collective intentionality naturalized. The former provide reasons for believing in the naturalness of collective intentional states based on our commonsense understanding of them; the latter offer responses to the ontological question about the existence and identity of collective as distinct from individual intentionality. This model is naturalistic because it holds that the only way to establish the place of mental entities in the order of things is through the theory and practice of science. After reviewing naturalizability arguments in philosophy, I consider an influential research program in the cognitive sciences. On the account that I present, the irreducibility of collective intentionality can be derived from a theory of human development in scientific psychology dealing with phenomena of sociality like communication, recently refined by Michael Tomasello.
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Doi, Stephanie. "Collective Memory and History: An Examination of Perceptions of Accuracy and Preference for Biased “History” Passages." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1633.
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Collective memory is a socially shared representation of the past. History, contrastingly, strives to be an unbiased, objective, and critical account of the past. Many researchers have argued that the so-called “history” found in school textbooks and curriculums align more with collective memory; however, many individuals do not know of the pervasiveness of collective memory in supposed “history” texts. To examine perceptions of accuracy and preference of American “history” textbook passages, individuals from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n= 404) participated in an online study where they were randomly assigned to read one passage that was either negatively biased, neutral, or positively biased regarding the U.S. dropping the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. Participants rated their emotional valence of the event and their perceptions of accuracy and preference for the passage. The results suggest that individuals perceive negatively biased passages as less accurate and less preferable, even if their emotional valence matches the bias within the text. Individuals also showed the hypothesized interaction for preference; those who perceived the event as not negative preferred the positive text to the neutral and negative texts. The findings support evidence that individuals are motivated to prefer history passages consistent with their attitudes and rate higher accuracy among positive and neutral texts. The results have broader implications on reporting or dismissing human rights violations within collective memory.
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Oberhauser, Felix Benjamin [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Heinze, and Tomer J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Czaczkes. "Individual cognition and collective behaviour in ants / Felix Benjamin Oberhauser ; Jürgen Heinze, Tomer J. Czaczkes." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201884284/34.
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Thomas-Antérion, Catherine Laurent Bernard. "La mémoire collective, mémoire des évènements publics et des célébrités apport des batteries EVE 30 et TOP 30 /." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2007. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2006/thomas_anterion_c.
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Guizzo, Francesca. "How Sexual Objectification Affects Women: Self-objectification, Cognitive Performance and Collective Action." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427240.
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Sexual objectification occurs whenever a person is treated like a sexual object, reduced to a body (or sexual body parts) and used for the pleasure and consumption of others (Bartky, 1980; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). According to Objectification Theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) women are the main targets of sexual objectification, which is mainly associated with the male objectifying gaze in two contexts: the exposure to sexually objectifying mass media (e.g. television, movies, magazines, advertisements in which women are depicted as sexual objects) and during social interactions. According to the objectification theoretical framework, sexually objectifying experiences are not devoid from important negative effects on women’s psychological well-being. Indeed, the theory proposed that the first direct consequence of sexually objectifying experiences is self-objectification, which leads women to internalize the objectifying observer’s perspective on the physical self, thus reducing the self to an object (Bartky, 1980; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). In turn self-objectification has been linked to increased body shame, appearance anxiety, and proclivity to eating, depression, and sexual disorders (Moradi & Hefflick, 2008).
We started our work noticing that, although sexually objectifying experiences are the precursors of self-objectification and its subsequent adverse outcomes on women, very few researchers have actually tested this causal chain by directly manipulating the exposure to sexually objectifying experiences. Therefore, the general aim of the present work was to contribute to the objectification theoretical framework by testing the causal role of sexually objectifying experiences on women’s psychological, cognitive and social responses. Therefore, in Chapter 1 we will present a brief introduction and review of previous research conducted within the objectification theoretical framework.
In Chapter 2, we will present a set of three studies that have investigated the effects of the objectifying male gaze experienced in interpersonal encounters and the exposure to sexually objectifying visual media on women’s psychological outcomes and cognitive performance. In particular we aimed at overcoming possible limitations in the interpretation of previous research that have studied cognitive performance (i.e. Stereotype Threat); taking into account important moderators (i.e. Internalization of sociocultural beauty standards, Social appearance anxiety), we will provide evidence that supports the notion that the exposure to sexually objectifying experiences indeed affects women’s cognitive resources. In addition, we will also investigate possible mechanisms (i.e. Task Intrusive Thoughts, Flow experience) underlying the decrements in performance. Finally, we will bring novel evidence that sexually objectifying experiences are causally linked with adverse psychological outcomes for women (i.e. self-objectification and body dissatisfaction). Our results generally supported the idea that sexually objectifying experiences are the causal precursor of both adverse psychological and cognitive outcomes for women and that important moderators of such causal chain should be taken into account.
In Chapter 3, we will present a final study that has investigated the effects of exposure to sexually objectifying television, as well as a reasoned critique of such media content, on gender collective action inclination and behavioral intentions to participate in activism. The results demonstrate, for the first time, that exposure to a reasoned critique of sexually objectifying television motivates women, but not men, to react and to participate in collective actions that aim at reducing such degrading TV portrayals. The results bring novel evidence that the promotion of a critical view of TV through, for example, sensitizing campaigns, might represent an effective intervention to promote social activism and contrast the sexual objectification vicious cycle.
Finally, in Chapter 4 in light of the objectification theoretical framework we will discuss the implications of the present findings and suggest future directions.<br>L’Oggettivazione Sessuale si verifica ogni volta che una persona è trattata come un oggetto sessuale, ridotta ad un corpo (o alle sue parti sessuali) e utilizzata per il piacere e il consumo altrui (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Secondo la Teoria dell’Oggettivazione (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), le donne sono i target principali dell’oggettivazione sessuale, che è principalmente messa in atto attraverso lo sguardo oggettivante maschile soprattutto in due contesti: l’esposizione a mass media sessualmente oggettivanti (e.g. televisione, film, riviste, pubblicità) e durante le interazioni sociali. Secondo il modello teorico dell’oggettivazione, le esperienze sessualmente oggettivanti non sono prive di importanti effetti negativi sul benessere delle donne. La prima conseguenza diretta è l’Auto-Oggettivazione, che porta le donne ad interiorizzare la prospettiva dell'osservatore oggettivante sul sé fisico, riducendo così il sé ad un oggetto (Bartky, 1980; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). L’auto-oggettivazione è stata a sua volta collegata all’aumento di vergogna per il proprio corpo, all’ansia legata all’apparenza e all’insorgenza di disordini alimentari, depressivi e sessuali (Moradi e Hefflick, 2008). Partendo da questo quadro teorico, nella presente dissertazione ho focalizzato l'attenzione sulle conseguenze delle esperienze sessualmente oggettivanti sull’auto-oggettivazione delle donne, sulle loro prestazioni cognitive e sulla loro volontà di partecipare ad attivismo sociale. Pertanto, nel primo capitolo presenterò una breve rassegna dei precedenti lavori che hanno indagato il processo di oggettivazione sessuale e i suoi effetti.
Abbiamo iniziato il nostro lavoro notando che, sebbene le esperienze oggettivanti sessualmente siano il precursore dell’auto-oggettivazione e dei suoi successivi risultati negativi sul benessere delle donne, pochissime ricerche hanno effettivamente verificato questa catena causale manipolando direttamente l'esposizione a esperienze sessualmente oggettivanti. Pertanto, l'obiettivo generale del presente lavoro tesi è stato quello di espandere ulteriormente il quadro teorico dell’oggettivazione testando la catena causale tra le esperienze sessualmente oggettivanti e le risposte psicologiche, cognitive e sociali delle donne. Pertanto, nel Capitolo 1 presenteremo una breve introduzione e rassegna delle precedenti ricerche condotte all’interno del quadro teorico dell’oggettivazione.
Nel capitolo 2, presenteremo una serie di tre studi che hanno indagato gli effetti dello sguardo maschile oggettivante vissuto in interazioni interpersonali, nonché l'esposizione a media sessualmente oggettivanti sugli esiti psicologici e le prestazioni cognitive delle donne. In particolare, si è cercato di superare i possibili limiti interpretativi delle precedenti ricerche che hanno studiato le prestazioni cognitive (i.e. Stereotype Threat) e, tenendo conto di importanti moderatori (i.e. Internalizzazione del canone di bellezza socio-culturale, Ansia sociale legata all’apparenza), offriremo evidenze a sostegno dell'idea che l'esposizione ad esperienze sessualmente oggettivanti di fatto diminuisce le risorse cognitive delle donne. Inoltre, approfondiremo possibili meccanismi (i.e. Pensieri intrusivi durante il compito, Esperienza di flusso) che stanno alla base dei decrementi della prestazione. Infine, forniremo nuove dimostrazioni del fatto che esperienze sessualmente oggettivanti causano conseguenze psicologiche negative per le donne (i.e. Auto-oggettivazione e Insoddisfazione per il proprio corpo). Più in generale, i risultati sostengono l'idea che le esperienze sessualmente oggettivanti sono il precursore causale di conseguenze sia psicologiche che cognitive sfavorevoli per le donne e che importanti moderatori di tale catena causale devono essere presi in considerazione.
Nel Capitolo 3, presenterò un quarto studio che ha indagato gli effetti dell'esposizione alla televisione sessualmente oggettivante, e di una critica ragionata di tali contenuti multimediali, sulla propensione alle azioni collettive e sulle intenzioni comportamentali a partecipare all’attivismo sociale. I risultati dimostrano, per la prima volta, che l'esposizione a una critica ragionata alla televisione sessualmente oggettivante motiva le donne, ma non gli uomini, a reagire e a partecipare ad azioni collettive finalizzate a ridurre le rappresentazioni femminili degradanti della TV. I risultati suggeriscono che la promozione di una visione critica della TV attraverso, per esempio, campagne di sensibilizzazione, potrebbe rappresentare un intervento efficace per promuovere un comportamento di protesta per contrastare il circolo vizioso dell'oggettivazione sessuale.
Infine, nel Capitolo 4, alla luce del quadro teorico dell’oggettivazione, si discuteranno le implicazioni dei risultati trovati e le direzioni di ricerca future.
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Gratier, Maya. "Rythmes et appartenances culturelles : étude acoustique des échanges vocaux entre mères et bébés autochtones et migrants." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05H048.
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Cette étude s'appuie sur des méthodes d'analyse acoustique pour éclairer le lien entre la qualité de la négociation dynamique au cours de l'interaction mère-bébé et le sentiment d'identité de la mère. Nous montrons que l'expressivité et la contingence de l'interaction vocale mère-bébé sont particulièrement affectées lorsqu'une mère qui a émigré n'a plus la même perception de soi ni la même confiance en soi qu'avant. Soixante enregistrements d'interactions spontanées mère-bébé ont été effectués en Inde, en France et aux Etats-Unis avec des bébés âgés entre 2 et 6 mois. Leur analyse a révélé une hiérarchie rythmique universelle : toutes les dyades mère-bébé s'appuient sur une pulsation et sur des sensibilités musicales innées pour exprimer conjointement des narrations dans le temps. D'importantes différences culturelles ont également été observées entre les dyades françaises, indiennes et américaines concernant des règles culturelles spécifiques de la négociation dans le dialogue. Ces différences nous ont amenée à proposer que dès l'âge de 2 mois le bébé commence à incorporer les rythmes et styles expressifs qui constituent sa "culture primaire". La comparaison entre 30 dyades migrantes et 30 dyades autochtones a montré que les migrantes sont, de manière générale, moins expressives et moins harmonieuses, ou moins "musicales", dans la coordination rythmique de leurs interactions. Des études de cas et des analyses qualitatives éclairent les résultats quantitatifs. L'effet de la migration n'est cependant pas uniforme et un sous-groupe de mères migrantes présentant des facteurs de risque à été identifié. L'analyse acoustique éclaire, au niveau micro, la manière dont le sens est partagé dans un espace intersubjectif entre la mère et le bébé grâce à un équilibre subtil entre régularité rythmique et variation expressive. Nous explorons la façon dont, comme dans la musique de jazz, le succès du partage intersubjectif significatif dépend des qualités spontanées dynamiques d'expressions négociées. Ainsi, le processus de l'appartenance dépend peut-être d'une négociation musicale sensible au cours d'interactions vives. Ce travail souligne l'importance de la prise en charge précoce et de la prévention parmi les populations migrantes et propose d'employer la "musicalité" comme critère diagnostique<br>This study uses acoustic analysis methods to shed light on the relationship between the dynamics of negotiation in mother-infant interaction and the mother's sense of identity. We show that the expressiveness and contingency of vocal interaction is particularly affected when the mother's sense of self lacks clarity and confidence. This study focuses, in particular, on the effects of immigration on the mother's sense of self. Sixty recordings of spontaneous mother-infant interaction were made in India, France and the United States with infants aged between 2 and 6 months. Our analysis revealed universal hierarchies of rhythm : all of the mothers and infants relied on a beat and on innate musical sensitivities to express jointly created narratives in time. (. . . )
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Capdepuy, P. "Informational principles of perception-action loops and collective behaviours." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/5199.
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Living beings, robotic and software artefacts can all be seen as agents acting and perceiving within an environment. When observed under that perspective, a new concept is accessible: information in the sense of Shannon. It has long been known that information and control are interrelated concepts. However it is only recently that this perspective has been better understood and used in order to study cognition. In this thesis, we build upon such an information-theoretic perspective and add some biologically motivated assumptions. They introduce various constraints on the capture, the processing, or the storage of information by an agent. Using such constraints it is possible to understand some limits on the control abilities of agents, and to derive algorithms that optimize these abilities. More specifically this thesis uses the recently introduced concept of empowerment, i.e. the ability to act upon the environment and perceive back the changes through the sensors. Maximizing this quantity leads to a wide range of cognitively interesting properties. This work studies some of these properties. One of them, the ability to capture information that is relevant for the perception-action loop of the agent, is deeply investigated and algorithms for exploiting this ability are presented. The second part of the thesis deals with the use of the information-theoretic framework when multiple agents are interacting with each other. Empowerment maximization in this context leads to two phenomena: the generation of complex structures, and the emergence of synchronised and potentially cooperative interactions. In this thesis, the first phenomenon is empirically investigated through various spatial scenarios in order to understand the kind of structures that are generated and under which conditions they appear. Connections are made between the second phenomenon and the concept of the multiple-access channel. Using recent developments of this information-theoretic model, it is possible to precisely study the kind of interactions that can occur, and the situations that lead to synchronised or cooperative behaviour. The general aim of this work is to give a comprehensive picture of the information-theoretic framework for studying the perception-action loop, bringing both single and multi-agents aspects together. The concepts presented in this thesis allows one to study some fundamental aspects of cognition, to engineer self-motivated robotic systems, or to drive self-organization in multi-agents systems.
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Clément, Romain Jean Gilbert [Verfasser], Jens [Gutachter] Krause, Max [Gutachter] Wolf, and Richard [Gutachter] James. "Collective cognition and decision-making in humans and fish / Romain Jean Gilbert Clément ; Gutachter: Jens Krause, Max Wolf, Richard James." Berlin : Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116406691/34.
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Clément, Romain [Verfasser], Jens [Gutachter] Krause, Max [Gutachter] Wolf, and Richard [Gutachter] James. "Collective cognition and decision-making in humans and fish / Romain Jean Gilbert Clément ; Gutachter: Jens Krause, Max Wolf, Richard James." Berlin : Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116406691/34.
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Nyberg, Josefin, and Viktoria Atladottir. ""Two separate lanes which on occasion bump into each other" : - A Qualitative Study on How Collective Cognition in Entrepreneurial Teams Affect International Opportunities." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105685.
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During the last three decades, research and activity within international entrepreneurship have accelerated. The international entrepreneurial process consists of, for instance, international opportunities that are recognized as a critical function. Over time, the research view of the entrepreneur within the entrepreneurial process has shifted from being an individual to being more frequently discovered as plural, and more recent studies emphasize that the entrepreneurial team is the primary catalyst for new venture creation. However, the complexity differs for the entrepreneurial teams that internationalize since uncertainty and increased risk, which may require appropriate levels of collective cognition affecting the teams and international opportunities. This thesis aims to combine aspects of international entrepreneurship and international business with exploring to what extent the collective cognition of entrepreneurial teams determines the discovery and exploitation of international opportunities within Swedish SMEs. By investigating from the entrepreneurial team perspective, this thesis strives to present a more accurate picture of the impact of collective cognition on organizations' international opportunities. An abductive research approach combined with a qualitative method has been applied to ensure a more extensive understanding of the subject. The literature review provides definitions as well as an in-depth understanding of the thesis’ four core concepts; collective cognition, internationalization, international opportunities, and entrepreneurial teams. Finally, the theoretical framework concludes with a conceptual framework model explaining how the concepts are related. The empirical findings tie together with the theoretical framework, and the concepts are further analyzed in relation and contrast to each other. Lastly, the findings are gathered in the final chapter, concluding that entrepreneurial teams’ international opportunities are influenced by collective cognition in Swedish SMEs, which can play an essential role in the internationalization and discovery and exploitation of further international opportunities.<br>Nej
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Ulubay, Murat. "Resilient Features Of Re-emerging Dyadic Communication Systems In An Interactive Virtual Environment." Phd thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615502/index.pdf.
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This study mainly focuses on the emergence and utilization of communication systems in the context of joint action where collective cognitive activity is required. Dyads are given an instant messaging medium of communication where only a limited number of characters and symbols can be used for information exchange in order to collaborate on common tasks of finding objects, in a network-based interactive virtual environment (ActiveWorlds), a 3D, multi-agent, virtual reality platform. The restrictions on communication and the requirement of collaboration facilitated the creation of a lexical inventory and a minimalistic communication system, a compressed version of dyads&rsquo<br>shared Natural Languages (NLs). Across eight experimental sessions, two manipulations are made in order to study their effects on parameters on 4 levels of analysis: (1) Quantitative, (2) Syntactic Complexity, (3) Lexical Category and (4) Speech Act Category. The two interventions are (1) increasing the number of targets from one to two after the first three experiments, and (2) administering a two months break between the 6th and 7th-8th experiments.
Increased number of target objects influenced the quantitative parameters that are related to the amount of communication as well as the use scores of lexical, syntactic, and speech act categories<br>however, the use ratios of several parameters were resilient under this manipulation and rather showed different trends of change characterizing the development of the system towards a more mature state in accordance with the demands of the task structure. The opposing trends of increasing use ratio of Assertive and decreasing use ratio of Directive Speech Acts and decreasing use ratios of the Type/Token Number of Lexical Items in a session, the Number of New Lexical Items in a session and increasing ratio of Turn Success are also characteristics of this maturation.
The break administered between the 6th and 7th experimental session did not cause any decay in the acquired skills of using the emerged communication system. The previously negotiated strategies and acquired skills of communication as well as the trends of the use ratios of parameters were resilient.
The qualitative analysis of the developing communication system revealed several strategies, including compression of NL words into new lexical items, exploiting the redundancy of characters of written words, and iconicity and indexicality of given symbols.
The main drivers of the development of the new communication system appeared to be the processes of integration of communicative with behavioral action. The cognitive capacities enabling this integration and the comprehension of the utterances in the new system is explained by the Cognitive and Communicative Principles of Relevance that are attributed to a comprehension sub-module of a mind-reading module of the human cognitive system.
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Ghilani, Djouaria. "The Coming Past: A social psychological approach of the uses of historical analogies and their effects in political contexts." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/284096.
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Cette thèse a pour but d’examiner comment les individus utilisent des comparaisons entre des situations actuelles et des situations passées dans des contextes politiques. L’utilisation de telles analogies historiques a longtemps été documentée, en particulier au sein des sciences politiques, en histoire et dans les champs concernés par l’argumentation. Ces littératures ont mis en évidence la fréquence avec laquelle les responsables politiques et autres personnages publics utilisent les analogies dans des buts de délibération et de persuasion. Malgré leur omniprésence supposée, peu d’études en psychologie sociale se sont penchées sur ce processus. Les trois volets de cette thèse ont tenté de combler cette lacune en recourant à diverses méthodologies. Plusieurs études expérimentales nous ont d’abord permis d’investiguer si l’exposition à des analogies historiques influence les prédictions que posent les participants concernant des situations réelles incertaines. Les résultats montrent que l’effet, bien que de faible taille, tend à devenir plus fort à mesure que diminuent les connaissances actuelles des individus. Dans un second volet, au lieu de sélectionner a priori les analogies historiques, nous avons donné la possibilité aux répondant.e.s de générer leurs propres analogies et d’expliquer leurs choix dans des questionnaires récoltés en France, en Belgique et en Allemagne à la suite des deux attaques de 2015 en France. L’analyse des réponses ouvertes montre non seulement une grande diversité dans les manières de mettre en correspondance le présent et le passé – même lorsqu’il s’agit d’analogies avec le « même » événement (e.g. l’attaque du 11 septembre 2001) ;mais les participant.e.s utilisent de plus ces analogies pour formuler des arguments, plus ou moins implicites, par rapport à des débats actuels. Cette dimension argumentative dans l’usage des analogies historiques a été explorée plus avant dans un 3e volet. En analysant les articles du mois de mars 2014 relatifs à la crise de Crimée au sein de quatre journaux belges, nous avons relevé comment les individus s’y prennent pour établir des liens entre le passé et le présent, et comment ils procèdent pour les contester. Ensemble, les trois volets de cette thèse suggèrent que les personnes ordinaires, tout comme leurs homologues plus « experts », ne sont pas passives en utilisant les analogies historiques, mais participent activement, par leur biais, au processus éminemment politique de construction et de contestation des passé(s), présent(s) et futur(s).<br>Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Reina, Andreagiovanni. "Engineering swarm systems: A design pattern for the best-of-n decision problem." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/232717.
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The study of large-scale decentralised systems composed of numerous interacting agents that self-organise to perform a common task is receiving growing attention in several application domains. However, real world implementations are limited by a lack of well-established design methodologies that provide performance guarantees. Engineering such systems is a challenging task because of the difficulties to obtain the micro-macro link: a correspondence between the microscopic description of the individual agent behaviour and the macroscopic models that describe the system's dynamics at the global level. In this thesis, we propose an engineering methodology for designing decentralised systems, based on the concept of design patterns. A design pattern provides a general solution to a specific class of problems which are relevant in several application domains. The main component of the solution consists of a multi-level description of the collective process, from macro to micro models, accompanied by rules for converting the model parameters between description levels. In other words, the design pattern provides a formal description of the micro-macro link for a process that tackles a specific class of problems. Additionally, a design pattern provides a set of case studies to illustrate possible implementation alternatives both for simple or particularly challenging scenarios. We present a design pattern for the best-of-n, decentralised decision problem that is derived from a model of nest-site selection in honeybees. We present two case studies to showcase the design pattern usage in (i) a multiagent system interacting through a fully-connected network, and (ii) a swarm of particles moving on a bidimensional plane.<br>Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Roberts, Michael E. "Human collective behavior." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana Unversity, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3330786.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Depts. of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Cognitive Science, 2008.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 22, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-10, Section: B, page: 6448. Advisers: Robert L. Goldstone; Peter M. Todd.
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Goldman, James L. Atwood Michael E. "The cognitive authority of collective intelligence /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3254.
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Lammert, Marie. "Sémantique et cognition : les noms collectifs." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR20059.
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La présente étude a pour objet de décrire les noms collectifs tels que bouquet, comité, bourgeoisie, équipe ou meute. Ces noms présentent le paradoxe d'exprimer la pluralité par le singulier, ce qui se manifeste dans leurs propriétés sémantiques et distributionnelles. Par cet examen, et à travers l'utilisation d'un modèle cognitif, nous montrons que la classe des noms collectifs est hétérogène : les collections peuvent être conceptualisées comme des entités se plaçant dans différents espaces et elles peuvent relever du comptable ou du massif. Notre analyse en termes d'espace nous amène à proposer une distinction entre noms collectifs spatiaux, fonctionnels et sociaux qui nous mène à une typologie générale de ces noms. Nous appliquons ensuite ces résultats à trois noms spécifiques, groupe, ensemble et collection, qui peuvent être qualifiés de méta-termes collectifs. Une bonne compréhension de ces trois termes nous permet d'avoir une vue globale de la classe des noms collectifs<br>This study focuses on the description of french collective nouns such as bouquet, comité, bourgeoisie, équipe, meute, etc. This type of nouns are paradoxical because they present a singular form expressing plurality. Within this perspective, we propose to offer some account of their distribution and function by examining a group of linguistic items which are considered to share the same properties. By analyzing their general semantic characteristics and by using a cognitive model, we are able to show that the collective nouns' class is heterogeneous : collections can be conceptualized as entities that are placed in different spaces. We propose then a distinction between spatial, functional and social collectives that leads to a general typology. Once this typology done, we apply its results to three specific nouns that can be called metacollective : groupe, ensemble and collection. A fine comprehension of these specific nouns allows us to have an extensive view of the whole class
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Baichoo, Elijah. "Oneness of Humanity : The Implementation of the Baha'i Faith's Paradigm of Social Transformation in the United States Analyzed as a Complex Adaptive System." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025SORUL015.
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Le but de cette recherche est d'analyser la mise en œuvre du paradigme de transformation sociale de la Foi Bahá'íe, lequel est fondé sur le principe de l'unité de l'humanité. L'unité de l'humanité est conçue par la Foi Bahá'íe comme l'étape ultime de l'évolution de l'espèce humaine, lorsque tous les peuples et toutes les nations du monde seront unifiés en « un organisme social universel ». La Foi Bahá'íe affirme qu'un monde qui fonctionne comme un organisme social universel est une nécessité pour la recherche collective de solutions aux problèmes locaux et mondiaux tels que le changement climatique, l'épuisement des ressources naturelles, les inégalités, les préjugés de toutes sortes, la violation des droits humains, les disparités économiques, les polarisations idéologiques, le nationalisme rampant et les guerres. Selon la Foi Bahá'íe, les crises identitaires, sociales, politiques et environnementales qui se succèdent dans le monde constituent une phase de transition engendrée par la multitude de composantes humaines en lutte malgré elles vers la maturité collective et l'unité, vue comme un processus d'évolution inévitable vers une civilisation mondiale pacifique. La conception bahá'íe de la cohésion sociale et de l'évolution humaine est un cadre d'action pour des solutions pratiques à la fragmentation et à la polarisation idéologiques, structurelles et sociopolitiques sous-jacentes qui paralysent la plupart des pays, et en particulier les États-Unis. Cette étude soutient que le modèle bahá'í de communauté est un système complexe adaptatif. Il est conçu pour être fondé sur des agents, décentralisé, interconnecté à travers des réseaux à plusieurs échelles, autoorganisé et sans hiérarchie ni leaders. Il favorise l'agentivité et l'autonomie, les interactions non linéaires, et l'échange d'informations en boucle de rétractions, des caractéristiques qui, lorsqu'elles sont convenablement orientées, peuvent donner lieu à des propriétés émergentes collectives comme la cognition sociale. L'observation et l'analyse de la mise en œuvre du cadre d'action ont été réalisées au cours d'une recherche de terrain de quatre mois dans 12 villes de sept États des États-Unis en 2022 et 2024. Les résultats, fondés sur une cinquantaine d'activités et 70 entretiens dans des quartiers à forte densité de populations immigrantes, montrent que le programme de construction communautaire cherche à rassembler des personnes de divers horizons politiques, sociaux, culturels ou religieux pour apporter des solutions à des problèmes tels que le racisme et les idéologies du « nous et eux » à travers des instruments et des processus d'apprentissage collectif, le développement des capacités et des actions coordonnées d'engagement citoyen. Cette recherche montre que les efforts de construction communautaire présentent une base plutôt solide pour le développement de l'autonomie des individus et la création d'une unité de vision, de but et d'action pour le changement social, en particulier chez les jeunes impliqués dans le programme. Les modes d'auto-organisation de la communauté, bien qu'ils fonctionnent déjà avec un certain degré de complexité, en sont encore à un stade embryonnaire et, par conséquent, le nombre de protagonistes impliqués n'a pas encore atteint la masse critique nécessaire pour engendrer une transformation exogène significative et influencer un environnement social plus large. La contribution majeure de cette thèse est l'étude de la structure sociale particulière d'une communauté religieuse peu connue et de ses efforts pour apporter un changement social. La thèse fournit de nouvelles perspectives sur le rôle de l'agentivité individuelle dans la causalité ascendante qui façonne la vie communautaire et structure les institutions, ainsi que sur un nouveau mode démocratique de prise de décision et d'engagement social fondé sur la coopération et la volonté collective<br>The purpose of this research is to analyze the implementation of the Bahá'í Faith's paradigm of social transformation, which is founded on the principle of oneness of humanity. The oneness of humanity is understood by the Bahá'í Faith as the ultimate evolutionary stage of the human species when all the peoples and nations of the world will be unified as “a single social organism.” The Bahá'í Faith asserts that a world that functions as a single social organism is an exigency for the collective search of solutions to local and global problems such as climate change, natural resource depletions, inequalities, prejudices of all kinds, the deprivation of human rights, economic disparities,ideological polarizations, rampant nationalism and wars. It views the succeeding identity,social, political and environmental crises in the world as a transitional phase engenderedby the multitudinous diversity of human components struggling unwittingly to reach collective maturity and achieve unity, the inevitable evolutionary process towards a global peaceful civilization. Its approach to social concord and human evolution is presented as a framework for practical solutions to the underlying ideological, structural and sociopolitical fragmentation and polarization that paralyze most countries, and particularly the United States. The dissertation argues the Bahá'í community model is a complex adaptive system. It is designed to be agent-based, decentralized, interconnected through multilevel networks, self-organized and without hierarchy or leaders, so as to favor agency and autonomy, nonlinear interactions, multilevel flow of information and feedback loops, characteristics that when properly guided may exhibit collective emergent properties like social cognition. The observation and analysis of the implementation of the framework for action was carried out during a four-month field research in 12 cities throughout seven states across the United States in 2022 and 2024. The findings, based on some 50 activities and 70 interviews in neighborhoods with a high density of immigrant populations, show that the program of community building at the grassroots seeks to bring people from various political, social, cultural or religious backgrounds together to address issues like racism and ideologies of “us and them” through instruments and processes of collective learning, capacity building and coordinated actions of civic engagement. The research shows that the endeavors of community building exhibit a rather firm foundation for empowering the agency of individuals and creating a sense of collective vision, purpose and action for social change, especially among the youth involved in the program. The community's modes of self-organization, although already functioning with some degree of complexity, are still at an embryonic stage, and thus the number of protagonists involved has yet to reach a critical mass to engender significant exogenous transformation and influence its wider social environment.The main contribution of this dissertation is the study of the distinct social structure of a little known religious community and its endeavors to bring about social change. It provides fresh insights into the role of individual agency in upward causation that shapes community life and structures institutions, and into a new democratic mode of decision- making and social engagement based on cooperation and collective will
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Gesbert, Vincent. "Etude de la coordination interpersonnelle au football : contribution à l'amélioration du jeu de transition offensive." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN20030/document.
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Le jeu de transition offensive est défini comme le passage pour une équipe d’un statut de défenseur à celui d’attaquant. Selon les entraîneurs de football, ce moment, symbolisé par la récupération du ballon dans la dynamique du jeu, offre des potentialités plus importantes d’inscrire un but. Ce travail de thèse a ainsi cherché à décrire la coordination entre les partenaires durant la réalisation de plusieurs moments de transition offensive extraits de matchs au cours d’une saison. Il s’inscrit dans la ligne de recherche de la cognition collective. Il cherche à décrire le partage de contenus cognitifs permettant aux membres d’une équipe de se coordonner dans un environnement dynamique et incertain. Par coordination, nous entendons l’articulation des contributions interdépendantes de plusieurs joueurs d’une même équipe en vue d’atteindre un objectif commun. Nous avons d’abord caractérisé les connaissances partagées par les joueurs autour du jeu de transition offensive au début du championnat. Nous avons ensuite décrit les relations entre les buts visés par les joueurs durant la réalisation de ces moments ainsi que le partage d’informations contextuelles et de connaissances en acte. Notre étude apporte des éléments relatifs à la compréhension d’un collectif sur un moment particulier du jeu. A partir des résultats, nous contribuons à la réflexion sur les dispositifs d’entraînement au football en nous référant au cadre de l’ergonomie constructive. Nous introduisons notamment les concepts de capabilités et d’environnements capacitants dans l’aide au développement d’un collectif efficace<br>In team sports, offensive transition situation is defined as the switch from defensive to offensive status as a consequence of a beneficial turn-over in the ball possession. For soccer coaches, this situation is considered to give rise to opportunities to score a goal. The whole aim of this work is to describe and characterize how teammates of a same team are coordinated themselves during various offensive transition situations in situ. For this purpose, we adopt the team cognition’s line of research to describe the way teammates share cognitive contents enabling coordination. First, we have identified knowledge elements shared by players related to offensive transition situation at the beginning of the season. Then, we have characterized (a) the forms of connection between the objectives aimed at by the players, (b) the sharing of contextual information and (c) the sharing of knowledge elements during offensive transition situations. Our results shed the light on new knowledge elements for the comprehension of a team during complex and dynamic situations as such as diversity of shared elements and characterization of the evolution of the forms of sharedness. As a practical perspective, we propose a reflection about soccer training based on the constructive ergonomics approach supporting approach of both capabities and enabling environments for the development of efficacy collective in soccer
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Alves, Waldir Antonio. "Tecnologias digitais e redes interativas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18251.
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Waldir Antonio Alves.pdf: 2208459 bytes, checksum: f0275aaa8eb968f7b312bbc4fff95e46 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-10-06<br>This work aims to explore the conceptual boundaries and the different meanings of
collective action, in its history, current prospects of whom is, involving a process of
establishment of the senses of propositions on the ideas of sharing / collaborating with
human cognition. The field of collective intelligence in the network is relevant to this
work because it is a genuine expression of an affluent intelligence. The various forms of
virtual communities, the P2P strategy, mobile communities, the virtual libraries, the
explosion of blogs and wikis and the Orkut fever are proof that cyberspace is a crucial
factor in enhancing the social and cultural capital available and it deserves a detailed
study. The hability to converge to share thoughts to an affluent action of a collective
intelligence may be questionable as intelligence, whether we do not take into account
the ethical issue of its intent. The collective intelligence may be a new form of planning
of the power, tool that can be used for actions that not always smarts or ethical. These
issues were discussed assuming the ideas developed by Castells, Lévy and Rheingold,
among other authors. Being the computer a media that allows the creation and
simulation, in addition to opening new connections, it structure with a new way of
thought and a new genre of knowing, as they were worked in this research<br>Este trabalho visa explorar os limites conceituais e os diversos significados da ação
coletiva, em sua história, e as perspectivas atuais das quais se reveste, envolvendo um
processo de estabelecimento dos sentidos das proposições nas ideias de
compartilhar/colaborar com as cognições humanas. O campo da inteligência coletiva em
rede mostra-se pertinente a este trabalho, pois ele é a expressão genuína de uma
inteligência afluente. As diversas formas de comunidades virtuais, a estratégia P2P, as
comunidades móveis, as bibliotecas virtuais, a explosão dos blogs e wikis e a febre do
Orkut são prova de que o ciberespaço constitui um fator crucial no incremento do
capital social e do cultural disponíveis e que merece um estudo aprofundado. A
capacidade de convergir pensamentos para uma ação afluente de uma inteligência
coletiva pode ser questionável como inteligência, se não levamos em conta a questão
ética de sua intencionalidade. A inteligência coletiva pode ser uma nova forma de
ordenamento do poder, ferramenta que pode ser usada para ações nem sempre
inteligentes, nem sempre éticas. Essas questões foram discutidas à luz das ideias
elaboradas por Castells, Lévy e Rheingold, entre outros autores. Sendo o computador
um meio que permite a criação e a simulação, além da abertura a novas conexões,
estrutura-se com ele uma nova forma de pensamento e um novo gênero de saber,
conforme foram trabalhados nesta pesquisa
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Broly, Pierre. "Mécanismes et fonctionnalités de l’agrégation chez les isopodes terrestres." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/218277.
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Les regroupements d'animaux forment sans doute l'un des plus fréquents comportements collectifs et peuvent considérablement varier en taille, en forme et en stabilité. Ces structures émergent souvent de processus simples d'interattraction, basés sur l'amplification d'un signal d'agrégation.Pour autant, la compréhension de la modulation des décisions collectives selon le contexte social et environnemental nécessite une approche globale et multifactorielle. En outre, la complexité du tissu liant les interactions individuelles, l'environnement et les structures collectives en résultant reste encore mal connue.Les isopodes terrestres forment un groupe remarquable de crustacés terrestres particulièrement grégaires. Dans un premier volet de ce document, nous nous intéressons à la sensibilité de leur comportement d'agrégation aux facteurs biotiques (densité de congénères, présence de différentes espèces) et abiotiques (luminosité, présence dhétérogénéités environnementales). Dans un second volet, nous nous intéresserons aux valeurs adaptatives de leur comportement d'agrégation, c'est-à-dire aux bénéfices individuels tirés du groupe, notamment au regard de la dessiccation corporelle.Nos résultats montrent principalement que (1) l'agrégation chez les isopodes terrestres est le fruit d'un équilibre entre des préférences individuelles pour les hétérogénéités de l'environnement et d'une interattraction sociale. Particulièrement, (2) cette composante sociale se caractérise par une modulation des comportements individuels selon la taille du groupe :le temps passé dans l'agrégat par chaque individu augmente avec le nombre de congénères suite à un effet synergique d'attraction et de rétention des congénères. Cet effet est à la base des processus d'amplification nécessaire à l'émergence d'un agrégat (3). Par ailleurs, (4) la forme sigmoïdale des fonctions mathématiques sous-jacentes conduisent à effet de seuil densité-dépendant, impliquant un nombre minimum d'individu pour qu'un agrégat puisse émerger. Ces règles élémentaires conduisent à une régulation importante de la taille des groupes et de leur distribution spatio-temporelle dans l'environnement (5). Elles sont également à l'oeuvre dans l'établissement de groupes mixtes (i.e. composés de plusieurs espèces)dans lesquels nous montrons des processus d'amplification fortement partagés entre les espèces mais pour lesquels le poids accordé aux informations hétérospécifiques est plus faible (6). Nous discutons de la nature des interactions possiblement impliqués dans l'émergence des groupes,notamment à travers des modèles de contagion sociale impliquant une mise en repos collective (7). Enfin, (8) nous montrons une relation entre la conformation spatiale des individus agrégés, la taille des groupes et les bénéfices individuels non-linéaires tirés du groupe. L'ensemble de ces résultats est discuté dans le contexte générique des phénomènes auto-organisés observés chez de nombreux vertébrés et invertébrés grégaires. Nous discutons pour finir de l'intérêt des isopodes terrestres dans la compréhension du rôle des groupements collectifs dans les transitions écologiques majeures.<br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Prebot, Baptiste. "Représentation partagée et travail collaboratif en contexte C2 : monitoring d'opérateurs en situation simulée de command and control." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0227.
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L’évolution des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) a permis le développement du travail collaboratif dans quasiment tous les secteurs de l’activité humaine. Pour assurer la performance du collectif et minimiser le risque d’erreurs, il est crucial que les individus qui collaborent partagent une même représentation de la situation dans laquelle ils sont engagés. Ceci est d’autant plus vrai en situation de crise militaire, comme il en existe au sein des structures de commandement et contrôle d’opérations (C2).Dans un environnement marqué par la complexité grandissante des conflits, l’enjeu est aujourd’hui à la fois scientifique et hautement applicatif. L’avancée de l’étude de la cognition collective, cœur du travail collaboratif, est porteuse d’un potentiel certain qui doit se traduire par des applications concrètes au service de l’optimisation de la gestion et de la réalisation des tâches collectives. L’évaluation en temps réel de la cognition des individus et des équipes permet d’envisager des outils et des systèmes adaptatifs pour gagner en efficacité, en performance et en agilité. Face à ces enjeux, notre objectif, sur commande de la DGA, est de trouver des mesures appropriées qui permettraient une évaluation de la dynamique du partage des consciences de situation, dans le contexte très contraignant des salles de commandement et de contrôle, qui nécessite la plus faible instrumentation possible des opérateurs.Notre contribution au domaine est double. D’une part nous proposons le concept de synchronie des consciences de situation, pour soutenir le développement théorique de l’étude de la dynamique de partage de conscience de situation. D’autre part nous mettons en évidence l’importance d’adopter une méthodologie d’ingénierie cognitique, dans une perspective de transposition des connaissances de laboratoire à une situation d’application complexe, s’apparentant autant que possible à l’environnement réel de prise de décision en C2.Notre travail a alors consisté à explorer des mesures quantitatives du partage de conscience de situation, adaptées à l’exploitation automatisée et en temps réel par un système de diagnostic de la cognition collective. Nous avons mis en pratique l’utilisation du monitoring psychophysiologique et comportemental d’opérateurs engagés dans une tache (individuelle, puis collective) de C2, pour évaluer leur partage de conscience de situation, par l’utilisation de la pupillométrie par oculomètre (eye tracker).Ces études, nous ont amenés à mesurer la sensibilité du monitoring à la dynamique des consciences de situation des opérateurs et à leur partage en environnement écologique.Ce travail de doctorat se présente comme une mise en avant de l’intérêt et de l’applicabilité de systèmes d’évaluation du partage de cognition en environnement de travail collaboratif réaliste, et s’accompagne de propositions concernant le futur de la recherche sur le C2<br>Advances in information and communication technologies has enabled the development of collaborative work in almost all sectors of human activity. To ensure the performance of the group and minimize the risk of errors, it is crucial that the team members share a common understanding of the situation in which they are involved. This is particularly true in military crisis situations, such as those that exist within command and control (C2) structures.Within an environment characterized by the growing complexity of conflicts, the challenge today is both scientific and highly applicative. Progress in the study of collective cognition, the heart of collaborative work, has a clear potential that must be translated into tangible applications to optimize the management and execution of collective tasks. Real-time evaluation of the cognition of individuals and teams allows to envisage adaptive tools and systems to improve efficiency, performance and agility.In light of these challenges, our objective, commissioned by the DGA, is to find appropriate measures that would enable an assessment of the dynamics of the sharing of situational awareness, in the very constraining context of command and control room operations, which require the lowest possible level of instrumentation of operators.Our contribution to the field has been dual. We have proposed the concept of situation awareness synchrony to support the theoretical development of the study of the dynamics of situation awareness sharing. In addition, we have highlighted the importance of adopting a cognitive engineering methodology, in the perspective of transposing laboratory knowledge to a more complex application environments.Thus, our work consisted in exploring quantitative measures of shared situational awareness, suitable for automated and real-time exploitation by a collective cognition diagnostic system. We applied psychophysiological and behavioural monitoring of operators engaged in a C2 task (individual, then collective), to evaluate their shared situation awareness, using eye tracker pupillometry.These studies have led us to analyze the sensitivity of this monitoring to the dynamics of the operators' situational awareness and its sharing in an ecological environment.This doctoral work is presented as a demonstration of the interest and applicability of shared cognition evaluation systems in realistic collaborative work environments, and is supported by proposals concerning the future of research on C2
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Molina, Andres Antonio Haye. "Collective memory : an investigation into its cognitive and group processes." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289656.
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Johnson, Tessa Christine. "The Effects of Yoga on Cognitive Function in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/504517.
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Kinesiology<br>M.S.<br>Yoga has been increasingly utilized as a potential intervention to improve cognitive functioning in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, evidence-based review is limited. Further, whether the observed yoga-related changes in cognitive function are systematically related to specific neuropsychological domains or specific neuropsychiatric disorders remains underexplored. Thus, the aim of this review is to systematically evaluate randomized controlled trials that objectively measure global cognitive function and/or other neuropsychological domains (e.g., attention, executive functioning, social cognition, etc.) in neuropsychiatric populations. Four broad clusters of neuropsychiatric disorder are discussed: focal neurobehavioral syndromes; major neuropsychiatric disorders; neurological conditions with cognitive, emotional, and behavioral features; and comorbid neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Barry, Valérie. "Regard clinique sur l'enseignement auprés d'élèves porteurs de troubles importants des fonctions cognitives et approche fractale de leur besoins d'apprentissage en situation collective de construction du nombre." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0062/document.
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Dans ce texte, Valérie Barry tente de : - construire une intelligibilité des réussites et difficultés d'élèves que le système éducatif français définit comme étant porteurs de troubles importants des fonctions cognitives, en situation collective d'apprentissage mathématique. Elle pose trois hypothèses de recherche : 1) une approche systémique de l'activité mentale des élèves favorise la révélation de causalités complexes et interactionnelles des phénomènes d'enseignement/apprentissage ; 2) la traduction des observables de l'activité mentale des élèves en besoins d'apprentissage permet d'investir, au plan de la réflexion, un espace potentiel propice à l'adhésion au postulat d'éducabilité ; 3) une modélisation fractale des besoins d'apprentissage aide le chercheur élucider ceux-ci, dans la construction d'interprétations génératrices d'apprentissages pour les élèves. La dialectisation de la théorie et de l'action s'inscrit dans une recherche action clinique, laquelle postule l'importance de la prise en compte de la subjectivité des protagonistes de la recherche dans la construction d'une intelligibilité des phénomènes observés. La recherche-action a eu lieu au cours de l'année universitaire 2006-2007, dans un institut médico-éducatif, auprès de quatre élèves en situation de construction du nombre et des concepts comparatifs. L'analyse a permis de valider les hypothèses de recherche et d'identifier des démarches enseignantes potentiellement efficaces/efficiences<br>In this text, Valérie Barry attempts to: - build intelligibility of difficulties and successes, in a collective situation of mathematics learning, of children defined by the French education system as pupils with important cognitive disorders. She makes three research hypothesis: 1) a systemic approach of pupils' mental activity promotes the revelation of interactional and complex causalities of learning/teaching phenomena ; 2) translating manifestations of pupils' mental activity into educational needs makes it possible to invest a potential space that supports the educability postulate ; 3) A fractal modeling of educational needs helps the researcher to elucidate these needs, and to build interpretations that promote pupils' learning. The dialectisation of theory and action takes place in a clinical action research, which postulates that it is fundamental to take the subjectivity of the protagonists into consideration when building intelligibility of phenomena. The action research was conducted during the university year 2006-2007, in a Medical and Educational Centre, and concerned four pupils that learned numbers and comparative concepts. The analysed has revealed the validity of the three hypothesis, and potentially efficient/effective teaching methods
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Hass, Richard William. "DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE EXPERTISE IN MUSIC: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SONGS OF COLE PORTER AND IRVING BERLIN." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/21257.
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Psychology<br>Ph.D.<br>Previous studies of musical creativity lacked strong foundations in music theory and music analysis. The goal of the current project was to merge the study of music perception and cognition with the study of expertise-based musical creativity. Three hypotheses about the nature of creativity were tested. According to the productive-thinking hypothesis, creativity represents a complete break from past knowledge. According to the reproductive-thinking hypothesis, creators develop a core collection of kernel ideas early in their careers and continually recombine those ideas in novel ways. According to what can be called the field hypothesis, creativity involves more than just the individual creator; creativity represents an interaction between the individual creator, the domain in which the creator works, and the field, or collection of institutions that evaluate creative products. In order to evaluate each hypothesis, the musical components of a sample of songs by two eminent 20th century American songwriters, Cole Porter and Irving Berlin, were analyzed. Five separate analyses were constructed to examine changes in the psychologically salient musical components of Berlin's and Porter's songs over time. In addition, comparisons between hit songs and non-hit songs were also drawn to investigate whether the composers learned from their cumulative songwriting experiences. Several developmental trends were found in the careers of both composers; however, there were few differences between hit songs and non-hit songs on all measures. The careers of both composers contain evidence of productive and reproductive creativity. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Beau, Francis. "Le renseignement au prisme des sciences de l'information." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019VALE0006/document.
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Afin de légitimer une approche des systèmes d’information plus documentaire que technologique bien peu en accord avec l’air du temps, le besoin impérieux s’est fait ressentir de faire appel aux fondements théoriques de la fonction renseignement et de son exploitation étroitement dépendante de la maîtrise d’une information devenue surabondante. Ce regard, plus analogique que numérique, s’est intéressé à la construction de sens dans une mémoire partagée, organisée autour d’un besoin collectif de savoir qui la conditionne entièrement. Il s’agit d’assurer la cohésion des actions individuelles en s’appuyant sur la synergie des intentions qui orientent l’action collective et lui donnent ainsi tout son sens. Cette recherche s’est fondée sur une expérience professionnelle ponctuellement réussie, bien que peu suivie par une administration trompée par le mirage d’une technologie omnipotente. Ses résultats sont décrits pour tenter de les pérenniser, dans l’idée d’en élargir la portée et d’en promouvoir l’usage chez d’autres professionnels aux besoins analogues, dans des domaines différents comme, par exemple, celui de la recherche scientifique<br>Despite the current trend, the pressing need arose to legitimize a documentary approach to information system rather than a technological one, based on the theoretical foundations of intelligence and its exploitation, which is directly connected to the control of an information that has become overabundant. This vision, rather analogical than numerical, focuses on creating sense within a shared memory that is organized around a collective need of knowledge, which directly impacts this memory. The aim is to ensure the cohesion of individual actions by relying on the synergy of intentions, which orient the collective action and give it its meaning. This research was built on a professional experience successful, although little followed by an administration mistaken by the mirage of an omnipotent technology. Its results are described in an attempt to perpetuate them, with the idea of extending their scope and promoting their use to other professionals with similar needs, in different fields such as, for example, scientific research
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Scott, Kimberly M. Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Online data collection for developmental research." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127709.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2018<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Page 140 blank.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 134-139).<br>The strategies infants and young children use to understand the world around them provide unique insight into the structure of human cognition. However, developmental research is subject to heavy pragmatic constraints on recruiting large numbers of participants, bringing families back for repeat sessions, and working with special populations or diverse samples. These constraints limit the types of questions that can be addressed in the lab as well as the quality of evidence that can be obtained. In this dissertation, I present a new platform, "Lookit," that allows researchers to conduct developmental experiments online via asynchronous webcam-recorded sessions, with the aim of expanding the set of questions that we can effectively answer. I first present the results of a series of empirical studies conducted in the laboratory to assess difficulty faced by infants in integrating information across visual hemifields (Chapter 2), as an illustration of the creative workarounds in study design necessary to accommodate the difficulty of participant recruitment. The rest of this work concerns the development of the online platform, from designing the prototype (Chapter 3) and initial proof-of-concept studies (Chapter 4) to the demonstration of an interface for researchers to specify and manage their studies on a collaborative platform (Chapter 5). I show that we are able to reliably collect and code dependent measures including looking times, preferential looking, and verbal responses on Lookit; to work with more representative samples than in the lab; and to flexibly implement a wide variety of study designs of interest to developmental researchers.<br>by Kimberly M. Scott.<br>Ph. D.<br>Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
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Delouvée, Sylvain. "Conduites collectives et cognition polarisées : étude expérimentale de la composante affective des représentations sociales." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05H033.
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Les représentations sociales ont été étudiées principalement sous l'angle des processus cognitifs qui les constituent ou les mettent en oeuvre. En revanche , les aspects affectifs de ces formations de la pensée sociale n'ont pas jusqu'ici fait l'objets d'investifgations expérimentales. On se propose de mettre à l'épreuve un modèle formel des relations entre cognèmes permettant d'identifier de manière systématiquement différenciée les états de mobilisation ou d'activation d'unereprésentation. On s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux formes extrêmes que l'on appelle nexus. Les manipulations expérimentales réalisées portent sur des thèmes d'importance sociale comme la circulation automobile ou les centrales nucléaires. En effet, de pareils thèmes, dans la mesure même où ils se prêtent à des confrontations polémiques relayées par les médias et qui marquent de leurs traces le discours politique, sont de nature à engager des charges affectives importantes. Cette approche en laboratoire est confrontée à l'analyse de documents authentiques sélectionnés dans des contextes socio-historiques de manifestation mobilisatrice de représentations collectives (tout particulièrement des situations de guerre)<br>Social representations have been investigated primarily through the study of cognitive processes which form or activate them. However, the affective or emotional aspects of these forms of social thinking have not yet been the subject of experimental investigations. We propose to test a formal model of the relations between cognitive elements making it possible to systematically identify the different stets of mobilization or activation of a representation. Our interest focuses particularly on extreme forms, called nexus. The experiments carried out concern themes of societal importance, such as road traffic or nuclear power stations. In fact such themes, insofar as they are likely to lead to controversial confrontations relayed by the media and taken up in political discourse, are liable to generate considerable emotive power. This laboratory approach is complemented by an anlysis of authentic documents selected from socio-historical contexts capable of mobilizing collective representations (in particular situations of war)
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Holden, Mark Paul. "EXTENDING THE CATEGORY ADJUSTMENT MODEL: LOCATION MEMORY BIASES IN 3-DIMENSIONAL SPACE." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/158122.
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Psychology<br>Ph.D.<br>The ability to remember spatial locations is critical to human functioning, both in an evolutionary and an everyday sense. And yet, spatial memories and judgments often show systematic errors. Explanations for such errors have ranged from assumptions that memories are nonmetric, to the use of imperfect inferences, to the optimal combination of multiple sources of information. More recently, bias has been explained through the Category Adjustment Model - a Bayesian model in which fine-grained and categorical information are optimally combined (Huttenlocher, Hedges, & Duncan, 1991). However, experiments testing this model have largely used locations contained in simple geometric shapes. Use of this paradigm raises the issue of whether the results generalize to location memory in the complex natural world, as it should if it is to provide an over-arching framework for thinking about spatial memory. Here, this issue is addressed using a novel extension of the location memory paradigm that allows for testing of location memory in an everyday, 3D environment. The results support two predictions of the Category Adjustment Model - that memory for locations is biased toward central values, and that the magnitude of error increases with the retention interval. Future directions for testing the model in an increasingly ecologically valid manner are discussed.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Olivier, Ryan. "Musica Speculativa: An Exploration of the Multimedia Concert Experience through Theory and Practice." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/329943.
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Music Composition<br>D.M.A.<br>Musica Speculativa is a final project in two parts in which I explore, through both theory and practice, the role of metaphors in our understanding of reality with special attention given to the use of visual representation in multimedia concert works that employ electroacoustics. Part I, entitled, "Imaginary Cognition: Interpreting the Topoi of Intermedia Electroacoustic Concert Works," explores how metaphors play a core role in our musical experience and how aural metaphors can be enhanced by and ultimately interact with visual metaphors to create a contrapuntal intermedia experience. Part II, "Musica Speculativa: A Multimedia Concert in Five Movements and Three Intermezzi," for mezzo-soprano, flute, B-flat bass clarinet, violin, cello, piano, a percussionist performing an array of lightning bottles, a dancer with a gesture-sensing wand, and a technologist operating interactive audio and video processing, focuses on the medieval philosophy of Musica Speculativa and how it relates to our current understanding of the world. In part I explore the heightened experience of metaphorical exchange through the utilization of multimedia. The starting point is the expansion of visual enhancement in electroacoustic compositions due to the widespread availability of projection in concert halls and the multimedia expectations created through 21st-century Western culture. With the use of visual representation comes the potential to map musical ideas onto visual signs, creating another level of cognition. The subsequent unfolding of visual signifiers offers a direct visual complement and subsequent interaction to the unfolding of aural themes in electroacoustic compositions. The paper surveys the current research surrounding metaphorical thematic recognition in electroacoustic works whose transformational processes might be unfamiliar, and which in turn create fertile ground for the negotiation of meaning. The interaction of media and the differences created among the various signs within the music and the visual art create a heightened concert experience that is familiar to and in many ways expected by contemporary listeners. Composers such as Jaroslaw Kapuscinski have sought to use multimedia as a means to enhance the concert experience, giving movement to the acousmatic presence in their electroacoustic works. In turn, these works create a concert experience that is more familiar to the 21st-century audience. Through examining Kapuscinski's recent work, Oli's Dream, in light of cognitive research by Zbikowski (1998 & 2002), topic theory by Agawu (1991 & 2009), and multimedia research by Cook (1998), I propose a theory for analyzing contrapuntal meaning in multimedia concert works. The themes explored in Part I, regarding the use of metaphor to interpret both visual and aural stimuli, ultimately creating a metaphor for a reality never fully grasped due to the limits of human understanding, are further explored artistically in the multimedia concert work, Musica Speculativa. The medieval philosophy of Musica Speculativa suggests that music as it is understood today (musica instrumentalis) is the only tangible form of the metaphysical music ruling human interactions (musica humana) and ordering the cosmos (musica mundana). I found the concept of Musica Speculativa to be a fitting metaphor for how music and art allude to our own perception of reality and our place within that world. The project as a whole re-examines the concept of Musica Speculativa in light of our current technological landscape to gain a deeper understanding of how we interact with the world around us.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Olivier, Ryan. "MusicaSpeculativa-PartII-MultimediaConcertWork.pdf." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/330327.
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Music Composition<br>D.M.A.<br>Musica Speculativa is a final project in two parts in which I explore, through both theory and practice, the role of metaphors in our understanding of reality with special attention given to the use of visual representation in multimedia concert works that employ electroacoustics. Part I, entitled, "Imaginary Cognition: Interpreting the Topoi of Intermedia Electroacoustic Concert Works," explores how metaphors play a core role in our musical experience and how aural metaphors can be enhanced by and ultimately interact with visual metaphors to create a contrapuntal intermedia experience. Part II, "Musica Speculativa: A Multimedia Concert in Five Movements and Three Intermezzi," for mezzo-soprano, flute, B-flat bass clarinet, violin, cello, piano, a percussionist performing an array of lightning bottles, a dancer with a gesture-sensing wand, and a technologist operating interactive audio and video processing, focuses on the medieval philosophy of Musica Speculativa and how it relates to our current understanding of the world. In part I explore the heightened experience of metaphorical exchange through the utilization of multimedia. The starting point is the expansion of visual enhancement in electroacoustic compositions due to the widespread availability of projection in concert halls and the multimedia expectations created through 21st-century Western culture. With the use of visual representation comes the potential to map musical ideas onto visual signs, creating another level of cognition. The subsequent unfolding of visual signifiers offers a direct visual complement and subsequent interaction to the unfolding of aural themes in electroacoustic compositions. The paper surveys the current research surrounding metaphorical thematic recognition in electroacoustic works whose transformational processes might be unfamiliar, and which in turn create fertile ground for the negotiation of meaning. The interaction of media and the differences created among the various signs within the music and the visual art create a heightened concert experience that is familiar to and in many ways expected by contemporary listeners. Composers such as Jaroslaw Kapuscinski have sought to use multimedia as a means to enhance the concert experience, giving movement to the acousmatic presence in their electroacoustic works. In turn, these works create a concert experience that is more familiar to the 21st-century audience. Through examining Kapuscinski's recent work, Oli's Dream, in light of cognitive research by Zbikowski (1998 & 2002), topic theory by Agawu (1991 & 2009), and multimedia research by Cook (1998), I propose a theory for analyzing contrapuntal meaning in multimedia concert works. The themes explored in Part I, regarding the use of metaphor to interpret both visual and aural stimuli, ultimately creating a metaphor for a reality never fully grasped due to the limits of human understanding, are further explored artistically in the multimedia concert work, Musica Speculativa. The medieval philosophy of Musica Speculativa suggests that music as it is understood today (musica instrumentalis) is the only tangible form of the metaphysical music ruling human interactions (musica humana) and ordering the cosmos (musica mundana). I found the concept of Musica Speculativa to be a fitting metaphor for how music and art allude to our own perception of reality and our place within that world. The project as a whole re-examines the concept of Musica Speculativa in light of our current technological landscape to gain a deeper understanding of how we interact with the world around us.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Jardaneh, Said. "AN EXPLORATION OF THE POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF ADAPTING TRADITIONAL TEXT-BASED NARRATIVE TO INTERACTIVE TECHNOLOGY." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2519.
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Narrative is expressed in many forms, yet the reading of narrative through books may be unique in its transformative qualities. The medium of books has existed for thousands of years as a primary means of passing down and internalizing narrative from generation to generation. Are books now a dying medium in the face of ever-advancing technology in an increasingly fast-paced and technologically-dependent society? Technology now incorporates narrative into interactive environments in various ways often immersing the user in ever more realistic experiential scenarios. Yet, is something potentially lost with these advancements that can only be afforded through the time-tested method of old-fashioned reading? What makes reading so compelling a medium/activity for personal development? Does experience in these interactive environments offer the same transformative intrinsic experience afforded through the tranquil receptive processing, reflective elaboration and insight offered through the reading of books? This thesis seeks to explore these questions by looking at three major factors that must be considered in furthering our understanding of the potentials and limitations of interactive narrative technologies as they compare to narrative delivered via the established medium of books: 1) theories of self, identity/character, cognitive development and behavior (specifically as these relate to traditional text-based narrative), 2) theory and research associated with narrative transportation and transformation, and 3) current and future efforts to adapt narrative to the medium of interactive technology.<br>M.A.<br>Department of Liberal and Interdisciplinary Studies<br>Arts and Humanities<br>Interdisciplinary Studies MA
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Noll, Nicole. "Moving Situations: Not Whether, but When and How Arm Flexion/Extension Relate to Attitude Change." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/154862.
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Psychology<br>Ph.D.<br>Flexion and extension arm actions have been studied with regard to whether and in what way(s) they are associated with attitudes. In this paper, I report the results of three experiments in which I investigated the valence of the attitude objects, the meaningfulness of the attitude objects, and the repetition of the arm action as factors that might influence the relation between flexion and extension arm actions and attitudes. In Experiment 1, I tested the influence of flexion and extension on attitude formation with novel, meaningless, but valenced, stimuli (Chinese characters). I predicted an Action x Stimulus Valence interaction such that both arm flexion and arm extension would result in higher pleasantness ratings of Chinese characters, when they were paired with positive and negative stimuli, respectively. Rather than the hypothesized interaction, I observed only a main effect for Stimulus Valence: positive characters were rated as more pleasant than were negative characters. In Experiment 2, I tested the influence of flexion and extension on attitude change with familiar, meaningful, valenced stimuli (foods). I predicted a main effect for Action, such that arm flexion would result in higher pleasantness ratings than would arm extension, regardless of Stimulus Valence, I also predicted a main effect of Stimulus Valence, such that positive foods would be rated as more pleasant than negative foods. Again, I observed only a main effect for Stimulus Valence in the predicted direction. In Experiment 3, I examined the influence of arm actions on attitudes over time using novel, meaningful, valenced stimuli (faces). I predicted that attitudes, as measured by an IAT, would be less biased for participants who repeatedly practiced responding to negative stimuli with a flexing action, compared to those of participants who repeatedly practiced responding to negative stimuli with an extending action. This prediction was weakly supported.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Frey, Seth. "Complex collective dynamics in human higher-level reasoning; A study over multiple methods." Thesis, Indiana University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3599175.
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<p> Behavioral economists have attempted to show that human iterated reasoning faculties discourage non-equilibrium, non-convergent game dynamics. But what if individuals iterating through each other's strategic intentions are instead driving complex collective dynamics? The results in this manuscript demonstrate that bounded "what you think I think you think" reasoning can cause sustained deviations from Nash equilibrium and other fixed-point solution concepts. Supporting my thesis are a series of six experiments, a revisitation of a classic game theory experiment, a variety of computational models, and an analysis of a real-world dataset with highly motivated agents. I also introduce two new games, the Mod Game and the Runway Game. By bridging human higher-level reasoning and animal collective behavior, this work challenges attitudes in economics that complex social dynamics can--or even should--be designed away. </p>
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Seligman, Sarah. "The Windows to Functional Decline: Exploration of Eye Movements in Relation to Everyday Task Performance in Younger and Older Adults." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/466519.
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Psychology<br>Ph.D.<br>Research has demonstrated that everyday functional abilities are compromised in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a transitional stage between normal cognitive aging and dementia, as well as in healthy aging. These functional changes have been shown to be strong predictors of future decline, highlighting their importance. However, early changes in everyday functioning remain poorly characterized, largely due to a scarcity of sensitive measures capable of detecting subtle disruption. Recent research suggests that eye-tracking methodology may be effective in addressing this gap. Fifty-two participants (27 younger adults and 25 non-demented older adults) completed a novel eye-tracking task involving passive viewing of a naturalistic scene and verbalization of a task goal (e.g., make coffee, pack a lunch). Participants also completed a performance-based measure of everyday action that required them to enact the same tasks (e.g., coffee, lunch) that were included in the eye-tracking paradigm, self-report measures of functional ability, and neuropsychological measures. Mixed ANOVAs were conducted to examine group (young, old) and condition (passive viewing, verbalization)/task (simple, complex) effects on eye-tracking and everyday action performance. Independent samples t-tests/Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to examine group differences in eye-tracking and everyday action performance. Correlation analyses across all measures were conducted to evaluate the potential mechanisms of eye-tracking and everyday action results. Results showed no significant group differences in the primary eye-tracking variables, but both groups made a lower proportion of fixations to distractor (i.e., non-target) objects during task verbalization compared to passive scene viewing. Older adults made more inefficient actions during performance-based everyday task completion, particularly when task demands were high. Eye tracking and everyday action variables were related to different measures of self-reported functional ability. Finally, eye-tracking variables were primarily related to neuropsychological measures of executive functions/working memory, whereas everyday action performance was most strongly related to measures of verbal learning and memory. These findings suggest that age-related functional changes at the level of eye movements may occur after changes in behavioral performance of everyday tasks. Importantly, performance-based assessment of everyday action appears sensitive to age-related decline. Additionally, naturalistic eye movements and everyday task performance may reflect distinct components of self-reported functioning and may be driven by distinct cognitive processes. Future research with refined naturalistic eye-tracking tasks and samples with a wider range of impairment is necessary to further explore these findings and improve characterization and detection of risk for dementia.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Gallais, Marie. "Instrumentation de gestion, cognition et apprentissage en PME." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN22003/document.
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Cette recherche émerge de l’observation d’un problème terrain : l’écho défavorable fait aux prescriptions d’outils de gestion dans le contexte de la PME. La revue de littérature fait en effet apparaître l’instrumentation de gestion comme un enjeu stratégique, qui butte pourtant sur les particularismes de la PME. En même temps, elle conduit à une logique de dénaturation de la PME, qui contraint le dirigeant et son organisation à évoluer. Une première exploration de la question de recherche, par observation et enquête met en exergue le fait que l’instrumentation de gestion de la PME est fortement corrélée à la cognition de son dirigeant. De même, elle ne peut être appréhendée en dehors de l’action organisationnelle. En cela elle pose les enjeux du partage d’une vision commune du projet d’instrumentation de gestion et des mécanismes d’apprentissage collectifs. La thèse s’intéresse donc au problème de l’adoption des outils de gestion dans la PME en mobilisant les théories cognitives et de l’action collective. Plus particulièrement la problématique de recherche se base sur une perspective interactionniste, processuelle et dynamique de l’instrumentation de gestion. Elle est également centrée sur deux dimensions : l’une est managériale et traite de l’interface dirigeant-outil de gestion, l’autre est organisationnelle et traite de l’interface organisation-outil de gestion. Dans un second temps, une étude de cas permet d’illustrer les théories mises en exergue pour proposer un modèle de fonctionnement de l’adoption des outils de gestion dans la PME. Ce dernier suggère également aux managers et dirigeants de la PME, comme aux prescripteurs d’outils de gestion, une attention sur l’intensité de certaines interactions (entre la PME, son dirigeant, l’outil de gestion et le prescripteur) au grès de l’adoption. En cela la recherche propose des orientations pour le pilotage de projets d’instrumentation de gestion de la PME<br>This research emerges from a problem observed in practice: the unfavourable echo of management tools prescriptions in SME’s context. First the review of literature reveals the management tools as a strategic stakes, which however aims SME specificities. At the same time, it leads to SME transformation logic, which prevents the business manager and his organization to evolve. The first exploration of the research question, by observation and survey, show that SME’s management tools is strongly correlated with the leadership’s cognition. Also, it cannot be apprehended independently of the organisational action. In this way, it puts the stakes of sharing common vision of management tools’ project and organizational mechanisms of learning. The thesis focuses on the problem of management tools adoption in SME by mobilizing the cognitive theories and the actors’ action theories. More particularly, the research is based on interactionnist, processual and dynamics approach of management tools. It is also focused on two dimensions: a managerial dimension which treats the leadership/management tools interface, and an organizational dimension which treats the organization/management tool interface. Moreover, a case study makes allows illustration of the theories put forward to propose a model of the management tools adoption in SME. This model suggests to SMEs’ business managers, as to management tools prescribers, the consideration of the intensity of certain interactions (between SME, its leader, the management tools and the prescriber) for the adoption. In that way, this research proposes orientations for the management of SME management tools project
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Burfield, Allison. "Cohort Study of Pain Behaviors in the Elderly Residing in Skilled Nursing Care." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2716.
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An integral concern across care settings is the prompt intervention for patients suffering with pain. Long-term care (LTC) settings present with unique challenges to assess and manage pain in resident populations. Pain assessment is especially challenging, because residents have varying degrees of cognition to communicate their pain, and clinician/staff knowledge of pain symptoms may be lacking. The purpose of this research was to improve the measurement of pain and outcomes of care for the elderly residing in skilled nursing care, especially those with cognitive-impairment. The specific aims of this study were to: 1) Determine the magnitude of the relationship between pain behaviors and a measurement model hypothesized for pain; 2) Test the construct validity of a pain measurement model; 3) Examine the concomitance of pain and cognition in a three-year longitudinal analysis. The research questions answered: 1) Is there a difference in the prevalence of pain in cognitively intact versus cognitively-impaired residents; 2) Can a theoretically derived model of pain aid in detecting pain across all cognitive levels; and 3) Do pain and cognitive status concomitantly correlate? The goal was to examine the covariance model of concomitance of pain and cognition to more accurately construct theoretical models of pain to then include additional resident care factors in future research. Traditional self-reports of pain are often under-assessed and under-treated in the cognitively-impaired (CI) elderly resident. Having additional measures to detect pain beyond self-reports of pain intensity and frequency increases the likelihood of detecting pain in populations with complex symptom presentation. Data collected from skilled nursing facilities offer exceptional opportunities to study resident demographics, characteristics, symptoms, medication use, quality indicators, and care outcomes. The Minimum Data Set-Resident Assessment Instrument (MDS-RAI) 2.0, a nationally required resident assessment tool, must be completed on every resident in a Medicare LTC facility within 14 days of admission, quarterly, annually and with significant changes in resident status. Because the MDS is widely used and recognized in LTC settings, core items from MDS [i.e., pain frequency (J2a) and pain intensity (J2b)] along with additional MDS items hypothesized to signify pain were analyzed in the pilot measurement model. Ten core items from MDS were used: 1) Inappropriate behavior frequency (E4da); 2) Repetitive physical movements; 3) Repetitive verbalizations (E1c); 4) Sad facial expressions (E1l); 5) Crying (E1m); 6) Change in mood (E3); 7) Negative statements (E1a); 8) Pain frequency (J2a); 9) Pain intensity (J2b); and 10) Cumulative pain sites scores. All indicators of pain were significant at the p<.01 level. A longitudinal cohort design was used to answer if a concomitance exists between pain and cognition. Data were collected from MDS annual assessments from 2001, 2002 and 2003 for residents across the United States. The sample consisted of 56,494 residents age 65 years and older with an average age of 83 [plus or minus] 8.2 years. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and a covariance model were used to evaluate cognition and pain at the three time intervals. ANOVA indicated a significant effect (p<.01) for pain and cognition with protected t-tests indicating scores decreased significantly over time with resident measures of pain and cognition. Results from this study suggest that: 1) Using only pain intensity and frequency, pain prevalence was found in 30% of the pilot population, while 47.7% of cognitively intact residents had documented pain and only 18.2% of the severely CI had documented pain, supporting previous research that pain is potentially under-reported in the CI; 2) Parsimonious measurements models of pain should include dimensions beyond self-reports of pain (i.e., cognitive, affective, behavioral and inferred pain indicators); 3) Model fit was improved by using specific MDS items in the pain construct; 4) Longitudinal analysis revealed relative stability for pain and cognition measures over time (e.g., larger stability or consistency was found in cognitive measures than the measures of pain over the three-year period); 5) Crossed-legged effects between pain and cognition were not consistent; 6) A concomitant relationship was not found between pain and cognition. The relationship was significant (p<.01), but associations were weak (r=0.03 to 0. 08). Pain or cognition should not be used as a predictor of the other in theoretical models for similar populations. The MDS is a reliable instrument to follow resident attributes, quality of care, and patient outcomes over time. The development of more accurate assessments of pain may improve resident care outcomes. Ineffectively intervening on the pain cycle is posited to cause secondary unmet needs that affect the resident's quality of life. Findings support the importance of improving clinical outcomes in the management of pain in the elderly residing in long-term care. Deficits in the treatment of pain highlight the impetus to support health policy change that includes pain treatment as a top health priority and a quality indicator for federally funded programs supporting eldercare.<br>Ph.D.<br>School of Nursing<br>Other<br>Nursing PhD
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Weisberg, Steven Marc. "WHERE AM I? INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MEMORY, NAVIGATION ABILITY, AND NAVIGATION STRATEGY." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/308490.
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Psychology<br>Ph.D.<br>Navigation proficiency - the ability to find and recall new and familiar locations - varies widely among individuals (e.g., Schinazi, Epstein, Nardi, Newcombe, & Shipley, 2013; Weisberg, Schinazi, Newcombe, Shipley, & Epstein, 2014). The cognitive processes that support effective navigation have been theoretically sketched out (e.g., Wolbers & Hegarty, 2010), but how do those processes contribute to aspects of and individual differences in navigation behavior? Using a virtual environment to assess navigation proficiency (Weisberg et al., 2014), we conducted two studies to investigate whether individual differences in navigating meaningfully relate to memory capacity (Study1) and navigation strategy (Study 2). Results from Study 1 suggest that working memory capacity may limit some participants' ability to build accurate cognitive maps. Using a virtual environment paradigm based on the rodent T-maze (Marchette, Bakker, & Shelton, 2011), Study 2 shows that good navigators do not prefer to use a place-based strategy over a response-based strategy, but there was an interaction between strategy selection and goals found. Good navigators who used a place-based strategy found more goals than good navigators who used a response-based strategy; the opposite was true for bad navigators. Emerging from this set of studies is a richer picture of how individual differences in cognitive traits (i.e., working memory capacity), and strategy choice relate to navigation proficiency.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Choinière, Isabelle. "Intercorporeality and technology : toward a new cognitive, aesthetic and communicative paradigm in the performing arts." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/8804.
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The goal of this thesis was to reassess the relationship between the moving body and technology, and more specifically, to focus on recent perspectives in the performing arts which inscribe new manifestations and dynamics of cross-pollination between the somatic and technology. According to Dr. Andrea Davidson, 'Such research has rarely been formally identified with the specialised field of somatics' (2013, p.3). The thesis thus proposes to reflect on the experience and conception of the performative body in the link it entertains with technology. Investigating this relationship, it defines a new paradigm, that of an 'interfaced intercorporeality'. This paradigm is constructed with special attention to a different relationship revealed between the interface and the notion of a corporal potentiality or 'interval'. In particular, the thesis focuses on the concept of a 'collective body' based on this relationship and on practical research conducted within the framework of my research, along with the methodology that supported it. The research and creative work that are presented derive from experiments I conceived, conducted and participated in making. My analysis is thus based on direct experience. The relationship between the somatic and technology notably led me to focus on the notion of embodied cognition or 'bodily knowledge' and for this, to re-examine the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. As a consequence, this return to the experiential also required revisiting definitions given by the Greeks concerning the aesthetic as a reference to sensation and the ability to perceive. The thesis approaches the body as the ground and basis for creating work, as well as for testing the effect(s) that technology has on it. Experiments conducted sought to develop greater sensory and perceptual awareness in order to invest the relationship of somatics/technology in a dimension that could potentially constitute a transformation of self, of one's relationship to others and to the world. Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological existentialism formed the basis for explorations made to forge links between the somatic and technology. However, it is important to clarify that my intention was not to make an analysis of phenomenology per se. It was rather referenced as a means to explain the framework of my research in relation to lived experience, sensation, and specifically, to my creative approach involving new technologies. Merleau-Ponty's methodology includes subjective, first-person accounts of 'lived experience'. Third-person accounts, or so-called 'objective' positions, are also included. These accounts are then shown to evolve towards an ecosystem of interaction and movement in order to experience and test the production of theory and practical experimentation involved in the methodology I adopted. The thesis incorporates knowledge from several disciplines, but principally from the field of dance and technology. Highlighting sensorial and perceptual phenomena related to the transformation of the body through technology and subjective experience, it takes into account an interdisciplinary perspective that is linked to this problematic. The thesis begins with an introduction to phenomenology in which the concepts and positions of Merleau-Ponty are outlined, including those of anti-dualism, the lived body, the ontology of the body, corporeality, intercorporeality and the flesh. Chapter 1 looks at the evolution of this philosophical movement throughout history and continues with a history of the body in phenomenology, an analysis of certain applications of phenomenology in the field of dance and subsequently, in the specific field of dance related to technology. Chapter 2 comprises a literature review. It also presents the bases of reductionist thinking, the proposition of a return to integrative thinking and issues concerning instrumentalisation, the double and the complexification of the self. It further examines the history of ideas surrounding the relationship between the body and technology, notions of the real-virtual-actual and a history and problematics of the interface. It concludes with a presentation of theories on the notions of potentiality, the interval and real-time. Chapter 3 presents my artistic background, an historical overview of the trends and principal ideas that have influenced my work, as well as an examination of the field of dance and technology from the point of view of its history and more recent developments. Chapter 4 is dedicated to an analysis of the research methodologies employed in the practical research for this thesis and identifies related issues. An analysis of problems encountered with existing methodologies notably highlights a need to invest in other methodological modes for practical research of an interdisciplinary nature. The chapter continues with a presentation of some of the methodologies currently used in the field of dance related to technology. The principles underpinning the specific creative research methodology I experimented with are then presented, proposing an adaptation of the aforementioned methodologies in order to respond to the dynamics of collective research of an empathic nature that are specific to my approach and also in order to invest in the link between the somatic and technology my project proposes. This proposition modestly attempts to respond to the lack of methodologies observed in the field of artistic practical research. A discussion of the experimentation involved in the practical research for the thesis is made in Chapter 5. Two creative experiments are analysed. Their aim was to investigate and develop a collective physical body composed of five dancers in constant contact, whose movement and relationships create what I call a 'collective sound body'. This collective entity produces sound in real-time which is simultaneously spatialised. The analysis takes into account the ways these two bodies are interdependent and constantly interrelated. Schematically, the first experiment served as a basis on which to found principles related to the collective body, while the second experiment developed them. The chapter further outlines creative strategies that were employed to test principles of self-organisation linked to sensation and stemming from the somatic techniques employed. It also returns to some of Merleau-Ponty's main concepts that were implemented and tested in performative experience: intercorporeality, the lived body, the dynamic of continual transformation and the principle of coexistence. Lastly, Merleau-Ponty's investigation of sensation and perception and his concept of sensory chiasms are related to the experiments' multisensory exploration and theme of intersubjectivity which are then proposed as leading to the possibility of intercorporeality. Chapter 6 forms the conclusion and seeks to identify new knowledge generated in the thesis. Essentially articulating another vision of the performative body as developed through its contact with technology, the findings, both practical and theoretical, bring to light a different understanding of the body rendered through a dissolution of psychophysical borders in the development of the performative model I called the 'collective body'. The thesis further proposes that the 'collective body' and its evolution as the 'collective sound body', open up the path to a new approach to interfaces and further, to what I propose as a theory of interfaced intercorporeality. This research aims to reintroduce the body and its specific intelligence in the understanding and building of relationships that can be renewed. The technology used in these experiments was considered as a physicality and the activator of a reconfiguration of sensory-perceptual processes that the thesis argues can lead to the final paradigm of 'interfaced intercorporeality' it proposes.
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Marraffino, Matthew. "Examining the Effects of Interactive Dynamic Multimedia and Direct Touch Input on Performance of a Procedural Motor Task." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6317.
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Ownership of mobile devices, such as tablets and smartphones, has quickly risen in the last decade. Unsurprisingly, they are now being integrated into the training and classroom setting. Specifically, the U.S. Army has mapped out a plan in the Army Learning Model of 2015 to utilize mobile devices for training purposes. However, before these tools can be used effectively, it is important to identify how the tablets' unique properties can be leveraged. For this dissertation, the touch interface and the interactivity that tablets afford were investigated using a procedural-motor task. The procedural motor task was the disassembly procedures of a M4 carbine. This research was motivated by cognitive psychology theories, including Cognitive Load Theory and Embodied Cognition. In two experiments, novices learned rifle disassembly procedures in a narrated multimedia presentation presented on a tablet and then were tested on what they learned during the multimedia training involving a virtual rifle by performing a rifle disassembly on a physical rifle, reassembling the rifle, and taking a written recall test about the disassembly procedures. Spatial ability was also considered as a subject variable.
Experiment 1 examined two research questions. The primary research question was whether including multiple forms of interactivity in a multimedia presentation resulted in higher learning outcomes. The secondary research question in Experiment 1 was whether dynamic multimedia fostered better learning outcomes than equivalent static multimedia. To examine the effects of dynamism and interactivity on learning, four multimedia conditions of varying levels of interactivity and dynamism were used. One condition was a 2D phase diagram depicting the before and after of the step with no animation or interactivity. Another condition utilized a non-interactive animation in which participants passively watched an animated presentation of the disassembly procedures. A third condition was the interactive animation in which participants could control the pace of the presentation by tapping a button. The last condition was a rifle disassembly simulation in which participants interacted with a virtual rifle to learn the disassembly procedures. A comparison of the conditions by spatial ability yielded the following results. Interactivity, overall, improved outcomes on the performance measures. However, high spatials outperformed low spatials in the simulation condition and the 2D phase diagram condition. High spatials seemed to be able to compensate for low interactivity and dynamism in the 2D phase diagram condition while enhancing their performance in the rifle disassembly simulation condition.
In Experiment 2, the touchscreen interface was examined by investigating how gestures and input modality affected learning the disassembly procedures. Experiment 2 had two primary research questions. The first was whether gestures facilitate learning a procedural-motor task through embodied learning. The second was whether direct touch input using resulted in higher learning outcomes than indirect mouse input. To examine the research questions, three different variations of the rifle disassembly simulation were used. One was identical to that of Experiment 1. Another incorporated gestures to initiate the animation whereby participants traced a gesture arrow representing the motion of the component to learn the procedures. The third condition utilized the same interface as the initial rifle disassembly simulation but included "dummy" gesture arrows that displayed only visual information but did not respond to gesture. This condition was included to see the effects (if any) of the gesture arrows in isolation of the gesture component. Furthermore, direct touch input was compared to indirect mouse input. Once again, spatial ability also was considered. Results from Experiment 2 were inconclusive as no significant effects were found. This may have been due to a ceiling effect of performance. However, spatial ability was a significant predictor of performance across all conditions.
Overall, the results of the two experiments support the use of multimedia on a tablet to train a procedural-motor task. In line with vision of ALM 2015, the research support incorporating tablets into U.S. Army training curriculum.<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Psychology<br>Sciences<br>Psychology; Human Factors Psychology
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Killer, Brittany. "Influence of Peers on Bullying-Related Behaviours: Contribution of Individual and Collective Social Cognitive Constructs." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21805.
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Bandura’s social cognitive theory proposes a triadic interaction between internal stimuli, the environment and behaviour. A significant amount of research has been dedicated to the individual level factors that influence bullying including moral disengagement, self-efficacy, callous-unemotional traits and empathy. This dissertation begins with a meta-analysis examining the relationship between moral disengagement and bullying roles in school samples. Moral disengagement was significantly related to the roles of bully, victim and defender, with further research required to examine the influence of contextual variables. The second paper used a social network approach to examine the influence of close peers (via perceived collective moral disengagement and collective efficacy) on bullying-related behaviours. This paper observed the clustering of bullying and bystander behaviour within a school network and the importance of both individual and collective moral disengagement in understanding bullying-related behaviours. The third paper explored the contribution of individual and collective moral disengagement among self- and peer-reported bullying and victimisation. This paper found that perception of peers attitudes is significantly related to both self and peer-reported bullying and victimisation. The final paper employed cross-lagged modelling to examine the bidirectional relationships between moral disengagement, perceived collective moral disengagement and bullying roles. Perceived collective moral disengagement was significant for the less prosocial roles of bully and bystander, with individual moral disengagement significant for defending. These findings support an interactionist perspective to morality, with moral actions a direct result of an interplay between personal and social influences. Thus, anti-bullying programs should help develop moral agency, identify and inhibit moral disengagement and focus on the influence of peers on bullying-related behaviours
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Roberts, Seren Haf. "Cognitive effects of language differences : collection categories in Welsh and English." Thesis, Bangor University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275148.
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Ponnock, H. Annette Roché. "Science Teachers' Epistemic Cognition in Instructional Decision Making." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/465212.
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Educational Psychology<br>Ph.D.<br>One understudied barrier to science education reform concerns teachers’ cognitive processes and how they relate to instructional decision-making. Epistemic cognition—teachers’ beliefs about knowledge and knowledge acquisition and goals for their students’ knowledge acquisition—could provide important insights into the choices science teachers make in the classroom and why they might and might not adopt different instructional practices. Previous research has found mixed results regarding the relationship between beliefs and practice. Uniquely, science teachers encounter epistemic beliefs from both science and education, with potential differences that may need to be negotiated. This study found significant differences between the two belief systems but failed to find differences between biology, chemistry, physics, and Earth science. Three profiles were identified that were significantly different on their epistemic beliefs in the natural sciences and the learning sciences. Those in the naïve profile (highest beliefs in certainty of knowledge, authority as source of knowledge, and attainability of truth) had significantly less self-efficacy than those in the sophisticated profile, which predicted lower frequency of investigative teaching practices and practices promoting an investigative culture. Those in the flexible profile (medium beliefs in certainty of knowledge, authority as source of knowledge, and attainability of truth) used practices promoting an investigative culture significantly less frequently than those in the sophisticated profile. The findings from this study add to the literature on epistemic cognition and its influences.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Buonviri, Nathan. "EFFECTS OF VISUAL PRESENTATION ON AURAL MEMORY FOR MELODIES." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/215416.
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Music Education<br>Ph.D.<br>The purpose of this study was to determine how pitch and rhythm aspects of melodic memory are affected by aural distractions when melodic stimuli are presented both visually and aurally, as compared to aurally only. The rationale for this research is centered on the need for improved melodic memory skills of students taking melodic dictation, and the possibility that temporary visual imagery storage of target melodies might enhance those skills. The participants in this study were undergraduate and graduate music majors (n=41) at a large northeastern university. All participants had successfully completed the first two semesters of college-level music theory, and none had perfect pitch. Participants progressed through two self-contained experimental tests at the computer. Identical target melodies were presented: 1) aurally only on one test; and 2) aurally, with visual presentation of the matching notation, on the other test. After the target melody, a distraction melody sounded, during which time participants were to maintain the original target melody in memory. Participants then chose which of two aural options matched the original target, with a third choice of "neither." The incorrect answer choice in each item contained either a pitch or rhythm discrepancy. The 2x2 factorial design of this experiment was based on independent variables of test presentation format and answer discrepancy type. The dependent variable was experimental test scores. Each participant took both parts of both tests, yielding 164 total observations. Additional data were collected for exploratory analysis: the order in which each participant took the tests, the major instrument of each participant, and the educational status of each participant (undergraduate or graduate). Results of a 2x2 ANOVA revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on either test format or answer discrepancy type, and no interaction between the factors. The exploratory analyses revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on test order, major instrument, or student status. Results suggest that visual reinforcement of melodies does not affect aural memory for those melodies, in terms of either pitch or rhythm. Suggestions for further research include an aural-visual melodic memory test paired with a learning modalities survey, a longitudinal study of visual imagery applied to aural skills study, and a detailed survey of strategies used by successful and unsuccessful dictation students.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Buonviri, Nathan. "Audio-OnlyTest [Digital File]." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/254227.
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Music Education<br>Ph.D.<br>The purpose of this study was to determine how pitch and rhythm aspects of melodic memory are affected by aural distractions when melodic stimuli are presented both visually and aurally, as compared to aurally only. The rationale for this research is centered on the need for improved melodic memory skills of students taking melodic dictation, and the possibility that temporary visual imagery storage of target melodies might enhance those skills. The participants in this study were undergraduate and graduate music majors (n=41) at a large northeastern university. All participants had successfully completed the first two semesters of college-level music theory, and none had perfect pitch. Participants progressed through two self-contained experimental tests at the computer. Identical target melodies were presented: 1) aurally only on one test; and 2) aurally, with visual presentation of the matching notation, on the other test. After the target melody, a distraction melody sounded, during which time participants were to maintain the original target melody in memory. Participants then chose which of two aural options matched the original target, with a third choice of "neither." The incorrect answer choice in each item contained either a pitch or rhythm discrepancy. The 2x2 factorial design of this experiment was based on independent variables of test presentation format and answer discrepancy type. The dependent variable was experimental test scores. Each participant took both parts of both tests, yielding 164 total observations. Additional data were collected for exploratory analysis: the order in which each participant took the tests, the major instrument of each participant, and the educational status of each participant (undergraduate or graduate). Results of a 2x2 ANOVA revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on either test format or answer discrepancy type, and no interaction between the factors. The exploratory analyses revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on test order, major instrument, or student status. Results suggest that visual reinforcement of melodies does not affect aural memory for those melodies, in terms of either pitch or rhythm. Suggestions for further research include an aural-visual melodic memory test paired with a learning modalities survey, a longitudinal study of visual imagery applied to aural skills study, and a detailed survey of strategies used by successful and unsuccessful dictation students.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Buonviri, Nathan. "Audio-VisualTest [Digital File]." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/254228.
Full textAbstract:
Music Education<br>Ph.D.<br>The purpose of this study was to determine how pitch and rhythm aspects of melodic memory are affected by aural distractions when melodic stimuli are presented both visually and aurally, as compared to aurally only. The rationale for this research is centered on the need for improved melodic memory skills of students taking melodic dictation, and the possibility that temporary visual imagery storage of target melodies might enhance those skills. The participants in this study were undergraduate and graduate music majors (n=41) at a large northeastern university. All participants had successfully completed the first two semesters of college-level music theory, and none had perfect pitch. Participants progressed through two self-contained experimental tests at the computer. Identical target melodies were presented: 1) aurally only on one test; and 2) aurally, with visual presentation of the matching notation, on the other test. After the target melody, a distraction melody sounded, during which time participants were to maintain the original target melody in memory. Participants then chose which of two aural options matched the original target, with a third choice of "neither." The incorrect answer choice in each item contained either a pitch or rhythm discrepancy. The 2x2 factorial design of this experiment was based on independent variables of test presentation format and answer discrepancy type. The dependent variable was experimental test scores. Each participant took both parts of both tests, yielding 164 total observations. Additional data were collected for exploratory analysis: the order in which each participant took the tests, the major instrument of each participant, and the educational status of each participant (undergraduate or graduate). Results of a 2x2 ANOVA revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on either test format or answer discrepancy type, and no interaction between the factors. The exploratory analyses revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on test order, major instrument, or student status. Results suggest that visual reinforcement of melodies does not affect aural memory for those melodies, in terms of either pitch or rhythm. Suggestions for further research include an aural-visual melodic memory test paired with a learning modalities survey, a longitudinal study of visual imagery applied to aural skills study, and a detailed survey of strategies used by successful and unsuccessful dictation students.<br>Temple University--Theses