To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Collective memory in literature.
Journal articles on the topic 'Collective memory in literature'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Collective memory in literature.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Toroš, Ana. "Minority Literature and Collective Trauma: The Case of Slovene Triestine Literature." Treatises and Documents, Journal of Ethnic Studies / Razprave in Gradivo, Revija za narodnostna vprašanja 86, no. 86 (June 1, 2021): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36144/rig86.jun21.65-81.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The study focuses on the relationship between minority literature and collective trauma. Drawing on the theory of trauma, psychoanalysis, memory studies, and literary representations of memory, we argue that the trauma resulting from the suppression of Slovene identity in Trieste during fascism is transmitted into literary discourse through two channels. Firstly, through the normative model of remembering the trauma in question – namely through literary works that can be described as fictions of memory. Secondly, we paid attention to the manifestations of trauma that (unconsciously) enter the narrative structure, regardless of the time and events, which are not necessarily tied to the period of fascism and to concrete events and places of memory. In this context, we illuminated the literary characters from the perspective of literary imagology (the I and the Other).
2
van der Poel, Stefan. "Memory crisis: The Shoah within a collective European memory." Journal of European Studies 49, no. 3-4 (August 12, 2019): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244119859180.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyses the memory crisis resulting from conflicting perceptions of the Shoah in Western and Central Europe. To clarify this memory crisis, crucial aspects of these divergent perceptions will be discussed. From the Western perspective, there is a strong tendency to underline the universal meaning and importance of the Shoah, and to institutionalize this in UN and EU resolutions and declarations. From an Eastern perspective, this process of globalizing Shoah discourse is often considered to be a Western preoccupation and as just another mechanism to promulgate further Western cultural domination. In Central Europe the supposed singularity of the Shoah is not only often doubted, but the focus is shifted far more on to processing communism and identity-based policies. To clarify and illustrate how the Shoah is reflected on in historical debates and the public domain, recent Polish and Hungarian monuments, museums, literature and films are discussed.
3
Czachur, Waldemar. "Collective Memory and Oral Text." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0015.
Full text
4
Nechaeva, Aleksandra A. "NARRATIVE ANALYSIS AS A COLLECTIVE MEMORY RESEARCH METHOD." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 2 (2020): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2020-2-81-93.
Full textAbstract:
The interest towards the issues of collective memory has not faded since the “memory boom” of the 20th century. Despite the considerable amount of theoretical and fundamental research into the collective memory, its aspects and varieties, less attention has been paid to the methodological foundation of the discipline. The establishing of the methodological apparatus of Memory Studies is necessary for its final formation into an independent field of knowledge. Many researchers have been describing various approaches to defining the research methodology of Memory Studies. However, the suggested methods allowed to analyze only static and fragmented manifestations of collective memory. Nowadays, collective memory researchers see it, first of all, as a process unfolding in time. Such an understanding of memory as a process, possessing temporal characteristics, happening in a cultural context and dependent on as well as formative for its participating subjects, lead to the establishment of ideas regarding the narrative nature of collective memory. That calls for a necessity to define a relevant research method that would allow to evaluate social practices of collective memory as well as the historical and sociocultural context that affects them. The goal of the given work lies in the systematization of presented in the academic literature ideas of the narrativeness of collective memory and in the evaluation of the scientific potential of narrative analysis in collective memory research.
5
Williams, Ruth. "Writing White: Martha Collins’s Poetry of Collective Memory." Literary Imagination 23, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 232–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imab011.
Full text
6
Mechoulan, E., and T. Schey. "Ritual Remembrance: Freud's Primal Theory of Collective Memory." SubStance 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sub.2013.0008.
Full text
7
Larsen, Svend Erik. "Memory, Migration and Literature." European Review 24, no. 4 (September 15, 2016): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798716000053.
Full textAbstract:
More often than not, memory is taken to be the storehouse of past experiences situated in a local context. However, recent theories have moved the focus to the process of memory which, in any present moment, allows the past, collective or individual, to emerge as a construction that works as a strong driving force of identity formation. In this perspective the memory process selects features of the past and turns them into more or less coherent structures, which then will have to be checked out with others in order for them to exercise their role as valid interpretations of the past and building blocks of present and future identity. Memories are therefore dialogical phenomena shaped by discussion, or more broadly by exchanges in various media, concerning the selected features, their configuration and the identities they promote. Today, the globalized flows of migration open up a new set of problems for the understanding of memories and their functions. When migration becomes a dominant experience across the globe, the concepts of locality and of local experiences changes and raise a new question: can we imagine and attach any meaning to globalized memories? Today, a huge amount of literatures from all corners of the world takes issue with this question, the so-called literatures of migration, where the literary imagination suggests answers to the open question of what memory might mean in a globalized world. To address this question, the Greek-Australian writer Christos Tsiolkas’ novel The Slap (2008) and the Australian context will serve as my point of reference.
8
Liao, Zhenjie, and Guangquan Dai. "Inheritance and Dissemination of Cultural Collective Memory: An Analysis of a Traditional Festival." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824402090160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020901601.
Full textAbstract:
The traditional festivals in urban societies constitute public memory and are essential for constructing a sense of locality. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the collective memory of traditional urban festivals to promote the sense of locality. In this research, the Guangzhou Winter Jasmine Flower Market was selected as a case study. By examining the historical literature, and conducting field research and interviews, the collective memory of the Guangzhou Winter Jasmine Flower Market was classified and sorted from the perspective of the categories of collective memory. A collective memory graph of the Guangzhou Winter Jasmine Flower Market was constructed using Gephi complex network analysis software. By examining the rich memory content and hierarchical structure of the Guangzhou Winter Jasmine Flower Market, we can better understand and foster the function of traditional urban festivals as collective memory and achieve the sustainability of collective memory.
9
Massis, Bruce. "Libraries and digital memory." New Library World 117, no. 9/10 (October 10, 2016): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nlw-07-2016-0052.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this column is to consider the role of libraries in an effort to preserve and protect a collective digital memory. Design/methodology/approach This paper addresses literature review and commentary on this topic that has been addressed by professionals, researchers and practitioners. Findings Libraries and library consortia will help go forward into the future and expand as trusted repositories where digital memory can be preserved and shared. Originality/value The value in exploring this topic is to examine the library environment for collection, storage and dissemination of digital information.
10
Shmeruk, Chone. "Yiddish Literature and Collective Memory: The Case of the Chmielnicki Massacres." Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/polin.1990.5.173.
Full text
11
Farry, Colleen. "Re-membering Blackness: Digital Archives, Collective Memory, and a University’s Black History." portal: Libraries and the Academy 24, no. 3 (July 2024): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pla.2024.a931766.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: The Re-membering Blackness Digital Archive at the University of Scranton shares the university’s racial story as part of a campus-wide initiative devoted to reconciliation and collective memory. By bringing together archival records on Black history in a thematic digital collection, the project presents a corrective lens through which the university community transformed its understanding of the historical Black experience on campus and considered how this history reverberates in the present. The initiative contributes to a growing collection of institutional research projects on African American history and the legacies of slavery and racism in higher education. This article considers the metaphor of archives as memory within critical archival literature, and it examines the relationship between archives and collective memory in the context of the University of Scranton’s initiative to recover Black memory.
12
Yadin, Azzan. "GOLIATH'S ARMOR AND ISRAELITE COLLECTIVE MEMORY." Vetus Testamentum 54, no. 3 (2004): 373–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568533041694573.
Full text
13
Štrancar, Tina. "Un(be)greifbare Bilder des Familiengedächtnisses in der deutschen zeitgenössischen Literatur: Tanja Dückers' Himmelskörper." Acta Neophilologica 46, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2013): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.46.1-2.93-104.
Full textAbstract:
This article first presents in brief recent theories of memory, their relevance for literarytheory (literature as a medium of collective memory), and then performs a reading of the novel Himmelskörperby German author Tanja Dückers through the lens of family memory. It signals attentionto the strategies of fictionalisation of and reflection on communicative memory, manifest in the novelin the form of family conversations, and the transformation of communicative memory into culturalor collective memory.
14
Dorval, Amanda Raquel. "The Iraqi Ba'ath Archives: Collective Memory Loss and Authoritarian Nostalgia in the Post-Saddam Era." Libraries: Culture, History, and Society 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 204–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/libraries.5.2.0204.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article analyzes how the seizure of the Ba'ath archives from Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 influenced the country's memory landscape and rise in pro-Ba'ath authoritarian nostalgia (hanin). Literature on the Ba'ath archives has focused on the ethics of their removal, custodianship, and laws governing war archives. However, there has been virtually no literature analyzing the long-term consequences of this removal on Iraqi collective memory or examining Ba'ath nostalgia in a larger dialogue about Iraqi archives. Has the removal of the Ba'ath records distorted Iraq's post-regime memory landscape, and is this a factor in the rise of authoritarian nostalgia? By reviewing existing literature on archives and collective memory, examining instances of Ba'ath nostalgia in Iraq, exploring effects of de-Ba'athification on the education system, and comparing Iraq's situation to South Africa, this article will contemplate the effects of archives loss on Iraqi memory distortion and authoritarian nostalgia.
15
Collins, Marsha S. "The Shaping of Collective Memory in Lope'sIsidro(1599)." Bulletin of Spanish Studies 86, no. 3 (May 2009): 293–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14753820902937938.
Full text
16
Lipiński, Artur. "Tożsamość i pamięć zbiorowa w badaniach politologicznych." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 3 (November 2, 2018): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2012.17.3.3.
Full textAbstract:
The social sciences have experienced an unprecedented interest in the issue of collective memory dating back at least to the 1990s. There has been a veritable avalanche of studies into this topic, editorial series and periodicals have appeared devoted exclusively to it. Simulta- neously, an analysis of the literature on this topic shows that collective memory is not a partic- ularly frequent subject of political science research. It is therefore routine in many works of political scientists to acknowledge the limited number of studies on memory. All that does not mean that the trend has not begun slowly to change. The number of texts on the political as- pects of memory is systematically growing, there are editorial series and monographic issues of scientific periodicals concerning the issue of memory or the political instrumentalization of history. Political scientists are also co-authors of collective works and periodicals of an inter- disciplinary character. The objective of this paper is to analyze a single, but highly influential, issue related to political science research into memory, namely the topic of identity perceived from the perspective of collective memory. The purpose is not so much the exhaustive presen- tation of all the surveys into memory and collective identity in the field of political science but rather establishing the set of main concepts, themes and issues explored by political science literature written in English.
17
Kudaibergenova, A., and G. Urazalieva. "Conceptualization of Collective Memory in the Philosophy of Paul Ricœur." Adam alemi 97, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2023.3/1999-5849.02.
Full textAbstract:
The phenomenon of collective memory is studied by scientists from different angles and meets many contradictions. P. Ricoeur managed to present a position that eliminates them and can be used as the basis for a general conceptualization of collective memory. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of the conceptualization of collective memory in the phenomenological anthropology of P. Ricoeur, allowing not only to comprehend the category of collective memory as objectively as possible, but also to identify in it the sources of distortion of the past and strategies for overcoming the negative experience imprinted in it. Collective memory should be understood in terms of how memory reproduces connections between individuals and communities, not in terms of a model that takes hold of individuals or groups. The scientific significance of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it provides arguments in favor of recognizing the philosophy of P. Ricoeur as a unified conceptual basis for further research. The practical significance is presented by the opportunity to use the results when modeling collective memory by new communities in the context of globalization and digitalization. The research methodology is presented by methods of scientific literature analysis, dialectical logic and hermeneutics.
18
Doçe, Eljon, and Erenestina Gjergji Halili. "Remembering the Albanian Communism: The Creation of the Collective Memory Through the Lens of the Literature of Memory of the Albanian Catholic Clergy." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0051.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to analyze the contribution that the literature of memory is giving in the process of constructing the collective memory about the Albanian communism. The main work, which is the central part of our research, is about Father Zef Pllumi’s book “Live only to tell” which is considered as a monument of the collective memory regarding the Albanian experience during communism. Also, this paper aims to analyze the contribution of other Albanian Catholic clergy had in facing the communist regime in Albania and the legacy they left in creating the Albanian collective memory. The method of research used is a textual analysis of the narration and the relation between fiction and history, between the general historical myth and the personal truth, which is a very interesting type of literature that is written like history but, at the same time, it feels like fiction. After the fall of communism in Albania, the Albanians, especially those who were subjected to this extreme violence and oppression, felt the need to share their experience in various ways. One way was through the literature of memory, which is an important element in the process of the creation of collective memory for a very disturbing past for every post-communist country.
Received: 3 November 2020 / Accepted: 19 December 2020 / Published: 5 March 2021
19
Burkey, Brant. "Repertoires of Remembering: A Conceptual Approach for Studying Memory Practices in the Digital Ecosystem." Journal of Communication Inquiry 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859919852080.
Full textAbstract:
Although the preponderance of collective memory research focuses on particular cultural repository sites, memorials, traumatic events, media channels, texts, or commemorative rituals as objects of study, this article fills a gap in literature by arguing that it is time to refresh established media-memory studies to now also consider how multimodal practices promise insight into the process of shared remembering in the new media ecology. The specific focus here is to propose a conceptual approach for how collective remembering can be observed, experienced, and researched in the digital ecosystem. In addition to a survey of collective memory and media memory studies, this article identifies specific ways to examine this issue by introducing the concepts of multimodal memory practices and platformed communities of memory, and by arguing that metadata analysis of digital practices should be considered a contemporary form of studying collective memory.
20
Chen, Guoxing, and Vanvipha Suneta. "Site Location of the Monument in Modern Guangzhou: A Perspective on Collective Memory." Asia Social Issues 17, no. 2 (October 11, 2023): e263497. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/asi.2024.263497.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, more and more scholars have begun to pay attention to the memory content of monuments/memorials or explore collective and cultural memory through monuments/memorials. However, these studies mainly focus on the history and memory of urban public areas or monuments. The objectives of this research were to analyze the distribution characteristics of the site location of the monument in modern Guangzhou and then interpret the collective memory content of the Chinese-style monument site. The whole research is based on constructivist methodology and qualitative phenomenological research strategy, and the final research results can provide a more in-depth discussion on the memory research of monuments. The research procedures consisted of on-site observation, map and literature research data collection, the coding and classification of monument cases and sites, and the comparative analysis of visual data. Finally, the site selection characteristics of the monument in modern Guangzhou are summarized, and its collective memory content is deduced. The research results show that: (1) Chinese traditional culture emphasizes the harmonious relationship between man and nature, which profoundly affects people’s collective memory and the site selection of the monument in modern Guangzhou. (2) The mausoleum park-style memorial site is a sublime Chinese-style commemorative place, its eternal symbolic meaning and characteristics conducive to tourists’ visits are its success factors. (3) The selection of monument sites in Chinese-style mausoleum parks is a practical choice in line with the characteristics of Chinese culture, which reflects the collective memory of Chinese people who pursue lofty and eternal meanings.
21
Kowalska, Martyna. "„Wojny pamięci” w literaturze rosyjskiej. Twórczość Siergieja Lebiediewa." Politeja 20, no. 3(84) (September 28, 2023): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.20.2023.84.12.
Full textAbstract:
“MEMORY WARS” IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE: SERGEI LEBEDEV’S WORKS
Sergei Lebedev’s tetralogy – Oblivion (2010), The Year of the Comet (2014), People of August (2015), and The Goose Fritz (2018) – is considered a multigenerational novel. This genre of literature can be seen as a medium for collective memory, offering an avenue for reinterpreting the experiences of past generations as an alternative to official historical narratives (referred to as “first memory”). The primary focus of this article centers on Lebedev’s oeuvre in the context of the ongoing “memory wars” within Russian culture. Lebedev’s works are characterized by an intensified historical consciousness that revolves around the key events of the 20th century. However, the objective is not an inquiry into historical truth sensu stricto, but rather an exploration of post-trauma, which is Russians’ unwanted and rejected heritage. Consequently, the past becomes a catalyst for contemplating the current condition of Russian society. Lebedev’s work encourages deeper reflection on the causes of the “memory wars” and the consequences of divisions between individual and collective memory.
22
Kortenaar, Neil Ten. "“If It No Go So, It Go Near So”: Marlon James and Collective Memory." Novel: A Forum on Fiction 56, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 186–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-10562799.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Marlon James's A Brief History of Seven Killings fictionalizes a historical incident, the shooting of Bob Marley in Kingston in 1976, and the larger political, economic, and cultural forces that led to it and emerged from it. Real people can enter fiction and retain their names if they have already entered history or journalism—if, in other words, they are already part of a shared imagination. But there is a difference between the local Jamaican and global collective memories, a difference that determines which people keep their names and how people are remembered. People seek to enter the imagination of others, but to do so is also to risk being hollowed out and rendered imaginable, becoming a fictional character and less than a full person. But if there is only fiction, fiction also contributes to the collective memory. An awareness of the performative nature of identity and action is precisely how one can control how one is remembered and, just as important, how one eludes the imagination of others. A Brief History adds to the collective memory of readers everywhere but recognizes that Jamaicans already have their own collective memory, that they are self-conscious about what it means to come to the attention of others, and that they have always contributed to shaping the larger collective memory, including when they do not appear in it.
23
Morozova, Irina Vasilyevna. "FINNISH AMERICAN IDENTITY AND STRATEGIES FOR ITS DETERMINATION IN FINNISH AMERICAN CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 15, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2021-15-4-642-653.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on one of the pressing problems of modern humanitarian knowledge - the problem of self-identification of hybrid cultures, in particular, the culture of the Finnish Americans. The ethnic diversity of the United States leads to a constant intersection of various cultures, giving rise to the uniqueness of contemporary American literary life. National, cultural, personal identity associated with the revision of the traditions that were assimilated in their diaspora acts as the main problem of multiculturalism - the ideology of plurality and diversity. Self-identification strategies may include the definition of one's religious, ethnic, gender determination. Very often, the community's collective trauma and collective memory of the historical past can act as a strategy. The main strategies of ethnic and cultural self-identification of Finnish American literature are represented by the collective memory, collective trauma, “Finnishness”, and the national Finnish epic “Kalevala”, which is used as a source of archetypal images and poetic imagination. Basing on a number of works by Finnish American writers of the second half of the 20 and 21 centuries in different genres (science fiction, historical novel, short stories), the article examines the creative application of the Finnish epic “Kalevala”, integrated into the experience of American existence as one of the main strategies for self-identification of its own culture, which is built on the dialogical interaction of the Anglo-Saxon and Finnish cultures. The article actualizes the problems of the interrelations of the two cultures, the transformation of archetypal images, the reflection of collective memory in the works of contemporary Finnish American writers.
24
Han, Chen-Wei. "The Politics and Ethics of Collective Memory and Forgetting in Christina Reid’s My Name, Shall I Tell You My Name?" Modern Drama 66, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 414–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md-66-3-1231.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores the relationships between personal and collective memory, especially transgenerational memory, within a Protestant, loyalist family in Northern Ireland in Christina Reid’s My Name, Shall I Tell You My Name?. Forgetting plays a vital role in the communal memory of loyalism and unionism within the world of the play. The female protagonist, Andrea, actively unsettles that forgetting by challenging the mainstream loyalist commemoration exemplified by her grandfather Andy via alternative narratives and commemoration. The ongoing contestation over the collective memory of the Battle of the Somme, one of the pivotal historical events in loyalist remembrance culture, reveals the peculiar temporality of loyalist memory and uncovers problems inherent to the eternal cycle of loyalist memory and its oblivion. Through its treatment of these themes, I suggest that My Name conveys an ethical imperative to remember for the future instead of the past.
25
SCHWARTZ, BARRY. "Frame images: Towards a semiotics of collective memory." Semiotica 121, no. 1-2 (1998): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/semi.1998.121.1-2.1.
Full text
26
Djordjevic, Ana. "Collective memory-work: Origins, theoretical considerations, and practice." Sociologija 64, no. 1 (2022): 94–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc2201094d.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this paper is social-scientific methodology collective memory-work and its relevance for psychological inquiry. The aim is to present it through elaboration of its historical and theoretical foundations and assumptions, as well as practical guidance for research. From the original idea until current literature, chosen aspects of this methodology are considered within certain theoretical frameworks and debates, with accompanying dilemmas, which is why the paper has polemic character. Introduction outlines the relevance of this methodology, as well as the relevance of the paper, as the first elaborated review of this subject in regional languages. Next follows the historical look at the pioneering project of collective memory-work, its feminist-Marxist background, as well as consideration of several theoretical aspects (subjectification, memories, experience and theory, collective deconstruction, person). Basic assumptions of the memory-work are derived from previous discussion and presented separately. The next section contains main directions of development and applications of the methodology, considerations relevant for psychological topics, and comparison with similar methodologies. Subsequent is the practical part of the paper, where the basic guidance for research is offered through progressive sequencing of the research phases. Finally, dilemmas regarding evaluation criteria for collective memory-work are discussed. In the conclusion, the place and relevance of this methodology for social-scientific and psychological research are summarized.
27
Nechaeva, A. A. "Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Collective Memory Analysis in Memory Studies." Discourse 6, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-3-46-63.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Collective memory research helps to uncover the deeply imbedded meaning of the past in the present, to follow the identity development process in various communities, to find narrative structures that define societal foundations. Simultaneously, such research can be complicated from the empirical point of view. The scientific novelty of the given article lies in the fact that theoretical and methodological approaches to collective memory research have not yet been summarized and systematized up to this date. The goal of this research is to provide such a review and determine the most valid research methods in Memory Studies. The relevance of the presented research is determined by the fact that the proposition of a methodological apparatus for Memory Studies is necessary for the finalization of its formation as an independent discipline.Methodology and sources. Collective memory theory served as the theoretical-methodological foundation of the conducted research, it allowed to view the past not as a set given but as an object undergoing interpretation and representation. Such academics as M. Halbwachs, M. Bloch, A. Warburg, Jan and Aleida Assmann, J. Olick, A. Erll and others developed the following theory. A range of scientists dedicated their work to the discovery of collective memory research methods, among them M. Bulanova, W. Kansteiner, A. Erll, B. Zelizer, A. Confino, T. Kapitonova, V. Belokrylova, etc. J. Olick made a considerable impact into the understanding of the given issue, having suggested to view memory as a process developing in time, which required to define the methods of analysis that would be able to take this characteristic into account. However, a complete list as well as a general system and classification of methods have not been developed in the academic literature up to the present day. Having appeared at an intersection of various humanities and social sciences, Memory Studies adopts empirical research methods from Sociology, Political science, Culture Studies, Psychology, Media Studies, Visual Studies, etc. In course of the presented research, the relevant empirical research works in the Memory Studies field by international and Russian authors have been analyzed, we considered the research carried out by Ch. Lindt, A. Vasil'ev, T. Emel'yanova, A. Timofeeva, V. Kasamara, E. Hakokongas, E. Keightley, M. Meyers, B. Zelizer, and others. That allowed us to determine the most frequently applied collective memory research methods, to compile their overview and develop the author classification of the used methods.Results and discussion. An overview of key theoretical approaches to collective memory research was provided. They include functional, phenomenological, post-structural, social-historical and information approaches. J. Olick enriched the list of five theoretical approaches suggested by M. Bulanova by introducing the process-relativist approach to studying collective memory. The main research methods applied in Memory Studies were outlined; moreover, a classification of key disciplinary traditions that academics turn to in memory research was introduced featuring sociological, psychological, information, cultural and historical traditions as well as a separate branch of Computer Sciences.Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, a systematic overview and an author's classification of theoretical-methodological approaches to collective memory analysis were introduced. The findings of the given research can be implemented by a range of academics working on the issues of group identity building, ways of working with contested past, historical events representation in the present, the functioning of memory communities, etc. The defining of the methodological apparatus of Memory studies serves as a moving force for the effective development, generalization and bringing to a common understanding the further research of collective memory structures formation and distribution as well as concepts related to it.
28
Müller, Sebastian. "Mounded Mnemonics: Tumuli and Collective Memory in Old Silla." International Journal of Korean History 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22372/ijkh.2021.26.1.35.
Full text
29
Bakuła, Bogusław. "1956, 1968, 1981: The Faces of Central-European Memory: A Postcolonial Perspective." Porównania 27, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/por.2020.2.2.
Full textAbstract:
This article deals with two issues. The first concerns the problem of collective memory of the past, which is divided here into shared memory, separate memory and non-memory. Shared memory plays a lesser role in Central Europe than separate memory, the latter being the core of national and social identity. Shared memory is an unattainable ideal proposed by some politicians and cultural researchers. A significant role is played by non-memory, which temporarily annihilates difficult matters related to the past. History vies with collective memory in Central Europe as a means of preserving the past. This is the result of centuries-old conflicts, changing political systems, shifting borders and, above all, many nations losing their sovereignty. This situation made the problem of domination and subordination a fundamental problem of history and collective memory. For this reason, the second part of the article focuses on the postcolonial aspects of collective memory, and in particular on its relation to the events of 1956, 1968, and 1981 connected with the military reaction of the communist system to attempts at reform. These events, with all their historical differences, are caused by external violence (1956, 1968) or by internal violence caused by external pressure (1981). Central European societies also shape mutual relations through their attitudes to selected elements of the past. The author of the article depicts the inconspicuous aspects of shared internal and international memory by means of an analysis of four aspects: ressentiment, unremembering, historical politics and aesthetisation.An analysis of the events that took place in 1956, 1968, and 1981 in the context of these four aspects of postcolonial memory reveals the fragile (moderately strong) existence of common areas. These areas are dominated by non-memory and separate memory, which deform historical realities. This proves that it is difficult for Central European societies to move beyond slogans and general declarations. True shared memory is the task for the future.
30
Corretger, Montserrat. "The Literature of Exile after 1939: A Bridge between Catalan Collective Memory and Identity." Journal of Catalan Intellectual History 1, no. 11 (October 1, 2017): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jocih-2016-0006.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe present article reflects on and emphasises the importance of the still-unrecognised work by Catalan writers who bore witness to the exile of 1939 and the preceding historical period of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939) and the Civil War (1936–1939). The article explores how these exiled writers and their literary corpora played a fundamental role in recovering Catalan historical collective memory and identity. In particular, it focusses on two writers, Domènec Guansé and Vicenç Riera Llorca, in the light of recent studies of literary history, which have begun this process of re-evaluating the literature of exile, and thereafter relates their work to the theories of Lowenthal, Ricoeur and Traverso regarding the past and memory.
31
Fahraji, Parvaneh Hosseini. "The Construction of Social Identity by Collective Memory of Iranian Baha’is in Novels: “The Cradle of the Beast” and “Utab’s Memories”." International Journal of Persian Literature 4, no. 1 (October 2019): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/intejperslite.4.1.0068.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article examines the relationship between collective memory and social identity in the Iranian Baha’i community through the study of their literary works of recent decades. Utab’s Memories by Rouhieh Fanaian and The Cradle of the Beast by Omid Fallahazad are the only Persian novels penned by Baha’i authors with Baha’i characters after Iran’s 1979 Revolution. Therefore, they will serve as the primary sources for this study. A comparative analysis of these novels yields an understanding of the relationship between collective memory and social identity in the Baha’i community. This article draws on Ross Poole’s notion of memory as a socially constructed capacity in order to explain how the act of retelling memories enables the protagonists of both novels to define and redefine themselves in relation to other members of their Baha’i community as well as the members of the Muslim community. It also draws on Maurice Halbwachs’s collective memory argument, which suggests individual memory presupposes a social framework. Stuart Hall’s notion of a constantly transforming aspect of cultural identity is harnassed in order to better examine stages of transformation and construction in the Baha’i community’s social identity as reflected in these novels.
32
Jaskulowski, Krzysztof, and Piotr Majewski. "Politics of memory in Upper Silesian schools: Between Polish homogeneous nationalism and its Silesian discontents." Memory Studies 13, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698017741933.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the connections between nationalism and history teaching in the context of dominant structures of collective memory in Poland. Drawing on qualitative research in Upper Silesian schools, the article analyses in detail how the state-sponsored history is enacted and resisted by the teachers in school practice. The article also demonstrates the advantages of processual conceptualisation of collective memory. It provides further theoretical insight by bringing together three strands of literature: memory studies, nationalism studies and critical media analysis.
33
Capella, Manuel, Sushrut Jadhav, and Joanna Moncrieff. "History, violence and collective memory: Implications for mental health in Ecuador." Transcultural Psychiatry 57, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461519834377.
Full textAbstract:
National histories of violence shape experiences of suffering and the ways that mental health professionals respond to them. In Ecuador, mental health literature addressing this crucial issue is scarce and little debated. In contrast, local psychiatrists and psychologists within the country face contemporary challenges that are deeply rooted in a violent colonial past and the perpetuation of its fundamental ethos. This paper critically reviews relevant literature on collective memory and historical trauma, and focuses on Ecuador as a case study on how to incorporate history into modern mental health challenges. The discussion poses key questions and outlines possible ways for Ecuador to address the link between history and mental health, including insights from countries that have struggled with their violent pasts. This paper contributes to ongoing international debate on the role of cultural history in mental health with implications for social scientists and practising clinicians in former colonised nations.
34
Fellie, Maria C. "Ballads as Vessels for Collective Cultural Memory: A Critical Comparison of Alfred Noyes’s “The Highwayman” and Federico García Lorca’s “Romance sonámbulo”." ES Review. Spanish Journal of English Studies, no. 42 (November 8, 2021): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24197/ersjes.42.2021.55-79.
Full textAbstract:
Alfred Noyes’s “The Highwayman” (1906) and Federico García Lorca’s “Romance sonámbulo” (1928), two early twentieth-century ballad poems, serve as literary vessels for the collective memory of historical periods and share aesthetic and narrative similarities. Common images and colors (red, green) also illustrate both texts. The shared imagery calls attention to the ballads’ roles in preserving and transmitting collective memories. This study references the way that ballads stabilize in cultural memory, in line with David Rubin’s assessments of memory and literature in Memory in Oral Traditions (1995), as well as the studies of other scholars (e.g., Benjamin, Boyd, Connerton).
35
Mérida Donoso, José Antonio. "La desmemoria en la historia oficial : reflexiones sobre la memoria y el olvido en el exilio español." Acta Hispanica 17 (January 1, 2012): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2012.17.33-44.
Full textAbstract:
The concepts of (collective) memory and history are similar in that they both deal with the notion of identity, yet diverge in their methods and dwell on the past events in different ways. History has now started to be regarded as an objective - a doubtful, though desirable attribute - "human" or "social" science, while memory remains the space of subjective experience. This article presents a series of reflections on Spain's recent past, focusing on the role of literature in preserving the collective memory and constructing a social identity.
36
Yoon, Irene. "Behind a Pane of Glass: Collective Memory in Woolf’s Interwar London." Twentieth-Century Literature 63, no. 1 (March 2017): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0041462x-3833465.
Full text
37
Kurpiel, Anna. "Pamięci opowiadane." Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej 4 (October 30, 2014): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26774/wrhm.65.
Full textAbstract:
The following article constitutes just another voice in a discussion on the social and cultural dimensions of remembrance and different relationships between different kinds of remembering and commemorating and biographical narration. On the basis of the subject literature and empirical materials, i.e. accounts of Macedonian refugees and re-emigrants from France who came to Lower Silesia after the Second World War, the author analyzes three levels of memory. They are the following: autobiographical memory seen from the angle of experience and narration, collective memory of a generation together with the concept of collective identity and the policy towards memory revealed mostly in different practices of commemorating.
38
Russell, Nicolas. "Construction et représentation de la mémoire collective dans les entrées triomphales au XVIe siècle." Renaissance and Reformation 32, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v32i2.11260.
Full textAbstract:
In sixteenth-century France, the triumphal entry was closely tied to the notion of collective memory. This article defines the concept of collective memory as it is articulated in sixteenth-century texts, retraces the history of the relationship between this notion and the triumphal entry, and, in analyzing several texts tied to entry ceremonies, explores how such texts address triumphal entries’ role in the production of collective memory—as opposed to its preservation, which is the typical focus in discussions of the relationship between collective memory and historiographical or poetic works during this period.
39
Shestopal, Olga. ""THE BLIND SUNFLOWERS" BY ALBERTO MÉNDEZ: VOICES OF DEFEAT THAT TRIUMPH OVER OBLIVION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, no. 35 (2024): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2024.35.16.
Full textAbstract:
Background. The article is devoted to the problem of reconstruction of collective memory in Alberto Méndez's novel "The blind sunflowers" (2004). Méndez's book is a part of contemporary Spanish narratives that, since the 1990s, have witnessed the emergence of the so-called "memory boom", a trend in literature and cinema aimed at preserving, restoring and transmitting the memory of the tragic events of Spanish Civil War and Franco repression. The purpose of the research is to reveal the ways and mechanisms of reproduction and elaboration of traumatic collective memory in "The blind sunflowers" by Méndez. Methods. The study is based on the following methods: a historical-cultural approach and "memory studies", which made it possible to determine the place of the Alberto Mendez's novel in the context of the Spanish "literature of memory" beginning 21st century; the narratological and intertextual approaches were used to investigate various techniques of the author's creation of a polyphonic narrative in four stories that make up the book, and which represent different voices of the same past, functioning as symbols of restoring the memory of defeat. Results. The artistic recreation in "The Blind Sunflowers" of the traumatic experience of the events and consequences of the Civil War in Spain was investigated in dichotomies typical of the depicted historical moment: winners-losers, victim-executioner, death-life, memory-oblivion and voice-silence. The analysis of this traumatic context in the novel proved that writing (the voice of memory) functions as one of the main ways of preserving the experience of erased generations, restoring life after physical death, and as a guarantee of resistance to oblivion. Conclusion. The reconstruction of the memory of the Civil War in Spain and its consequences during the period of Francoism as one of the leading trends in modern Spanish literature demonstrates the still openness of collective trauma and, accordingly, the need to find ways to overcome it. In view of this, the approach proposed by Méndez in "The Blind Sunflowers" to restore and transmit memory through a collective discourse of defeat becomes a significant step towards healing the unhealed wounds of a society traumatized by war and a dictatorial regime, as it emphasizes not only the importance of the grieving process in overcoming tragedies, but also attests to the creation of literature as a space of memory, in which the past is reproduced as a voice that breaks the silence and overcomes oblivion, not allowing to turn the page and close the past.
40
Ribeiro de Menezes, Alison. "Memory and Collective Defeat in Alberto Méndez'sLos girasoles ciegos." Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research 17, no. 1 (July 2011): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13260219.2011.579890.
Full text
41
Tada, Elton Vinicius Sadao. "A memória do imigrante japonês no Brasil e de seus descendentes a partir da literatura: o Nihonjin de Oscar Nakasato." Estudos Japoneses, no. 34 (March 7, 2014): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2447-7125.v0i34p20-31.
Full textAbstract:
The present article intend to analyze the memories of the Japanese immigrant in Brazil parting from the romance Nihonjin, of Oscar Nakasato. For this, will be used the tools of Paul Ricoeur’s theory of memory, specially the relation between individual and collective memory, and the abuses of memory. Therefore, the literature will serve as object to be studied with the philosophical tools about memory
42
DIRHOUSSI, Loubna, Hassan ID BRAHIM, and Mohamed EL BOUAZZAOUI. "Ambivalence de la mémoire dans les écrits de prison au Maroc : cas de Tazmamart." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 68, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2023.4.11.
Full textAbstract:
"The Ambivalence of Memory in Moroccan Prison Writings: The Case of Tazmamart. The prison literature produced by survivors of the Tazmamart prison in Morocco is a moving testimony to the dehumanizing conditions of imprisonment. Whether in the form of testimony or fiction, this literature, which liberates speech and breaks the silence on a dark page of human rights in Morocco, reserves a special place for individual and collective memory. In this article, we propose to analyze the ambivalence of prisoners' memories. Firstly, we show that memory is represented as a source of mortifying pain that must be got rid of. Secondly, we show how memory played an important role, and constituted the vital space for resistance and survival. Keywords: Tazmamart, literature, memory, pain, resistance, testament."
43
Rusu, Mihai-Stelian. "The structure of mnemonic revolutions." International Review of Social Research 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2011-0006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article proposes an evolutionary model of collective memory built on the concept of mnemonic revolution. It tries to go beyond the apparently mutual exclusive theories existing in sociological literature by integrating them into a comprehensive conceptualization. The first part of the study begins with the presentation of competing theories of collective memory developed over time. The second step presents the theoretical formula resulting from the adoption of a broader time frame (longue durée). This formula also takes into consideration the introduction of the concepts of mnemonic revolution and mnemonic reform. Mnemonic revolution is defined as a major break occurred in the structure of collective memory, which succeeds in a sociopolitical revolution, whereby the entire representation of the past is abandoned and the social labor of constructing a new retrospective vision of the past is initiated. Mnemonic reform includes the adjustable changes and the superficial reconfiguration through which the general image of the past that is incorporated into the collective memory is slightly calibrated depending on the evolution of the social system. The final part presents in a synthetic manner the way in which I sought the empirical validation of the notions developed in order to capture the dynamics of collective memory.
44
Shivakumar, Dr Sumathi. "Eternalising Cultural Memory Through Cultural Parallels in Literary Narratives." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 3, no. 4 (August 15, 2017): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v3i4.34.
Full textAbstract:
Cultural memory represents the collective perceptions and creations of the distant past. Such collective memories are best documented and secured in Literature. What matters is not the real facts but rather the consensus of conventions shared by both the cultural history and the literary creator. However, literary narratives do not always give a compilation of such memories under a single wrap. It is on this distinctive point that Jakkana stands out in eternalising cultural memory. BasavarajNaikar’s novella, Jakkanna is the retelling of the life and history of the AmarsilpiJakkannacharya, the famed architect of the Hoysala dynasty. The plot is replete with events that have been happening from the ancient times. Parallels of such incidents that have endured to the modern times can be drawn from the two great epics and other ancient Indian philosophy and literatures. This article aims at highlighting such aspects of our lives that seems to have been greatly influenced by the past. It also looks at such events that have endured eras.
45
Garzaniti, Marcello. "Apocryphal Tradition and Slavonic Pilgrimage Literature." Scrinium 14, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00141p14.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Slavonic pilgrimage literature is an interesting example of the widespread knowledge of apocryphal literature not only through the written tradition, but also through the mediation of the Palestine liturgical tradition and oral legends. The collective memory of Slavia Orthodoxa was formed, therefore, not only on the basis of familiarity with the Holy Scriptures, but also through liturgical tradition and oral legends attested in a complex of “holy books” where the apocryphal and legendary motifs enrich and complete the understanding of sacred history characters and events.
46
Scheiding, Ryan. "“The Father of Survival Horror”: Shinji Mikami, Procedural Rhetoric, and the Collective/Cultural Memory of the Atomic Bombs." Loading 12, no. 20 (November 20, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065894ar.
Full textAbstract:
Video game “authors” use procedural rhetoric to make specific arguments within the narratives of their games. As a result, they, either purposefully or incidentally, contribute to the creation and maintenance of collective/cultural memory. This process can be identified within the directorial works of Shinji Mikami that include a set of similar general themes. Though the settings of these games differ, they include several related plot elements. These include: 1) depictions of physical and emotional trauma, 2) the large-scale destruction of cities, and 3) distrust of those in power. This paper argues that Mikami, through processes of procedural rhetoric/ authorship, can be understood as an “author” of video games that fall into the larger tradition of war and atomic bomb memory in Japan. (Also known as hibakusha (bomb-affected persons) literature). As a result, his games can be understood as a part of Japan’s larger collective/cultural memory practices surrounding the atomic bombings of Hiroshima (6 August 1945) and Nagasaki (9 August 1945). In the case of Mikami, the narratives of his games follow what Akiko Hashimoto labels as the “Long Defeat”, in which Japanese collective/cultural memory struggles to cope with the cultural trauma of the Pacific War (1931-1945). To illustrate this argument the paper engages in a close reading of Mikami’s Resident Evil, Dino Crisis, Resident Evil 4, Vanquish and The Evil Within and identifies tropes that are common to Japanese war memory and hibakusha literature.
47
MYONG, Soon-ok. "Collective memory of the Korean independence fighter Beom-do Hong in Soviet Korean Literature." Cultura 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul012023.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The study reveals the political and ideological journey of Beom-do Hong, a Korean independence fighter and general as reflected in the historical novel of Soviet Korean writer Kim Se-il. Due to to the lack of historical records on Beom-do Hong, stories on his deeds before and after the Japan's annexation of Korea remained at the level of legends. In Korean society, his figure is seen within opposing positions and discourses; to some he is a national hero; to others a communist collaborator. This investigation of the historical novel as a medium for the transmission of shared memories based on the protagonist's battle diary and the recollections of his comrades will fill the gap in the historical memory and contribute to alleviating social political conflicts. Memorial heritage is closely linked to the intangible aspects of heritage, which is an essential driver of development.
48
Vinitzky-Seroussi, Vered, and Mathias Jalfim Maraschin. "Between remembrance and knowledge: The Spanish Flu, COVID-19, and the two poles of collective memory." Memory Studies 14, no. 6 (December 2021): 1475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980211054357.
Full textAbstract:
While the literature suggests that the Spanish Flu—despite the devastation it caused—suffers from social amnesia, this article begs to differ. Building on the multiplicity of manners in which the past maintains itself in the present and specifically focusing on Erll’s distinction between remembrance and knowledge as two poles of collective memory, we shed light on the collective memory of the Spanish Flu in its entirety. First, our analysis recognizes COVID-19 as a catalyst of the remembrance of the Spanish Flu. Second, it suggests that the perceived social amnesia attached to the Spanish Flu stems from overlooking the mark it left on the sphere of knowledge. The article addresses the need to recognize the uniqueness and importance of the knowledge pole in assessing collective memory, and exposes the dynamics and potential relationships shared by the poles.
49
Wood, Emma Harriet, and Maarit Kinnunen. "Emotion, memory and re-collective value: shared festival experiences." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 32, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 1275–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2019-0488.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This study aims to explore how emotionally rich collective experiences create lasting, shareable memories, which influence future behaviours. In particular, the role of others and of music in creating value through memories is considered using the concept of socially extended emotions. Design/methodology/approach Over 250 narratives were gathered from festival attendees in the UK and Finland. Respondents completed a writing task detailing their most vivid memories, what made them memorable, their feelings at the time and as they remembered them, and how they shared them. The narratives were then analysed thematically. Findings Collective emotion continues to be co-created long after the experience through memory-sharing. The music listened to is woven through this extension of the experience but is, surprisingly, not a critical part of it. The sociality of the experience is remembered most and was key to the memories shared afterwards. The added value of gathering memorable moments, and being able to share them with others, is clearly evidenced. Practical implications The study highlights the importance of designing events to create collective emotional moments that form lasting memories. This emphasizes the role of post-experience marketing and customer relationship building to enhance the value that is created customer-to-customer via memory sharing. Originality/value The research addresses the lack of literature exploring post-event experience journeys and the collective nature of these. It also deepens a theoretical understanding of the role of time and sociality in the co-creation and extension of emotions and their value in hospitality consumption. A model is proposed to guide future research.
50
Liana Sigua, Liana Sigua. "Narrative of collective trauma in Georgian media." New Economist 18, no. 01 (March 31, 2023): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/nec18012023-64.
Full textAbstract:
The theory of trauma has been one of the current approaches in scientific discourse since the 90s of the 20th century, the foundation for its study was laid in the American humanities and social sciences, which later became the subject of study by researchers in various fields and profiles. Rising tide of interest towards collective trauma or traumatic memory was conditioned by wars or difficult post-conflict psychological status of people, who had to deal with both trauma-containing memories and struggle against them. It should be noted, that the paradigms defining collective trauma have been determinative in the Georgian media since the 1990s, which was related to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on the one hand, and the difficult political or social situation caused by the events of April 9, Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts and civil war. Here we also would like to note that the Georgian media has become a source of inspiration for those creators, in the literary narrative of which so-called war literature was formed and acquired different perspectives. At this stage, the subject of our interest is to comprehend the Georgian media space in the context of theories of traumatic memory, we will focus on the material of the 90s, which presents the narrative of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, also on the modern discourse of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which will allow us to study by the method of comparative analysis and determine, how the concepts of collective trauma are reflected in the media space. Keywords: Collective trauma, traumatic memory, narrative, Georgian media.