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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Collectivism'
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Hook, Joshua N. "Forgiveness, Individualism, and Collectivism." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1451.
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Awanis, Sandra, Bodo B. Schlegelmilch, and Cui Charles Chi. "Asia's Materialists: Reconciling Collectivism and Materialism." Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0096-6.
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Materialism has an ugly face. The dominant view of materialism regards materialists as self-prioritizing individuals who oppose collective and prosocial goals in favor of a lifestyle led by money, possessions, and status. The present research argues that there is a side of materialism that is concerned with collective-oriented interests. We examine the nature and consequences of collective-oriented materialism - the belief system that ascribes importance to possessions for their symbolic and signaling capacities to construct desirable social attributes. Drawing from cultural and consumer theories, we find considerable support that materialists espouse a collective-oriented quality to an otherwise self-oriented interest towards possessions.
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Ahn, Diana D. "Individualism and Collectivism in a Korean Population." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/107.
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Though much research has been conducted concerning the horizontal and vertical attributes of individualism and, not much has been done comparing and contrasting an Eastern culture, collectivism to a specific aspect of American culture, individualism, such as Korean American. The 32-item INDCOL scale was used to measure the 4 attributes (Singelis et al., 1995). Contrary to the proposed hypothesis, this study found high scores in horizontal individualism in Korean American participants and high scores in horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism in Korean participants. These results could indicate a shift towards a different attribute in the Korean and Korean American community.
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Partikova, Veronika. "Psychological collectivism and mental toughness in traditional Wushu." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/615.
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Introduction: Wushu, Chinese martial art, consists of modern and traditional groups of styles. Previously it was researched that modern and traditional martial arts have different outcomes. Since traditional wushu is said to be rooted in Chinese values, its environment is a unique place to research psychological collectivism. Moreover, mental toughness is a new topic in the field of martial arts, and its connection with psychological collectivism was only researched on the society, not personality level. Methods: This mixed methods research consisted of qualitative Study 1 and quantitative Study 2. Study 1 aimed to understand, what is the experience of psychological collectivism in traditional wushu training. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight European adult participants of traditional wushu and were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. In the Study 2, 277 European adult respondents (111 modern wushu and 166 traditional wushu practitioners) filled in the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire and Psychological Collectivism Questionnaire. To research the relationship of practicing modern or traditional wushu with psychological collectivism and mental toughness, several steps were taken. First, the Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were run to test both models. Next, the final model was tested using Structural Equation Modelling. Model comparisons, path analysis and effects were completed. Results: In Study 1, five themes emerged from the data. The first described how kung fu (traditional wushu) provided structure and direction for the interviewees. Also, it described how practitioners better adapted to the outer world and their ability to switch from being gentle to being ruthless. The second theme described perception of time. The third one explored the kung fu community, provided a probe into the group identity, and looked at how positioning closer to the master provided better learning options; the community served as the knowledge keeper. The fourth theme explored bridging gaps in communication. Finally, the fifth theme discovered seriousness of the practitioners, who had to endure mentally and physically torturous training. In Study 2, during the structural equation modeling the final model was confirmed as well as differences in the two groups of modern and traditional wushu. Moreover, it was found, that the number of joined competitions or years of training did not result in a significant path with mental toughness, but perceived level of skill did. The relationship between psychological collectivism and mental toughness was found only in the traditional wushu group, limited to a marginal p level. Conclusion: Psychological collectivism was explored in traditional wushu and helped to understand the structure and functioning of the wushu community. The seriousness of its members served as a commodity, to negotiate better position in the group. In the quantitative study, this seriousness seemed to be connected with the perceived level of skill. This variable resulted in the significant path with mental toughness. It is suggested that the social environment of the serious practitioners, who put themselves through demanding training, helped to develop mental toughness. This development is not based on the number of years in training, but rather on the way the practitioners perceive themselves.
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Flanagan, Bernadette. "Individualism and attitudes to love and intimate relationships among Irish Roman Catholic teenagers in Northern and Southern Ireland." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289706.
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Netzén, Örn Marcel, and Grim Moström. "Young SMEs' Financial Constraints and Collectivism : An International Evidence." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-124090.
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Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs, hereafter) are important drivers of the global economic development. For the SMEs, to establish and growth, having access to the sources of finance is of great importance. Anecdotal evidence suggeststhat while the importance of having access for the SMEs is apparent, they have been disadvantageous in many different ways. The disadvantage position of the SMEs can even be worse when they are younger (e.g., The World bank, 2001, p. 6-7). Prior research documents many factors that affect the financial constraints of SMEs. In this study, we investigate the association between SMEs age and financial constraints. In addition, we test the moderating effect of collectivism on SMEs’ financial constraints, as collectivism is documented to have an effect on bank corruption. We first hypothesize that there is a negative association between SMEs’ age and financial constraints. We further propose that the negative association between SMEs’ age and financial constraints decreases as collectivism (at the country level) increases. Using a World Bank’s sample of 31422 firms across 38 countries, we find that younger firms, compared to the older firms, experience higher level of financial constraints.Further, we observe an insignificant results regarding the moderating effect of collectivism on the proposed association.We offer contribution to the existing empirical evidence onfactors that affect financial constraints. Providing such an evidence may be found relevant to the economic institutions such as the World Bank and regulatory bodies, as they are allocating resources and making macro level decisions regarding the economicdevelopment through SMEs around the world.
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Campbell, Catherine. "Attitudes and ideologies: collectivism and individualism in contemporarycanadian novels." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9975.
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Malgré 200 ans de passé commun, les cultures canadiennes-français et canadiennes anglaises ont gardé chacune leur propre façon d'aborder le monde. Ces différences remontent aux idéologies qui prédominaient en Angleterre et en France à l'époque où l'immigration au Canada a commencé. Ici, les francophones ont continué à développer une perspective collectiviste tandis que les anglophones ont préféré l'individualisme. Les sentiments de puissance et d'importance sont créés par les sociétés individualistes. Par contre, le collectivisme encourage les sentiments d'impuissance face aux pouvoirs plus grands et met l'accent sur l'importance d'être membre du groupe. Se basant sur la théorie de Terry Eagleton à l'égard du lien entre la littérature et l'idéologie, le présent mémoire étudie les tendances idéologiques manifestées dans les ouvrages d'auteurs canadiens-français et canadiens-anglais. Nous examinons trois paires de romans: De l'amour dans la ferraille de Roch Carrier et Roses Are Difficult Here, de W. O. Mitchell, Le premier jardin de Anne Hébert et The Diviners de Margaret Laurence, et finalement T e. Maton de Yves Beauchemin et Headhnnter de Timothy Findley. Nous arrivons à la conclusion qu'en dépit du fait que ces tendances apparaissent dans tous les romans étudiés, celles-ci sont plus évidentes dans les oeuvres les plus anciennes. Les romans canadiens-anglais plus récents commencent à mettre en question la valeur absolue de l'individualisme, tandis que les romans canadiens-français font de même à l'égard de l'idéologie collectiviste. Plutôt que de se faire assimiler par l'autre culture, les deux sont en train de se faire influencer par des forces extérieures. Les mouvements tels que le féminisme et le postmodernisme ont pour effet le nivellement de certains aspects idéologiques.
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Helena, Poplock Stephanie. "Assessing worldview orientation in people of nortern rural Maine." Restricted access (UM), 2008. http://libraries.maine.edu/gateway/oroauth.asp?file=orono/etheses/37803141.pdf.
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These (Ph.D.)--Northeastern University, 2008.<br>Title from PDF title page. Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-117). Also issued in print.
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Kusdil, M. Ersin. "Value socialisation in cultural context : a study with British and Turkish families." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326931.
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Classon, Anton. "The J in JRPG : Finding collectivism or individualism in games." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för speldesign, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-329461.
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This paper covers the JRPG subgenre as it compares to the greater RPG genre. These will be compared through how games can, through their mechanics, be traced back to which types of society the games originate from. These societal types are collectivism and individualism, as defined by Richard Brislin (2000). The games are divided into Japanese games and Western games, and are examined for evidence of societal ties in their gameplay mechanics that tie them to their country of origin, or evidence that contend those ties.<br>Detta examensarbete täcker JRPG-subgenren och jämför denna med den bredare RPG-genren. Dessa jämförs genom hur spel kan, genom deras mekaniker, spåras tillbaka till vilka typer av samhälle spelen härstammar från. Dessa samhällsformer är kollektivism och individualism, enligt definitionen av Richard Brislin (2000). Spelen är uppdelade i japanska spel och västerländska spel och undersöks för bevis på samhällsband i deras spelmekanik som knyter dem till sitt ursprungsland eller bevis som strider mot dessa band.
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D'Amato, Claudio. "Human Capabilities and Collectivist Justice." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77916.
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The capability approach to justice, made popular by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, has been a stalwart of the human development literature for the last 30 years, and its core ideals underwrite the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals. This dissertation offers a new version of the approach, rejecting many of its ideological commitments to liberal-democratic humanism and replacing them with more distinctly collectivist and communitarian ones. It contends that the capability approach, when used as a theoretical framework for global development, need not contain almost any ethical normativity with regard to a definition of justice, and indeed it is much more functional when it endorses a moderate ethical relativism. The argument proceeds in four steps. First, it shows that all existing versions of the capability approach are ideologically committed to a specific kind of liberal humanism, which its proponents consider universalist but that is actually quite provincial. Second, it argues that collectivist critiques from prominent capability theorists in the last decade have been misunderstood and their recommendations unheeded, a fact that this dissertation attempts to rectify. Third, it offers a properly collectivist account of group capabilities and group self-determination, which can do all the normative work that individual capabilities and agency perform in the approach's original versions. Finally, it introduces the notion of public objective capabilities, which justifies a higher deference to collective self-determination at the expense of some individual freedom and equitable participation in democratic polity. The overall goal of this new collectivist version of the approach is not to reject the worth of capability as a metric of global justice, but rather to reinforce it. A collectivist capabilitarianism shows that capability is so well suited to global development work that it can function across diverse political realities, without the ideological constraints of a liberal humanism that is widely accepted in the Global North but whose cross-cultural appeal has been far overstated by its proponents.<br>Ph. D.
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Kuchel, Suzanne. "Individualism and collectivism : a study of values and inferencing in psychotherapy." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36979.
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The field of psychotherapy is not objective. Like any social construction, it is a product of the values of the culture in which it was developed. The theories and principles that form the cornerstones of Western psychotherapy reflect a number of Western ideals and biases, one of which is individualism. As such, it is important that we examine the impact that such a bias can have on clinical judgment, particularly since so many clients come from collectivist cultures, and since inaccurate clinical decisions that derive from flawed etiologies and character assessment can have such serious repercussions.<br>The following study investigates, both qualitatively and quantitatively, how this individualistic bias in Western psychotherapy influences the clinical judgment and inference-making process. Within a Repeated Measures design, 84 graduate students provided assessments of two different clinical vignettes that were each alternated to reflect a client with either individualist or collectivist values. All participants were also asked to provide qualitative assessments of the casefiles, and a total of seven participants discussed their clinical impressions in greater depth during two different focus groups that were conducted at a later date. The focus groups were organized around four broad-based themes that were intended to clarify the study's earlier findings, and shed light on the processes underlying participants' clinical assessments.<br>Results from this study suggest that clinicians do tend to view individualism as psychologically healthier than collectivism. While the findings indicate that clinicians tend to pathologize collectivism more in men than in women, factors other than gender also appear to interact with individualism-collectivism values to impact clinical assessment. Implications of these findings, as well as proposed directions for future research within the context of this study's limitations, are discussed.
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Robinson, George Chapman. "Managers in teams: How valuing individualism or collectivism affects their participation." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1060879807.
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Friedes, Deborah Eve. "From solo to group: individualism and collectivism in 1930s modern dance." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1328806554.
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Yasin, Hina Mahboob. "Employee behavior as an image of CSR : analysing through the lens of individualism - collectivism." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1085.
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Durant des siècles, la religion a été considérée comme une entité extrêmement influente. Lentement et progressivement, les gouvernements ont pris la relève et gagné en puissance. De nos jours, quelques grandes entreprises prennent le relais (Cohen, 1988). Cependant, la recherche montre que les entreprises qui ne gèrent pas leur pouvoir de manière socialement responsable sont sanctionnées par la société (Davis, 1973). Pour cette raison, les PDG sont amenés à faire un usage intelligent et productif de leurs ressources, par le biais de la responsabilité sociale. La RSE est un phénomène important par le moyen duquel les employés acquièrent, par identification à l'entreprise, une identité sociale. Cette identification génère elle-même des comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle (OCB). Il est nécessaire de procéder à une étude approfondie de ces comportements influencés par la RSE, en tenant compte de l'approche psychologique individualiste ou collectiviste de l'employé. Nous présentons ici un modèle optimal, testé empiriquement. Les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent aux entreprises d'utiliser intelligemment leurs activités opérationnelles pour répondre à un large éventail de besoins<br>Ages ago, religion was an entity which was deemed as influentially powerful. Slowly and gradually, governments became the entities even with greater power to influence the circumstances. And now, some big corporations have taken over that power (Cohen, 1988) . Nevertheless, when power comes, along lingers responsibility. Research shows that businesses which do not handle their power in socially responsible manner, the society deprives it of that power (Davis, 1973). For this reason, CEO's now make intelligent use of their resources in order to be productive as well as socially responsible, in short they exhibit Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR is such a powerful phenomenon which enables an employee to derive his/her social identity by identifying with the firm. Employees view their self as a depiction of their firm, when their firm behaves in a socially responsible manner. This resulting identification tends to generate organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). A need resides to conduct an deep study of employee behavior influenced by CSR while considering the individualist or collectivist psychological approach of the employee. This research plays its role in configuring the resulting behavioral patterns generated from the considerate behavior of the firm. We bring forward an optimal model, which is empirically tested. The findings support this research suggesting firms to cleverly utilize its operational activities to meet a broader range of needs
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Yasin, Hina Mahboob. "Employee behavior as an image of CSR : analysing through the lens of individualism - collectivism." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1085.
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Durant des siècles, la religion a été considérée comme une entité extrêmement influente. Lentement et progressivement, les gouvernements ont pris la relève et gagné en puissance. De nos jours, quelques grandes entreprises prennent le relais (Cohen, 1988). Cependant, la recherche montre que les entreprises qui ne gèrent pas leur pouvoir de manière socialement responsable sont sanctionnées par la société (Davis, 1973). Pour cette raison, les PDG sont amenés à faire un usage intelligent et productif de leurs ressources, par le biais de la responsabilité sociale. La RSE est un phénomène important par le moyen duquel les employés acquièrent, par identification à l'entreprise, une identité sociale. Cette identification génère elle-même des comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle (OCB). Il est nécessaire de procéder à une étude approfondie de ces comportements influencés par la RSE, en tenant compte de l'approche psychologique individualiste ou collectiviste de l'employé. Nous présentons ici un modèle optimal, testé empiriquement. Les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent aux entreprises d'utiliser intelligemment leurs activités opérationnelles pour répondre à un large éventail de besoins<br>Ages ago, religion was an entity which was deemed as influentially powerful. Slowly and gradually, governments became the entities even with greater power to influence the circumstances. And now, some big corporations have taken over that power (Cohen, 1988) . Nevertheless, when power comes, along lingers responsibility. Research shows that businesses which do not handle their power in socially responsible manner, the society deprives it of that power (Davis, 1973). For this reason, CEO's now make intelligent use of their resources in order to be productive as well as socially responsible, in short they exhibit Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR is such a powerful phenomenon which enables an employee to derive his/her social identity by identifying with the firm. Employees view their self as a depiction of their firm, when their firm behaves in a socially responsible manner. This resulting identification tends to generate organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). A need resides to conduct an deep study of employee behavior influenced by CSR while considering the individualist or collectivist psychological approach of the employee. This research plays its role in configuring the resulting behavioral patterns generated from the considerate behavior of the firm. We bring forward an optimal model, which is empirically tested. The findings support this research suggesting firms to cleverly utilize its operational activities to meet a broader range of needs
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Copley, Jane. "Employee status and collectivism : a study of managerial and professional trade unionism." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603078.
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This research examines the managerial and professional status of members of three case-study unions: Nautilus International, Prospect and the Transport and Salaried Staffs' Association (TSSA). It considers the extent to which members' behaviour in these unions constitutes a shift away from the individual and towards the collective. Where these members have traditionally sought to preserve their career and livelihood by reinforcing individualism and self-interest, a definitive set of circumstances driven by labour market and workplace change has produced an unlikely materialisation in the form of collectivism. This research demonstrates how facets that have previously characterised, in existing literature, the managerial and professional worker, are undergoing something of a reconfiguration. For example, attitudes towards political neutrality, preference for a non-militant, conciliatory bargaining machinery and aversion to industrial action are changing among members of the case-study unions. This sea-change is subtle, inconspicuous, at times tentative, and by no means indicative of a large-scale transformation, and yet it is notable in terms of identifying a behavioural and attitudinal move away from what have been considered to be the 'benefits' of individualism and towards support for a collective approach. The research focuses on the roles of key actors (predominantly managerial and professional-grade members of the three unions) and analyses the scope of change to which they have been exposed, and how this has informed an inclination towards collectivism. This process discovered three key themes around which key actors were found to cohere: partnership, industrial action and political profile and affiliation. How these aspects were addressed by the three unions provide a valuable insight into the way in which these unions are sustaining resilience against a more general backdrop of trade union membership decline. The study concludes that an aggregation of economic, political and work factors have combined to produce an environment that has become conducive to collectivism among managerial and professional workers in the three case-study unions. This process, termed sub-collectivism here, is sophisticated, and is found to occur in many cases almost by default; cultivated inadvertently as this group of workers attempts to harness stability in a workplace whose complexion is increasingly comparable to that of their manual, or blue-collar, counterparts and whose precariousness is undoubtedly gathering momentum.
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Chun, Ken. "The role of cultural values in evaluating brand extensions : individualism versus collectivism." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29484.
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When launching brand extension strategies globally, It is very important for today’s brand marketers to understand the differences in those countries with high cultural diversity such as South Africa,. This research intends to investigate the role that a consumer’s cultural value plays in evaluating brand extensions, in the context of the cultural dimension of individualismcollectivism, in order to close the theoretical gap in this area.This research is quantitative and causal in nature, and used an experimental factorial design in the conduct of the research. Triandis’ scales were used in the questionnaire design, and 161 MBA students participated in the experiment at GIBS. The research results disprove that cultural values play a role in evaluating brand extensions, and there was insufficient evidence to prove that individualists differ from collectivists in evaluating brand extensions. Nevertheless, the research results found that there are some positive interaction effects between the product category relatedness and product involvement in the process of brand extension evaluations.<br>Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>unrestricted
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Schwartz, Audrey Liz. "Latinos' Collectivism and Self-Disclosure in Intercultural and Intractultural Friendships and Acquaintanceships." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/475.
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Self-disclosure is the process of sharing personal information with others and varies according to relationship intimacy, cultural norms, and personal values. Collectivism, defined as the tendency to define oneself in terms of social/cultural roles, may impact self-disclosure in intercultural relationships. The present study investigated whether Latinos/as reliably self-disclose more in intracultural versus intercultural friendships and acquaintanceships. An additional question was whether cultural variables such as collectivism, ethnic identity, and acculturation are related to self-disclosure differences. Data were collected via an online survey from internationally born Latinos and Latino Americans. Results of linear mixed effects model testing revealed that relationship type and partner ethnicity had significant relationships with self-disclosure. Higher collectivism was related to increased self-disclosure across all relationship types. Acculturation was related to self-disclosure only in the context of partner ethnicity and friendships, while ethnic identity did not demonstrate a general relationship with self-disclosure. Potential explanations for these results are discussed.
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Issa, Mamadel Bassirou. "Motivation, comportements antisociaux au travail et implication dans le travail : études dans le contexte de l'industrie minière au Niger." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21815.
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La motivation et l’implication organisationnelle occupent une place essentielle dans les stratégies et politiques de gestions des ressources humaines de toute entreprise. Elles font partie des moyens par lesquels on cherche à maximiser l’apport des membres de l’organisation et par là la réussite de cette dernière. La présente étude interculturelle, qui porte sur une entreprise minière au Niger, s’interroge sur les effets de la culture individualiste/collectiviste sur la motivation des travailleurs mais aussi sur les conséquences des comportements antisociaux au travail (CAAT). Sur la base des résultats d’études antérieures mais aussi de façon exploratoire nous avons postulé une culture collectiviste au Niger, l’expression et la valorisation de la motivation extrinsèque et enfin une baisse de la motivation, une amotivation et une baisse de l’implication dans le travail conséquemment aux CAAT. La méthodologie mise en œuvre, qui comporte des observations et entretiens, puis l’administration d’un questionnaire auprès d’une population de 350 personnes tout venant mais aussi cadres et non cadres d’une société minière, nous permet d’observer des résultats concordants et discordants avec les théories abordées. Cette population se montre collectiviste, alors que contrairement à la littérature, elle est plus motivée intrinsèquement et ne valorise pas socialement la motivation extrinsèque. En ce qui concerne les CAAT, les effets partiels - de la dégradation et/ou appropriation des biens appartenant à l’organisation, du non respect des règlements et procédures de l’organisation, des agressions physique envers une personne, des agressions psychologiques au sein de l’organisation et des contraintes imposées par l’organisation aux travailleurs- mis en évidence permettent de parler d'une démotivation mais aussi une baisse de l’implication dans le travail qui prendrait des chemins différents en fonction du contexte culturel et le statut des travailleurs<br>Motivation and work commitment play a major role in human resources strategy and policy in any workplace. They help in maximising individuals’ contributions to an organisation and so improve its success. The following inter-cultural study, carried out on a mining firm in Niger, asks examines the effects of an individualist or collectivist culture on worker motivation and on the consequences of anti-social behaviour within the workplace (CAAT). Based on pre-existing and exploratory research, the following hypothesises were made. There is in Niger a collectivist culture, with the favouring of extrinsic motivation, falling motivation, leading to a de-motivation and a reduction in work commitment provoked by CAAT. The methodology used observations and interviews followed by the completion of a questionnaire by a diverse sample of 350 people including executives and non-executives of a mining company, produced results that were both in agreement and disagreement with the theoretical hypotheses. The population is shown to be collectivist, but contrary to the literature is more intrinsically motivated and does not favour socially extrinsic motivation. The various effects of CAAT- degradation and/or theft of the organisation’s property, non-respect of rules and procedures, physical and psychological aggression towards individuals within the workplace constrains imposed by the organisation on workers- are signs of a de-motivation but also a reduction of work commitment that takes different forms depending on the cultural context and status of employees
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Frebert, Nicolas. "L’orientation culturelle comme facteur de déshumanisation : comparaison entre expression de valeurs individualistes et collectivistes." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021REN20053.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de vérifier si la perception d’humanité d’une cible varie en fonction des valeurs culturelles qu’elle exprime. En France, les valeurs dominantes correspondent, d’après un ensemble d’études de psychologie interculturelle, à des valeurs individualistes. En s’appuyant sur ces données, plusieurs études ont été mises en œuvre pour comparer les attributions d’humanité à une cible qui exprime soit des valeurs individualistes, soit des valeurs collectivistes. D’après l’hypothèse ethnocentrique, l’expression de valeurs collectivistes devrait susciter moins d’attributions d’humanité que l’expression de valeurs individualistes. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, plusieurs mesures d’attributions d’humanité ont été utilisées. Trois prétests ont notamment été réalisés en vue de valider une mesure francophone d’Unicité Humaine et de Nature Humaine via des traits de personnalité. Quatre études expérimentales ont ensuite été mises en place pour répondre à la problématique générale. Les données obtenues ne permettent pas de confirmer l’hypothèse ethnocentrique et montrent que l’expression de valeurs individualistes et collectivistes sont chacune associées à des aspects spécifiques de l’humain. Les résultats conduisent à une réflexion au sujet de la validité convergente des mesures d’attributions d’humanité et de leur capacité à s’émanciper des effets de positivité. Une discussion concernant le statut normatif des valeurs individualistes est également engagée<br>The aim of this thesis is to test whether perceived humanness of an individual depends on the cultural values he expresses. Several studies in cross-cultural psychology identified individualistic values as the dominant values in France. Based on these data, we conducted a set of research studies to compare humanness attributions to a target person that expresses either individualistic or collectivist values. According to the ethnocentric hypothesis, the expression of collectivistic values should elicit fewer attributions of humanness than the expression of individualistic values. To test this hypothesis, several measures of humanness attributions were used. Three pre-tests were conducted to validate a francophone measure of Human Uniqueness and Human Nature via personality traits. Then, four experimental studies were set up to address the ethnocentric hypothesis. The data collected did not confirm the ethnocentric hypothesis and showed that the expression of individualistic and collectivistic values are each associated with specific aspects of human being. The results lead to a reflexion about the convergent validity of measures of humanness attributions and their ability to avoid being biased by positivity effects. The normative status of individualistic values is also discussed
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Fairbrother, Dana. "Differential prediction of life satisfaction in individualistic and collectivistic cultures towards integration of personality and cultural models /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/d_fairbrother_042210.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in counseling psychology)--Washington State University, May 2010.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 29, 2010). "Department of Educational Leadership and Counseling Psychology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-45).
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Hooker, Hulya. "A comparative study of assertive behaviour in England and Turkey." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310258.
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Poplock, Stephanie Helena. "Assessing worldview orientation in people of rural Maine a dissertation /." Diss., View dissertation online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d10017343.
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Li, Jingzhong. "From balance of power to regional collectivism China and Asia-Pacific economic cooperation /." Thesis, Online version, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.420550.
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Farrehi, Angela Saghar. "Unique effects of individualism and collectivism on exposure and reactivity to daily stress." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.20 Mb., 55 p, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1037890191&Fmt=7&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Hellsing, Maria, and Linda Olsson. "Experiences of female entrepreneurs in Tanzania : A cultural comparacy between individualism and collectivism." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35072.
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Philippou, Kyriana. "Individualism-collectivism : perceptions of single second-generation Greek-Australian and Anglo-Australian adults /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09HS/09hsp552.pdf.
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Kusaka, Tomoko. "An influence of individualism-collectivism orientations on East Asian international students' college adjustment." Scholarly Commons, 1995. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2785.
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International students from East Asian countries often experience difficulties adjusting to life on American college campuses. It is hypothesized that the difference between the individualistic orientation of American culture and the collectivistic orientation of the students' home cultures is partly responsible for these adjustment difficulties. In order to understand how individualism-collectivism orientations affect college adjustment, this study addressed the following questions: (1) Is there a relationship between the individualism-collectivism orientation of East Asian international students and the level of their college adjustment? (2) Are there differences among East Asian international students in individualism-collectivism orientation based on various demographic characteristics? (3) Are there differences between the international students from East Asian countries and the international students from Western European countries in terms of individualism-collectivism orientation? A survey of 259 East Asian students and 54 Western European students was conducted. Survey instruments included the Individualism-Collectivism (INDCOL) Scale, the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ), and the Questionnaire for Demographic Data. Survey questionnaires were sent to East Asian and Western European international students at California State University, Sacramento; University of California, Davis; California State University, Stanislaus; and University of the Pacific. In order to gain a more complete understanding of students' responses, interviews were conducted with eleven Japanese students in their native language. The results showed that Western European students were actually more collectivistic than East Asian students. Among East Asian students, there were significant differences in the level of collectivism of students from different countries. East Asian international students from Japan and Hong Kong were the least collectivistic, and international students from People's Republic of China were the most collectivistic. Surprisingly, both East Asian and Western European students who were more collectivistic tended to show better college adjustment. A possible explanation may be that East Asian students who were more individualistic on the INDCOL Scale were "overshooting," i.e., trying to act like their American peers. This adaptation style seemed to create psychological problems for these international students. Recommendations for counselors and international student advisors who have contacted with East Asian students are suggested.
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Papadopoulos, Chris. "Stigma towards people with mental health problems : an individualism-collectivism cross-cultural comparison." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2009. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6253/.
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This study explored whether the cross-cultural value paradigm 'individualismcollectivism' is a useful explanatory model for mental illness stigmatisation on a cultural level. This has never before been directly investigated despite numerous clues of its potential importance in previous related literature. The paradigm asserts that in 'collectivist' cultures, people are more strongly interdependent with their in-groups, and are more likely to give priority to the goals of their in-groups than people from 'individualistic' cultures, who are instead more likely to value and desire autonomy and independence from their in-groups, and give priority to their personal goals than to their in-group goals. Three hundred and five individuals from four UK-based cultural groups (white-English, American, Greek/Greek Cypriot, and Chinese) were successfully recruited for a quantitative survey through the use of non-randomised snowball and quota sampling. Twenty-two of these individuals were later qualitatively interviewed in a one-to-one, semi-structured manner. Questions regarding where the four cultures fit within the individualism-collectivism paradigm, how acculturation affects the individualismcollectivism paradigm, what other factors explain stigmatisation, and the level of stigmatising attitudes present in these cultures, were also integrated into the methodological components in an attempt to explore these other important themes. The results partially supported the hypothesis that the paradigm can be applied to explain mental illness attitudes. Increases in the paradigm's explanatory power corresponded with a cultures' stigmatisation level. Specifically, the more stigmatising a culture's mental illness attitudes are, the more likely collectivism effectively explains these attitudes. In contrast, the more positive a culture's mental illness attitudes, the more likely individualism effectively explains attitudes. Educational level, mental illness experience, and, particularly, mental illness knowledge, were other powerful and consistent stigma explanatory factors, although the stigma affect of these and impact of other key themes were unique to each cultural group. The results also revealed that successfully acculturating to a new culture can impact on one's cultural values including levels of individualism-collectivism. The American cultural survey group held the most positive mental illness attitudes, followed by the white English group. Both groups also scored high on levels of individualism. The Greek/Greek Cypriots and Chinese held the least positive attitudes and were also found to be generally collectivistic. None of the survey groups' scores were wholly stigmatising, which suggests a positive shift towards more tolerant attitudes having taken place in recent years even in the Greek/Greek Cypriot and Chinese cultures. This is illuminating as these are traditionally particularly stigmatising cultures, which qualitative interviewees also argued. A number of important recommendations for policy and practice that aim to reduce stigma and highlight the importance of culture are proposed. These include anti-stigma campaigns needing to be culturally and linguistically appropriate and sensitive; using in-group, second-generation members of closed and collectivist communities/cultures to deliver of anti-stigmatising initiatives and; training practitioners to understand the impact of individualism-collectivism on mental health attitudes. Further, a consideration of the individualism-collectivism paradigm should be included in any future research aiming to provide a holistic understanding of the causes of mental illness stigma both on an individual and cultural level.
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Vaamonde, Juan Diego, and Alicia Omar. "Perceptions of organizational justice and ambivalent sexism: The moderating role of individualism-collectivism." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101387.
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The aim of the present study was to explore the association between perceptions of inter- personal/informational justice and ambivalent sexism among Argentinean employees, and to examine the possible role that collectivism and individualism exert on this association. Participants (128 men and 120 women) completed a battery of instruments to measure the variables of interest. Results showed that perceptions of interpersonal and informational justice were negatively associated with hostile sexism, and that, unexpectedly, perceptions of informational justice were positively associated with benevolent sexism. Vertical collectivism and vertical individualism moderated the relationships between perceptions of interpersonal justice and hostile sexism. Findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications. Suggestions for future research are provided.<br>El objetivo del estudio fue, por un lado, explorar las relaciones entre percepciones de jus- ticia interpersonal/informacional y sexismo ambivalente en empleados argentinos, y, por otro lado, examinar el posible rol que el individualismo y el colectivismo ejercen sobre tales relaciones. Los participantes (128 varones y 120 mujeres) completaron una batería de reconocidos instrumentos para medir las variables de interés. Los resultados mostraron que las percepciones de justicia interpersonal e informacional se relacionaron negativamente con sexismo hostil y que, inesperadamente, la justicia informacional se asoció positivamente con sexismo benévolo. Colectivismo vertical e individualismo vertical moderaron las rela- ciones entre justicia interpersonal y sexismo hostil. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos hallazgos. Se sugieren futuras investigaciones en el área. Palabras clave: sexismo, valores, justicia interpersonal, justicia informacional<br>O objetivo do presente estudo foi, por um lado, explorar as relações entre as percepções de justiça interpessoal/informacional e sexismo em trabalhadores argentinos, e, por outro lado, examinar o possível papel desempenhado pelo individualismo e coletivismo em tais relações. Os participantes (128 homens e 120 mulheres) completaram uma bateria de ins- trumentos reconhecidos para medir as variáveis de interesse. Os resultados mostraram que as percepções de justiça interpessoal e informacional foram negativamente relacionadas com o sexismo hostil e, inesperadamente, as percepções de justiça informacional foram positi- vamente associadas com o sexismo benevolente. O coletivismo vertical e o individualismo vertical moderaram as relações entre justiça interpersonal e sexismo hostil. Discutem-se as implicações teóricas e práticas destes resultados. Sugestões para futuras pesquisas são feitas.
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Kim, Sungmoon. "A post-confucian civil society liberal collectivism and participatory politics in South Korea /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7648.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Government and Politics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Subotzky, George Isaac. "Towards an Inclusive Democratic Educational Theory and Practice in South Africa: Mediating Individualism and Collectivism, Difference and Commonality." University of the Western Cape, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8478.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>This thesis is concerned with the definition of an inclusive democratic educational theory and practice which mediates the assumed tension between individualism and collectivism, difference and equality, and liberty and equality. In Part 1, I set out the elements of an inclusive theory of democracy and then proceed in Part 2 to examine various aspects of educational practice in the light of this. My main claim is that these assumed tensions can be mediated through the conceptualising of our composite identity in terms of the notion of dual social ontology. This refers to our two-fold identities as universal, common human beings and our multiple subjective positions as particular, different individuating beings. Together, these two aspects of our identity constitute the basis for conceptualising our simultaneous commonality and difference and for an inclusive notion of democracy. I argue further that the key to understanding the intersection of commonality and difference in social relations and institutional practices is the concept of the spheres of social relations and their constitutive meanings. The latter provide the criterion by which we can judge the appropriateness of difference or equality in that sphere or in practices which relate to it. In the light of these concepts, I trace the ideological contestation at the heart of democratic theory between liberalism and socialism. My claim is that the mutual limitations of these theories preclude constructing an inclusive theory of democracy which incorporates collective equality and individual liberty in a non-polarised way. I argue that the tension between individualism and collectivism can be mediated by analysing these cluster concepts into non-polarised simpler elements. My main contention is that only self-interested individualism, which assumes individuals as atomistic self-seekers, is necessarily in conceptual conflict with collectivism. The other two elements of individualism which I identify, namely, individuality, our universal common identity as bearers of rights, and individuation, the process of self-development through the expression of the unique difference, are shown to be compatible with collective concerns and the social view of human identity. Together, I suggest, individuality and individuation constitute our dual social ontology and the foundation for moral regard and an inclusive theory of democracy which accommodates difference and commonality. During the discussion, I draw from
several theorists who provide inclusive frameworks in terms of the social, dialogical view of human nature and identity formation and who combine contemporary concerns for pluralism and critical social transformation. I examine the conceptual link between education and democracy through the educative notion of democracy and education for democracy. Critical educational theory is explored as an exemplar of an inclusive democratic educational practice incorporating individual and collective dimensions. The dynamics of commonality and difference are traced in key aspects of the educational process, namely, moral development, learning and the relationship between authority and freedom, and with regard to the democratisation of schooling, the appropriate boundary between the spheres of education and of politics, distributive justice in education and the curriculum. I argue throughout that the discursive tool of dual social ontology, along with the concept of the spheres of social relations and their constitutive meanings, provides the conceptual framework by which these tensions can
be mediated and incorporated in an inclusive democratic educational theory and practice.
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Ho, Louis. "The effects of individualism-collectivism on brainstorming, a comparison of Canadian and Taiwanese samples." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39084.pdf.
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Ekstrand, Julian. ""A Nakedness of Mind": Gender, Individualism and Collectivism in Jack Kerouac's On the Road." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100041.
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This essay focuses on gender roles, individualism and collectivism in Jack Kerouac’s classic road-trip novel On the Road. In order to put the discussion into a meaningful context, I look at the novel from a historical perspective and examine how it relates to post-war American society. I argue that the novel is, in many ways, representative of a society existing in a field of tension between individualism and collectivism, and that its notion of individual freedom, at the time revolutionary, can be seen as retrogressive with regard to the book’s portrayal and treatment of women. The essay features a discussion of what kind of individual freedom is presented in On the Road and how this freedom relates to typical American individualism as well as American post-war societal norms, the norm of the nuclear family in particular. This is followed by a brief analysis of how the novel influenced future generations, specifically in terms of sexual liberation. This analysis introduces a discussion of the way in which women are portrayed in the book and how this portrayal both represents collective progress in post- war America—women are often described as financially independent—and a phallocentric type of individualism. I then show that this individualism is connected to an unthinking optimism which, I argue, is one of the key causes of the retrogressive view of women exemplified by the book. My study ultimately demonstrates that the novel’s notion of individualism—an individualism which was highly influential for future generations and is usually viewed as progressive—can arguably be seen as retrogressive in terms of Kerouac's representation of gender roles.
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Zhao, Jingyan. "From us to me: cultural value changes from collectivism to individualism in Chinese commercials." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35492.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Journalism and Mass Communications<br>Curtis B. Matthews<br>China’s society has been changing since 1979, when the open-door policy was implemented.
Many great events in politics, economy and culture have brought lots of diversities to the Chinese younger generation who were born after 1979. These diversities have led to a cultural value change from collectivism to individualism among this generation (Cao, 2009; Sun & Wang, 2010; Moore, 2005). Cultivation analysis theory may be appropriate to explain this phenomenon as the open-door policy allowed American and European TV programs and other media products come into China. Effective advertising should cater to its audience in order to effectively persuade them to purchase its merchandise or service (Zhang & Harwood, 2004; Chang, 2006). If the cultural value of the Chinese younger generation has changed, it may be reflected in the commercial content of successful advertisers.
This research conducted a content analysis of Chinese commercials, comparing the commercial contents in recent years to approximately ten years ago. It examined if the individualistic factors were more frequently showed in the commercials in recent years than approximately ten years ago, with the consideration to merchandise type and production place. Research results exhibited an increase of individualism revealing in Chinese commercials from approximately 2006 to 2016.
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Fernandez, Senaida. "Body image in Mexican American and white college women : the role of individualism-collectivism /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF formate. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3170273.
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De, Oliveira Thiago L. "Are Associations Between Parenting Style and Academic Achievement Moderated by Ethnicity and Individualism-Collectivism?" ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/512.
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Researchers have long been concerned in documenting the nature of associations between parenting styles and academic achievement in adolescents. Social learning theory has shown how domains such as individualism, collectivism, and ethnicity are associated with parent behavior. Research suggests compatibility between individualism and authoritative parenting and collectivism with authoritarian parenting styles, which could have critical implications in the relationship between parenting styles and academic achievement. Despite the robust research on parenting styles, no research has investigated the moderating roles of individualism and collectivism. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the associations between parenting style and academic achievement and whether some of the associations were moderated by ethnicity, individualism, and collectivism. The sample consisted of 225 parents who were recruited via an online newsletter sent by school personnel. Parenting styles were measured by the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire while individualism and collectivism variables were measured by the Self-Construal Scale. Correlation coefficients calculated the associations between parenting styles and academic achievement, while the regression analyses addressed the moderator hypotheses. Authoritative parenting had a significant positive correlation with GPA, while both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles had a significant negative correlation with GPA. Within the moderator hypotheses, neither ethnicity nor individualism and collectivism served as a significant moderator between parenting styles and GPA. These findings may inform parents and educators of the importance of parenting styles on education, beyond the explanatory power of ethnicity or value system.
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Xiao, Ge Kim J. O. "The Chinese consumers' changing value system, consumption values and modern consumption behavior." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/doctoral/XIAO_GE_36.pdf.
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Muniz, Elizabeth Jimenez. "The Role of Cultural Values in Organizational Attraction." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3855.
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The United States' (U.S.) workforce is more diverse than in previous decades in terms of race, gender, and native language (Fay, 2001). Such demographic shifts have changed how organizations attract applicants and how they motivate, reward, and retain employees (McAdams, 2001). Furthermore, organizations benefit from diversity by: (a) attracting the best talent available in the workforce (Cox, 1993), (b) increasing their product marketability to customers (Deshpande, Hoyer, & Donthu, 1986; Redding, 1982), and (c) fostering creativity, innovation, problem solving, and decision making in employees (Thomas, 1999; Thomas, Ravlin, & Wallace, 1996; Watson, Kumar, & Michaelsen, 1993). Given such benefits, organizations should attend to initiatives that facilitate the attraction of applicants from diverse backgrounds. Research has demonstrated that applicants use information about human resource systems, such as rewards, to form judgments about the perceived fit between them and the organization (Bretz & Judge, 1994; Schneider, 1987). For instance, organizations with policies accommodating work and family issues attract applicants preferring such benefits. Because reward systems influence applicants' opinions about the relative attractiveness of organizations (Lawler, 2000), it is important to determine the factors that influence such preferences. Motivation theories, such as the Theory of Reasoned Action, suggest that preferences toward reward systems are guided by individuals' values (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Vroom, 1964). Such values, in turn, cause differences in reward preferences and organizational attraction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation of individuals' cultural values to the attraction of organizations offering different kinds of reward systems. More specifically, it sought to test three hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 predicted that there would be a two-way interaction between collectivism and the type of organization on organizational attraction. Hypothesis 2 predicted that there would be a two-way interaction between individualism and the type of organization on organizational attraction. Hypothesis 3 predicted that there would be a positive relation between collectivism and subjective norms used in organizational attraction. To test the three hypotheses, data from 228 participants were analyzed to evaluate their level of attractiveness to two different types of organizations (i.e., career-oriented vs. family-oriented). Findings for the test of Hypothesis 1 indicated that there was a joint effect between collectivism and the type of organization on organizational attraction. The slopes of the regression lines for each type of organization (i.e., family-oriented and career-oriented) differed as a function of collectivism. The slope of the regression line for the family-oriented organization was steeper than the slope of the regression line for the career-oriented organization. Results for the test of Hypothesis 2 indicated a joint effect between individualism and the type of organization on organizational attraction. The slopes of the regression lines for each type of organization (i.e., family-oriented and career-oriented) differed as a function of individualism. The slope of the regression line for the career-oriented organization was steeper than the slope of the regression line for the family-oriented organization. Findings for the test of Hypothesis 3 showed that collectivism was related to subjective norms. Results indicated that the more collective the individual, the higher the subjective norms. In addition, supplementary analysis showed that individualism was not related to subjective norms. Taken together, results from the tests of the three hypotheses support components of the Theory of Reasoned Action, and the premise that values are a factor related to an individual's attraction to a particular organization. The current study showed that the cross-cultural values of individualism and collectivism help predict organizational attraction. Based on these results, practical implications, contributions to theory, study limitations, and future research are discussed for designing organizational attraction strategies for a culturally diverse workforce.<br>Ph.D.<br>Department of Psychology<br>Sciences<br>Psychology PhD
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Lin, Tzu-Yuan. "Traditional collective values and imported individualistic concepts collide in Taiwan : how does the grandparent-grandchild relationship change?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8872.
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Care for old people is a particular concern in ageing societies. In Taiwan, traditional collective cultures encourage collective practice, including informal family care of elderly people. However, social change is modifying traditional values and behaviours, leading some commentators identify a western style of individualism on this change. This thesis explores how Taiwanese young adult grandchildren and their grandparents interpret ’collectivism’ and ‘individualism’ and think about or draw on these value systems in familial interactions. This was achieved through in-depth individual interviews with 20 pairs of college-aged grandchildren and their grandparents living in different locations and family households. The research questions mainly focus on three areas. Firstly, how perceptions of the role, and the attached expectations of being a grandchild construct contemporary grandchildren’s understandings of their orientations to their families. Secondly, how grandchildren interpret traditional and what they understand imported individualistic value systems and how these operate on personal and family lives. Lastly, how the two generations, grandparents and grandchildren, perceive transformation of Taiwanese society and family, particularly their views of the effects of domestic-demographics and wider structural changes on the grandparent-grandchild relationship over time. How grandchildren viewed collectivism and individualism and reported their behaviours towards the grandparent generation was both as expected in terms of the results of previous research and contained some unexpected outcomes. According to the interviewees, being more individualistic is responsible for causing distance between family members, whereas possessing more collective perspectives encourages more communal considerations for common benefit. However, grandchild informants acknowledged benefits of individualistic concepts and use them to rationalise intergenerational flows that do not follow tradition, arguing that personal considerations themselves are able to contribute more collective practices. Interestingly, the expressed views of the grandchild generation reverse commonly perceived negative impacts of individualistic concepts on collective interests. Critically, the youth in Taiwan still regards themselves as being primarily guided by collective-based doctrines, by indicating how traditional Chinese values are still prioritised. Meanwhile, the concepts of individualism are placed as complementary principles by the grandchildren, although they and their grandparents had identified some negative effects of individualistic-led tendencies in their society and families.
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Schroeder, Jennifer. "The Impact of Paternalism and Organizational Collectivism in Multinational and Family-owned Firms in Turkey." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3336.
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This correlational study examined the influences of paternalistic leadership behavior (PL) and organizational collectivism (measured at the employee level) on employee reported LMX, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) in two types of organizations (family-owned firms and multinational organizations) in Turkey. Survey data were collected from (N = 154) employees in family-owned and (N = 159) employees in multinational firms (MNCs). Employees in family-owned firms reported significantly higher levels of PL, organizational collectivism, LMX, and OCBs. Further examination revealed additional differences by organization type, with the family-owned sample showing no significant relationships between study variables and OCBs, in contrast to positive relationships in the MNC sample. Education level was negatively related to PL, LMX, and job satisfaction in the family-owned sample, while the MNC sample showed positive relationships with education and all 5 study variables (PL, organizational collectivism, LMX, job satisfaction and OCBs). Organizational collectivism was found to have a moderating effect on the relationships between LMX and job satisfaction and job satisfaction and OCBs in the multinational sample, while no effect was found in the family-owned sample. For the LMX -- job satisfaction relationship, at low levels of LMX, organizational collectivism has no effect on job satisfaction, while when LMX was high, greater organizational collectivism was associated with greater job satisfaction. For the job satisfaction -- OCB relationship, at low levels of job satisfaction, the organizational level of collectivism greatly influenced OCB frequency (higher collectivism was associated with higher OCBs), while little difference was evident when job satisfaction was high. The implications of these findings for both theory and future research are discussed.
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Stephens, Bradley Alan. "Understanding the Tea Party Response to Local Environmental Initiatives: A Conflict Between Individualism and Collectivism." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71307.
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The Tea Party movement became a significant political force in American politics in 2009. Soon after their arrival on the national scale, this movement turned its attention to environmental policymaking. In particular, it spurred a strong opposition to local sustainable development initiatives. While this conflict has run its course in most places, it remains an example of the type of opposition future environmental or sustainability work may face. This three-part study is focused on determining the extent and nature of this opposition with particular emphasis on how it reflected the broader conflict between individualism and collectivism. First, we analyzed general interest in the topics associated with the opposition using media interest and internet search trends. Next, we evaluated what was driving this opposition through rhetoric analysis of local Tea Party organizations from across the country. This helped uncover several of the predominant themes in the opposition, including a belief in American Exceptionalism, concern over our system of Governance and a strong preference for individualism. Lastly, we conducted a case study of the conflict in Roanoke, VA. This allowed us to map out the specifics of one segment of the broader conflict and explore the driving themes further. The results of all three parts point to a substantial, but diffuse, opposition that was driven in no small part by a preference for individualism. This work demonstrates that individualism can be used as a lens through which a fuller understanding of this, and future, opposition of environmental legislation may be generated.<br>Master of Science
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Williams, S. Alicia. "Collectivism, Individualism, and Interprofessional Education: A Comparison of Faculty Across Five Academic Health Sciences Colleges." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3823.
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Collaborative practice among interprofessional groups of health care providers is essential to the provision of safe and effective medical care. However, health professions training programs have not traditionally prepared students for interprofessional practice. One challenge in transforming health professions education programs has been a limited number of faculty prepared to teach students in an interprofessional learning environment. Thus, faculty development programs aimed at preparing faculty to provide interprofessional learning experiences across disciplines are increasingly important. Unfortunately, best practice in training faculty for interprofessional education programs is not well-defined.
Interprofessional education faculty development programs should aim to train faculty to model and teach interprofessional education competencies, including collaboration; however, a faculty member’s culture orientation may impact their collaborative skills. Of the four subscales of the Individualism-Collectivism Scale, horizontal collectivism is the subscale most aligned with collaborative team-based competencies. Few, if any, studies have examined culture orientation in academic health science faculty. The current study explored culture orientation in academic health science faculty across five colleges at a southern university. Comparisons were made on each of the four Individualism-Collectivism subscales between academic health science faculty who had attended and had not attended an interprofessional education faculty development program. Also, comparisons were made by faculty members’ status as a first-generation student, type of courses taught, and gender. Correlations between scores on each subscale and years of teaching in higher education were also examined.
Results indicated that the faculty members who had attended the interprofessional education faculty development program were significantly higher in horizontal collectivism than faculty who had not attended this program. Also, faculty who taught clinical courses were higher in vertical individualism than faculty who taught nonclinical courses. Implications for interprofessional practice, education, and faculty development are discussed, and recommendations for future research and practice are made.
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Chang, Jiu. "Pay Referent Selection in an International Context: The Role of East Asian versus Western Collectivism." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/38420.
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Business Administration<br>Ph.D.<br>The study used U.S. and Chinese samples of Host Country Nationals (HCNS) to examine the pay referent selection process of HCNs in multinational enterprises (MNES). Given that previous research on HCNS pay comparison was based on Western-born social comparison theories, the study first addressed the question of the generalizability of these theories in non-Western settings. By replicating Yuck (2003)'S study, the study confirmed the conceptualization of East Asian vs. Western collectivism: individuals from different cultures engage in different social identity processes in an intergroup context. Specifically, the Chinese sample exhibited more ingroup sociometric knowledge about their ingroups than the U.S. sample, and sociometric knowledge was significantly correlated to ingroup loyalty and identity. It indicated a relationship-based ingroup identification with an intragroup focus--East Asian collectivism. Meanwhile, the U.S. sample exhibited more perceived ingroup homogeneity about their ingroups than the Chinese sample, and ingroup homogeneity was significantly correlated to ingroup loyalty and identity. It indicated a category-based ingroup identification with an intergroup focus--Western collectivism.
Recognizing the role of national culture in social identity processes, and based on the distinction between East Asian and Western collectivism, the paper predicted that people from different cultures differ in the type of comparison they engage in when the outgroup is salient, and thus the national culture of HCNS moderates the effect of the salience of expatriate outgroup on pay referent selection in MNEs. Specifically, collectivist culture's strong intragroup orientation (East Asian collectivism) will lead HCNs from these cultures to make intragroup pay comparisons with HCNs working for other foreign companies. Individualist culture's strong intergroup orientation (Western collectivism) will lead HCNs from these cultures to make intergroup pay comparisons with the salient expatriate outgroup. Results of regression analysis support the predictions of different pay referent selection for the U.S. and Chinese samples. Theoretical and managerial implications of the study were discussed.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Fauziah, Noordin. "Individualism-collectivism in organisational and career commitment: A study of managers in Australia and Malaysia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1999. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/106896/1/T%28BS%29%20207%20Individualism-collectivism%20in%20organisational%20and%20career%20commitment%20a%20study%20of%20managers%20in%20Australia%20and%20Malaysia.pdf.
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One of the major issues that many organisations will face in the coming years is the management of increasing diversity in the workforce. Understanding the influence of individualism-collectivism on organisational and career commitment, organisational value types, and general satisfaction of managers in different cultures may allow
organisations to effectively manage the intra- and intercultural differences present in a culturally diverse workforce. The influence of individualism-collectivism on organisational and career commitment, organisational value types and general satisfaction were examined in two cultures (Malaysia and Australia) by a survey methodology. Three
studies were conducted. Study 1 was to develop semantically equivalent measures in English and Malay languages. Four bilinguals performed the translation, back-translation
and decentering procedures for the 15 measures. Study 2 was to ensure that the reliabilities of the measures were comparable across the two culture groups. Reliability
analysis indicated that the internal consistencies were acceptable for all the measures, and that the reliabilities were similar across the two groups. Modifications of the
questionnaires for the main study were made. Study 3 was the main study. Twenty-eight organisations participated in the main study and a total of 323 managers voluntarily
participated in the survey. Tests of invariance confirm that each of the 15 measures were invariant. Cross-cultural t-test results revealed that Malaysian managers were
higher on vertical individualism, horizontal and vertical collectivism, continuance and normative organisational commitment, whereas Australian managers were higher on
career resilience and general satisfaction. The multiple regressions analyses revealed several unexpected results. Vertical allocentric managers in Malaysia have significant
positive effects on continuance commitment whereas horizontal allocentrics managers have a significant positive relationship with career planning commitment. Vertical
idiocentrics managers in Australia showed a significant positive relationships with normative commitment whereas horizontal allocentrics managers have a significant
positive relationships with general satisfaction. Horizontal allocentrics in both Malaysia and Australia have significant positive relationships with career identity commitment. The
research findings are discussed in relation to the literature. Implications and recommendations for the future research are presented.
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Glaser-Segura, Daniel A. (Daniel Armand). "The Influence of Interorganizational Trust, Individualism and Collectivism, and Superordinate Goal of JIT/TQM on Interorganizational Cooperation: An Exploratory Analysis of Institutions in Mexico." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278619/.
Full textAbstract:
Since their introduction to the United States from Japan in the 1980s, inter-organizational cooperation practices between buyers and suppliers have provided lower costs, shorter development and production cycles, and higher levels of quality and productivity. Many studies of interorganizational cooperation have relied on transaction cost economicsframeworks,which ignore cultural differences. Few studies have analyzed inter-organizational cooperation in Mexico, a less-developed country (LDC) with a cultural and industrial environment differentfromthe U.S. This study is concerned with the influence of interorganizational trust, individualism and collectivism (indcol), and the superordinate goal ofjust-in-time/total quality management (JIT/TQM) on inter-organizational cooperation.
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Knutson, Ruth. "Discipling individuals in collectivist cultures a healthy biblical tension /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
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au, psnider@central murdoch edu, and Paul Dabney Snider. "Exploring the Relationships between Individualism and Collectivism and Attitudes towards Counselling among Ethnic Chinese, Australian, and American University Students." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040430.140708.
Full textAbstract:
Exploring the Relationships Between Individualism and Collectivism and Attitudes Towards Counselling Among Ethnic Chinese, Australian, and American University Students Compensating for reduced public funding, Australian and American universities actively recruit full-fee paying East Asian international students. University staff, aware of international students having difficulties coping with cultural and emotional issues, often encourage them to seek university counselling services. However, East Asian international students under-utilise Western universities counselling services.
It has been argued that the Western concept of counselling reflects Western cultural values, in particular individualism. Thus the reluctance of international students from more collectivistic cultures to seek counselling services may in part be due to a clash of cultural values. Over a decade ago, Draguns hypothesised the existence of a relationship between Hofstedes cultural dimensions of individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity, and their influence on individuals attitudes towards psychopathology and treatment modalities. The current study sought to offer empirical support for Draguns hypothesis as it related to individualism and power distance, and to attitudes towards counselling. In place of Hofstedes cultural dimensions, this study used the Triandis cultural concepts of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism.
Using the Triandis Individualism Collectivism Scale (ICS) and the Tinsley Expectations about Counseling-Brief Form (EAC-B)questionnaire, the current study explores the relationship between levels of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism, and attitudes towards the roles of counsellors, the roles of clients, and the process and goals of counselling. The research is based on data collected from three cultural groups: ethnic Chinese international students attending Australian universities, and Australian and American university students enrolled in their home countries.
This study is unusual in cross-cultural research owing to its use of the Rasch extended logistic model of modern item response theory (IRT) as a means of validating the data prior to standard statistical analysis. Whereas classical test theory emphasises the model fitting the data, the Rasch model of IRT requires that the data fit the model to be considered valid. Psychometric analysis of the ICS found its four scales separately fit the Rasch model quite well, as did three modified scales of the EAC-B.
The IRT analysis also provided a means of identifying differential item functioning (DIF), that is, items functioning differently (demonstrating bias) among
the three cultural groups.
Using the EAC-B to collect pre and post-intervention data, the current study assessed the effectiveness of a videotape intervention as a means of changing within and between-group attitudes towards counselling. It was anticipated that ethnic Chinese participants, representing the group with the least familiarity with counselling, would show the greatest change in counselling attitudes as a result of the intervention. Americans were expected to show the least change, and Australian participants to be in the middle position. Based on the findings, the intervention did not significantly alter the participants attitudes towards counselling regardless of their cultural background. Overall, the intervention served to strengthen existing attitudes.
Lastly as a means of gaining a deeper understanding of the quantitative findings, the study collected qualitative data from the participants and from university counsellors. These findings indicated that there was a general lack of knowledge about university counselling services even among those participants who were familiar with counselling as a concept. Participants, in general, expressed reservations about seeking counselling due to concerns of being seen by friends. This was particularly true for the Chinese. Chinese participants also expressed scepticism towards a non-Chinese counsellors ability to understand their problems.
In reference to Draguns hypothesis, overall the findings from this study supported his model. The findings indicated that individuals endorsing collectivistic attitudes expressed a strong preference for counsellors who were direct, expert-like, and helped clients seek concrete solutions to their problems. The study also found that an individuals expressions of cultural dimensions, such as vertical collectivism, were better predictors of counsellor preference than an individuals cultural background.
These findings have implications for university policy makers who are responsible for ensuring the existence of an infrastructure capable of meeting the needs of the international students they so actively recruit. This would include appropriate funding for an adequate and diverse counselling staff extending itself to the university community. There are also implications for counsellor education programs in recognising the link between cultural variables and client expectations.
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Markskog, David. "Vi i individualismens samhälle? : En studie över fackföreningsorganisationens ställning i det individualistiska samhället." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44511.
Full textAbstract:
In Sweden, the labour movement historically had influenced both society and politics. In recent times, it is considered a change in society with a stronger employer party while the unions weakened by reduced unionisation. This study aims to highlight the presence of individualistic and collectivistic approaches to the labour market in relation to union density. The different approaches are investigated in the labour market by means of a quantitative survey. The study's survey items are workers in the timber industry. The study results indicate that the study's workers union level corresponding national average. The decline in union membership also includes the study workers. The study results also show that younger workers are less susceptible to join unions. The results do not reject the existence of individualistic approach, but demonstrates predominantly collectivistic approach among the study's workers. The study results can be understood from the trade organization's historically strong position in the industry. The employees' strong collective approach emphasizes the union's continued relevance to the labour market.