Relevant bibliographies by topics / Collingham Formation (South Africa)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Collingham Formation (South Africa)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Collingham Formation (South Africa)"

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Baiyegunhi, Christopher, and Kuiwu Liu. "Sedimentary facies, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 748–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0256.

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Abstract The stratigraphy of the Ecca Group has been subdivided into the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, Ripon, and Fort Brown Formations in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. In this article, we present detailed stratigraphic and facies analyses of borehole data and road-cut exposures of the Ecca Group along regional roads R67 (Ecca Pass), R344 (Grahamstown-Adelaide), R350 (Kirkwood-Somerset East), and national roads N2 (Grahamstown-Peddie) and N10 (Paterson-Cookhouse). Facies analysis of the Ecca Group in the study area was performed to deduce their depositional environments. Based on the lithological and facies characteristics, the stratigraphy of the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, and Fort Brown Formations is now subdivided into two informal members each, while the Ripon Formation is subdivided into three members. A total of twelve lithofacies were identified in the Ecca Group and were further grouped into seven distinct facies associations (FAs), namely: Laminated to thin-bedded black-greyish shale and mudstones (FA 1); Laminated black-greyish shale and interbedded chert (FA 2); Mudstone rhythmite and thin beds of tuff alternation (FA 3); Thin to thick-bedded sandstone and mudstone intercalation (FA 4); Medium to thick-bedded dark-grey shale (FA 5); Alternated thin to medium-bedded sandstone and mudstone (FA 6); and Varved mudstone rhythmite and sandstone intercalation (FA 7). The FAs revealed gradually change of sea-level from deep marine (FA 1, FA 2, FA 3 and FA 4, FA 5, and FA 6) to prodelta environment (FA 7). This implies that the main Karoo Basin was gradually filling up with Ecca sediments, resulting in the gradual shallowing up of the water depth of the depositional basin.
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Black, D. E., P. W. K. Booth, and M. J. de Wit. "Petrographic, geochemical and petro-physical analysis of the Collingham Formation near Jansenville, Eastern Cape, South Africa – potential cap rocks to shale gas in the Karoo." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 1 (March 2016): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.1.171.

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Geel, C., S. Nolte, and E. M. Bordy. "Geomechanical properties of the Permian black shales in the southern main Karoo Basin: lessons from compositional and petrophysical studies." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 735–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0026.

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Abstract Permian black shales from the lower Ecca Group of the southern main Karoo Basin (MKB) have a total organic carbon (TOC) of up to ~5 wt% and have been considered primary targets for a potential shale gas exploration in South Africa. This study investigates the influence of shale composition, porosity, pressure (P) and temperatures (T) on their geomechanical properties such as compressive strength and elastic moduli. On average, these lower Ecca Group shales contain a high proportion, ~50 to 70 vol%, of mechanically strong minerals (e.g., quartz, feldspar, pyrite), ~30 to 50 vol% of weak minerals (e.g., clay minerals, organic matter) and ~0 to 50 vol% of intermediate minerals (e.g., carbonates), which have highly variable mechanical strength. Constant strain rate, triaxial deformation tests (at T ≤100°C; P ≤50 MPa) were performed using a Paterson-type high pressure instrument. Results showed that the Prince Albert Formation is the strongest and most brittle unit in the lower Ecca Group in the southern MKB followed by the Collingham and then the Whitehill Formation. Compressive strength and Young’s moduli (E) increase with increasing hard mineral content and decrease with increasing mechanically weak minerals and porosity. On comparison with some international shales, for which compositional and geomechanical data were measured using similar techniques, the lower Ecca Group shales are found to be geomechanically stronger and more brittle. This research provides the foundation for future geomechanical and petrophysical investigations of these Permian Ecca black shales and their assessment as potential unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the MKB.
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February, ED C. "Rainfall Reconstruction Using Wood Charcoal from Two Archaeological Sites in South Africa." Quaternary Research 42, no. 1 (July 1994): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1057.

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AbstractMajor components of most southern African archaeological sites are stone, bone, and charcoal. A new technique for climate reconstruction utilizes measurements of vessel size and frequency in the cross-sectional xylem anatomy of archaeological charcoal from Collingham Shelter and Mhlwazini Cave in the Natal Drakensberg. Previous wood anatomical studies have shown that links exist among vessel diameter, vessel frequency and climate. The present study demonstrates that in relation to rainfall, vessel diameter in the species Protea caffra and Protea roupelliae correlated positively, whereas vessel frequency correlated negatively. In P. roupelliae, mean vessel diameter increases from 46 to 62 μm along a rainfall gradient ranging from 760 to 1665 mm. The significant correlations between rainfall and tangential vessel diameter for a charred sample of P. roupelliae suggest that such measures on an archaeological charcoal sample may be used to reconstruct rainfall patterns through time. Using nine assemblages of archaeological charcoal, generalized patterns of wetter and drier periods can be postulated. Comparison with contemporary values indicates that at 200 and 2400 yr B.P. the area near the archaeological sites was wetter than at present. A dry phase occurred between 1300 and 300 yr B.P. Values for the contemporary wood sample are the lowest observed, indicating that present conditions are much drier than those at any time within the last ca. 2000 yr. Dating resolution however, is insufficient to allow more-detailed interpretation of rainfall conditions over the past 2000 yr.
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Claassen, D. "The lithostratigraphy of the Riverton Formation, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 121, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.121.0028.

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BORDY, E. M., and R. PREVEC. "LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE EMAKWEZINI FORMATION (KAROO SUPERGROUP), SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 118, no. 3 (September 2015): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.3.307.

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BORDY, E. M., and P. ERIKSSON. "LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE ELLIOT FORMATION (KAROO SUPERGROUP), SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 118, no. 3 (September 2015): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.3.311.

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BROWNING, C., and D. L. ROBERTS. "LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE WITZAND FORMATION (SANDVELD GROUP), SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 118, no. 3 (September 2015): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.3.317.

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Cole, D. I., M. R. Johnson, and M. O. Day. "Lithostratigraphy of the Abrahamskraal Formation (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 2 (June 2016): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.2.415.

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Browning, C., and C. R. Penn-Clarke. "Lithostratigraphy of the Floriskraal Formation (Witteberg Group), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 2 (June 2016): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.2.425.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Collingham Formation (South Africa)"

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Black, Dawn Ebony. "Stratigraphic characterisation of the Collingham formation in the context of shale gas from a borehole (SFT 2) near Jansenville, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021148.

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This study is an extensive lithological, petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical description of fresh Collingham Formation core samples collected from borehole SFT 2, located on the farm Slangfontein, south of Jansenville in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The borehole, drilled to 295 m on the northerly limb of a shallow westerly plunging syncline, intersected the lower Ecca Group rocks of the Ripon, Collingham, Whitehill and Prince Albert Formations and terminated in the upper Dwyka Group. A comprehensive log and stratigraphic column were compiled for the Collingham Formation and fresh core samples were analysed using X-Ray Diffraction (“XRD”), X-Ray Fluorescence (“XRF”), mercury porosimetry, and Total Organic Carbon (“TOC”). Thin section microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (“SEM”) analyses were carried out on selected samples of core from borehole SFT 2. The matrix supported, massive to laminated lithological units of the Collingham Formation are interpreted as detrital, terrigenous sediments. These sediments are composed of intercalated fine-grained, poorly sorted, non-fissile mudstone; fine- to very fine-grained, predominantly pyroclastic airfall tephra; and less common fine-grained sandstones. Sediments of the Collingham Formation are considered to be immature, composed primarily of clay and aluminosilicates. The predominance of a clay fraction and aluminosilicates in mudstone samples is indicated by elevated K2O/Al2O3 ratio values, and the relationship of Zr, Al2O3 and TiO2. The presence of glauconite within the Collingham Formation indicates deposition in a mildly alkaline, slightly reducing marine environment. Rb/K ratio values (1.9 – 2.3 x 10-3) indicate brackish to slightly marine conditions, while low Zr/Rb ratio values indicate a low hydro-energy environment, with stable bottom water conditions. Hf and Nb concentrations indicate that detrital input was greatest during the deposition of tuffaceous units; while stable mineral assemblages and a low Fe2O3/K2O ratio values indicate deposition close to the source. A variation in Si/Ca values indicate times when sediments were affected by turbidity, interspersed with times of relative quiescence. The predominance of K2O over Na2O indicates that the Collingham Formation is alkali-rich, while SiO2/Al2O3 ratio values and the relationship of Zr, Al2O3 and TiO2 indicate that sediments are immature. In the lower portion of the formation, non-sulphidic, anoxic conditions are indicated by Mn/Al, V/(V+Ni), V/Cr ratio values, the Fe-Mn- V content, and the correlation between V and TOC. The upper portion of the formation is considered dysoxic, due to the presence and distribution of pyrite framboids, which indicate a fluctuating O2 level, likely indicating deposition at the interface between anoxic and slightly more oxic conditions. V/Cr ratio values indicate that the O2 regime was lowest during the deposition of the mudstones. The Chemical Index of Alteration (“CIA”) indicates a consistent weathering regime throughout the deposition of the Collingham Formation, associated with a temperate climate on the interface between glacial and tropical conditions. Although an anoxic and low hydro-energy environment is generally favourable for hydrocarbon accumulation, the Collingham Formation contains low levels of Total Organic Carbon (well below 0.9 per cent) and low porosities (ranging from 0.35 per cent to a maximum of 2.22 per cent), both of which are characteristic of a poor source for gas accumulation. Due to the laminate nature, permeability and fracturability of the Collingham Formation, there is the potential that the formation may form a good sealing sequence to the potentially gas-rich Whitehill Formation below. The metamorphic impact related to the Cape Orogeny (± 250 Ma), and reflected in the textures of the minerals making up the sediments of the Collingham Formation, suggests the enhancement in the sealing efficiency of this formation.
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Ferreira, Janine Connie. "Characterization of potential source rocks of the Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham formations in the Laingsburg sub-basin, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4337.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The present research deals with the characterization of the Lower Ecca Group in terms of sedimentology, mineralogy and organic geochemistry. A field study was conducted in order to characterize the sedimentology and thereby determine the environments of deposition of the Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham Formations. In addition, shale samples were subjected to geochemical and mineralogical analyses so as to ascertain its source rock properties. The study utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis to determine the mineralogy and organic geochemistry of shale from the formations under investigation. The sedimentological investigation revealed that the upper Prince Albert Formation is dominated by shale with thin beds of carbonate. These shales are interpreted to have been deposited by suspension settling in a marine environment which was occasionally interrupted by deposition of carbonates that form in a shallow marine environment. The overlying Whitehill Formation consists predominantly of carbonaceous shale with relatively more resistant shale beds also present. The fine sediments are interpreted to have been deposited from suspension settling under anoxic bottom conditions which would favor the preservation of organic rich material. Deposition of the Whitehill Formation was followed by the Collingham Formation which is dominated by rhythmic deposits of shale and sandstone that are occasionally interrupted by tuff layers. The clay size sediments are interpreted to have been deposited from suspension settling which are interbedded with low density turbidite current deposits in a marine environment. Based on the findings of the field study, it is apparent that the Prince Albert and Collingham Formations were deposited in marine environments, with the Whitehill Formation being deposited in an anoxic environment. These environments are known to be dominated by phytoplanktonic organisms and algal debris, and as such shales deposited in these environments contain predominantly Type I (derived from algae) and II kerogen (derived from plankton). It can therefore be postulated that Type I and II kerogens are the dominant constituents of organic matter in the Lower Ecca Group shales. Mineralogically, the shales consist chiefly of kaolinite, smectite and illite clay minerals, which are derived from a combination of weathering of feldspars, and the alteration of other clay minerals. The latter being inferred from the existence of albite in all the studied shale samples, pyroclastic material observed in the field, as well as the occurrence of alteration along clay mineral edges.
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Campbell, Stuart Alexander. "The Ecca type section (Permian, South Africa) : an outcrop analogue study of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018199.

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The Karoo Basin of South Africa holds an estimated 906 billion to 11 trillion cubic meters of unconventional shale gas within the shales of the Whitehill and Collingham formations of the Ecca Group. Evaluation of this potential resource has been limited due to the lack of exploration and a scarcity of existing drill core data. In order to circumnavigate this problem this study was undertaken to evaluate the potential target horizons exposed in outcrops along the southern portion of the Karoo Basin, north of Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape Province. Detailed field logging was done on the exposed Whitehill and Collingham formations as well as a possible conventional sandstone (turbidite) reservoir, the Ripon Formation, along road cuttings of the Ecca Pass. Palaeocurrent data, jointing directions and fossil material were also documented. Samples were analysed for mineralogy, porosity, permeability, and total organic carbon content (TOC). The extensively weathered black shales of the Whitehill Formation contain a maximum TOC value of 0.9% and the Collingham Formation shales contain a maximum TOC value of 0.6%. The organic lithic arkose sandstones of the Ripon Formation are classified as ‘tight rock’ with an average porosity of 1% and an average permeability of 0.05 mD. The Whitehill Formation in the southern portion of the Karoo Basin has experienced organic matter loss due to low grade metamorphism as well as burial to extreme depths, thus reducing shale gas potential. The Ripon Formation is an unsuitable conventional reservoir along the southern basin boundary due to extensive cementation and filling of pore spaces.
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Ashton, Eugéne Mark. "The historiography of the formation of the Union of South Africa." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03102010-183227.

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Lester, Alan John. "Conceptualizing social formation : producing a textbook on South Africa." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021574/.

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The ultimate goal of the thesis is the construction of a text, appropriate for student use, on South Africa's social and spatial formation. The first part of the thesis is the most lengthy. It is a sophisticated account of South Africa's historical geography since 1652. This is written in an academic style, not for students, but for a learned readership, and contains some original insights. In itself, it represents an innovative contribution to the literature on South Africa's social development. The second part is a review of existing texts on South Africa's history and geography, written purposefully for students. These texts are subjected to a critique with content and coverage being the main criteria. The third part is an investigation of theoretical issues concerning the relationship between readers, particularly student readers, and texts. It seeks to formulate guidelines for the writing of a student text and the devising of learning activities which are appropriate for learners. In a brief conclusion, attention is paid to the ways in which the original aims have been manifested in a student text, included in the thesis as an appendix. Although this text is another lengthy treatment of South Africa's social and spatial formation, this time it is written for an intended student readership. It draws on the content deemed appropriate in the sophisticated text of Part One, seeks to overcome the weaknesses identified in current student texts in Part Two, and is written in a style, appropriate for students, suggested by Part Three. It also contains student activities devised in the theoretical context introduced in Part Three. The text is deemed to be a significant advance on previously published History and Geography educational materials.
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Moodley, Jason Anthony. "Petrogenesis of the Bysteek and Koenap Formation Migmatites, Central Namaqualand." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001574.

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The Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Bysteek and Koenap Formations of the Arribees Group are exposed within a NW-SE striking antiformal structure comprised of mafic granulites and metapelitic diatexites, and a number of marble and calc-silicate rock layers. The mafic granulites of the Bysteek Formation show a typological variety of anatectic features, including nebulitic, stromatitic mesosomes, melanosomes, quartz syenitic leucocratic vein networks and syenitic pools. Melanosomes consist of hedenbergitic to diopside-rich clinopyroxene (XMg: 0.40), anorthitic plagioclase (An90), with some quartz, minor apatite and titanite. Anatexis was caused by biotite dehydration melting and formed a melt of probably granitic composition. The leucosome composition ranges from either alkali-feldspar-granitic to plagioclase rich or granitic. This variation is interpreted as a result of variable extraction of melt from the source to granitic pools. The diatexites of the Koenap Formation are most likely of metapelitic or meta-greywacke origin. They are texturally variable but always contain high modal contents of alkali feldspar and quartz which generally form magmatic textures. Almandine-rich garnet (XMg: 0.18-0.25), cordierite (XMg: 0.71) form secondary biotite, sillimanite and magnetite during retrograde breakdown. Thermodynamic modelling of mafic granulite compositions suggests peak P-T conditions of ~865 °C and 8.6 kbar. Occasionally, garnet rich in ferric iron (XAdr: 0.55) forms by plagioclase-clinopyroxene breakdown under oxidising conditions at ~6 kilobar and ~ 800 °C. At the same stage amphibole forms in some melanosomes. P-T estimations for the diatexites based on thermodynamic modelling suggest the equilibration of the assemblage garnet, cordierite, alkali feldspar and melt at ~860 °C and 5.5 kbar. Conditions comparable to the peak pressure in the mafic granulites could not be established. However, since the diatexites and the mafic granulites are closely related in the field and no evidence of juxtaposition after the thermal peak exists, the P-T record of the diatexites might be incomplete
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Busakwe, Nolukholo Sinovuyo. "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Msikaba formation in KwaZulu Natal South Coast, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2501.

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The Msikaba Formation is a Late Devonian fluvial and marine succession which outcrops from Hibberdene to Port Edward along the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The Formation is composed of brownish conglomerate at the bottom and white-greyish quartz arenite sequence in the middle and mixed quartz-arenite with feldspathic sandstone in the upper sequence. Previous studies put more emphasis on the correlation of Msikaba Formation with the Natal Group and Cape Supergroup, whereas this study revised the stratigraphy, and also put new insight on the petrography, sedimentary facies, depositional environments and diagenesis of the Formation. The total stratigraphic section attains a thickness of 184 m at Margate area and 186 m at Port Edward area. The stratigraphy of Msikaba Formation is well exposed on the outcrops along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline. The stratigraphy is subdivided into 4 new members along Margate to Shelly beach section; namely Manaba Member, Uvongo Member, Mhlangeni Member and Shelly Beach Member from bottom upward. Twelve sedimentary facies were identified and the sedimentary facies were integrated into 4 facies association: Facies association 1 (Gmm+Sm) represents braided fluvial deposits, Facies association 2 (Gcm+St+Sp+Sl+Shb) represents tidal channel and tidal flat deposit, Facies association 3 (St+Sp+Sr+Sl) is result of shallow marine deposit and Facies association 4 (Sp+Sl+St+Sm) is a mixed marine and fluvial deposit. Each facies association represents a specific stratigraphic unit and were deposited in a specific sedimentary environment. Grain size analysis was conducted on seventeen thin sections and 500 grains were counted from each thin section. The sandstone grain size parameters of mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis fell under the average of 0.75, 0.78, 0.4 and 1.2φ respectively. The results show that most of the grain size are coarse to medium grained throughout the study areas and sorting of the sandstones are moderate to poorly sorted. The cumulative frequency diagrams and bivariate plots show positive skewness and negative kurtosis, which indicate a high hydrodynamic environment. Modal composition analysis and petrography studies show that detrital components of the Msikaba Formation are dominated by monocrystalline quartz, feldspar (mostly K-feldspar) and lithic fragments of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The sandstones could be classified as quartz arenite, sub-arkosic sandstone and feldspathic litharenite; and the provenance analysis indicates that the sandstones were derived from craton interior, recycled or quartzose recycled sources which may derived from weathering and erosion of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Diagenetic processes of the Msikaba Formation have been passed through early, mid- and late diagenetic stages. Cementation, mineral conversion and compaction affect early diagenetic stage; authigenic minerals, quartz and feldspar overgrowth are presented in mid-diagenetic stage, whereas recrystallization, replacement, deformation and dissolution have been strongly affected late diagenetic stage. Microscopy, XRD and SEM-EDX studies have identified five types of cements including smectite clay, kaolinite, hematite, quartz and feldspar cements. Quartz cement, pore-filling and pore-lining clay are the major type of cements in the Msikaba Formation. Based on the lithology, sedimentary structure and facies variations, the Manaba Member was most probably deposited in a braided fluvial environment, the Uvongo Member was deposited in a tidal channel environment, the Mhlangeni Member was formed in shallow marine storm-influenced environment, whereas the Shelly Beach Member was represented mixed marine and fluvial environment. The sequence stratigraphy of Msikaba Formation constitutes a transgressive sequence from Manaba Member to Uvongo Member, whereas it ended as a regressive sequence from Mhlangeni Member to Shelly beach Member. The Msikaba Formation shows major differences with the Natal Group and Table Mountain Group (Cape Supergroup) in the lithology, stratigraphic sequence, sedimentary structures, facies system, palaeocurrent styles, fossil contents and depositional environments, which demonstrate that they are not the equivalent stratigraphic unit. Therefore, the Msikaba Formation is a separate, younger stratigraphic unit, and cannot correlate with the Natal Group and Table Mountain Group as suggested by previous researchers.
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Howarth, David R. "Black consciousness in South Africa : resistance and identity formation under apartheid." Thesis, University of Essex, 1995. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520285.

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Tsikos, Harilaos. "The mineralogy and geochemistry of the Voëlwater banded iron-formation, Northern Cape Province." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005589.

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Banded iron-formations (BIFs) are chemically precipitated sedimentary rocks in which Fe-rich bands or laminae alternate with Fe-poor ones. They formed within a specific time-span of the geological record. Their occurrence is restricted between 2.3 and 1.9 Ga, and characterises virtually all the major Precambrian-aged sedimentary basins of the world. The Precambrian Transvaal Basin in Griqualand West, South Africa, is noted for its well-developed BIF units. The Kuruman and Griquatown BIFs comprising the Asbesheuwels Subgroup (up to 1000m thick) are the best known and thickest of these. As far as metallogenesis is concerned, the Kuruman BIF is of major importance, for it carries the world's largest crocidolite (blue asbestos) deposits. The uppermost, youngest member of iron-formation deposition in the Griqualand West Sequence is represented by the Voëlwater BIF. The direct association between the latter and the giant Mn-deposits of the Kalahari Field, renders the Voëlwater association unusual, if not unique, in the geological record. The Voëlwater BIF represents a typical example of the so-called "Superior-type", and in the area of study it has undergone late-diagennetic to low-grade metamorphic processes. This is evident from the mineralogical composition and textural signature of the various BIF lithologies. Specifically, the minerals that make up the Voëlwater BIF are mainly chert(quartz), Fe-oxides (magnetite and hematite), Fe-silicates (greenalite, stilpnomelane, minnesotaite, riebeckite, Fe-mica), Fe-carbonates (members of the dolomite-ankerite series and siderite), calcite and pyrite. Soft-sediment deformation structures and shear-stress indicators are abundant in carbonate-rich and granular, silicate-rich BIF lithologies respectively. The bulk chemical composition of the study rocks is relatively simple and is characterised by the abundance of essentially three elements, namely Si, Fe, and Ca, which make up more than 90% of the total chemical composition of the Voëlwater BIFs. The detrital component of the study rocks is negligible. Mn-enrichments characterise all the transitional lithologies towards the interbedded Mn-orebodies, as well as the well-developed, hematitic BIF-unit between the Ongeluk lavas and the lower Mn-horizon. In terms of trace element composition, no significant enrichments or depletions, were encountered, except for some unusually high values of Sr and Ba and Co in carbonate-rich and Mn-rich lithologies respectively. Geochemical comparisons on the basis of major, trace and light rare-earth element composition verified the similarity between the Voëlwater BIF and other major Superior-type BIFs of the world (e.g. Kuruman, Griquatown, Sokoman, Biwabik, Gunflint, Mara-Mamba, Brockman, etc.). The processes that led to the formation of the Voëlwater BIFs may have been very similar to the ones described in various genetic models proposed in recent years. They would have involved a combination of: i. hydrothermal processes related to mid-ocean ridge (MOR) or hot-spot activity that acted as major iron suppliers; ii. storm-mixing in stratified oceans (bottom, anoxic, Fe⁺² reservoir-thermo- pycnocline zone-upper, mixed, SiO₂-saturated layer), largely dictated by seasonal changes and contemporaneous volcanism; iii. periodic, convection-driven upwelling mechanisms acting as major Fe-precipitators; and, iv. organic carbon productivity that was responsible for the anoxic diagenesis of the initial sediment. However, the origin of Fe and Mn for the genesis of the Voëlwater sediments was difficult to explain with typical convection-cell models in active mid-ocean ridges, in contrast to previous hypotheses. Instead, large-scale endogenous processes in the form of magma convection, underplating, differentiation and associated degassing, may have played a critical role in the supply of metals for the formation of large amounts of BIFs in the Precambrian. The present study of the Voëlwater BIF also bears strong implications regarding the metallogenesis of Mn in the Precambrian. The common association of Mn with carbonate-bearing sediments, the transitional character of the Voëlwater BIF towards carbonate lithologies (Mooidraai dolomites) and the critical timing of the deposition of the former in terms of the Precambrian atmospheric-lithospheric- hydrospheric evolution, may be important indicators for the exploration of large Mn-deposits in Precambrian sedimentary basins of the world.
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Francis, Michele Louise. "Soil Formation on the Namaqualand Coastal Plain." Link to the Internet, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/806.

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Books on the topic "Collingham Formation (South Africa)"

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Amod, Farouk. Formation of the Islamic Medical Association of South Africa. Durban, South Africa: Islamic Medical Association of South Africa, 1996.

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Brian, McKendrick, ed. Male homosexuality in South Africa: Identity formation, culture, and crisis. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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Yamauchi, Futoshi. Human capital formation: History, expectations and challenges in South Africa. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2010.

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Gump, James O. The formation of the Zulu kingdom in South Africa, 1750-1840. San Francisco: EM Text, 1990.

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Wupperthal: The formation of a community in South Africa, 1830-1965. Köln: Köppe, 2009.

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Institutionalizing elites: Political elite formation and change in the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature. Leiden: Brill, 2011.

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Slabbert, M. J. Litostratigrafie van die Poliesberg Formasie. [Pretoria]: Departement van Mineraal- en Energiesake, Geologiese Opname, 1992.

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Anikpo, Mark. State formation in precolonial Africa: Analysis of long-distance trade and surplus accumulation in South-Eastern Nigeria. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Pam Unique Publishers, 1991.

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A double-edged sword: A quest for a place in the African sun : archival records on the formation and missions of the Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa. 3rd ed. Cape Town: Real African Publishers, 2011.

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International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology (6th 1997 Cape Town, South Africa). Fluvial aspects of the Ordovician table mountain group: Slack-water deposits of the 1981 Buffels River flood, Laingsburg : alluvial fan enon formation (cretaceous), Oudtshoorn : post-conference field excursion, 6th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 27 September to 1 October 1997. [Cape Town, South Africa: The Conference, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Collingham Formation (South Africa)"

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Cavosie, Aaron J., Timmons M. Erickson, Pedro E. Montalvo, Diana C. Prado, Nadja O. Cintron, and Ryan J. Gibbon. "The Rietputs Formation in South Africa." In Microstructural Geochronology, 203–24. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119227250.ch9.

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Tapscott, Chris. "State Formation in Post-Apartheid South Africa." In Verstaatlichung der Welt?, edited by Wolfgang Reinhard, 303–16. München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486594447-018.

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Tapscott, Chris. "State Formation in Post-Apartheid South Africa." In Schriften des Historischen Kollegs, 303–16. München: Oldenbourg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486594447.303.

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Oosthuizen, Anna Catharina. "Hazard of Karstic Sinkhole Formation in an Area South of Pretoria, South Africa." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5, 427–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09048-1_82.

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Ward-Thompson, D., and N. E. Jessop. "Pre-Stellar Cores and the Initial Conditions for Star Formation." In New Extragalactic Perspectives in the New South Africa, 489–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0335-7_59.

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Flemming, Burghard W. "The Graafwater Formation, Lower Table Mountain Group, Ordovician, South Africa." In Contributions to Modern and Ancient Tidal Sedimentology, 117–32. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119218395.ch7.

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Mahoney, T. J., P. L. Hammersley, M. López-Corredoira, F. Garzón, and X. Calbet. "Extinction in the Direction of the End-of-Bar Star Formation Region." In New Extragalactic Perspectives in the New South Africa, 530–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0335-7_69.

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Steenkamp, Joalet Dalene, Quinn Gareth Reynolds, Markus Wouter Erwee, and Stefan Swanepoel. "Freeze-Lining Formation in Submerged Arc Furnaces Producing Ferrochrome Alloy in South Africa." In TMS 2019 148th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 1161–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05861-6_112.

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Adeagbo, Oluwafemi. "Relationship Formation, Division of Housework and Power Negotiation." In The Dynamics and Complexities of Interracial Gay Families in South Africa: A New Frontier, 37–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03922-6_3.

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Chiliza, Sibonakaliso G., and Egerton D. C. Hingston. "A Petrographic and Geotechnical Study of the Sandstone of the Fundudzi Formation, Lake Fundudzi, South Africa." In IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting Proceedings, San Francisco, California, 2018—Volume 6, 153–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93142-5_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Collingham Formation (South Africa)"

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van Staden, Wynand JC, and Etienne van der Poel. "Team formation in digital forensics." In 2016 Information Security for South Africa (ISSA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issa.2016.7802934.

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"Determination of Suitable Anti-Scaling Agent to Inhibit Scale Formation of Water Processed in Coal Power Plant System." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117017.

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"Static Test-Based Acid Rock Drainage Formation Potential of Metalliferous Tailings from O’Kiep, South Africa." In Nov. 18-19, 2019 Johannesburg (South Africa). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares8.eap1119262.

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"Potential of Scale Formation during the Desalination of Power Plant Wastewater in a Bench Scale Evaporator." In Nov. 18-19, 2019 Johannesburg (South Africa). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares8.eap1119264.

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"Impact of Solubilising Matrices for TiCl4 on the Formation of TiO2 Nanoparticles." In Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118249.

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Dowdy, T., L. C. Kah, W. Altermann, and J. H. Alexander. "EXPLORATION OF POTENTIAL SEISMITES: ARCHEAN NAUGA FORMATION, TRANSVAAL SUPERGROUP, SOUTH AFRICA." In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-345256.

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Gastaldo, Robert A., Johann Neveling, J. W. Geissman, Sandra L. Kamo, Cindy V. Looy, and Marion K. Bamford. "VARIABILITY IN THE LATE PERMIAN LANDSCAPE OF THE UPPER BALFOUR FORMATION (BEAUFORT GROUP STRATA, KAROO BASIN, SOUTH AFRICA)." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-278570.

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Hernandez, Emilia Sakai. "CHANGES IN THE SULFUR CYCLE AROUND THE 2.63 GA GIANT IMPACT RECORDED IN THE MONTEVILLE FORMATION, SOUTH AFRICA." In 116th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020cd-347139.

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Elamri, Samir, and Mimonitu Opuwari. "New Insights in the Evaluation of Reserves of Selected wells of the Pletmos Basin Offshore South Africa." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2570854-ms.

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ABSTRACT The area evaluated has similar structural styles and settings as the producing neighboring fields of F-A and E-M in the adjacent Bredasdorp basin Offshore South Africa. The main objective of this study is to create a 3-D-static model and estimate hydrocarbon reserves. Based on log signatures, petrophysical properties and structural configurations, the reservoirs were divided vertically into three reservoir units in order to be properly modelled in 3-D space. The thicknesses of the layers were determined based on the vertical heterogeneity in the reservoir properties. Facies interpretation was performed based on log signatures, core description and previous geological studies. The volume of clay and porosity was used to classify facies into five units of sand, shaly sand, silt, and clay. From petrophysical interpretation, a synthetic permeability log was generated in the wells which ties closely with core data. The J-function water saturation model was adopted because it produced better results in the clean sandstone sections of the reservoirs. A high uncertainty in the basement formation was observed due to very few wells drilled in the area and fault impact and thus resulted in evaluation of uncertainty of each zone separately. The uncertainty workflow was run using 100 trials and the base case P50 estimated 277 Bcf of Gas from the 1At1.
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Salufu, Samuel, Rita Onolemhemhen, and Sunday Isehunwa. "Hydrocarbon Generation Indication from Source Rock to Reservoir Rock: Case Studies of Anambra and Abakaliki Basins South-Eastern Nigeria." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2560967-ms.

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ABSTRACT This paper sought to use information from outcrop sections to characterize the source and reservoir rocks in a basin in order to give indication(s) for hydrocarbon generation potential in a basin in minimizing uncertainty and risk that are allied with exploration and field development of oil and gas, using subsurface data from well logs, well sections, seismic and core. The methods of study includes detailed geological, stratigraphical, geochemical, structural,, petro-graphical, and sedimentological studies of rock units from outcrop sections within two basins; Anambra Basin and Abakaliki Basin were used as case studies. Thirty eight samples of shale were collected from these Basins; geochemical analysis (rockeval) was performed on the samples to determine the total organic content (TOC) and to assess the oil generating window. The results were analyzed using Rock wares, Origin, and Surfer software in order to properly characterize the potential source rock(s) and reservoir rock(s) in the basins, and factor(s) that can favour hydrocarbon traps. The results of the geological, stratigraphical, sedimentological, geochemical, and structural, were used to developed a new model for hydrocarbon generation in the Basins. The result of the geochemical analysis of shale samples from the Anambra Basin shows that the TOC values are ≥ 1wt%, Tmax ≥ 431°C, Vitrinite reflectance values are ≥ 0.6%, and S1+S2 values are > 2.5mg/g for Mamu Formation while shale samples from other formations within Anambra Basin fall out of these ranges. The shale unit in the Mamu Formation is the major source rock for oil generation in the Anambra Basin while others have potential for gas generation with very little oil generation. The shale samples from Abakaliki Basin shows that S1+S2 values range from< 1 – 20mg/g, TOC values range from 0.31-4.55wt%, vitrinite reflectance ranges from 0.41-1.24% and Tmax ranges from423°C – 466°C. This result also shows that there is no source rock for oil generation in Abakaliki Basin; it is either gas or graphite. This observation indicates that all the source rocks within Abakaliki Basin have exceeded petroleum generating stage due to high geothermal heat resulting from deep depth or the shale units have not attained catagenesis stage as a result of S1+S2 values lesser than 2.5mg/g despite TOC values of ≥ 0.5wt% and vitrinite reflectance values of ≥ 0.6%. The novelty of this study is that the study has been able to show that here there is much more oil than the previous authors claimed, and the distribution of this oil and gas in the basins is controlled by two major factors; the pattern of distribution of the materials of the source rock prior to subsidence and during the subsidence period in the basin, and the pattern and the rate of tectonic activities, and heat flow in the basin. If these factors are known, it would help to reduce the uncertainties associated with exploration for oil and gas in the two basins.
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Reports on the topic "Collingham Formation (South Africa)"

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Human capital formation: History, expectations, and challenges in South Africa. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896291805.

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Cachalia, Firoz, and Jonathan Klaaren. A South African Public Law Perspective on Digitalisation in the Health Sector. Digital Pathways at Oxford, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/05.

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We explored some of the questions posed by digitalisation in an accompanying working paper focused on constitutional theory: Digitalisation, the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and the Constitutional Law of Privacy in South Africa. In that paper, we asked what legal resources are available in the South African legal system to respond to the risk and benefits posed by digitalisation. We argued that this question would be best answered by developing what we have termed a 'South African public law perspective'. In our view, while any particular legal system may often lag behind, the law constitutes an adaptive resource that can and should respond to disruptive technological change by re-examining existing concepts and creating new, more adequate conceptions. Our public law perspective reframes privacy law as both a private and a public good essential to the functioning of a constitutional democracy in the era of digitalisation. In this working paper, we take the analysis one practical step further: we use our public law perspective on digitalisation in the South African health sector. We do so because this sector is significant in its own right – public health is necessary for a healthy society – and also to further explore how and to what extent the South African constitutional framework provides resources at least roughly adequate for the challenges posed by the current 'digitalisation plus' era. The theoretical perspective we have developed is certainly relevant to digitalisation’s impact in the health sector. The social, economic and political progress that took place in the 20th century was strongly correlated with technological change of the first three industrial revolutions. The technological innovations associated with what many are terming ‘the fourth industrial revolution’ are also of undoubted utility in the form of new possibilities for enhanced productivity, business formation and wealth creation, as well as the enhanced efficacy of public action to address basic needs such as education and public health.
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