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Journal articles on the topic 'Collingham Formation (South Africa)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Baiyegunhi, Christopher, and Kuiwu Liu. "Sedimentary facies, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 748–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0256.

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Abstract The stratigraphy of the Ecca Group has been subdivided into the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, Ripon, and Fort Brown Formations in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. In this article, we present detailed stratigraphic and facies analyses of borehole data and road-cut exposures of the Ecca Group along regional roads R67 (Ecca Pass), R344 (Grahamstown-Adelaide), R350 (Kirkwood-Somerset East), and national roads N2 (Grahamstown-Peddie) and N10 (Paterson-Cookhouse). Facies analysis of the Ecca Group in the study area was performed to deduce their depositional environments. Based on the lithological and facies characteristics, the stratigraphy of the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, and Fort Brown Formations is now subdivided into two informal members each, while the Ripon Formation is subdivided into three members. A total of twelve lithofacies were identified in the Ecca Group and were further grouped into seven distinct facies associations (FAs), namely: Laminated to thin-bedded black-greyish shale and mudstones (FA 1); Laminated black-greyish shale and interbedded chert (FA 2); Mudstone rhythmite and thin beds of tuff alternation (FA 3); Thin to thick-bedded sandstone and mudstone intercalation (FA 4); Medium to thick-bedded dark-grey shale (FA 5); Alternated thin to medium-bedded sandstone and mudstone (FA 6); and Varved mudstone rhythmite and sandstone intercalation (FA 7). The FAs revealed gradually change of sea-level from deep marine (FA 1, FA 2, FA 3 and FA 4, FA 5, and FA 6) to prodelta environment (FA 7). This implies that the main Karoo Basin was gradually filling up with Ecca sediments, resulting in the gradual shallowing up of the water depth of the depositional basin.

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2

Black, D. E., P. W. K. Booth, and M. J. de Wit. "Petrographic, geochemical and petro-physical analysis of the Collingham Formation near Jansenville, Eastern Cape, South Africa – potential cap rocks to shale gas in the Karoo." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 1 (March 2016): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.1.171.

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3

Geel, C., S. Nolte, and E. M. Bordy. "Geomechanical properties of the Permian black shales in the southern main Karoo Basin: lessons from compositional and petrophysical studies." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 735–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0026.

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Abstract Permian black shales from the lower Ecca Group of the southern main Karoo Basin (MKB) have a total organic carbon (TOC) of up to ~5 wt% and have been considered primary targets for a potential shale gas exploration in South Africa. This study investigates the influence of shale composition, porosity, pressure (P) and temperatures (T) on their geomechanical properties such as compressive strength and elastic moduli. On average, these lower Ecca Group shales contain a high proportion, ~50 to 70 vol%, of mechanically strong minerals (e.g., quartz, feldspar, pyrite), ~30 to 50 vol% of weak minerals (e.g., clay minerals, organic matter) and ~0 to 50 vol% of intermediate minerals (e.g., carbonates), which have highly variable mechanical strength. Constant strain rate, triaxial deformation tests (at T ≤100°C; P ≤50 MPa) were performed using a Paterson-type high pressure instrument. Results showed that the Prince Albert Formation is the strongest and most brittle unit in the lower Ecca Group in the southern MKB followed by the Collingham and then the Whitehill Formation. Compressive strength and Young’s moduli (E) increase with increasing hard mineral content and decrease with increasing mechanically weak minerals and porosity. On comparison with some international shales, for which compositional and geomechanical data were measured using similar techniques, the lower Ecca Group shales are found to be geomechanically stronger and more brittle. This research provides the foundation for future geomechanical and petrophysical investigations of these Permian Ecca black shales and their assessment as potential unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the MKB.

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4

February, ED C. "Rainfall Reconstruction Using Wood Charcoal from Two Archaeological Sites in South Africa." Quaternary Research 42, no. 1 (July 1994): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1057.

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AbstractMajor components of most southern African archaeological sites are stone, bone, and charcoal. A new technique for climate reconstruction utilizes measurements of vessel size and frequency in the cross-sectional xylem anatomy of archaeological charcoal from Collingham Shelter and Mhlwazini Cave in the Natal Drakensberg. Previous wood anatomical studies have shown that links exist among vessel diameter, vessel frequency and climate. The present study demonstrates that in relation to rainfall, vessel diameter in the species Protea caffra and Protea roupelliae correlated positively, whereas vessel frequency correlated negatively. In P. roupelliae, mean vessel diameter increases from 46 to 62 μm along a rainfall gradient ranging from 760 to 1665 mm. The significant correlations between rainfall and tangential vessel diameter for a charred sample of P. roupelliae suggest that such measures on an archaeological charcoal sample may be used to reconstruct rainfall patterns through time. Using nine assemblages of archaeological charcoal, generalized patterns of wetter and drier periods can be postulated. Comparison with contemporary values indicates that at 200 and 2400 yr B.P. the area near the archaeological sites was wetter than at present. A dry phase occurred between 1300 and 300 yr B.P. Values for the contemporary wood sample are the lowest observed, indicating that present conditions are much drier than those at any time within the last ca. 2000 yr. Dating resolution however, is insufficient to allow more-detailed interpretation of rainfall conditions over the past 2000 yr.

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5

Claassen, D. "The lithostratigraphy of the Riverton Formation, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 121, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.121.0028.

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6

BORDY, E. M., and R. PREVEC. "LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE EMAKWEZINI FORMATION (KAROO SUPERGROUP), SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 118, no. 3 (September 2015): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.3.307.

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7

BORDY, E. M., and P. ERIKSSON. "LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE ELLIOT FORMATION (KAROO SUPERGROUP), SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 118, no. 3 (September 2015): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.3.311.

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8

BROWNING, C., and D. L. ROBERTS. "LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE WITZAND FORMATION (SANDVELD GROUP), SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 118, no. 3 (September 2015): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.3.317.

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9

Cole, D. I., M. R. Johnson, and M. O. Day. "Lithostratigraphy of the Abrahamskraal Formation (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 2 (June 2016): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.2.415.

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10

Browning, C., and C. R. Penn-Clarke. "Lithostratigraphy of the Floriskraal Formation (Witteberg Group), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 2 (June 2016): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.2.425.

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11

Muir, R. A., E. M. Bordy, J. S. V. Reddering, and J. H. A. Viljoen. "Lithostratigraphy of the Enon Formation (Uitenhage Group), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.2.273.

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Abstract The Uitenhage Group represents the earliest deposits that filled Mesozoic rift basins in the southern Cape of South Africa during the fragmentation of the supercontinent Gondwana. The sedimentology of the Enon Formation records the development of alluvial systems that drained the region since the onset of Gondwanan rifting, and therefore plays an important role in our understanding of early landscape evolution along the southern African continental margin. The mostly coarse conglomeratic unit was deposited continuously in actively subsiding, but separated, rift basins. As a result, the deposits are diachronous between basins and display highly varied thicknesses of up to well over 2000 m.

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12

Viljoen, J. H. A., and H. C. Cawthra. "Lithostratigraphy of the Buffelskloof Formation (Uitenhage Group), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0009.

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13

Hicks, N., and D. J. C. Gold. "Lithostratigraphy of the Sinqeni Formation, Pongola Supergroup, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 399–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0027.

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Abstract The Mesoarchaean Sinqeni Formation forms the lowermost unit of the predominantly sedimentary Mozaan Group (Pongola Supergroup) of southern Africa. The formation comprises a dominantly arenaceous succession, which can be subdivided into four members. A laterally discontinuous gold- and uranium-bearing conglomerate package (Denny Dalton Member) is commonly developed at the base of the formation. Overlying the basal conglomerates are two significant quartz arenite packages (Dipka, and Kwaaiman Members) which are separated by a ferruginous shale package (Vlakhoek Member) that locally hosts banded-iron formation. The formation is the most extensively exposed succession of the Mozaan Group, cropping out extensively in the Hartland region, as well as in multiple inliers from Amsterdam in the Mpumalanga to Nkandla in central KwaZulu-Natal, with further exposures in Eswatini. Subeconomic gold and uranium mineralisation occur sporadically within the conglomerates of the Denny Dalton Member, and have previously been mined from multiple occurrences in the White Mfolozi, Mhlatuze and Nkandla Inliers whilst many prospecting trenches are found in the conglomerates of the Hartland and Amsterdam areas. Gold has also briefly been exploited from ferruginous shales and iron formations of the Vlakhoek Member in the Altona area. Litho-correlative equivalents of the formation comprise the Mandeva Formation (White Mfolozi Inlier), Skurwerant Formation (Amsterdam region) and Mkaya Formation (Magudu region).

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14

Sennott, Reniers, Gómez-Olivé, and Menken. "Premarital Births and Union Formation in Rural South Africa." International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 42, no. 4 (2016): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/42e2716.

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15

Lee, Hwok-Aun. "Affirmative Action Regime Formation in Malaysia and South Africa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 51, no. 5 (July 27, 2016): 511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909614550895.

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16

Muller, Carol A. "Why Jazz? South Africa 2019." Daedalus 148, no. 2 (April 2019): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01747.

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I consider the current state of jazz in South Africa in response to the formation of the nation-state in the 1990s. I argue that while there is a recurring sense of the precarity of jazz in South Africa as measured by the short lives of jazz venues, there is nevertheless a vibrant jazz culture in which musicians are using their own studios to experiment with new ways of being South African through the freedom of association of people and styles forming a music that sounds both local and comfortable in its sense of place in the global community. This essay uses the words of several South African musicians and concludes by situating the artistic process of South African artist William Kentridge in parallel to jazz improvisation.

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17

Weinert, C. H. SW. "Yugawaralite in the Letaba Formation, northeastern KwaZulu--Natal, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 103, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/103.1.69.

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18

Gomez, Bernard, Marion Bamford, and Xavier Martı́nez-Delclòs. "Lower Cretaceous plant cuticles and amber (Kirkwood Formation, South Africa)." Comptes Rendus Palevol 1, no. 2 (January 2002): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0683(02)00014-3.

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19

Zeller, Jochen. "Relative clause formation in the Bantu languages of South Africa." Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 22, no. 1-2 (February 2004): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073610409486361.

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20

Grine, F. E., and R. L. Susman. "Radius ofParanthropus robustus from member 1, Swartkrans Formation, South Africa." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 84, no. 3 (March 1991): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330840302.

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21

De Wet, Nicole. "Family formation and economic insecurity among youth in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 34, no. 6 (April 28, 2017): 694–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2017.1310028.

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22

Klandermans, Bert. "Grievance Formation in Times of Transition: South Africa 1994–2000." Social Justice Research 28, no. 1 (January 3, 2015): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11211-014-0232-4.

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23

Buchanan, Paul C., Christian Koeberl, and Wolf Uwe Reimold. "Petrogenesis of the Dullstroom Formation, Bushveld Magmatic Province, South Africa." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 137, no. 1-2 (October 15, 1999): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050587.

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24

Damm, Bodo, and Jürgen Hagedorn. "Holocene floodplain formation in the southern Cape region, South Africa." Geomorphology 122, no. 3-4 (October 2010): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.06.025.

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25

Bekker, Ian. "The Formation of South African English." English Today 29, no. 1 (February 27, 2013): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078412000454.

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Of all the major colonial varieties of English, South African English (SAfE) is arguably the most under-studied. Its linguistic history is also one of the most complex, South Africa having been the site of a series of immigration events involving English-speakers from a vast array of regional and social backgrounds. On top of this the English spoken by native speakers of other languages also, conceivably, had a role to play in this dialect's formation. This paper provides a brief historical reconstruction of the formation of SAfE, drawing on recent work which seems to indicate that in many important respects SAfE is younger than many might suspect.

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26

de Bruiyn, H., W. A. Van Der Westhuizen, G. J. Beukes, and T. Q. Meyer. "Corkite from Aggeneys, Bushmanland, South Africa." Mineralogical Magazine 54, no. 377 (December 1990): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1990.054.377.12.

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AbstractCorkite associated with plumbojarosite and goethite occurs in gossan and iron-formation at Black Mountain and Broken Hill, Aggeneys. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that there are two groups of corkite present in the area; one with high Cu and low (PO4)3− and the other with low Cu and high (PO and the other with low Cu and high (PO4)3− contents. This can be explained in terms of the general formula contents. This can be explained in terms of the general formula AB2(XO4)2(OH)6, where the incorporation of divalent ions in the B site is accompanied by the exchange of trivalent anions by divalent ones to retain charge balance. Complete solid-solution is inferred between (SO4)2−and (PO4)3− end members, indicating that the jarosite and beudantite groups form part of the same solid-solution series. The distribution of Zn in corkite also reflects the regional distribution of zinc grades in the area, becoming more zinc-rich from west to east. New X-ray diffraction parameters are also presented which update existing data.

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27

Bordy, EM, L. Sciscio, F. Abdala, BW McPhee, and JN Choiniere. "First Lower Jurassic vertebrate burrow from southern Africa (upper Elliot Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa)." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 468 (February 2017): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.024.

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28

Zagrebelnaya, N. S., and V. N. Shitov. "HISTORY OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM FORMATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(48) (June 28, 2016): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-3-48-273-279.

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The article analyses specific historic features of formation of agrarian and industrial sectors of Republic of South Africa since the establishment of Cape Colony. These features resulted from much earlier colonization of South Africa in comparison with other Sub-Saharan African countries on the one hand and from a large-scale influx of Europeans to the South Africa on the other hand. The two most important of these specific features are the following. First. Contrary to other countries of Sub-Saharan Africa development of the agrarian sector of Republic of South Africa was based on private property and western technologies from the start. Second. The sector is not divided into «African» and «European» sub-sectors, and South-African agricultural produce has always been oriented to both: external and internal markets. Development of industrial sector of Republic of South Africa started with creation of extractive industries, namely: extraction of diamonds and of gold. The authors specifically emphasize the role of gold extraction which grace to its effect of multiplicator opened the way for industrial revolution in the South of Africa. Development of manufacturing was mainly based on import-substitution. The article argues that there were several stages of import-substitution and analyses their outcomes. The authors point out to the special importance of import-substitution during the period of I World War and II World War.

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29

Chetty, Sivan. "An analysis of fixed capital formation in South Africa since 1994." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 1, no. 1 (April 29, 2007): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v1i1.376.

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Fixed capital formation (investment) is an important but generally volatile component of aggregate spending. It is important in that it adds to the productive capacity of an economy. It is value-adding in the sense that it contributes to the growth potential of an economy, but it tends to be volatile as it entails substantial capital commitments based on uncertain expectations. The article undertakes a comparative analysis of fixed capital expenditure, using 1994 as an important year in which South Africa entered a new political dispensation. The article will attempt to evaluate the extent to which fixed capital decisions responded to a changing economic and political environment in terms of expectations and uncertainty.

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30

Klandermans, Bert, Marlene Roefs, and Johan Olivier. "Grievance Formation in a Country in Transition: South Africa, 1994-1998." Social Psychology Quarterly 64, no. 1 (March 2001): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3090149.

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31

Bordy, E. M., S. Spelman, D. I. Cole, and P. Mthembi. "Lithostratigraphy of the Pietermaritzburg Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.2.293.

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Abstract The Lower Permian Pietermaritzburg Formation is a mudrock-dominated, upward-coarsening stratigraphic unit in the lower Ecca Group (Karoo Supergroup) in the northeastern part of the main Karoo Basin of South Africa. The formation extends over most of the KwaZulu-Natal Province, and due to its lithology and the local climate, it is usually poorly exposed; hence the description is mainly based on borehole records. From a measured thickness of about 430 m south of the type area around Pietermaritzburg, the formation thins progressively northwards and pinches out against the Dwyka Group and pre-Karoo basement north of latitude 26° 30' S. This Lower Permian formation is considered a stratigraphic equivalent of the Prince Albert Formation in the southern part of the main Karoo Basin. The Pietermaritzburg Formation only preserves scattered, fragmentary plant fossil and invertebrate trace fossils, which are diagnostic of marine conditions (e.g. Helminthopsis). Based on its sedimentary facies characteristics and ichnofossil assemblages, the unit was probably deposited under low energy conditions on a northerly shallowing marine shelf that initially experienced deepening (during a major Artinskian transgression) and then shallowing in the early Kungurian.

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32

Wickens, H. de V., and D. I. Cole. "Lithostratigraphy of the Skoorsteenberg Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.433.

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Abstract The Middle Permian Skoorsteenberg Formation is part of the Ecca Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. It is also known as the ‘Tanqua fan complex’ due to its origin as a deep-water sedimentation unit associated with a prograding deltaic system. The Skoorsteenberg Formation crops out over approximately 650 km2 along the western margin of the Main Karoo Basin. It thins out in a northerly and easterly direction and therefore has a limited extent with cut-off boundaries to the south and north. It is underlain by the Tierberg Formation and overlain by the Kookfontein Formation, the latter being limited to the regional distribution of the Skoorsteenberg Formation. The Skoorsteenberg Formation has a composite thickness of 400 m and comprises five individual sandstone packages, separated by shale units of similar thickness. The sandstones are very fine- to fine-grained, light greyish to bluish grey when fresh, poorly sorted and lack primary porosity and permeability. The Tanqua fan complex is regarded as one of the world’s best examples of an ancient basin floor to slope fan complex associated with a fluvially dominated deltaic system. It has served as analogue for many deep-water systems around the world and continues to be a most sought after “open-air laboratory” for studying the nature of fine-grained, deep-water sedimentation. The fan systems are essentially tectonically undeformed, outstandingly well exposed and contain an inexhaustible amount of information on the deep-water architecture of lower slope to basin floor turbidite deposits.

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33

de V. Wickens, H., and D. I. Cole. "Lithostratigraphy of the Kookfontein Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.447.

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Abstract The Permian Kookfontein Formation forms part of the upper Ecca Group in the southwestern part of the main Karoo Basin of South Africa. It occupies a stratigraphic position between the underlying Skoorsteenberg Formation and the overlying Waterford Formation, with its regional extent limited to the cut-off boundaries of the Skoorsteenberg Formation. The Kookfontein Formation has an average thickness of 200 m, coarsens upwards, and predominantly comprises dark grey shale, siltstone and thin- to thick-bedded, fine- to very fine-grained, feldspathic litharenite. Characteristic upward-coarsening and thickening successions and syn-sedimentary deformation features reflect rapid deposition and progradation of a predominantly fluvially-dominated prodelta and delta front slope environment. The upward increase in the abundance of wave–ripple marks further indicates a gradual shallowing of the depositional environment through time. The upper contact with the Waterford Formation is gradational, which indicates a transition from deposition in an unstable upper slope/shelf margin environment to a more stable shelf setting.

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34

Bordy, E. M. "Lithostratigraphy of the Tshidzi Formation (Dwyka Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 121, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.121.0008.

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35

Bordy, E. M., and H. V. Head. "Lithostratigraphy of the Clarens Formation (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 121, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.121.0009.

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36

van der Merwe, G. M. E., M. C. Laker, and C. Bühmann. "Factors that govern the formation of melanic soils in South Africa." Geoderma 107, no. 3-4 (June 2002): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(01)00146-x.

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37

Joubert, R., and WN Ellery. "Controls on the formation of Wakkerstroom Vlei, Mpumalanga province, South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 38, no. 2 (August 2013): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2012.762897.

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38

Goldberg, Paul. "Micromorphology and site formation at Die Kelders Cave I, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 38, no. 1 (January 2000): 43–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0350.

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39

Fay, Derick. "Struggles over resources and community formation at Dwesa-Cwebe, South Africa." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 3, no. 2 (June 2007): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451590709618165.

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40

Freeman, Natalie J., Christopher Young, Louise Barrett, and S. Peter Henzi. "Coalition Formation by Male Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in South Africa." Ethology 122, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12447.

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41

Ross, Callum F., Hans-Dieter Sues, and William J. De Klerk. "Lepidosaurian remains from the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19, no. 1 (March 15, 1999): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011119.

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42

Pickering, Travis Rayne, Jason L. Heaton, Morris B. Sutton, Ron J. Clarke, Kathleen Kuman, Jess Hutton Senjem, and C. K. Brain. "New early Pleistocene hominin teeth from the Swartkrans Formation, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 100 (November 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.08.005.

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43

Veit, Alex, Klaus Schlichte, and Roy Karadag. "The Social Question and State Formation in British Africa." European Journal of Sociology 58, no. 2 (August 2017): 237–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975617000108.

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AbstractThe paper explores governmental perceptions and reactions to “social questions” in British colonial Africa, c. 1880-1950. By comparing three different political entities, Egypt, South Africa and Uganda, we find that authorities across cases have been acutely aware of potentially destabilising social change. Some social problems actually resulted from colonial projects themselves, giving rise to rather contradictory interpretations and policies. However, the intensity of political reactions to social questions varied widely, ranging from a largely passive approach in Egypt to the introduction of modern welfare in South Africa. We argue that perceptions and responses to social dislocation had a long-term impact on patterns of state formation and social policy development.

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Gutzmer, J., A. Pack, V. Lüders, J. Wilkinson, N. Beukes, and H. Niekerk. "Formation of jasper and andradite during low-temperature hydrothermal seafloor metamorphism, Ongeluk Formation, South Africa." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 142, no. 1 (October 2001): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100100270.

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Shambare, Richard. "Barriers to Student Entrepreneurship in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, no. 7 (July 30, 2013): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i7.419.

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As rising unemployment levels continually erode job opportunities in South Africa, it is sensible to assume that entrepreneurship would be considered as the next-best career option; however, university graduates show very little interest in becoming entrepreneurs. Having observed this disinterest, South African economic policies have put in place initiatives encouraging youth entrepreneurship; however, these have failed to significantly affect the willingness to engage in entrepreneurial activities. It is against this background that this paper investigates barriers to entrepreneurship as experienced by students. A survey of 235 university students was conducted. Their views regarding entrepreneurship were collected by means of self-completion questionnaires and studied using cluster analysis. It was concluded that a taxonomy of two distinct categories of student exist â€“ sceptics and optimists â€“ based on respondentsâ€™ predispositions to entrepreneurship barriers. The author identifies the themes that underlie the formation of the taxonomy, namely, family and social influence, exposure to entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurial support, and education. The paper concludes with a discussion of practical solutions and strategies to mitigate the problem of a lack of student entrepreneurship.

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Duh, Helen, and Miemie Struwig. "Justification of generational cohort segmentation in South Africa." International Journal of Emerging Markets 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-08-2012-0078.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look at the successful generational cohort segmentation from global and country-specific formative experiences in the USA, to examine the justification of cohort segmentation in South Africa. It also describes the demographic and psychographic characteristics of the latest consumer cohort – Generation Y for the interest of retailers and marketing managers. Design/methodology/approach – The study gathers secondary data by carefully scrutinizing books, journal articles, essays and dissertations. From these secondary sources, summaries of various findings and important scholarly insights into the qualifying factors for cohort formation and the important characteristics that make Generation Y an attractive consumer segment are provided. Findings – Findings show that, generational cohort segmentation is reserved for countries whose defining moments meet some qualifying conditions. South Africa can segment consumers in terms of generational cohorts because the historic and political defining events the country experienced fulfil the requirements for cohort formation. Particularly, apartheid is suggested to be the country-specific defining event backing the labelling of Generation X and Y South Africans. Generation X should thus be “the apartheid, socio-economic instability cohort” and Generation Y should be “the post apartheid socio-economically liberated cohort” Findings also show that Generation Y South Africans constitute a majority of the growing middle class, termed “Black Diamonds”. Originality/value – In addition to providing summaries of useful marketing-related reasons to target Generation Y consumers, this study assesses the qualification of South Africa’s historic and political events in forming consumer cohorts for generational marketing.

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BORDY, EMESE M., ORSOLYA SZTANÓ, BRUCE S. RUBIDGE, and ADAM BUMBY. "Early Triassic vertebrate burrows from the Katberg Formation of the south-western Karoo Basin, South Africa." Lethaia 44, no. 1 (April 14, 2010): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00223.x.

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Lategan, Bernard C. "“Incompleteness” and the Quest for Multiple Identities in South Africa." Africa Spectrum 50, no. 3 (December 2015): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971505000304.

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The article explores the contours of multiple identities in contrast to singular identities in situations of social complexity and cultural diversity. Nyamnjoh's concepts of “incompleteness” and “frontier Africans” imply an alternative approach to identity formation. Although the formation of one's own, singular identity is a necessary stage in the development of each individual, it has specific limitations. This is especially true in situations of complexity and diversity and where the achievement of social cohesion is an important goal. With reference to existing theories of identity formation, an alternative framework is proposed that is more appropriate for the dynamic, open-ended nature of identity and better suited to encourage the enrichment of identity. The role of imagination, a strategy for crossing borders (with reference to Clingman's concept of a “grammar of identity”), the search for commonality, and the effect of historical memory are discussed. Enriched and multiple identities are not achieved by replacement or exchange, but by widening (existing) singular identities into a more inclusive and diverse understanding of the self.

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ROBERTS, D. L., and P. MTHEMBI. "LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE GRAAUW DUINEN FORMATION (CENOZOIC WEST COAST GROUP), SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 118, no. 3 (September 2015): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.3.331.

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Schröder, S., and M. R. Warke. "Termination of BIF deposition in the Paleoproterozoic: the Tongwane Formation, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 2 (June 2016): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.2.329.

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