Academic literature on the topic 'Colloquial communication'

Oral communication is based on the spoken language of native speakers as a means of everyday communication. Colloquial speech in any national language (in this case, German) differs from its written form. Generally, oral speech is considered not in terms of deviation from the written word, but in terms of its peculiarities that shape the norms of oral communication. Colloquial speech is special due to a number of extralinguistic factors (it is informal, spontaneous and taking place in the moment of speaking) as well as the close interaction between verbal and nonverbal components. Colloquial speech is the basis of existence of language and is therefore of particular interest to any kind of oral communication research, relevant a priori. Colloquial markedness is clearly manifested in speech syntax and expressed through a certain concentration of colloquial indicators (according to V.D. Devkin). In this paper, by markers of colloquialism the author understands the syntactic features of colloquial speech forming the so-called colloquial flavour of oral communication in German. The article aimed to provide a brief description of blending constructions (apokoinu) as syntactic markers of colloquialism in the German language. It is known that apokoinu constructions are based on the contamination of two syntactic functions in one language unit and represent peculiar syntactic structures. Being a universal marker of colloquialism, they function mainly in spontaneous colloquial speech and illustrate a transition of a syntactic structure from internal to external speech. However, apokoinu constructions can be used as a syntactic stylistic means of imagery in the codified literary language. The research found that they have certain structural and syntactic forms and fulfil the function of rapid transfer of information in speech. The author concludes that, although they are not frequently used in German colloquial speech, apokoinu constructions form the idea of the specifics of colloquial indicators that underlie German colloquial syntax.

Oral communication is based on the spoken language of native speakers as a means of everyday communication. Colloquial speech in any national language (in this case, German) differs from its written form. Generally, oral speech is considered not in terms of deviation from the written word, but in terms of its peculiarities that shape the norms of oral communication. Colloquial speech is special due to a number of extralinguistic factors (it is informal, spontaneous and taking place in the moment of speaking) as well as the close interaction between verbal and nonverbal components. Colloquial speech is the basis of existence of language and is therefore of particular interest to any kind of oral communication research, relevant a priori. Colloquial markedness is clearly manifested in speech syntax and expressed through a certain concentration of colloquial indicators (according to V.D. Devkin). In this paper, by markers of colloquialism the author understands the syntactic features of colloquial speech forming the so-called colloquial flavour of oral communication in German. The article aimed to provide a brief description of blending constructions (apokoinu) as syntactic markers of colloquialism in the German language. It is known that apokoinu constructions are based on the contamination of two syntactic functions in one language unit and represent peculiar syntactic structures. Being a universal marker of colloquialism, they function mainly in spontaneous colloquial speech and illustrate a transition of a syntactic structure from internal to external speech. However, apokoinu constructions can be used as a syntactic stylistic means of imagery in the codified literary language. The research found that they have certain structural and syntactic forms and fulfil the function of rapid transfer of information in speech. The author concludes that, although they are not frequently used in German colloquial speech, apokoinu constructions form the idea of the specifics of colloquial indicators that underlie German colloquial syntax.

The aim of the research is to make a cognitive analysis of the adjective разговорен (̒colloquial̕) in the Bulgarian linguistic consciousness, which, according to the author, is the basis of the different terminological understanding of the term colloquial speech. Material from dictionary data, from corpora of the Bulgarian language, from the Internet and from a purposeful associative experiment is analyzed. We can draw the conclusions that the concept of colloquiality is dynamic due to the influence of technologies on communication, and that there is a need to correct the dictionary definition of the adjective разговорен (̒colloquial̕).

The study describes the strategy and techniques (tactics) of colloquialization of modern advertising texts on food packages. It shows the prerequisites of using marked colloquial speech elements in them as well as the reasons for colloquial speech expansion into the sphere of “packaging” texts which are determined by a combination of marketing, communicative and linguistic factors. Marketing prerequisites are related to the tasks of product positioning and the necessity to activate in customers stereotypical model situations of product consumption. Communicative and pragmatic factors of colloquialization are explained by the focus on the informal communication typical for colloquial speech as well as the conditions for the speech implementation in a form of a dialogue. Linguistic prerequisites of using marked language units in advertising components of texts on packages are determined by the tasks of choosing a language code that is relevant for the target audience. Each factor described is implemented in the appropriate tactic as follows: modelling a stereotypical consumption situation; imitation of a colloquial dialogue; choosing a language code. The article presents various examples of using the marked colloquial speech units of different language levels. It also notes the relevance of colloquial speech as a source for colloquialization of texts on packages and for the choice of an effective language code in terms of the communication with the customer.

The object of research is the polyfunctional colloquial „that“ in the stylized colloquial speech of a literary text. The significance of the problem arises from the fact that in the studies devoted to oral communication, attention is paid to a number of coordinating connective and oppositional conjunctions (та, па, ама, ами), particles (абе, нали) as pragmatic markers, of their competition, but the functional-semantic value of че (that) has never been closely reviewed. Therefore, the purpose of the report is to present the functional- semantic implementation of че (that) in the stylized colloquial speech as a colloquial coordinating conjunction, a colloquial expressive intensifier, a grammatical particle, a pragmatic particle, including in joint use with other conjunctions (polysyndetonism), particles, interjections. Attention is paid to the joint use of че (that) with other pragmatic markers.

This study investigates the use of colloquial language by the main character, Lara Jean, in the movie To All The Boys I've Loved Before. Employing a qualitative method, the analysis categorizes the character's utterances into eight types of colloquial language based on their distinct characteristics: Reduplication, Double Subject, Coinage, Compounding, Clipping, Pidgin-Induced Slang, Semantic Extension, and Contractions. A total of 79 instances of colloquial expressions were identified, showcasing the informal and dynamic nature of Lara Jean’s communication style. Each type of colloquialism contributes to the construction of Lara Jean’s relatable and personable character, enhancing her emotional depth and connection with the audience. For instance, the use of reduplication emphasizes emotions and ideas, while coinage and clipping reflect creativity and linguistic adaptability. This study emphasizes the role of colloquial language in shaping character identity, fostering realism, and engaging audiences. By analyzing the intricate ways in which colloquial language is woven into Lara Jean's dialogues, the research underscores its significance in the broader context of film and literary studies, particularly in illustrating informal communication's impact on storytelling. These findings contribute to understanding how language usage enhances character portrayal and narrative relatability, making this study relevant for linguistics, media, and cultural analysis.

Jargon is the language of specialized terms used by a group or profession. It is common shorthand among experts or technicians and used sensibly can be a quick and efficient way of communicating. Most jargon consists of unfamiliar terms, abstract words, non-existent words, acronyms and abbreviations, with an occasional euphemism thrown in for good measure. Every profession, trade and organization has its own specialized terms. This study aims at understanding the colloquial mechanics’ jargon in both English and Jordanian cultures in order to figure out why jargon and more specifically colloquial jargon is a strange creature. The researcher would like to focus on metaphor’s role in creating this jargon as Lakoff and Johnson (1980) reveal that metaphors are part of our everyday speech. In fact, we all complain about jargon, yet everyone writes it and no one ever admits using it. The reason? Jargon or even colloquial jargon can be the worst form of communication—and the best. The terms and the colloquial jargon and their translations into English and Arabic used in this research have been extracted from different glossaries and specialized car websites.

Increased attention has been given to teaching colloquial English, as the global importance of English as a lingua franca is recognized, which is important for effective communication in informal and real-life con-texts. In public schools, special challenges and opportunities are presented by teaching colloquial English in Azerbaijan. This paper examines the challenges that educators and schoolchildren face when integrating colloquial English into the curriculum. It also draws attention to strategies that may improve this integra-tion. By analyzing a variety of teacher feedback, many schoolchildren's attitudes, and several institutional constraints, this study reveals ways that many public schools in Azerbaijan may improve their teaching of colloquial English, which could importantly narrow the divide between academic English skills, and every-day language usage.

Successful management of conversations can bind human beings together in linguistic communication. Learning how to manage conversations in a second language is as important as learning the language’s grammatical structures. Among the conversational management strategies commonly employed is the use of pauses to buy time keeping conversational channels open, organize thoughts, or search for a suitable response. This study described and compared these pauses, called wait-time, as they were used with other conversational management strategies by first- and second-year students and by third-year students engaged in conversations in three different conversational settings: a teacher-controlled conversation setting, a student-controlled planning setting, both in Spanish; and a researcher-controlled setting in English to compare and contrast patterns of interaction in the target language and English. Audio recordings made during the 1986 Virginia Tech Foreign Language Camps were transcribed and coded using a listing of conversational management strategies by Kramsch (1981) and the Observational System for Instructional Analysis IV (OSIA IV) developed by Hough (1980). The following results were obtained from the study: (a) two kinds of wait-time are present in conversations: inter-speaker (2.41 seconds mean duration) and intra-speaker (1 .57 seconds mean duration); (b) speakers pause more frequently and for shorter periods of time within their own utterances than they do between the utterances of different speakers; (c) advanced Spanish students accord each other longer pauses between utterances than first- and second-year students; and (d) conversational management strategies of taking the floor, linking to previous points and reactive listening were used most as participants gave and asked for information.<br>Ed. D.

Global virtual (GV) teams provide an opportunity for engineering students to participate in meaningful, cross-cultural learning projects without additional costs of time and money associated with study abroad programs. However, students must learn how to communicate effectively with international team members. Instruction to help students learn which virtual communication technologies to use and how to use them is needed. Training must include cross-cultural training that facilitates team communications and interactions with people from different cultural backgrounds. This study focused on how 10 specialized lessons, Principles of Global Virtual Teams (PGVT), facilitated the communications and interactions of students participating on GV teams in an advanced engineering design course. All GV teams provided evidence that communications and interactions on GV teams are different than Co-located teams. However, teams receiving the PGVT instruction showed indications of increased communication ability on GV teams. These indicators included technology use, vernacular phrase use, communication competence ratings and descriptors from team emails.

Denna kandidatuppsats utgår från en egen översättning från franska till svenska av delar ur pjäsen Hôtel Pacifiqueav den franskkanadensiska författaren Fanny Britt.Syftet med examensarbetet är, förutom att skapa en spelbar text som fungerar i sin målspråkskontext, att undersöka det specifika i att översätta dramatik. I syftet ingår också att belysa och skapa förståelse för Québecfranskan och problem relaterade till att översätta språklig varietet. Det talade ordet står genomgående i fokus: replikerna i dramatexten och de karaktäristiska muntliga dragen för Québecfranskan. Newmarks kommunikativa översättningsmetod används som övergripande översättningsprincip för arbetet och visar sig vara kompatibel med texttypen trots vissa undantag. Resultatet blev en modern svensk pjäs med talspråkligt och idiomatiskt språk i replikerna. För att avgöra om texten är spelbar krävs dock att dramat uppförs på scen, vilket är ett framtida mål.<br>This essay is based on my own translation from French to Swedish of parts of the play Hôtel Pacifiqueby the Québécois author Fanny Britt. The purpose of the essay, apart from creating a text performable in its target language context, is to discuss and analyze the specialized nature of translating drama. The essay also aims to provide new perspectives on Québécois French and problems related to translating language varieties. The spoken word is the focal point: i.e. the lines of the drama and the characteristic oral features of Québécois French. Newmark's communicative translation method is used as the main translation principle. The method proves to be compatible with the text type despite certain exceptions. The result was a modern Swedish play with colloquial and idiomatic language. However, in order to determine if the text is performable, the drama must be presented on stage, which is a future goal.

The thesis is dedicated to the peculiarities of translating low colloquial vocabulary functioning in the collection of short stories written by Flannery O'Connor "The Complete Stories" into Russian. The selection and analysis of 104 lexical elements from the collection of short stories were carried out. Their translation into Russian was analyzed, and the features of the low-colloquial translation were revealed. The main provisions of the research are presented and published in the scientific article "Translational peculiarities of stylistically low vocabulary in Russian in Flannery O'Connor's collection of short stories "The Complete Stories" at the XXV International Scientific and Practical Conference "Advances in Science and Technology" (Moscow, 2019 g.).<br>Данная магистерская научно-исследовательская работа посвящена выявлению и описанию особенностей перевода сниженной лексики в художественном тексте на материале сборника рассказов Flannery O'Connor "The Complete Stories" и его русскоязычной версии в переводе Д.Б.Волчека и М.В.Куренной - Фланнери О'Коннор "Рассказы, не вошедшие в сборник". Проведен отбор и анализ 104 лексических элементов из художественного произведения, проанализирован их перевод на русский язык и выявлены особенности перевода сниженных элементов. Основные положения диссертационного исследования представлены и опубликованы в научной статье «Особенности переводимости сниженной лексики на русский язык в произведении Flannery O'Connor "The Complete Stories"» на XXV Международной научно-практической конференции «Advances in Science and Technology» (г. Москва, 2019 г.).

The diploma thesis folows up the analysis of the language of spanish speaking adolescents acros online discussion forums. The theoretic section mainly pursues the issues of the oral/written and colloquial/formal dichotomies which takes an important part in the resultant form of the language used on the internet. It also describes the general features of language, used on the internet, focusing spanish and adolescent users. The practical section analyses the graphic, morphosyntactical, semantic and pragmatic level of the language sample found on the internet discussion forums.

Tematem rozprawy uczyniono analizę wycinka słownictwa poezji Wacława Potockiego (1621–1696). Na potrzeby badań ekscerpcji poddano próbę tekstową objętości 3000 linijek (wersów) pochodzących z trzech najbardziej znanych dzieł barokowego poety, to jest Transakcji wojny chocimskiej, Ogrodu nie plewionego i Moraliów. Podstawę źródłową badań stanowiło trzytomowe wydanie Dzieł W. Potockiego w edycji Leszka Kukulskiego (1987). Integralną częścią dysertacji stał się słownik języka autora, gromadzący całość zebranego materiału leksykalnego. Oprócz tegoż Słownika języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), liczącego 6116 jednostek hasłowych, do pracy dołączono również dwa inne leksykony języka idiolektu, zawierające 1149 związków frazeologicznych (Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego – SFWPot) oraz 679 łączliwych związków wyrazowych (Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego – SKWPot). Na podstawie haseł SJWPot przeprowadzono kilkupłaszczyznową analizę językoznawczą, która przybrała postać analizy etymologicznej, słowotwórczej, semantycznej i leksykograficznej. Pomocniczo zgromadzoną leksykę poddano także analizie rejestrująco-opisowej, statystycznej, onomastycznej oraz analizie porównawczej. Każdy z wymienionych typów analizy miał na celu zbadanie wyekscerpowanego materiału pod innym kątem. Tak więc dzięki analizie genetycznej możliwe stało się oszacowanie, jaki procent słownictwa utworów W. Potockiego stanowiły jednostki rodzime, a jaki wyrazy obce. Wśród tych ostatnich za interesujące uznano zwłaszcza to, z którego języka wybrany pisarz czerpał najwięcej inspiracji. A zatem czy była to bardzo rozpowszechniona w XVII w. łacina, czy może W. Potocki preferował inne źródła zapożyczeń, np. niemieckie i czeskie? Zenon Klemensiewicz dowodził zbytniego nasycenia poezji autora Moraliów latynizmami, podczas gdy Aleksander Brückner wskazywał na dominujące w niej pożyczki węgierskie, tatarskie oraz ruskie. Autorka dysertacji starała się ustosunkować do opinii wymienionych badaczy, próbując zarazem dociec, w jakim stopniu ich sądy znalazły potwierdzenie w zebranym materiale. Z kolei słowa Janusza S. Gruchały zmotywowały ją do sprawdzenia, jak prezentuje się zgromadzone słownictwo pod względem realizowanych w jego obrębie kategorii, technik oraz typów słowotwórczych. Informacji na ten temat dostarczyła analiza strukturalna leksyki rodzimej, w tym analiza jednostek derywowanych od innych wyrazów już po wyodrębnieniu się języka polskiego ze wspólnoty prasłowiańskiej. Przyjęcie synchroniczno-diachronicznej perspektywy badawczej pozwoliło wskazać na pewne upodobania indywidualne W. Potockiego w zakresie tworzenia jednostek leksykalnych, jak też umożliwiło ono wysnucie pewnych wniosków dotyczących całego średniopolskiego podsystemu słowotwórczego polszczyzny. Dzięki obranemu trybowi postępowania chociaż w części możliwe stało się wypełnienie luki powstałej po opracowaniu przez językoznawców wzorca opisu staropolskiego systemu słowotwórczego (Kleszczowa, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2015), a jeszcze wcześniej – współczesnego (Grzegorczykowa, Laskowski i in, 1999). Strukturę tematyczną zebranego materiału zbadano z zastosowaniem metody pól leksykalno-semantycznych, wzorując się na podziale polowym słownictwa staropolskiego w opracowaniu Stanisława Dubisza. Zasadniczym celem tego etapu analizy było sprawdzenie, wokół jakich kręgów znaczeniowych sytuowało się słownictwo dzieł twórcy Ogrodu nie plewionego. Stosunki jakościowo- -ilościowe zaobserwowane pomiędzy wyodrębnionymi zbiorami wyrazów miały pomóc stwierdzić, czy najpłodniejszy poeta epoki baroku rzeczywiście interesował się „wszystkim” i „wszystkimi”. Dotychczas bowiem badacze tej spuścizny literackiej podkreślali ogromną różnorodność tematów w niej poruszanych. Kolejny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza leksykograficzna materiału, mająca na celu udokumentowanie kilkuset haseł SJWPot w reprezentatywnych opracowaniach słownikowych. Aby warstwę leksykalną utworów XVII-wiecznego autora móc ukazać w przekroju synchroniczno- -diachronicznym, kwerendą objęto słowniki gromadzące zasób wyrazowy polszczyzny, począwszy od epoki staropolskiej po początek wieku XIX. Były nimi: Słownik staropolski, Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku, Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku, Słownik języka polskiego Samuela Bogumiła Lindego oraz leksykon pisarza w postaci Słownika języka Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Ze względu na obszerność prezentowanego materiału zrezygnowano zaś z oddzielnych rozdziałów poświęconych wyekscerpowanym nazwom własnym i frazeologizmom. Przedłożona rozprawa doktorska składa się z pięciu rozdziałów, w tym dwóch rozdziałów teoretycznych i trzech analitycznych. Po krótkim Wstępie informującym o celach, założeniach i strukturze pracy w rozdziale pierwszym autorka uzasadnia wybór tematu badawczego, objaśnia kryteria doboru próby materiałowej i podaję jej zakres, a także prezentuje stan badań nad twórczością W. Potockiego. Dalsza część rozdziału pierwszego zawiera charakterystykę epoki, w której żył i tworzył autor Moraliów, oraz omówienie najważniejszych pojęć i terminów związanych z barokiem. W tym fragmencie dysertacji zamieszczono również kalendarium życia i twórczości XVII-wiecznego poety. Rozdział drugi w całości poświęcono opisowi metodologii, kierunków i narzędzi badawczych wykorzystanych podczas analizy wybranego wycinka języka pisarza. Część teoretyczną pracy kończy podrozdział zatytułowany: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. Trzeci rozdział rozpoczyna część analityczną rozprawy i stanowi zarazem jej najobszerniejszy fragment. Tworzą go dwa mniejsze podrozdziały, wyodrębnione na podstawie wyników analizy genetycznej przyjętej próby materiałowej. W pierwszej części rozdziału zaprezentowano zbiór słownictwa rodzimego, w obrębie którego odpowiednio wcześniej wydzielono wyrazy podstawowe (niederywowane na gruncie polskim) oraz pochodne słowotwórczo. Ważny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza strukturalna tych ostatnich, polegająca na pogrupowaniu jednostek motywowanych słowotwórczo według typów, kategorii i technik derywacyjnych. W części drugiej rozdziału trzeciego, zawierającej charakterystykę zapożyczeń, umieszczono dane jakościowo-ilościowe obrazujące podział leksemów obcych według źródła pochodzenia, przedmiotu zapożyczenia oraz stopnia ich przyswojenia do polskiego systemu językowego. W rozdziale czwartym przedstawiono wyniki analizy leksykalno-semantycznej materiału, przeprowadzonej przy użyciu metody pól wyrazowych. Jeden z podrozdziałów rozdziału czwartego przeznaczono na charakterystykę słownictwa zgromadzonego w polu <„Metajęzyk” człowieka>, w którym to polu, zgodnie z przyjętą klasyfikacją, oprócz większości wyrazów funkcyjnych znalazły się również wyekscerpowane nazwy własne. Rozdział piąty dysertacji traktuje przede wszystkim o wynikach badań statystycznych. Ponadto w rozdziale tym omówiono wyniki badań leksykograficznych, obejmujących określony wycinek słownictwa dzieł W. Potockiego. Wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy mieści syntetyzujące Zakończenie. Rozprawę zamykają: wykaz stosowanych skrótów i oznaczeń, indeks tabel znajdujących się w tekście głównym rozprawy, bibliografia uwzględniająca słowniki i inne źródła (elektroniczne) oraz dwuczęściowy aneks w wersji tradycyjnej i multimedialnej. Pierwszą część aneksu stanowią tabele załączone do dysertacji wraz z indeksem do nich. Drugi z aneksów, umieszczony na nośniku elektronicznym (płyta CD), zawiera trzy słowniki gromadzące leksykę utworów wybranego autora, tj. SJWPot, SFWPot oraz SKWPot. „Język J.Ch. Paska reprezentuje zasób leksykalny przeciętnego Polaka szlachcica z XVII wieku” – stwierdziła niegdyś Maria Borejszo w jednym z artykułów traktujących o leksyce Pamiętników Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Wnioski wyprowadzone z analizy porównawczej ujawniły podobieństwo jakościowo-ilościowe łączące warstwę słowną tekstu prozatorskiego z materiałem wyekscerpowanym z wycinka poezji W. Potockiego. Zarówno autor Ogrodu nie plewionego, jak i Jan Chryzostom Pasek najczęściej posługiwali się w swoich utworach wyrazami odziedziczonymi przez polszczyznę po wiekach poprzednich, w tym dużą liczbą jednostek niepodzielnych słowotwórczo i o najstarszej genezie w naszym języku. Wbrew też przypuszczeniom wysuwanym przez badaczy polszczyzny okresu średniopolskiego, żaden z autorów nie nadużywał zapożyczeń z języków obcych, przy czym XVII-wieczny poeta sięgał po nie rzadziej niż pamiętnikarz. Wacław Potocki okazał się tradycjonalistą językowym nie tylko w zakresie doboru słownictwa rodzimego, lecz także obcego i częściej niż średniopolskie latynizmy stosował w swoich wierszach pożyczki niemieckie, przejęte do polszczyzny przeważnie już w średniowieczu. Podobnie jak słownictwo zapożyczane z innych języków były to w zdecydowanej większości pożyczki formalnosemantyczne przyswojone drogą słuchową i spełniające określoną (utylitarną) funkcję w tekście. W przeciwieństwie do prozy Pamiętników J.Ch. Paska poezja W. Potockiego okazała się wolna od wspomnianej przez M. Borejszo „powodzi” makaronizmów, co jednak należy uznać za typowe dla ówcześnie powstających utworów wierszowanych.<br>The subject of this dissertation is the analysis of a part of Wacław Potocki's poetry vocabulary. For the purposes of the study, a text sample of 3000 verses from three representative works of the 17th-century poet (Transakcja wojny chocimskiej, Ogród nie plewiony, Moralia) was excerpted. The three-volume edition of Wacław Potocki's Dzieła edited by Leszek Kukulski (1987) was adopted as the source for the study. A dictionary of the author's language is an integral part of the dissertation, bringing together all the collected lexis: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego (SFWPot) and Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego (SKWPot). On the basis of the SJWPot entries a linguistic analysis was conducted at several levels: etymological, word-formation, semantic and lexicographical. The collected lexica was auxiliary subjected to register-descriptive, statistical, onomastic and comparative analysis. The adoption of a synchronic-diachronic research perspective has made it possible to point to certain preferences of Wacław Potocki in the creation of lexical units, as well as to draw certain conclusions concerning the entire medieval Polish vocabulary subsystem. The thematic structure of the collected material was examined using the method of lexical-semantic fields. The next stage of the research was a lexicographic analysis of the material, aimed at documenting several hundred SJWPot entries in representative dictionary studies. The search covered five dictionaries collecting Polish word resources from the Old Polish period to the beginning of the 19th century. The dissertation consists of five chapters, including two theoretical and three analytical ones. After a short introduction informing about the aims, assumptions and structure of the work in the first chapter, the author justifies the choice of the research topic, explains the criteria for the selection of the material sample and gives its scope, as well as presents the state of research into the works of Wacław Potocki. The next part of chapter one contains the characteristics of the epoch, in which the author of Moralia lived and worked, and a discussion of the most important concepts and terms associated with the Baroque. In this part of the work there is also a calendar of life and work of the seventeenth-century poet. The second chapter is entirely devoted to the description of methodology, directions and research tools used in the analysis of a selected fragment of the writer's language. The theoretical part of the work ends with a subsection entitled: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. The third chapter begins the analytical part of the dissertation and constitutes its most extensive fragment. It consists of two smaller subsections, distinguished on the basis of the results of the genetic analysis of the material sample. In the first part of the chapter a set of native vocabulary is presented, within which basic (non-derivative) words and words derived from it are distinguished. The first stage of the research was a structural analysis of the latter, consisting in grouping the vocabulary-motivated units according to types, categories and derivational techniques. In the second part of the third chapter, which was devoted to the characteristics of borrowings, the qualitative-quantitative data were placed showing the division of foreign lexemes according to the source of origin, the object of borrowing and the degree of their assimilation into the Polish language system. The fourth chapter presents the results of lexical-semantic analysis of the material, conducted with the use of the word field method. The fifth chapter deals mainly with the results of statistical research. In addition, the chapter discusses the results of lexicographic research, covering a specific section of vocabulary of Wacław Potocki's works. Conclusions from the conducted analysis are included in the conclusion. The dissertation ends with a list of abbreviations and designations used, an index of tables included in the main text of the dissertation, a bibliography including dictionaries and other sources and a two-part appendix in traditional and multimedia versions. The first part of the appendix consists of tables attached to the dissertation together with an index to them. The second part of the appendix, placed on an electronic carrier, contains three dictionaries collecting the lexicon of works of a selected author – SJWPot, SFWPot and SKWPot. As the analysis has shown, Wacław Potocki most frequently used words inherited by the Polish language from previous centuries, including a large number of units with indivisible vocabulary and the oldest origins in our language. Contrary to the assumptions put forward by scholars of the Polish language of the Middle Polish period, the author of Moralia did not overuse borrowings from foreign languages. Wacław Potocki turned out to be a traditionalist not only in his choice of native vocabulary, but also of foreign languages, and more often than Middle Polish latinisms, he used German loans in his poems, which were brought into Polish mostly as early as the Middle Ages. Like the vocabulary borrowed from other languages, these were mostly formal- -semantic loans acquired by ear and fulfilling a utilitarian function in the text. In contrast to the prose of Pamiętniki of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, Wacław Potocki's poetry turned out to be free of macaronisms, which, however, should be considered typical of poems written at that time.

Based on previously published five-volume anthologies and a number of new publications, the problem of a creative approach to modern colloquial speech in terms of supplementing it with poorly researched facts is posed. New theoretical questions are raised: innovative techniques, quantitative characteristics, variable dynamics of spoken language, spoken language as a set of unique features. The rich, personally collected material serves as a means of confirming the "old" and opens up new meanings in colloquial discourse. The monograph is intended for specialists in spoken language and for all those who wish to enrich their communication.

This paper will present an analysis of male interactional humour in Spanish conversation. Humour can appear in such conversations as a strategy to show (im)politeness between participants in the interaction. Focussing in particular on politeness strategies, we will seek to identify the different types of humour that arise in conversations between men. To this end, we will draw on Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness ([1978] 1987: 213), which lists a number of strategies that aim to produce politeness and, at the same time, calculates the estimated risk of losing face that arises from an individual’s conversational behaviour. In the analysis we will also consider Spencer-Oatey’s (2000, 2007) proposal of a set of factors that can affect rapport management strategies. Our aim is to show that humour as expressed between men in conversational utterances, involves conversational strategies that are used to elicit respect for both listener and speaker, or to save the negative and positive face of these, according to politeness criteria. To this end, the VALESCO.HUMOR corpus is used, which comprises 148 ironic-humorous sequences extracted from 67 colloquial conversations.

This article examines the use of audiovisual media (films, series, short films, etc.) for the acquisition of non-standard French. At present, colloquial and oral French are given a marginal place in FLE teaching, in favour of standard or even formal French. This raises the question of the purpose of such teaching since it does not enable learners to adapt when interacting with native French speakers. In fact, the French used by the latter is often at odds with that taught in class in that it does not always abide by the rules of grammar and syntax or by the codes of written French and is not always restricted to a single register. In this article, we first look at the necessity of teaching informal French to enable learners to adapt to different situations of communication. We then focus on the content to be taught in relation to the specific features of audiovisual media. Finally, we suggest ways of integrating linguistic variation into the teaching of French as a foreign language.

Most recent studies in cross-cultural communication focus on the research of concepts that are expressed by means of idioms in various languages. Abstract concepts are most commonly expressed by means of idioms due to their comparison with the physical world and due to the culturally specific character of the idioms. The idioms depict an image of a certain situation and this specific image shows the world picture of the bearer of the language. The ethnonymic idioms as a separate group of idioms are found in the Germanic and Slavic languages, while no such separate group of idioms are encountered in the Romanian research literature. There are studies of ethnonymic words, their etymology, meaning and motivation but separate dictionaries are still in work (Munteanu 299-310). These linguistic means present a special interest for specialists in linguistic anthropology as they serve as unique linguistic means, though they belong to the colloquial layer of the vocabulary, which indicate the attitude of one people towards the other ones, especially towards the people in the neighbouring countries attitude that was created during historical interaction and was imprinted in the language as a stereotype and represents linguistic evidence of the peoples’ interaction. It is a well-known fact that metaphors are mostly adapted when translated or interpreted into another language still some idioms were formed on common knowledge in the interaction between people and thus have equivalents in many languages from the same family.

The event, in 2019, featured two actions: a colloquium at the Anhembi-Morumbi University and another colloquium at the University of Brasília, with guests exclusively, who participate as speakers, and in communications at round tables. The participation of listeners is free and seeks to bring researches closer to the institutions involved in Brazil together with Université Paris 8 Vincennes - Saint-Denis, with which we have established effective partnerships for over ten years. The products of these meetings are published in annals, in books and in periodicals. The general objective of the events is to promote, disseminate and compare research in progress in the main research centers in the country and abroad inserted in the media, galleries and museums to contribute to the reflection, the formulation of theories and the history of the current culture.The event, in 2019, presented two actions: a colloquium at the Anhembi-Morumbi University and another colloquium at the University of Brasília, with guests exclusively, who participate as speakers, and in communications at round tables. The participation of listeners is free and seeks to bring researches closer to the institutions involved in Brazil together with Université Paris 8 Vincennes - Saint-Denis, with which we have established effective partnerships for over ten years. The products of these meetings are published in annals, in books and in periodicals. The general objective of the events is to promote, disseminate and compare research in progress in the main research centers in the country and abroad inserted in the media, galleries and museums to contribute to the reflection, the formulation of theories and the history of the current culture.

Development of new technologies, especially Internet, creates conditions for electronic education. The paper presents effect of using Internet as one of the means for taking exams or colloquia in certain subjects in the field of electrical and computer engineering at the Academy of Applied Studies of Kosovo and Metohija, Department Uroševac – Leposavić. Namely, the idea for writing this paper arose due to the fact that, to some extent, this type of communication with students already existed. After taking certain subjects in the field of electrical and computer engineering, research of students was done through a questionnaire. For purposes of this research, a survey questionnaire was used, which included a sample of 58 students. The goal of this research is to examine stances of students on perceived usefulness of the platform and its upgrade for taking exams or colloquia and for other scientific areas on all study programs used in the teaching process. At the end, obtained results were analyzed, based on which conclusion was drawn that students are satisfied with this type of communication as well as with quality of the platform itself.

The article is devoted to substandard elements which are considered as one of the components in the system of urban forms of communication. The Object of our research is substandard vocabulary, the Subject is structural characteristics of the modern city language, the Purpose of the study is to define the main types of substandard vocabulary and their role in the system of urban communication. The theoretical base of our research includes the scientific works of native and foreign linguists, which are devoted to urban linguistics (B. Larin, M. Makovskyi, V. Labov, T. Yerofeieva, L. Pederson, R. McDavid, O. Horbach, L. Stavytska, Y. Stepanov, S. Martos). Different lexical and phraseological units, taken from the Ukrainian, Russian and American Dictionaries of slang and jargon, serve as the material of our research. The main components of the city language include literary language, territorial dialects, different intermediate transitional types, which are used in the colloquial everyday communication but do not have territorial limited character, and social dialects. The structural characteristics, proposed in the article, demonstrate the variety and correlation of different subsystems of the city language. Today peripheral elements play the main role in the city communication. They are also called substandard, non-codified, marginal, non-literary elements or the jargon styles of communication. Among substandard elements of the city language the most important are social dialects, which include such subsystems as argot, jargon and slang. The origin, functioning and characteristics of each subsystem are studied on the material of linguistic literature of different countries. It is also ascertained that argot is the oldest form of sociolects, jargon divides into corporative and professional ones, in the structure of slangy words there are common and special slang. Besides, we can speak about sociolectosentrism of the native linguistics and linguemosentrism of the English tradition of slang nomination. Except social dialects, the important structural elements of the city language are also intermediate transitional types, which include koine, colloquialisms, interdialect, surzhyk, pidgin and creole. Surzhyk can be attributed to the same type of language formations as pidgin and creole because these types of oral speech were created mostly by means of the units mixing of the obtruded language of the parent state with the elements of the native languages.

The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium September 5–7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina to discuss the central importance of microbes to life on earth, directions microbiology research will take in the 21st century, and ways to foster public literacy in this important field. Discussions centered on: the impact of microbes on the health of the planet and its inhabitants; the fundamental significance of microbiology to the study of all life forms; research challenges faced by microbiologists and the barriers to meeting those challenges; the need to integrate microbiology into school and university curricula; and public microbial literacy. This is an exciting time for microbiology. We are becoming increasingly aware that microbes are the basis of the biosphere. They are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Paradoxically, certain microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. As the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Hence, the study of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, and microbiology is essential for the study and understanding of all life on this planet. Microbiology research is changing rapidly. The field has been impacted by events that shape public perceptions of microbes, such as the emergence of globally significant diseases, threats of bioterrorism, increasing failure of formerly effective antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases, and events that contaminate food on a large scale. Microbial research is taking advantage of the technological advancements that have opened new fields of inquiry, particularly in genomics. Basic areas of biological complexity, such as infectious diseases and the engineering of designer microbes for the benefit of society, are especially ripe areas for significant advancement. Overall, emphasis has increased in recent years on the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Studies are focusing on the linkages between microbes and their phylogenetic origins and between microbes and their habitats. Increasingly, researchers are striving to join together the results of their work, moving to an integration of biological phenomena at all levels. While many areas of the microbiological sciences are ripe for exploration, microbiology must overcome a number of technological hurdles before it can fully accomplish its potential. We are at a unique time when the confluence of technological advances and the explosion of knowledge of microbial diversity will enable significant advances in microbiology, and in biology in general, over the next decade. To make the best progress, microbiology must reach across traditional departmental boundaries and integrate the expertise of scientists in other disciplines. Microbiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to harness the vast computing power available and apply it to better advantage in research. Current methods for curating research materials and data should be rethought and revamped. Finally, new facilities should be developed to house powerful research equipment and make it available, on a regional basis, to scientists who might otherwise lack access to the expensive tools of modern biology. It is not enough to accomplish cutting-edge research. We must also educate the children and college students of today, as they will be the researchers of tomorrow. Since microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding biology, science education in schools should be refocused to include microbiology lessons and lab exercises. At the undergraduate level, a thorough knowledge of microbiology should be made a part of the core curriculum for life science majors. Since issues that deal with microbes have a direct bearing on the human condition, it is critical that the public-at-large become better grounded in the basics of microbiology. Public literacy campaigns must identify the issues to be conveyed and the best avenues for communicating those messages. Decision-makers at federal, state, local, and community levels should be made more aware of the ways that microbiology impacts human life and the ways school curricula could be improved to include valuable lessons in microbial science.