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Journal articles on the topic 'Colloquial phrases'
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Piotrowska, Alicja. "Group genitive in Swedish – s-genitive as a phrase marker." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 48, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2018-0018.
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Abstract In this paper I discuss the constructions with the group genitive and their use in today’s Swedish. The development of the s-genitive from a diachronic perspective, its degrammaticalization and the status of the s-genitive are discussed. The aim of the paper is to examine and analyse the use of the group genitive in the Swedish nominal phrases in three contexts, i. e. coordinated nominal phrases, nominal phrase with a prepositional phrase and nominal phrase with a relative clause. The group genitive’s domain is above all spoken, colloquial language. The analysed material consists of authentic examples of everyday use of language from the Swedish corpus Språkbanken and a questionnaire conducted among native speakers. The study shows that the group genitive is very productive with various types of nominal phrases in Swedish, even though it is still limited to colloquial and non-formal use of language.
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Pereltsvaig, Asya. "Split phrases in colloquial Russian." Studia Linguistica 62, no. 1 (April 2008): 5–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2007.00141.x.
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Czetyrba-Piszczako, Mirosława. "Ukraińskie frazeologizmy w polskim przekładzie Piotra Kuprysia Eneidy Iwana Kotlarewskiego." Acta Polono-Ruthenica 3, no. XXII (October 3, 2018): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.1252.
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Folklore phraseology was a inexhaustible source of linguistic measures for Ivan Kotliarevsky, as it allowed him to build humorous and satirical effects through introducing into his literary works colloquial, dialectal and jocular set phrases. The aim of this paper is to undertake comparative analysis of set phrases in the original and in the Polish translation of Eneyida in order to point out similarities and differences in these two languages. The author focuses on the translation strategies implemented to translate set phrases, and analysing particular non-phraseme word connections which very often replace set phrases in the target text.
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Ozerov, Pavel. "Information structure and intonational accent in Burmese." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 43, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 191–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.20009.oze.
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Abstract It tends to be assumed that tonal languages do not make use of intonational tones and accent location for the purpose of conveying information structural aspects of the utterance. This study of read-aloud stories in colloquial Burmese shows that this tonal language does resort to this sort of intonational means for information-structuring reasons. The prosody of Burmese exhibits identifiable intonational patterns, which function on the level of accentual phrases. An accentual phrase constitutes the basic prosodic unit, and it is there that we find the real interaction of information structure, intonation and tone. Accentual phrases are organised around a single accent, the location of which depends on information structural factors. Sentences can consist of a single accentual phrase or a few phrases, while the exact partition into such phrases is also motivated by information- and discourse-structuring considerations.
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Gilemshin, F. F. "Colloquial Language Elements in the Translated Version of Kayum Nasiri’s “Abugalisina Kyssasy”." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 163, no. 1 (2021): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2021.1.93-100.
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This study explores how elements of the colloquial language are used in “Abugalisina kyissasy” (‘The Legend of Abugalisina’, ‘Abugalisina’) by Kayum Nasyri, a famous Tatar enlightener and ethnographer. To make it easier for his readers to understand the literary material, K. Nasyri used a number of effective techniques. Firstly, he defined all Arab-Persian words using the Tatar language: individual words, as well as figurative expressions and phrases were explained; he “duplicated” them with set phrases or phraseological units having a similar meaning in the Tatar colloquial language. The loanwords were both translated and followed by a synonym in the Tatar language: the Arab and Persian words are found in the characters’ speech, while the author’s speech provides their translations into the Tatar language. K. Nasyri skillfully inserts Tatar folk proverbs and sayings, figurative comparisons, and artistic metaphors into the text, thereby emphasizing particular places and strengthening the impact of the described events on the reader. All the above-described techniques contribute to the convergence of the language of K. Nasyri’s work with the folk and colloquial form of the Tatar language.
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Kalyan, Katikapalli Subramanyam, and Sivanesan Sangeetha. "BertMCN: Mapping colloquial phrases to standard medical concepts using BERT and highway network." Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 112 (February 2021): 102008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2021.102008.
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Safonova, Tatyana. "Functions of Phraseological Units in Detective Prose of B. Akunin." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (November 2019): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.3.10.
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The author considers the problem of stylistic functions of linguistic units in modern Russian prose works through analyzing phraseological units in the detectives of B. Akunin. The article presents the most frequent types of phraseological units (idioms, set phrases, proverbs, sayings, popular expressions and other types of clichéd utterances) as representation of a personal literary style of this author. The research results point to their stylistic variety with high literary, colloquial, low colloquial, and slang units among them. The major types of phraseological unit conversion are distinguished as a prove of the writer's personal style, including, complete deformation of a component composition of a set phrase, reduction of the lexical length of phraseological units (implication), distribution of any component composition of the unit (explication), combining two or more phraseological units into a single set expression (contamination), replacement of a component in the composition of phraseological units with words of general literary layers (lexical variation), etc. The stylistic functions of all phraseological units under study are interpreted as retro-representation of the language of a certain time period, stylistic imitation of the communicative tone of oral speech, verbal characteristics of the characters who are referred to various social groups, and creation of humorous tone of the story. A comprehensive description of phraseological units used in modern fiction has revealed their artistic and stylistic potential.
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Rytter, Grażyna. "Fraz. zbić z pantałyku ‘stropić kogo, pozbawić pewności siebie’." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 51 (December 31, 2016): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2016.002.
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The phrase zbić z pantałyku ‘to perplex, shatter somebody’s confidence’The article concerns the East-Slavic linguistic influence on Polish in the second half of the nineteenh century as exemplified by the meaning of the phrase zbić z pantałyku. Today’s meaning of the phrase is associated with another phraseologism zbić z tropu ‘to throw [lit. knock] off trace,’ which originates from the hunting jargon. *Pantałyk as a separate word is not (and never has been) used in general Polish, and the comprehensibility of the whole phrase is the result of the sum of its components.East Slavic counterparts of the phrase are attested from the midnineteenth century. In the Polish of the period, zbić z pantałyku had a colloquial status, and its usefulness in the sphere of everyday communication was a manifestation of economy of imaginary rather than conceptual means of expression. Especially in the conditions of widespread bilingualism, the new phrase could easily be recognized against the background of contemporary usage of nearsynonymous colloquial phrases derived from the verb zbić ‘to beat’ but also ‘to knock off.’The greater frequency of zbić z pantałyku in the Polish of southeastern borderlands resulted from a combination of factors, mainly the blurred boundaries between literary and dialectal (folk) phraseology. Fraz. zbić z pantałyku ‘stropić kogo, pozbawić pewności siebie’Artykuł dotyczy wpływów ruskojęzycznych w polszczyźnie drugiej połowy XIX wieku. Dziś znaczenie frazeologizmu zbić z pantałyku to odpowiednik wybić z szyku, zbić z tropu, ‘zmieszać, stropić’, realnie ‘pomieszać krok’, ‘stracić ślad (na polowaniu)’.*Pantałyk jako wyraz samodzielny nie jest (i nigdy nie był) używany w polszczyźnie ogólnej, natomiast znaczenie całego frazeologizmu wynika z sumy jego składników.Odpowiedniki wschodniosłowiańskie poświadczone są od połowy XIX stulecia. W ówczesnej polszczyźnie zbić z pantałyku miało status potoczny, którego użyteczność w sferze komunikacji codziennej to przejaw ekonomiczności środków obrazowych zamiast pojęciowych.Nowy frazeologizm mógł być łatwo rozpoznawany w warunkach bilingwizmu językowego na tle ówczesnych środków z tradycją użycia w sferze potocznej. O szczególnej częstotliwości użycia zbić z pantałyku w polszczyźnie kresów południowowschodnich zdecydował splot czynników, głównie zaś „rozmyte” granice między frazeologią literacką a gwarową (ludową).
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Al-Subaihin, Afnan S., and Hend S. Al-Khalifa. "A System for Sentiment Analysis of Colloquial Arabic Using Human Computation." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/631394.
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We present the implementation and evaluation of a sentiment analysis system that is conducted over Arabic text with evaluative content. Our system is broken into two different components. The first component is a game that enables users to annotate large corpuses of text in a fun manner. The game produces necessary linguistic resources that will be used by the second component which is the sentimental analyzer. Two different algorithms have been designed to employ these linguistic resources to analyze text and classify it according to its sentimental polarity. The first approach is using sentimental tag patterns, which reached a precision level of 56.14%. The second approach is the sentimental majority approach which relies on calculating the number of negative and positive phrases in the sentence and classifying the sentence according to the dominant polarity. The results after evaluating the system for the first sentimental majority approach yielded the highest accuracy level reached by our system which is 60.5% while the second variation scored an accuracy of 60.32%.
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Fajardo, José Antonio Sánchez. "Exploring the ‘shashification’ of teenage slang." English Today 35, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078418000251.
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The study of the paradigmatic traits of teenage slang has shown that a sense of togetherness is predominant (Eble, 1996; Allen, 1998; Mattiello, 2005, 2008; Smith, 2011). This cohesive linguistic device is not consciously intended to exclude unwished members from conversations or common understanding, but the idea of relying on a preserved sense of solidarity and acceptance is a human urge, especially among teenagers or young adults (cf. Mattiello, 2005: 13). These features are a necessary starting point to understand that the colloquial nature or social restriction of these words and phrases are precisely aimed to ‘establish or reinforce social identity within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large’ (Eble, 1996: 11).
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Hlebec, Boris. "Dictionaries and translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 65, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00130.hle.
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Abstract The article offers a bird’s-eye view of the use of dictionaries in translation, accompanied by down-to-earth exemplifications of the arguments. After propounding the essential difference between a bilingual dictionary and translation, a brief survey follows of problems that should be solved by both. They include the treatment and translation of technical and literary texts, of collocations, phrases and idioms, of colloquial, slang, dialectal, dated and obsolete words, of neologisms and nonce-words. Mention is also made of the problem of treating application. As a onclusion, translators may be given a piece of advice: Think of a dictionary as a counsellor and a friendly aide, but complement it with other sources of information and do not always rely upon it.
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Semenov, A. I. "Group of Homonyms “Kolymka” (Word-Formation and Functional Aspects)." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 172–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-10-172-193.
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The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest in the study of both colloquial speech and regional linguistic phenomena. The author proceeds from the fact that the study of regional speech facts makes it possible to clarify the idea of the functioning of regional systems, taking into account various discursive restrictions. The author dwells on the interpretation of lexical meanings, description of the functioning features and methods of formation of 6 common nouns and 8 proper names, formed from the toponym “Kolyma” and included in the group of homonyms “Kolymka”. It is shown that these homonyms are mainly formed through universalization, while proper names are formed on the basis of real-life phrases that are regularly used to designate objects, and common nouns are created on the basis of free combinations of words. It is concluded that the study of the facts of regional colloquial speech allows us to observe the features of the functioning of regional vocabulary, which have not yet been studied. It will help to more accurately distinguish between local speech phenomena and the properties of the author’s manner of generating speech (for example, in the field of occasional word formation), as well as see reflection in the nominations various features of the perception of the region (in this case, Kolyma).
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Rozik, Eli. "Theatrical Irony." Theatre Research International 11, no. 2 (1986): 132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300012165.
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It is my intention to derive the concept of ‘theatrical irony’ from the general theory of theatrical communication.The basic meaning of the term ‘irony’, from the Greek word ‘ειρωνεια’, was ‘dissimulation’. Over the centuries, this term has been extended to additional semantic fields and consequently acquired new meanings as in ‘Socratic irony’, ‘philosophical irony’, ‘romantic irony’, ‘dramatic irony’, ‘tragic irony’, and so on. At the same time, a number of more colloquial expressions were introduced as well, as in ‘ironic smile’, ‘irony of events’, ‘irony of fate’, and so on. I am of the opinion, however, that despite the diversity of such phrases and regardless of their partial overlap, it is still possible to unveil a common semantic core. Furthermore, it is my belief that our understanding of theatrical irony benefits from all these additional usages.
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Shapiro, Michael C., Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell, and William Crooke. "Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive." Journal of the American Oriental Society 109, no. 3 (July 1989): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604171.
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Minova, Nina Petrovna, Irina Sergeevna Kasimirova, Galina Ivanovna Mamukina, Anna Valeryevna Phedorova, and Semen Evgenyevich Suprunov. "Calquing of the English-language collocations as one of the productive ways of borrowing in the modern French language." Филология: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.2.32352.
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The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the fact colloquial languages are in a state of constant change and development, generating new words and expressions for designating new concepts and phenomena. The understanding of neologism even in the native language often can be fraught with certain difficulties, as such words and phrases are registered by dictionaries behind time. It also can create problems in translating neologisms into another language, as well as their borrowing by other languages. The goal of this work consists in examination of the process of calquing of the newly formed English-language collocations by the French language. The subject of the article is the full calques and half-calques of collocations of English origin in the process of their integration into the modern French language. Methodology is based on the lexicographic, descriptive and comparative methods, cognitive and lexical-semantic analysis, and continuous sampling. The conducted research displays that in borrowing collocations from the English language by the modern French language, the generalized-descriptive reconsideration of the entire phrase is observed in formation of a new phraseological with regards to both, full calques of English phraseologisms and phraseological half-calques. Special interest present the calques of the English collocation of phraseological and non-phraseological nature, which in the French language get an expanded meaning, or become the basis for formation of new phraseologisms due to broadening of their meaning.
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Putri, Natassa, and Rugaiyah Rugaiyah. "Exploring Trends in Teaching Stylistic Analysis: Syntactical Features in Selected British Fashion Magazine “Harper’s Bazaar”." Utamax : Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education 3, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v3i1.6103.
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Teaching English Stylistic to language students in Universitas Islam Riau has always been part of language or foreign language education. It is a study of linguistics about how someone expresses his or her ideas depend on the purpose of it. An advertisement is good example to study to see how the advertisers use a language to persuade the readers to buy their product or use their service. This research attempted to know the style of language on advertisement, namely syntactical feature in stylistic teaching-learning frameworks. This research used descriptive qualitative as the research design and textual analysis was used to analyse the data. There were 28 data from two editions of Harper’s Bazaar UK magazine. Based on the data obtained, it is found that there were 46 long-noun phrases, 16 short sentences in the form of present tense, 13 imperative and ellipsis, 3 incomplete sentences and association, 1 for simple and colloquial, ambiguity, syntactic parallelism. Students are required to have literary competence as they are exposed to extracts from literary works while studying English.
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Strikauskaitė, Roberta. "Translation of Stylistic Devices in Contemporary Young Adolescent Fiction." Jaunųjų mokslininkų darbai 2, no. 46 (November 25, 2016): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21277/jmd.v2i46.60.
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General interest in teenage books has been upsurging because of films based on international best-sellers. Therefore, the scripture becomes a source of language, in a sense that youngsters learn new words, phrases, allusions or metaphors and incorporate them in their everyday language. Demand for popular reads requires a quick reaction translating these books as there are plenty of novels for young adults written in foreign languages. However, translation of adolescent fiction is a challenging task due to the use of slang and other colloquial vocabulary or stylistic devices. However, the translation of stylistic devices as such has not been researched since linguists focus on teen slang. The translation of stylistic devices is an interesting issue to deal with as the entire translation “eco-system” is observed not from one sentence or paragraph perspective. The research deals with stylistic devices and their translation and the analysis of translation. It also presents stylistic devices according to their types, each type is illustrated by one or two examples depending on the number found, their translation and explanation of its aim, used strategy and achieved results are provided.
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Melnikova, Ekaterina M. "Yaroslavl microtoponym ZAVOLGA: grammatical status, semantics." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 1, no. 24 (2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-1-24-95-103.
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The article analyses semantic and grammatical features of the Yaroslavl microtoponym Zavolga. It is noted that the sphere of modern unofficial microtoponymy (urbanonymy) is heterogeneous in its stylistic status: speech communication of city dwellers includes both expressive colloquial and vernacular names from urban jargons and emotionally coloured neutral micro-toponyms. The urban name Zavolga belongs to the latter group: the appearance of this word on Yaroslavl's minibus taxi signs as well as in the local press, indicates that it is widespread in the city's usage and has gone beyond the limits of verbal vernacular. Replacing the word combination Zavolzhsky district and the single-word name Zavolzhye, the urbanonym Zavolga is actively acquiring the full declension paradigm in the singular, is used with adjectives and combines with prepositions of space. The article considers both normative prepositional phrases and non-normative constructions. It is shown that the prepositional case form «v Zavolge» is used very rarely and its place is taken by the adverbialized form «Zavolgoi»; the form «Zavolgu» is used instead of the form *v Zavolgu. The author suggests that not distinguishing these forms from the normative Za Volgoi and Za Volgu reveals the irrelevance of distinguishing their semantics: both spellings denote the same thing – the city district, not the river beyond which something takes place. The study also points out that such variability in the spelling of urban toponyms is not unique to the speech of Yaroslavl residents: the coexistence of spatial names merged with prepositions and prepositional case combinations is found in the toponymy of different Russian regions, and the convergence with nominal nouns like zagranitsa and adverbial phrases za granitsei, za granitsu, underlines the transitional status of such units.
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Wu, Jin. "Interpreting Chinese Culture-Loaded Sayings: A Case Study of Press Conference of Two Sessions." English Language and Literature Studies 9, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v9n3p56.
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As an indispensable means to elaborate on China’s development momentum and to set up global image, interpretation of press conference for Two Sessions presents the study essence of international publicity translation and the key problems lie in the culture-loaded expression translation. In light of the Functional Linguistics and Functionalist translation theory, the top-down hierarchic problem-solving approach is adopted for the original analysis. The target-oriented perspective aims at acquiring adequate version instead of equivalence between the source and target. The past decade example extractions cover the interpretation of the four-character set phrases, colloquial expressions, quotations and proverbs. Nine frequently-used interpretation types are concluded and analyzed in terms of the intended function and addressees’ reception environment by comparing the source and target cultures. Statistic results show that the compatibility between the two cultures may account for, to some extent, the method selection for interpreting practice in question. The more compatible of the relationship between the two cultures, the more tendency of preserving the original cultural image, and the more literal forms will be employed. And the larger the cultural distance, the more adjustments and adaptions would be adopted. With due consideration of the intentional function and addressees’ background, the versions may be readily accepted.
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Purcell, Susan. "The law of Hobson-Jobson." English Today 25, no. 1 (March 2009): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078409000108.
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ABSTRACTYule and Burnell's 1886 Anglo-Indian dictionary still fascinates and informs today. It is not the finest of Salman Rushdie's writings, but this is the first paragraph of his essay Hobson-Jobson (italics in original):“The British Empire, many pundits now agree, descended like a juggernaut upon the barbicans of the East, in search of loot. The moguls of the raj went in palanquins, smoking cheroots, to sup toddy or sherbet on the verandahs of the gymkhana club, while the memsahibs fretted about the thugs in bandannas and dungarees who roamed the night like pariahs, plotting ghoulish deeds.” (Rushdie, 1992:81)Rushdie points out that the italicised words all appear in the celebrated dictionary Hobson-Jobson: a glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive by Henry Yule & A.C. Burnell, first published in 1886.This gem of a dictionary gives definitions and origins of words in common use by the British in colonial India in the late nineteenth century. Some of the entries won't be a surprise to readers – we all know that raj, mogul and memsahib are Indian words. But there are many words with their origins in Hindustani, Bengali, Sanskrit or other Indian or Eastern languages, whose origin is perhaps not quite so well known.
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BYBYK, Svitlana. "“CHRONICLERS WILL NOT HARM FOR US EPITETS WITH A TINT OF RED” (epithetics “Poems from the war” by Borys Humeniuk)." Culture of the Word, no. 92 (2020): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/0201-419x-2020.92.2.
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The article offers an analysis of one of the expressive markers of the language of social works of B. Humeniuk “Poems from the war”. Stylistic functions, structural and semantic properties of epithets are outlined. The connection between lyrical and epic epithets and the form of poems – verlibr – is noted. The functional load of epithets in correlation with linguistic-stylistic categories actualization, intimation, subjectivization, publicism, epicness, lyricism is traced. The role of epithets as actualizers of emotional assessments, concrete-sensory associations (color, size, smell of realities, mental state, mood, worldview of a lyrical hero) in readers is established. Emphasis is placed on militarized epithet with destructive semantics of meanings. The individual-author features of actualization of epithets-coloratives (black, red, white, green, blue, yellow) are emphasized. A specific group of epic, more typical of colloquial language, epithets-pronoun adjectives, which enhance the subjectivity of the poetic context. The originality of the epithetics of B. Humeniuk’s verlibr verse is characterized. In particular, the key proper epithet phrases with the direct meaning of adjectives and metaphorical epithets are singled out; two-syllable noun-adjective epithets, epithets as a part of an adjective inversion, epithets as a part of comparison, a paraphrase are distinguished. The correlation of the epithet “Poems from War” with the archetypal cognitive structures – the concepts of War, Warrior, Death, Life, Man, Nature – is traced.
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Lupu, Coman. "Estereotipos y tendencias en la prensa rumana actual." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.14.
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Stereotypes and Trends in Today’s Romanian Press. In the last three decades, the Romanian media has undergone significant changes. In this industry, the market is nowadays dominated by TV and online press. The number of TV stations with national or local coverage has increased significantly, and the competition between newspapers or online news pages has intensified. A consequence of the battle for audience is the tabloidization of some TV channels, as well as online press, in order to increase the number of retrievals of online news. The tabloidization trend is seen in the dissemination of a sometimes-exaggerated number of sensational information, in the wording of news titles and in the insistent advertising. From a linguistic point of view, chaos reigns in TV and online press. Many of the news posted online seem to be drawn up in a hurry or negligently translated from various foreign sources. We are witnessing a mixture of styles and an alienation from the journalistic canon. The stylistic hybridization is the natural outcome of the frequent use of words and phrases characteristic to colloquial-familiar and argotic language or from various terminological areas, generally hardly accessible to the wide audience. However, the TV and online press has an undisputed merit: a major contribution to enriching the vocabulary with new elements (compound words, derived words, loanwords from other modern languages or calques), to their dissemination and establishment in the Romanian language.
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Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. "Most Common Formal Grammatical Errors Committed by Authors." Journal of Educational Issues 3, no. 1 (April 5, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v3i1.10839.
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Empirical evidence has been provided about the importance of avoiding American Psychological Association (APA) errors in the abstract, body, reference list, and table sections of empirical research articles. Specifically, authors are significantly more likely to have their manuscripts rejected for publication if they commit numerous APA violations—and, thus, do not write with discipline—in these sections. In addition to adhering to APA, writing with discipline also includes avoiding what I call formal grammatical errors. Thus, in this study, I analyzed formal grammatical errors committed in 117 manuscripts submitted to the journal Research in the Schools over a 6-year period. Among other results, I identified the 35 most common formal grammatical errors. The use of colloquial words/phrases (e.g., “the author did a good job”) (76.1%) represented the most common grammatical error. Further, I identified a link between the number of grammatical errors and the subsequent disposition of a manuscript (i.e., accept vs. revise and resubmit vs. reject). Finally, I identified the formal grammatical errors that best predicted whether or not a manuscript was rejected by the editor. I contend that an efficient way for authors to learn how to write with discipline is to focus initially on these most common formal grammatical errors. Further, I contend that these errors provide useful starting points for persons who teach scholarly writing. Finally, authors of the APA Publication Manual might use this information to determine which grammatical rules and guidelines to emphasize.
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Popova, Olexandra, Oleg Bolgar, and Tomashevska Anastasiia. "TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES OF STYLISTIC PHENOMENA IN A TV INTERVIEWER’S SPEECH." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 31 (December 2020): 312–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-31-20.
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The work is devoted to the study of translation peculiarities of stylistic features of a TV interviewer’s English speech into Ukrainian. The correct translation of the content of a speech segment requires good knowledge of vocabulary, and the capability to recognize the stylistic features of a foreign language in communication, and the techniques used to translate them into the native language. Translation of metaphors, metonymy, comparisons is of particular difficulty for the translator, however, it is the ability to use various techniques in translation that helps the translator to convey the meaning of the statement to the listener adequately. The television interview is characterized as an independent journalistic genre, is a kind of television communication, a purposeful individual-social speech phenomenon, which consists of the organized interaction detween the speakers and finds its expression in a specific dialogically constructed form. The results of this study show that each translated stylistic unit is characterized by a set of transformations typical for it. In most cases, these transformations involve lexical and syntactic stylistic devices. At the level of vocabulary, the speech of a TV interviewer is characterized by a significant number of colloquialisms, colloquial cliches, phraseological units. At the level of syntax, the typical indicators of the conversational style of the TV nterviewer are parallel constructions, repeated requests, elliptical sentences, repetitions, unfinished phrases, and the absence of inversion in interrogative sentences. The information obtained as the result of convergence of stylistic devices as a set of components participating together with other linguistic units in the formation of expressiveness, emotiveness and evaluation is one of the important sources of the language pragmatic function.
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Kostrinsky-Thomas, Alexander L., Fuki M. Hisama, and Thomas H. Payne. "Searching the PDF Haystack: Automated Knowledge Discovery in Scanned EHR Documents." Applied Clinical Informatics 12, no. 02 (March 2021): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726103.
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Abstract Background Clinicians express concern that they may be unaware of important information contained in voluminous scanned and other outside documents contained in electronic health records (EHRs). An example is “unrecognized EHR risk factor information,” defined as risk factors for heritable cancer that exist within a patient's EHR but are not known by current treating providers. In a related study using manual EHR chart review, we found that half of the women whose EHR contained risk factor information meet criteria for further genetic risk evaluation for heritable forms of breast and ovarian cancer. They were not referred for genetic counseling. Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the use of automated methods (optical character recognition with natural language processing) versus human review in their ability to identify risk factors for heritable breast and ovarian cancer within EHR scanned documents. Methods We evaluated the accuracy of the chart review by comparing our criterion standard (physician chart review) versus an automated method involving Amazon's Textract service (Amazon.com, Seattle, Washington, United States), a clinical language annotation modeling and processing toolkit (CLAMP) (Center for Computational Biomedicine at The University of Texas Health Science, Houston, Texas, United States), and a custom-written Java application. Results We found that automated methods identified most cancer risk factor information that would otherwise require clinician manual review and therefore is at risk of being missed. Conclusion The use of automated methods for identification of heritable risk factors within EHRs may provide an accurate yet rapid review of patients' past medical histories. These methods could be further strengthened via improved analysis of handwritten notes, tables, and colloquial phrases.
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Maltby, Robert. "The distribution of Greek loan–words in Terence." Classical Quarterly 35, no. 1 (May 1985): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800014609.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss Terence's use of Greek loan-words and to examine their distribution by plays and by characters. How far are they used for stylistic effect and what relationship do they have to the themes of different plays? Is there any evidence for the concentration of these words, which often tend to be colloquial in tone, in the mouths of slaves and characters of low social status for the purposes of linguistic characterisation? Finally, does Terence's use of these words develop in the course of his short career? The usefuleness of a previous note on this subject by J. N. Hough is limited by the absence of any comprehensive list of occurrences, so that its objectivity is difficult to check. A more helpful discussion by P. Oksala gives a fuller list, but concentrates mainly on a comparison with Plautine usage in the type and frequency of these words and does not discuss their distribution within the Terentian corpus.The question of characterisation by linguistic means, particularly in the field of New Comedy, has received considerable attention in recent years. The doctrine that a character's speech should be appropriate to his or her age, sex or social status, is well attested in the ancient world, with reference both to the theatre and to the law-courts. The ancient scholia on Aristophanes, as well as the fourth-century commentary on Terence that goes under the name of Donatus, contain comments on the appropriateness of particular words and phrases to particular character types. Leo, commenting long ago on the distribution of Greek words in Plautus, observed that they were used predominantly by slaves and characters of low social standing, a point made earlier by N. Tuchhaendler. More recently M. E. Gilleland has produced detailed statistical evidence for both Plautus and Terence which tends to back up these observations.
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Diniz de Figueiredo, Eduardo H. "To borrow or not to borrow: the use of English loanwords as slang on websites in Brazilian Portuguese." English Today 26, no. 4 (November 3, 2010): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078410000301.
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The use of English loanwords in different languages has been discussed from various perspectives by several scholars (e.g. Takashi, 1990; Kay, 1995; Takashi Wilkerson, 1997; Smead, 1998; Friedrich, 2002). Although this phenomenon has been regarded as enriching and/or creative by some (e.g. Crystal, 2003; Friedrich, 2002), it has encountered opposition in many parts of the world. Phillipson (1992: 7), for instance, views it ‘as a phenomenon that has offended users of other languages for more than a century.’ He explains how some governments (in France and Slovenia, for example) have adopted measures to prevent the use of loanwords from English. This issue of whether or not the incorporation of loanwords is offensive to the borrowing language became a topic of much debate in Brazil after Projected Law #1676/1999, which aims to limit the use of foreign words (mainly from English) in Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter, BP). As Rajagopalan (2005) explains, many popular movements, politicians, and traditional grammarians have expressed concern that BP is ‘under an imminent threat from English’ (101).Several linguists (e.g. Faraco, 2001) have opposed the proposition, based on issues such as linguistic prejudice and the lack of language expertise of the proponents and supporters of the projected law. Still, the proposition was approved by the Brazilian Senate in 2003. It now awaits further approval by the Chamber of Deputies before a final decision is made. One possible way of investigating whether loanwords are offensive to BP is to approach it from a linguistic perspective. Hence, in the present study, I explore the issue of borrowing by BP speakers through a linguistic analysis of loanwords from English that are currently used as slang in Brazil. The definition of slang used here is that proposed by Eble (1996: 11): ‘an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large.’
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Кронгауз, М. А. "THE FAREWELL FORMULA DAVAY IN SYNCHRONIC AND DIACHRONIC ASPECTS." Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, no. 2(285) (April 29, 2021): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2021.285.2.006.
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В статье показан возможный путь формирования формулы прощания давай, состоящий из двух параллельных процессов: трансформации пожелания в формулу прощания и компрессии этой формулы. Трансформация заключается в тяготении пожелания к конечной точке в диалоге, а позднее и фиксации в этой позиции. Компрессия заключается в отпадении частей формулы вплоть до свертывания ее в одно слово. Современная форма повелительного наклонения давай однозначно воспринимается как побуждение говорящим собеседника и встраивается в ряд с просторечными формулами прощания будь и бывай. Однако мы видим, что в прототипической формуле (давай + местоимение в Д.п. + Бог + существительное в В.п.) глагол обращен не к собеседнику, а к Богу или мирозданию. Невозможно утверждать, что фраза типа Давай тебе Бог счастья! стала единственным источником современной формулы прощания давай. Тем не менее важно наличие устойчивой формулы-предшественницы, выполняющей тождественную функцию (т. е. не только пожелания, но и прощания). The article shows a possible way to form a formula for saying goodbye, which comprises two parallel processes: the transformation of a wish into a formula for saying goodbye and the compression of this formula. The transformation consists of a wish gravitating towards the end point in the dialog, and later fixation in this position. Compression consists of dropping off parts of a formula up to collapsing into a single word. The modern form of the imperative mood davay is clearly perceived as an incentive made by the speaker to the interlocutor and it fits in the same row with colloquial formulas of farewell bud’ and byvay. However, we see that in the prototypical formula (davay + the pronoun in the dative case + God + noun in the accusative case) the verb is not addressed to the interlocutor, but to God or the universe. It is impossible to assert that the phrases like Davay tebe Bog schact’a! have become the only source of the modern formula davay for saying goodbye. Nevertheless, it is important to have a stable predecessor formula that performs the same function (that is, not only one of a wish, but also of a farewell).
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Sakalauskienė, Vilija, and Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa. "Filologia a tożsamość. Dwugłos polsko‑litewski o ks. Antonim Juszkiewiczu, twórcy słowników przekładowych." Acta Baltico-Slavica 38 (December 31, 2014): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2014.001.
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Philology and identity. The Polish-Lithuanian dialogue on father Antoni Juszkiewicz (Antanas Juška), as author of translational dictionariesThe nineteenth-century lexicographical legacy of Fr. Antoni Juszkiewicz (Antanas Juška) is a common linguistic and cultural heritage of Poles and Lithuanians. The translational dictionaries, made by the bilingual author, document the spoken Lithuanian language (in dialectal and colloquial versions) and, as well, Polish regional language in the contemporary territory of Lithuania in the period of partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The dictionaries are treated as important sources that provide ethnolinguistic information on two phenomena:conceptualization of the world by the two nations at the time of crystallization of the Lithuanian identity,personal vision of the world presented by the lexicographer, the priest, remaining in the situation of a cultural Polish-Lithuanian bivalence.In the mid-19th century the Antanas Juška’s idea of documenting the folk colloquial vocabulary was a new and significant phenomenon in Lithuanian lexicography. The dictionary of Lithuanian-Polish language was a matter of importance for the society. Lithuanians needed the dictionary even more than Poles did. At first the author of this dictionary dedicated his attention to the intellectuals. The brightest minds of that time were going to Polish schools, so the Polish and Lithuanian languages were always used side by side.As a lexicographer, Antanas Juška understood that not only folk colloquial language but also ethnography was an important aspect of national cultural development. For a few decades he dedicated his inexhaustible energy to recording Lithuanian words, phrases, songs and customs of the country. He was attentive to the psychological, historical and traditional aspects of the culture as well as tried to describe the way people expressed their thoughts.Anatans Juška recorded more than 30,000 words of the spoken language. The ‘Lithuanian-Polish Dictionary’ in its different editions reflects the state of Lithuanian language in the second half of the 19th century. The words in this dictionary include loanwords, vulgarities and sentences that reflect the difficult human conditions of that time.‘The Lithuanian-Polish Dictionary’ by Antanas Juška is an important source of lexicography. The remaining manuscript and editorial processes reflect many difficulties leading to the final results. It is an important and valuable source for researching the development of Lithuanian literary writing. Filologia a tożsamość. Dwugłos polsko‑litewski o ks. Antonim Juszkiewiczu, twórcy słowników przekładowychXIX-wieczna spuścizna leksykograficzna ks. Antoniego Juszkiewicza (lit. Antanas Juška) stanowi wspólne dziedzictwo językowo-kulturowe Polaków i Litwinów. Układane przez dwujęzycznego autora słowniki przekładowe dokumentują litewski język mówiony (gwarowy i potoczny) i polski regionalny na Litwie w dobie rozbiorów. Traktujemy je jako ważne źródła, które dostarczają dwojakich informacji etnolingwistycznych:mówią o konceptualizacji świata przez dwa narody w momencie krystalizowania się tożsamości litewskiej,informują o indywidualnej wizji świata samego leksykografa, kapłana, pozostającego w biwalencji kulturowej polsko-litewskiej.Idea Antoniego Juszkiewicza, by gromadzić słownictwo ludowe i potoczne, była nowym, znaczącym fenomenem w litewskiej leksykografii połowy XIX w. Słownik litewsko-polski to swoiste novum dla ówczesnego społeczeństwa. Litwini potrzebowali takiego słownika bardziej niż Polacy. W pierwszym rzędzie, autor adresował ten słownik do inteligencji. Najświatlejsze umysły tego czasu uczęszczały do polskich szkół, więc języki polski i litewski egzystowały zawsze blisko siebie.Jako leksykograf, Antoni Juszkiewicz rozumiał, że nie tylko słownik języka ludowego, mówionego, ale również etnografia przyczynia się do rozwoju kultury narodowej. Przez kilka dziesięcioleci swą niewyczerpaną energię poświęcał zapisywaniu litewskich słów, wyrażeń, pieśni i zwyczajów ludowych. Podczas zbierania materiału zwracał baczną uwagę na aspekty psychologiczne, historyczne, tradycje kulturowe, a także na sposób, w jaki ludzie wyrażają swoje myśli, jak kategoryzują świat.Antoni Juszkiewicz zgromadził ponad 30 tys. słów z języka mówionego. Słownik odzwierciedla stan języka litewskiego w drugiej połowie XIX w. W zasobie leksykalnym litewskim znalazły się zapożyczenia, wyrazy pospolite i sentencje odzwierciedlające trudne warunki życia w tym okresie, gdy Litwa pozostawała pod władzą carów. Słownik Antoniego Juszkiewicza jest ważnym źródłem leksykograficznym, choć ciągle pod względem naukowym i poznawczym niedocenionym. Proces przygotowywania rękopisów do druku przez wielu redaktorów był bardzo żmudny i nie doprowadził do wydania całości zbioru. Jest to jednak wciąż ważne i wartościowe źródło do badania rozwoju języka litewskiego.
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Иванов, Владимир Александрович. "ARCHAISMS AS STYLISTIC SPECIFICITY OF TRANSLATION OF GOETHE’S «FAUST» INTO CHUVASH LANGUAGE." Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no. 2(107) (July 30, 2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2020.107.2.005.
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В статье рассматриваются слова, вышедшие из употребления в разговорной речи, но сохранившиеся в воспроизведенном виде на чувашском языке в переводе произведения И. В. Гете «Фауст», выполненном Н. А. Андреевым (Урхи). Термин «стилистика», будучи учением об употреблении языка, трактуется нами как индивидуальная манера речи переводчика в процессе выявления архаизмов в чувашском варианте. Дифференциация письменного и разговорного стилей осуществляется с учетом национальных корней. Прерогатива в тексте трагедии принадлежит диалогу, в котором наиболее транспарентно представлены возможности стилистических особенностей употребления древних лексем, ставших для носителей языка архаизмами. Отдельно в качестве выразительных средств языка анализируются устаревшие устойчивые словосочетания, в которых функционально необходимый архаический стиль вызван к жизни пером Урхи, переводчика-самоучки (нем. Dolmetscher, чув. тăлмач, толмач). Семь лексических единиц из числа архаизмов характеризуются выделением двух степеней устарелости в зависимости от их употребления носителем простонародной речи и исследователем, усвоившим современный литературный язык по книгам, в одном лице. Н. А. Урхи освоил речь с молоком матери в самобытном натуральном пространстве во время активного повседневного общения в трудовой деятельности. Языком перевода он овладел своеобразно - благодаря учебникам для самообразования, самоподготовке к экзаменам экстерном, заочной форме обучения, т. е. его становление как переводчика шло дистанционно и долго (стал студентом вуза в возрасте 75 лет). В возрасте 88 лет Н. А. Урхи представил трагедию на своем материнском языке в Центральную библиотеку г. Веймар, тем самым увековечив свое имя в ряду переводчиков классики на чувашский язык. В статье его труд репрезентируется с целью активизации архаизмов в устной и письменной речи, ибо во времена переводчика Н. А. Урхи они были живым голосом современности. The article considers the words that have become obsolete in colloquial speech but preserved in reproduced form in the Chuvash language in the translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s «Faust» made by N.A. Andreev (Urkhi). The author considers «style» as an individual manner of the translator’s speech in the process of identification of archaisms in the Chuvash language. Written and colloquial styles vary based on the ethnic background. The dialogue plays a prerogative role in the text of the tragedy, in which the possibilities of stylistic features of the use of ancient lexemes are most transparently presented and which have become archaisms for native speakers. The article analyzes as the archaic set phrases in which Urkhi, the Chuvash self-taught translator (German: Dolmetscher, Chuvash: tălmach) brought the archaic style to life. Seven archaisms are characterized by the two degrees of obsolescence depending on their use by both the native speaker of the vulgar language and the researcher of the modern literary language. Urkhi learnt the vulgar speech early in his childhood in an authentic natural environment during daily communication when working. He mastered the language of translation in a peculiar way. Urkhi was able to do that thanks to the textbooks for self-education, passing exams without attending lectures, being an external student. His becoming a translator took him a long time (he became a university student at the age of 75). At the age of 88, Urkhi contributed Goethe’s «Faust» in his mother language to the Central Library of the city of Weimar, thereby perpetuating his name among the translators of the classic literature into the Chuvash language. The article presents his work with the goal of activating the archaisms in oral and written speech, because in the time of Urkhi those archaisms were the living voice of his modernity.
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Akhapkina, Yana E., and Anna I. Levinzon. "Russian univerb nominations with suffix –k(a) in the sociolinguistic perspective: from kommunalka to boyovka." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 17, no. 3 (2019): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-3-54-70.
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Active distribution of lexemes derived from combining attributive phrases in one word – in particular, using the -k(а) suffix – is often associated with their stylistic markedness and expressive tone. Often, however, set -k(a)-formations function as stylistically neutral: open letter – otrkrytka, student’s record book – zachyotka. The derivative model is active both in colloquial speech and terminology. -K(а)-nominates are described in literature (see the works by Isachenko, Kapanadze, Yanko-Trinitskaya, Vinokur, Lopatin, Zemskaya, Osipova, Veprevoi, Ustimenko) as the result of semantic condensation, lexico-syntactic inclusion, lexical ellipticism, univerbation, compression (and are called univerbs, compressives, sometimes distinguishing these types). Due to their tendency to relate to several referents, -k(a)-words tend towards polysemic functioning. The study explores mono- and polyreferenciality of univerbs, their polysemous nature, and young Russian native speakers’ understanding / treatment of mono- and polysemic -k(a)-lexemes. The article examines 32 relatively active (relevant at least in one meaning) derivational models with affixal -k(а) selected from several sources: the Internet; Contemporary Reverse Russian language dictionary; research, including dictionaries of compressives. Chosen were mainly derivatives from attributive combinations motivated by word-sign (adjective or participle) but without a strict distinction between univerbs and condensates. The informants (the students of HSE Lyceum, Moscow) were given a list that included 3 fillers to measure reliability and identify excessive speech creativity which might induce informants to interpret an uncommon word as known. Control group consisted of adults with technical and humanities background (12 people). The study objectives were to determine the prevalence and marginality of univerbs, as well as poly- and monoreferential lexemes; to identify the use of dominant and non-actualized values; to show similarities and differences of adolescent and adult usage of compressives and their functioning. Selected lexemes were interpreted differently in everyday and professional speech, in urban usage and regiolects, in neutral colloquial speech and slangs. According to the analysis of the Internet and the Russian National Corpus newspaper sub-corpus, the selected lexemes are, in most cases, polysemic. Monosemic univerbs are rare. However, multireferencial lexemes have dominant meanings that may change with time. According to the informants’ self-evaluation, almost all respondents know the common lexeme kommunalka, sometimes in two meanings. Almost no one, at the same time, knows the specialised term boevka even in its dominant meaning. Typical context for the proposed words was asked to test whether informants’ self-evaluation alligns with general speech practice. Fillers shhipkovka and dobrotka expectedly produced no contexts, and the most natural potential formation pripaska was put in context by 9 informants. Globalka and boevka are commonly disappearing in live speech regardless of the respondents’ age (this is consistent with their self-assessment), while ochka and durka are dominant in the proposed set of lexemes. Based on the data collected, there are 9 monoreferential lexemes distinguished by their context formation ability (nastolka, voenka, bezlimitka, durka, globalka, zabroshka, lichka, minusovka, vkusnyashka), none of which are derived from the respondents’ answers. As for contextual usage and suggested synonyms, there are 23 polyreferencial lexemes. Informants’ individual response to fillers and unfamiliar existing words is similar: when trying to interpret the meaning, their internal form (something motivated by an adjective or participle) is reconstructed. Contexts of use, synonyms and producing base are not specified in these cases. Overall, the fillers differ significantly from the existing words in the sample: reactions to them are rare even in the interpretations’ graph. Therefore, the general results of the study of existing words may be said not to be inspired by informants’ desire to cooperate or their excessive creativity.
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Bak, Hadi. "DIDACTIC ASPECT OF USING LEXICAL SYNONYMY IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE." Current issues of linguistics and translation studies, no. 19 (October 30, 2020): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2415-7929-2019-19-12.
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The article deals with the issues of learning Russian as a foreign language using a communicative approach. In the Turkish linguistic literature much attention is paid to the study of language, methods of development of oral and written speech of students. Russian as a foreign language teaching methodology is based on the methodology of teaching foreign languages in General and Russian linguistics in particular, and provides opportunities for solving didactic problems. At the moment, the most effective way to learn Russian as a foreign language is, first of all, to teach students communication activities. The author pays special attention to the concept of “lexical-semantic group”, since the introduction of foreign language vocabulary as part of integral semantic associations will help students to assimilate the lexical richness of the language being studied. When teaching foreign students, considering a word in the structure of semantic associations of words will contribute not only to a deep understanding of its lexical meaning, but also to mastering typical word usage. As an argument, the didactic aspects of using the synonymic series of the lexeme “laugh”are considered. The lexical meaning of a word is manifested not only in a specific unit, but also in specific phrases and in certain stylistic boundaries. Therefore, in practical work with vocabulary, special attention should be paid to the lexical and grammatical compatibility of words, their stylistic characteristics. This requires working on the semantic equivalence and stylistic shades of phraseological combinations, as well as their functions in literary texts and colloquial speech. In fragments of a literary text, it is also advisable to work on the stylistic shades of the lexeme, in our case, “laught”. Specific examples of practical work on fragments of the text of the play “the Cherry orchard” by A. p. Chekhov are given. Generalized that work with various shades of meaning of lexemes, phraseological units of the synonymous row of the word “laugh” in the passages of literary text and spoken language, firstly, enables students to correctly use them in various speech situations, and second, deepening knowledge about the lexical richness of the Russian language, and provides materials for work on the comparative typology of Russian and Turkish languages. Keywords: Russian as a foreign language, communicative approach, lexical-semantic group of words.
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Andrianova, Darya V. "Czech Phraseological Parallels to the Russian Dialect Idioms (Based on the Materials of the Complete Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects)." Philology 18, no. 9 (2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-9-19-26.
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The article provides a comparative analysis of Czech and Russian literary and dialectal phraseological units that characterize a wealthy person and prosperous life. Contemporary studies mostly deal with literal and colloquial idioms, whereas dialectal phraseology is rarely used for the comparative studies. It may stem from the fact that there are no large dictionaries of Russian dialectal phraseology. For this article, we used the materials for the Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, which is being prepared under the supervision of prof. V. M. Mokienko. The Russian part of the research is represented by approximately 250 idioms, the Czech part totals about 150 units. Czech and Russian phraseological units were grouped together according to their common internal image,the themes of components, similar syntactic models, or similar logical motivations. As an example in the group that combines Czech and Russian phraseological units with a similar figurative basis, we show the model 'animal or bird refuses to eat any kind of food' known in different languages. There are different variants of the model known to Czech and Russian dialects, which represent different animals and birds, and different types of food. The analysis of the idioms grouped together on the basis of the themes of their components have led to the conclusion that in Czech and Russian idioms, the image of wealth is often interpreted through the images of money, storage, satiety, food (mostly fat-heavy and also sweet – in Russian idioms), fantastic abundance, etc. For the Russian dialect phraseology, we describe one characteristic syntactic model, which marks a rich person: one cannot be reached / hurt with any tool. This model was not found in Czech idioms. A comparative analysis showed that in Russian dialect phraseology, which characterizes a comfortable life, one often observes tautological constructions with the lexeme ‘live’. In the Czech part of the materials, there was no tautology. Thanks to the dialectal phraseology the materials for the comparative study of the Czech and Russian idioms have qualitatively and quantitatively grown. Because of these dialectal units, parallels in the semantics and syntactic structure of many phraseological phrases in the studied languages have been made obvious. We have also managed to identify several Czech-Russian phraseological internationalisms, further historical and etymological study of which seems to bring us closer to the issue of the typological or genetic similarity of these idioms in two Slavic languages. Usage of dialect phraseology also lets us reveal several syntactic features typical only for Russian phraseology.
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Maslova, Svitlana. "ON THE ISSUE OF TRANSLATING AN ESSAY." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 31 (December 2020): 264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-31-17.
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The choice of an essay as the object of analysis presents significant difficulties for the researcher, since even the definition of the genre in the theory of literature is still not set; there is no integral concept of the genre, the views of literary scholars on essays are extremely contradictory. Unlike existing theoretical and practical studies on various literary genres, the essay seems to be an insufficiently studied object of analysis in the linguistic and translation perspectives, which determines the relevance of the paper. The objective of the study is to determine the features of the translation of a publicist essay on the example of the translation of the literary work of I. Brodsky “Reflection on a Spawn of Hell” from Russian into English. To achieve this objective, the following tasks are to be solved: 1) to identify the main stylistic features of the essay by I. Brodsky; 2) to determine the specifics of its translation into English. The dominant function of the essay is the influencing one. It is implemented by referring to the emotional-figurative way of the addressee’s perception of the world. The stylistic features of I. Brodsky’s publicist essay, characterizing it as a resource of stylistic expressiveness, fully agree with the influencing function of the type of the text under study: syntactic constructions with inverted word order, rhetorical questions, quotations, complex sentences with a number of homogeneous members, elliptical constructions, gradation, stylistically coloured vocabulary, a combination of stylistically reduced and colloquial vocabulary aimed at achieving maximum expressiveness. The translator renders the stylistic features of the source text by selecting functional analogues in the target language. Difficulties arise when reproducing the cultural realities of the original linguistic culture. The appellative type of the text, which an essay is, requires significant linguocultural adaptation of the realities of the source language to the socio-cultural background of the target language. The translation under study tends to reproduce only the outer shell of definite lexemes and phrases, which are bearers of factual information and have a significant pragmatic potential in the original text. Despite the complexity and cultural richness of the text itself, with its specific words and conceptual system, the translator does not fully pragmatically adapt the significant elements of the source text, which affects the adequacy of its translation. In our opinion, translation errors prevent reproduction of the author’s communicative intentions in full. We consider the prospects for further developments in the expansion of research materials in order to obtain general conclusions regarding the peculiarities of the translation of an essay as a genre and the specifics of rendering the individual author’s style in translation.
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Tunberg, Terentius. "Colloquia familiaria aetate litterarum renatarum scripta ne spernamus!" Nordlit, no. 33 (November 25, 2014): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.3167.
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<p>We hope to bring to the attention of modern readers a genre of works composed in great numbers during the Renaissance, which were designed to complement the practice of conversational Latin. We single out these particular texts, because, in our opinion, teachers of Latin in our own time can still find them useful. They take the form of simple dialogues which are usually brief. They are typically called colloquia, and are filled with pure and idiomatic Latin phrases pertaining to daily life. The most famous humanists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, including Erasmus, Vives, Corderius, Sturmius, Pontanus among others, are numbered among the authors of <em>colloquia</em>. We hope to outline the main features of these texts, to explain why they were published in such large numbers in the humanistic age, and what benefits students and teachers of Latin today can gain from such <em>colloquia</em>.</p>
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ЗЕЛІНСЬКА, ОКСАНА. "Лексичні засоби позначення дитячого віку в писемних пам’ятках української мови ХVІ-ХVІІІ ст." Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 1 (June 2019): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/060.2019.64116.
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Research devoted to childhood as a social-cultural phenomenon has become more active in present-day science. Scientists study some peculiarities of the perception of child and childhood by society in different historical epochs, try to fix childhood limits and to define age periods within child age, and make a conclusion that in many cases, periods of man's life are correlated with social roles of people rather than with biological age, and they were formed under the influence of social institutes developing together with the evolution of society. The present paper analyzes lexical means used in written records of the Ukrainian language in the 16th-18th centuries to denote child age and express the concept of an age differentiation of childhood. The written records of the Ukrainian language of different genres in the mentioned period were the sources of the research: e.g. business language records, P. Berynda's dictionary, religious texts, sermons, and poetic works. Lexical units expressing child age to denote childhood as an age period of man's life and general names originating from colloquial language and taken from Church Slavonic were used to denote children. Written sources confirm an active use of hypocoristic forms. The lack of a clear classification of childhood into separate age periods is seen in the system of children's names. Most of the general names denoting children did not represent an age gradation of childhood and only some words were special names of a child expressing an age characteristic: those were the names of a newly-born child and a baby. Some adjectives combination with nouns to denote children indicated a relative age characteristic (little, minor) but the contexts in which phrases with the adjective little were used did not give a reason to distinguish between a little child and a young man. In several sources, a seven-year period was classified as a special stage in a child's life, first of all, due to religious practice. According to Christian tradition, a child was considered to have no sins until the age of 7 since he or she cannot distinguish between good and bad. After that, he or she had to shrive. In secular practice, the age of 7 became the time when a child would be sent to an educational institution. The texts of pedagogical orientation prove the synonymy of common names denoting children with special names of the individuals who get education. A differentiation according to an age characteristic “adulthood” vs. “minority” can be seen clearly, which is explained by the legal status of an adult and, correspondingly, is expressed by the corresponding lexical denotations. The vocabulary denoting this age period is mostly represented by sources written in business language. One can see that lexical semantics, with help of which child age is marked in records of the Ukrainian language in the 16th-18th centuries, gives a general concept of childhood common for Ukrainian and European social communities of that time.
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Rosenhouse, Judith. "Features of Annexion Strings in Colloquial and Literary Arabic and Hebrew." Arabica 57, no. 2 (2010): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005810x502664.
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AbstractArabic annexion is a basic and frequent nominal (phrase) structure which can be important not only in itself but also for translation and automatic text generation applications. The structure is expanded by concatenating to it more nouns, thus forming annexion strings. We examine here whether in colloquial and Modern Literary Arabic similar limitations exist, whether there are differences between them. Limitations and constraints on the number of words that can be connected in an annexion string were investigated for another Semitic language, Hebrew (Rosenhouse, “On the use”, “Construct”, and here). This study compares also Hebrew and Arabic annexion strings from the point of view of their length limitations. The article is based on literary Arabic as used in newspapers and books and on transcribed texts of colloquial Arabic. Some Hebrew journalese and spoken texts have also been examined for comparison. Our findings suggest positive answers to our questions.
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WAGNER, SUSANNE. "Never saw one – first-person null subjects in spoken English1." English Language and Linguistics 22, no. 01 (July 18, 2016): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674316000216.
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While null subjects are a well-researched phenomenon in pro-drop languages like Italian or Spanish, they have not received much attention in non-pro-drop languages such as English, where they are traditionally associated with particular (written) genres such as diaries or are discussed under a broader umbrella term such as situational ellipsis. However, examples such as the one in the title – while certainly not frequent – are commonly encountered in colloquial speech, with first-person singular tokens outnumbering any other person.This article investigates the linguistic and non-linguistic factors influencing the (non-) realisation of first-person singular subjects in a corpus of colloquial English. The variables found to contribute to the observed variation are drawn from a variety of linguistic domains and follow up on research conducted in such different fields as first language acquisition (FLA), cognitive linguistics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics and language variation and change. Of particular interest is the finding regarding the link between null subjects and complexity of the verb phrase, which patterns in a clearly linear fashion: the more complex the verb phrase, the more likely is a null realisation. Not discussed in this form before, this finding, given its high significance and its robustness in light of alternative coding, may prove to be an important candidate for inclusion in future studies on (English) null subjects.
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Santika, I. Dewa Ayu Devi Maharani, I. Gusti Vina Widiadnya Putri, and Ni Wayan Suastini. "Translation of phrasal verbs into Indonesian." Journal of Applied Studies in Language 2, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v2i1.804.
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Phrasal verb is the common word form used in colloquial language, for written and spoken. Although this phrasal is formed from a verb, most of the time the meaning will change after transformed into phrasal verb, but sometimes it does not change its meaning and even gives emphasize on the meaning. This fact is very important to determine the selection of their equivalents in doing the translation. This is a qualitative research which used descriptive analysis in analyzing the data. The data were the translations of an English text into Indonesian language conducted by the primary school teachers in some private schools in Denpasar. Questioner was also applied in order to collect more accurate data for supporting the research analysis. In a short way, the results of this research are (1) there were variant words in choosing the equivalents of the phrasal verbs given. (2) Most of the equivalents of the phrasal verbs were pertinent with their based-meaning in the source language. (3) The common strategy used was Translation by a more neutral/less expressive words; where the chosen equivalents have less expressive words than in their language source, but their meanings are close to the meanings in the source language.
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Chiarini, Sara. "Οὐδὲν λέγειν / nihil dicere." Mnemosyne 72, no. 1 (December 6, 2018): 114–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342460.
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AbstractThe ancient theoretical debate on language and its purposes has long concerned scholarship, but only in recent years a growing attention has been directed to ancient concepts and instances of nonsense in both communication and artistic-literary expression, as the recent monograph by Stephen Kidd attests. This paper engages in an analysis of the phrase οὐδὲν λέγειν/nihil dicere, used to express the nonsense of a statement. An overview of the occurrences of οὐδὲν λέγειν is followed by a survey of what can be considered the ‘reception’ or calque of the Greek idiom in Latin, namely nihil dicere. The concentration of the occurrences, both in Greek and Latin, in the same two genres, i.e. comedy and philosophical dialogue, suggests that the phrase was borrowed from the colloquial vocabulary of the spoken language. The authority of Aristophanes and Plato seems to have eased the assimilation of the locution by authors such as Plautus, Terence and Cicero. The rarity of the phrase outside these authors and their genres supports the thought that, in literature, οὐδὲν λέγειν/nihil dicere were typical of the lexical repertoires of dramatic ἀγών and dialectics.
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Melnik, Anastasia D. "The Fixed Phrase Scheme "Warum + Verb + Pron1!(?)" in the System of German: Language and Speech." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2020, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2020-1-123-130.
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The description of the modern German fixed phrase scheme «Warum + Verb + Pron1!(?)» is given in this article. The relevance of the study is explained by the absence of the research of the object space as well as its high importance for the practice of communication. The various scientific methods were used. The fixed phrase scheme «Warum + Verb + Pron1!(?)» is described in the structural, semantic, etymological, paradigmatic, syntagmatic, stylistic, phraseological and functional aspects. The phraseological status of it and its belonging to the phraseological subsystem of language are proved. The scheme has two required components, it is characterized by the indicators of reproducibility, structural-semantic stability and integrity, idiomaticity and expressiveness, has a fixed structure serving as a model to build similar sentences-statements. In general the scheme «Warum + Verb + Pron1!(?)» is frequent enough in the practice of speech communication, due to its system and functional characteristics. Its use in colloquial speech increases the efficiency of the communication process, gives it a relaxed character.
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Khalaily, Samir, and Edit Doron. "Colloquial Modern Hebrew Doubly-marked Interrogatives and Contact with Arabic and Neo-Aramaic Dialects." Journal of Jewish Languages 3, no. 1-2 (October 16, 2015): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340042.
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This article describes the innovative dmi construction—doubly-marked interrogative—of colloquial Modern Hebrew, in which a question is doubly marked as interrogative. A dmi consists of two parts: (i) an ordinary question, which we call the content question, and (ii) an additional wh-phrase, the attitude marker, which embeds the content question, and whose function is to assign it additional illocutionary force, typically that of rejecting a presupposition salient in the discourse. The article suggests that the dmi was (re-)innovated in Modern Hebrew as a result of contact with Modern Arabic and Neo-Aramaic dialects. It may have been previously innovated in an earlier stage of Hebrew due to its contact with Aramaic.
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RODRÍGUEZ-PUENTE, PAULA. "Tracking down phrasal verbs in the spoken language of the past: Late Modern English in focus." English Language and Linguistics 21, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 69–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674316000095.
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This article analyses the formal and stylistic features of phrasal verbs in the Old Bailey Corpus and compares them with results obtained from the speech-related genres of ARCHER (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers), namely diaries, drama, letters and sermons. Phrasal verbs tend to be associated with spoken colloquial registers both in PDE and previous stages of the language, although this statement has been challenged by Thim (2006a, 2012), who argues that in EModE the (non-)occurrence of phrasal verbs in a particular text seems motivated by its contents, rather than its degree of formality. The results in this study show that phrasal verbs were a feature of the spoken language already in LModE, since their frequency is remarkably higher in trial proceedings, arguably the closest representation of the spoken word of the past. However, in contrast to other speech-related text types, the frequency of phrasal verbs in trial proceedings decreases over time, which seems to point towards a decolloquialisation of this genre over time. The study also shows differences at the formal level across genres, demonstrating that sermons display more formal and archaic characteristics, whereas trial proceedings contain features which bring them closer to the spoken language.
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Chi-Shun, Cheung, and Pascale Fung. "Unsupervised Learning of a Chinese Spontaneous and Colloquial Speech Lexicon with Content and Filler Phrase Classification." International Journal of Speech Technology 7, no. 2/3 (April 2004): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ijst.0000017016.91296.88.
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Aronow, Robin, Brian D. McHugh, and Tessa Molnar. "A pilot acoustic study of Modern Persian vowels in colloquial speech." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4059.
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While the current literature on Modern Persian (MP) shows heightened interest in its vowel inventory, a cogent synchronic account of Modern Persian vowels (MPV) has yet to be presented. Previous phonological descriptions of MPV presuppose a pairing system based on a historical length distinction that is still reflected in MP orthography: /i:, e/, /u:, o/, /ɒ:, æ/. A synchronic phonological analysis of MPV must be based on phonetic measurements; however, existing acoustic studies examine only formal speech, and thus do not reflect colloquial surface forms. Therefore, the goal of this investigation is to lay the groundwork for a comprehensive acoustic study of MPV that presupposes no pairings and is based on colloquial speech in a controlled prosodic environment. Vowel duration and first and second formants were measured using Praat for 90 CVC(C) monosyllables as pronounced phrase-finally in carrier sentences by two Tehrani native speakers: one male, one female. Results show that average durations for each vowel contradicted the traditional length-based pairings. Furthermore, features of the following phonological environment likely to affect vowel length — postvocalic consonant type, coda complexity (CVC vs. CVCC), and adherence to the Sonority Sequencing Principle in complex codas — had no notable effect. Results of formant measurements show the two non-high back vowels to be higher than expected, whereas the high back vowel was noticeably centralized.
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Birelma, Alpkan. "Working-class entrepreneurialism: Perceptions, aspirations, and experiences of petty entrepreneurship among male manual workers in Turkey." New Perspectives on Turkey 61 (October 31, 2019): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/npt.2019.18.
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AbstractThis article examines working-class entrepreneurialism in Turkey from a comparative perspective. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a working-class neighborhood of İstanbul, the article focuses on the perceptions, aspirations, and entrepreneurial attempts of manual workers employed in formal jobs. It aims to contribute to the understudied literature on working-class entrepreneurialism, which is often overlooked or underestimated by the critical research on labor and the working class. First, the article demonstrates that the level of entrepreneurialism among manual workers is rather high. Alongside revealing the popularity of aspirations for self-employment and the working-class roots of many self-employed individuals, I present an ethnographic account of five workers’ transition from wage work to self-employment. Second, the article finds that a colloquial phrase, “el işi” or “a stranger’s business,” is widely used to refer to wage work. I argue that this phrase perfectly manifests the popular resentment felt toward wage labor in a social milieu where self-employment seems accessible. Finally, by drawing on a review of a scattered set of studies, I claim that entrepreneurialism among working-class men seems to be quite common, especially in peripheral countries.
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MELNIK, NURIT. "Raising, inversion and agreement in modern Hebrew." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 1 (November 23, 2015): 147–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000444.
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This paper focuses on the interaction between raising, subject–verb inversion and agreement in Modern Hebrew. It identifies, alongside ‘standard’ (i.e., English-like) subject-to-subject raising, two additional patterns where the embedded subject appears post-verbally. In one, the raising predicate exhibits long-distance agreement with the embedded subject, while in the other, a colloquial variant, it is marked with impersonal (3sm) agreement. The choice between the three raising constructions in the language is shown to be solely dependent on properties of the embedded clause. The data are discussed and analyzed against a background of typological and theoretical work on raising. The analysis, cast in the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), builds on research on raising, selectional locality, agreement, subjecthood and information structure, as well as verb-initial constructions in Modern Hebrew.
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te Velde, John R. "German V2 and the PF-Interface: Evidence from Dialects." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 29, no. 2 (May 10, 2017): 147–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542716000222.
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This investigation of certain verb-second structures found in the German dialects Kiezdeutsch, Yiddish (both Eastern and Western), Bavarian, and Cimbrian, and to a more limited extent in colloquial German, leads to the hypothesis that Phonological Form, via the interface with the narrow syntax, provides three strategies for compliance with the verb-second restriction on main clauses. These are i) the remapping of two syntactic constituents into a single prosodic phrase, ii) the reduction and remapping of two or more words into a single prosodic word, and iii) the prosodic marking of the syntactic edge of a main clause where a restart of the clause occurs. The investigation, using minimalist tools, underscores the central role of the syntax-phonology interface without eliminating the need for the semantic interface in the derivation of German verb-second structures.*
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Daoudi, Anissa. "Globalization, Computer-mediated Communications and the Rise of e-Arabic." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 4, no. 2 (2011): 146–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187398611x571328.
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AbstractThis article highlights an as yet overlooked consequence of the expansion of computer-mediated communication in the Arab world, the emergence and extensive use of a new language (e-Arabic). This is a language that mixes, borrows and adapts, uses numbers, Roman letters, Arabic script characters, emotions and words from other languages (English and French) to engage not only with the globalized discourse, but also to examine the specific ways in which the local frames the global. Using an analysis of the language used in e-literature (novels) such as Nessyane Com (2009), 'Ayza atgawiz (2008) and Banat al-Riyadh (2005), this article explores whether globalization processes have changed modern standard Arabic (MSA) and colloquial Arabic at the level of the single word, compound and phrase levels, while also examining the metaphorical language that has emerged.
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Starets, Moshé. "The complementizer C with the WH-word quo in a Franco-Ontarian vernacular of south-western Ontario." Journal of French Language Studies 12, no. 1 (March 2002): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269502000145.
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In this article, we will examine the Complementizer Phrase (CP) involving the element quo in the oral expression of a small French community in the south-western tip of the province of Ontario in Canada, in an area historically known as La Petite-Côte (LPC) where French has been spoken for three centuries now. We will examine the various types of sentences in LPC that feature a CP: free relatives, partial direct questions, indirect questions and full relatives. The Complementizer in LPC can be simple or composite; it is more complex than its standard French (SF) counterpart. We will examine the various allomorphs of each one of these Complementizers. Contrary to Standard French, LPC French, like colloquial French and other French Canadian vernaculars, allows doubly filled CP. The aim of this article is to contribute to the descriptive information available about French Canadian varieties.