Academic literature on the topic 'Colloquial words'

Colloquial words are usually found in the caption or status of social media users. It sometimes creates a confuse for the readers or society because it is just understood by certain community. This becomes a unique and an interesting one to be explored. This research aims to investigate more about colloquial words in Indonesian social media captions those are mainly utilized by young people. It was conducted by a descriptive qualitative method using the theory of colloquial speech, Yule (2010). The data was taken from the captions made by social media users, then identified and classified based on its types. Furthermore, the data analysis of colloquial words was done contextually and theoretically. The research findings showed that from 66 colloquial words data, Coinage had become the highest rate percentage in which it is used to show the uniqueness and a trend or style in a social media caption or status. The unique things and new trends are easier to follow by young people, especially in Indonesian social media. Whereas backformation and derivation become the most rarely percentage used in the caption of Indonesian social media.

The article touches upon the problem of the differentiation between two lexical layers of the Russian Language with stylistic marking - colloquial (literal) and low colloquial. The author enumerates general features typical of both groups and pays special attention to the criteria of the differentiation between and low colloquial words, marked in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language as “colloquial” and “low colloquial”.

This article addresses the issue of underrepresentation or avoidance of colloquial words in a cross-sectional corpus of advanced French interlanguage (IL) of 29 Dutch L1 speakers and in a longitudinal corpus of 6 Hiberno-Irish English L1 speakers compared with a control group of 6 native speakers of French. The main independent variable analysed in the longitudinal corpus is the effect of spending a year in a francophone environment. This analysis is supplemented by a separate study of sociobiographical and psychological factors that affect the use of colloquial vocabulary in the cross-sectional corpus. Colloquial words are not exceptionally complex morphologically and present no specific grammatical difficulties, yet they are very rare in our data. Multivariate regression analyses suggest that only active authentic communication in the target language (TL) predicts the use of colloquial lexemes in the cross-sectional corpus. This result was confirmed in the longitudinal corpus where a t-test showed that the proportion of colloquial lexemes increased significantly after a year abroad.

Special colloquial words consist several vocabulary subgroups including: nonce-words, jargon, vulgarisms, dialectism, slang, professionalisms, archaisms. All these word stock known as common colloquial vocabulary which can be traced  mostly in oral speech. Stylistic studies their function and difference between them. All of which have a certain property ,characteristic of the layer on the whole, that is called an aspect.

In this paper, the use of simple colloquial words by D. robina in hers story "Lubka". The choice of such words has been made so as to be studied, analysed, and distributed into groups in accordance with the appropriate methodology.
 By the analysis, we have arrived to the fact that the simple colloquial words used in the story by D. Robina have their own thematic references. The sixty-six words have been distributed into three semantic groups, involving forty-two words of negative meanings. This means that the distribution of simple colloquial words is contingent upon their basic negative meaning.

The article deals with the study of dialect and colloquial elements in English fiction. The main aim of the study is to identify, analyze and characterize the significance of dialect and colloquial elements in modern fiction. The author studies the following terms “dialect”, “dialect words”, “colloquial words”. In the article dialect-colloquial elements are defined as speech units that characterize a certain dialect and are accompanied by some colloquial elements. The examples of dialect-colloquial elements are taken from the following works: “The Secret Garden” by Frances Hodgson Burnett (1911), “When Marnie Was There” by Joan G. Robinson (1967), “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” by J. K. Rowling (1999). The analysis of the works demonstrates that the functioning of dialect-colloquial elements is observed at different language levels: phonetic, grammatical and lexical. Reduction of sounds, devoicing or voicing of sounds, incorrect reading of the ending ‘ing’ are used at the phonetic level. The lexical level is characterized by the usage of obsolete forms of parts of speech and colloquial words. On the grammatical level a violation of the traditional grammar norms (no ending in the plural, the use of double negation, etc.) is found. The research proves that dialect-colloquial elements help to depict the characters vividly, convey the individuality of their speech, and sometimes serve as a means of satire.

In modern Armenian literature, Gegham Saryan created an original poetic world and left a rich literary heritage. In this regard the study of his work is of great importance. It is well known that a thorough study of the writer's vocabulary is important for understanding the language of the author's works. Therefore, in this article, we consider it necessary to subject the vocabulary of Gegham Saryan's poetry to a linguo-stylistic analysis, in this case, the folk-colloquial and dialect words, because their comprehensive examination gives the opportunity to get a complete picture of the author's language and writing skills. The language of G. Saryan's work is distinguished by its originality and the successful use of the folk-colloquial, dialectal layers of the Armenian vocabulary and their stylistic manifestations. The author's choice of words, especially the selection of individual phrases, is mainly determined by the content of the work. The author's choice of words, especially the selection of individual word groups, is mainly determined by the content of the work. The study of the vocabulary of the writer's works also implies the analysis of the expressive role and stylistic coloring of different word groups, and stylistic coloring, as we know, can have the most diverse groups of the vocabulary of the language. The linguistic structure of G. Saryan's works is not monochromatic and homogeneous. Taking into consideration the stylistic purpose of the use of each lexical unit in the author's poetry speech, we can say that Gegham Saryan's poetry features folk – colloquial and dialect word groups. Due to its accessibility and comprehensibility, the folk-colloquial vocabulary of the In the speech art of Saryan's poetry, the folk-colloquial vocabulary has its unique place due to its accesibility and comprehensibility and has obvious predominance over the dialect words that have spartial limitations. In Saryan's works, folk -colloquial and dialect words are used both in the speech of the author and the characters. These usages are stylistically correct and justified: they contribute to the popularization of the writer's speech, create a more intimate and lively environment. The author uses both colloquial and dialectal words that are known to the people and do not have their literary equivalent, which not only emphasize the social profile of the characters, but also sometimes help rhyme the poetry.

Background. The article is devoted to the analysis of new colloquial words that arose and function in the Ukrainian language of the 21st century. The Ukrainian language is currently characterized by significant dynamics at all its levels, and especially at the lexical-semantic level. Undoubtedly, extralingual and intralingual factors that are in constant interaction and complement each other contribute to this. A characteristic feature of the mentioned period is that colloquial neologisms became one of the important sources of replenishment of the lexical-semantic layer of the Ukrainian language. Their emergence was caused by democratization and liberalization in Ukrainian society during the analyzed period, which significantly affected the language, in particular, expanded the boundaries of its functioning. The material for this studio was primarily new colloquial words, passported from oral conversation, mass media and Internet discourses during the years 2000–2024, as well as partially older colloquialisms that were not recorded in Ukrainian normative lexicographic works. Methods. The article uses both general scientific methods – analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, as well as special linguistic methods – descriptive, observational, continuous sampling, comparative, and others. Results. The main sources of the origin of new colloquial words are identified and considered. The main sources of the named units is the actual live colloquial speech, in which neologisms always arise. Also, former social dialecticisms (jargonisms and argotisms), colloquial or colloquial borrowings, individual author’s novelties derived from popular colloquialism act as sources of replenishment of new lexemes. It has been proven that the most actively replenishing the new colloquial lexicon are such types of jargonisms as: military, sociolectisms from the field of informatics and computerization, from automotive jargon, from youth sociolects. The thematic groups of colloquial neologisms have been identified and analyzed. The largest of them are the names of persons. The dominance of this group is due to the powerful effect of the anthropocentric tendency in the Ukrainian language of the 21st century. It is worth emphasizing that it was during the analyzed period that the creation of various feminatives among the nomen to denote persons became extremely active (one can even call this phenomenon a “feminative boom”). It is proven that a significant part of them are new colloquial units. For the most part, they are the names of professions, a certain type of occupation, activity, social status, etc. and are formed with the help of productive suffixes -k(a), -in(ya), -its(ya), -es(a). A number of thematic groups were also identified: the military sphere, medicine and health care, units for marking realities and concepts in the field of education and science, household nominations, names of actions and processes, nominations of various signs and qualities. A considerable array of new colloquial non-codified words (more than 200 units) was introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusion. Colloquial neologisms significantly supplement the lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian language of the 21st century, especially enriching its emotional-expressive, figurative, characterizing means. It has been found that the main sources of colloquial neologisms are actual spoken speech, former social dialecticisms (jargonisms and argotisms), colloquial or colloquial borrowings, individual author’s words created for popular colloquialism. The main thematic groups of studied units are highlighted – names of persons, the military sphere, medicine and health care, units for marking realities and concepts in the field of education and science, everyday nominations, names of actions and processes, nominations of various signs and qualities.

This study aimed to find the types of colloquial expression in 22 Jump Street movie based on the theory proposed by Partridge, namely single word, clipped word, short picturesque, contraction, verb-adverb combination (compound words). This study used a qualitative descriptive method. The data in this study used observation method. The data is form words and phrase. The results of this study indicate that among the five types of colloquial expression proposed by Partridge there are 4 types of colloquial expression consist of 73 data found in 22 Jump Street movie, namely single word (21), clipped word (7), contraction (35), verb-adverb combination (compound word) (10)

RELEVANCE. The purpose of the study is a linguo-stylistic analysis of the means of creating сonversationality in the lyrics of A.A. Voznesensky, E.A. Yevtushenko, R.I. Rozhdestvensky. The specifics of the individual author’s use of сonversationality indicators in Russian poetry of the 2nd half of the XX century have not been studied enough.MATERIALS AND METHODS. To achieve this goal, the methods of linguistic stylistic and contextual analysis were used. The multilevel means of creating сonversationality in the poetic texts of A.A. Voznesensky, E.A. Yevtushenko, R.I. Rozhdestvensky served as the material for linguistic and stylistic analysis.RESULT AND DISCUSSION. The following means of creating a category of сonversationality in the lyrics of A.A. Voznesensky, E.A. Yevtushenko, R.I. Rozhdestvensky are analyzed: words with colloquial or colloquially reduced coloration, colloquial vocabulary, substitute words, empty words; ellipsis; incomplete, incomplete and non-union sentences; relatives-communicatives; pronominal correlates in the form of nominative case and others. The characterological function of lexical indicators of сonversationality in the language of poetry is revealed (speech portraits of the lyrical hero and other participants of communication are created).CONCLUSION. The results of the study complement the information available in the scientific literature on the means of creating colloquialism in monological speech and can be used as part of the philological analysis of the text.

In the paper we will analyze the Italian localization of the first 5 chapters of the videogame The Last of Us. We will also offer alternative translations and will correct the localization mistakes. The paper consists of five chapters, introduction and conclusion. Each of the chapters represents a category of the revised translation: done badly, omitted translations, done well, could be improved, wrong register or wrong swear words translations. We will observe and analyze the Italian localization of the first five chapters of the videogame and propose the alternatives in the cases of errors and ambiguities, as well as highlight well done translations that reflect the differences between English and Italian grammar, syntax and semantics. The revised parts of the localization primarily include the translation of the subtitles and the artifacts (written documents, not voiced) within the game. The dubbing and the lip sync are not analyzed, unless they influence the translation in one way or another. The orthography and punctuation of the subtitles are kept the same in the thesis as they are in the game. The swear words will be fully spelled for transparency. In the conclusion we will close with the state of the Italian localization of videogames in general and of this one in particular.

Language is the learning device and the device which forms the student's knowledge in math, his ability to define concepts, express mathematical ideas and solve mathematical problems. Difficulties in the Language are seen more in word problems, clarity and in the way the text is read by the student have a direct effect on the understanding of the problem and therefore, on its solution, could delay the problem solving process. The connection between language and mathematical achievements has a more distinctive significance regarding the Arab student. This is due to the fact that the language which is used in the schools and in textbooks is classical (traditional) Arabic. It is far different than the language used in everyday conversations with family and friends (the spoken Arabic). Our research examine whether rephrasing word problems can affect the achievements of the Arab students in it. The experimental group received mathematics instruction using learning materials of word problems that were rewritten in a “middle language” closer to the students’ everyday language (spoken Arabic), thus keeping the mathematical level of the problems. The research findings showed that students in the experimental group improved their achievements in word and geometric problems significantly more than students from control group.

After two decades of "war on organized crime", the number of lifers in Italy has notably increased. More than 1.200 convicts are potentially lifers without parole (ergastolo ostativo). Moreover, most of them have spent several years in isolation known as "41bis regime". Inspired by the New School of Convict Criminology, this thesis seeks to explore the many elements of sufferance that long time confinement produces on those confined to long term isolation, especially regarding parental relationships. Using an ethnographic approach, and the personal prison experience, the author has interviewed twenty lifers. Focusing on their daily deprivation this article shows some restrictive practices aiming the ban of the communications between convicts and their families. These deprivations has negative consequences on parental relationships that become almost formal as visits become more sporadic. Long time confinement is a prison system that punishes primarily the family members of convicts which turns a life sentence into a real torture.<br>Dopo due decade di "guerra alla criminalità organizzata" il numero degli ergastolani ha avuto una forte crescita. Si stima che circa 1200 sono ergastolani ostativi. Gran parte dei quali hanno trascorso diversi anni all'interno del regime duro di 41 bis. Ispirato dagli studi della scuola di Convict Criminology questo lavoro cerca di esplorare i vari elementi di sofferenza che l'isolamento di lunga durata produce, con particolare riferimento alla sfera affettiva degli ergastolani. Attraverso l'approccio etnografico e la propria esperienza detentiva, l'autore ha intervistato venti condannati a vita. Concentrandosi sulle privazioni quotidiane questo articolo mostra alcune pratiche restrittive volte a vietare la comunicazione tra condannato e familiari. Questi divieti hanno conseguenze negative sulle relazioni familiari i quali diventano pressochè formali mentre i colloqui diventano sempre più sporadici. Liisolamento di lunga durata è uno strumento penitenziario che punisce i detenuti insieme ai loro familiari rendendo la condanna una forma di tortura.

碩士<br>銘傳大學<br>應用日語學系碩士班<br>97<br>In pronunciation of Chinese characters, Go-on of Sino-Japanese closely resembles the colloquial sound form of Southern Min. Especially in the third division rhyme words that should be palatalized sound, both have many non-palatalized sound words. This thesis researched the medial deletion in the third-division rhyme words from a viewpoint of the traditional Chinese phonology and clarified the common part and the different part in both languages. 　In Southern Min, most of the colloquial words in the new stratum have palatalized sound, but the words in the old stratum have non-palatalized sound. 　In Go-on of Sino-Japanese, the medial deletion is decided by the position of main vowels and the position relations between onsets and finals. 　The conditions of the medial deletion in both languages are not same, but I applied the conclusion of this study to the pronunciation rule of Go-on, and showed the corresponding rule of the pronunciation of colloquial words in Southern min and Go-on of Sino-Japanese. It would be my honor to be a help of studying Sino-Japanese for Taiwanese students through this research.

Głównym celem rozprawy był możliwie wszechstronny (uwzględniający cechy formalne, semantyczne i pragmatyczne) opis potocznych reproduktów języka polskiego. Przedmiot badania stanowiła próbka tzw. hec, czyli nadsyłanych przez czytelników przykładów publikowanych w „Przekroju” w rubryce Heca hecą w latach 1970–2002. Materiał badawczy obejmuje 1117 jednostek zaczerpniętych z numerów tygodnika wydanych w latach 1970 (pierwszy rok istnienia rubryki: 548 przykładów), 1990 (274 przykłady), 2001 i 2002 (ostatnie lata istnienia rubryki: łącznie 295 przykładów), co stanowi około dziesięciu procent hec wydrukowanych przez „Przekrój”. Przedmiot analizy jest traktowany jako typ potocznych reproduktów języka polskiego. Komizm, przynależność do nurtu kontrmówienia oraz funkcje (ludyczna, poetycka, fatyczna) pełnione przez hece – to trzy najważniejsze elementy ogólnej charakterystyki badanego materiału. Hece opisywane są również w ramach przyjętej w rozprawie klasyfikacji, która opiera się przede wszystkim na kryteriach formalnych (jedno wypowiedzenie a dialog, wypowiedzenie a dowolna forma) i semantycznych (reprodukty semantyczne i asemantyczne, znaczenia dosłowne i przenośne), brany jest również pod uwagę status jednostki (jednostka języka a jednostka tekstu). Kryteria te – tworzące układ hierarchiczny – dzielą potoczne reprodukty na pięć kategorii: purnonsens, dialogi i quasi-dialogi, nowe przysłowia, nowe sentencje i nowe związki frazeologiczne. Potoczne reprodukty są częściej tworzone od zera (reprodukty bez tekstu źródła), ale niewiele ponad jedna trzecia z nich to przykłady oparte na innych, wcześniej utrwalonych w języku połączeniach wyrazowych (reprodukty z tekstem źródłem), najczęściej – frazeologizmach i przysłowiach, rzadziej – sentencjach, skrzydlatych słowach i innych utartych wyrażeniach (na przykład formułach powitalnych, toastach). Praca zawiera również opis modyfikacji, którym są poddawane utrwalone połączenia wyrazowe przekształcane w potoczne reprodukty. W badanym materiale występuje wiele różnorodnych środków językowych, pośród których można wymienić m.in.: modyfikacje (np. fleksyjne, słowotwórcze, składniowe), wieloznaczność, neosemantyzację, rymy. Badania hec doprowadziły przede wszystkim do konstatacji, że są one dość zróżnicowanymi jednostkami. Łączą je trzy cechy ogólne (komizm, przynależność do nurtu kontrmówienia oraz pełnione przez nie funkcje), natomiast bardziej szczegółowa analiza ujawnia heterogeniczność występującą na różnych poziomach: od repertuaru stosowanych środków językowych, przez sposoby tworzenia (hece bez tekstu źródła oraz posiadające tekst źródło; w przypadku tych drugich zwraca uwagę wielorakość modyfikacji, którym poddano wcześniej utrwalone jednostki), aż po właściwości semantyczne (różnorodność zakresów tematycznych, przykłady purnonsensowe). Between 1969 and 2002, “Przekrój”, one of the most renowned Polish weeklies, published in every issue a column called “Heca hecą” consisting of peculiar expressions of popular origins which found their way into standard language. In total, about 10,000 of such expressions were published. The dissertation presents an analysis of 1,117 of these expressions. It indicates a number of linguistic issues related to them. It is one of the first attempts of scientific analysis of this material. The dissertation presents formal, semantic and pragmatic characterization of these expressions, ways of constructing these expressions. It also provides their classification. These expressions share several characteristics – they are all humorous, they have the same functions and they are a part of carnivalistic process in language. On the other hand, there are factors pointing to their differentiation: they are varied, they mix formal and colloquial registers, they are based on different syntactic structures, some of them have pragmatic functions (e.g. greetings, praises) whereas the other are only plays on words. The described expressions are constructed in variable ways. The roots of some of these expressions can be traced to culturally-bound materials, such as proverbs or quotations from well-known books. Another group of these expressions behaves like fixed phrases (farewells, announcements etc.) – they share similar constructions to them, but on the other hand are a kind of parody on these expressions. Within the described group of expressions a wide range of linguistic relations can be found, such as homonymy, polysemy, phonetic similarity, inflection modifications etc.

Tematem rozprawy uczyniono analizę wycinka słownictwa poezji Wacława Potockiego (1621–1696). Na potrzeby badań ekscerpcji poddano próbę tekstową objętości 3000 linijek (wersów) pochodzących z trzech najbardziej znanych dzieł barokowego poety, to jest Transakcji wojny chocimskiej, Ogrodu nie plewionego i Moraliów. Podstawę źródłową badań stanowiło trzytomowe wydanie Dzieł W. Potockiego w edycji Leszka Kukulskiego (1987). Integralną częścią dysertacji stał się słownik języka autora, gromadzący całość zebranego materiału leksykalnego. Oprócz tegoż Słownika języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), liczącego 6116 jednostek hasłowych, do pracy dołączono również dwa inne leksykony języka idiolektu, zawierające 1149 związków frazeologicznych (Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego – SFWPot) oraz 679 łączliwych związków wyrazowych (Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego – SKWPot). Na podstawie haseł SJWPot przeprowadzono kilkupłaszczyznową analizę językoznawczą, która przybrała postać analizy etymologicznej, słowotwórczej, semantycznej i leksykograficznej. Pomocniczo zgromadzoną leksykę poddano także analizie rejestrująco-opisowej, statystycznej, onomastycznej oraz analizie porównawczej. Każdy z wymienionych typów analizy miał na celu zbadanie wyekscerpowanego materiału pod innym kątem. Tak więc dzięki analizie genetycznej możliwe stało się oszacowanie, jaki procent słownictwa utworów W. Potockiego stanowiły jednostki rodzime, a jaki wyrazy obce. Wśród tych ostatnich za interesujące uznano zwłaszcza to, z którego języka wybrany pisarz czerpał najwięcej inspiracji. A zatem czy była to bardzo rozpowszechniona w XVII w. łacina, czy może W. Potocki preferował inne źródła zapożyczeń, np. niemieckie i czeskie? Zenon Klemensiewicz dowodził zbytniego nasycenia poezji autora Moraliów latynizmami, podczas gdy Aleksander Brückner wskazywał na dominujące w niej pożyczki węgierskie, tatarskie oraz ruskie. Autorka dysertacji starała się ustosunkować do opinii wymienionych badaczy, próbując zarazem dociec, w jakim stopniu ich sądy znalazły potwierdzenie w zebranym materiale. Z kolei słowa Janusza S. Gruchały zmotywowały ją do sprawdzenia, jak prezentuje się zgromadzone słownictwo pod względem realizowanych w jego obrębie kategorii, technik oraz typów słowotwórczych. Informacji na ten temat dostarczyła analiza strukturalna leksyki rodzimej, w tym analiza jednostek derywowanych od innych wyrazów już po wyodrębnieniu się języka polskiego ze wspólnoty prasłowiańskiej. Przyjęcie synchroniczno-diachronicznej perspektywy badawczej pozwoliło wskazać na pewne upodobania indywidualne W. Potockiego w zakresie tworzenia jednostek leksykalnych, jak też umożliwiło ono wysnucie pewnych wniosków dotyczących całego średniopolskiego podsystemu słowotwórczego polszczyzny. Dzięki obranemu trybowi postępowania chociaż w części możliwe stało się wypełnienie luki powstałej po opracowaniu przez językoznawców wzorca opisu staropolskiego systemu słowotwórczego (Kleszczowa, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2015), a jeszcze wcześniej – współczesnego (Grzegorczykowa, Laskowski i in, 1999). Strukturę tematyczną zebranego materiału zbadano z zastosowaniem metody pól leksykalno-semantycznych, wzorując się na podziale polowym słownictwa staropolskiego w opracowaniu Stanisława Dubisza. Zasadniczym celem tego etapu analizy było sprawdzenie, wokół jakich kręgów znaczeniowych sytuowało się słownictwo dzieł twórcy Ogrodu nie plewionego. Stosunki jakościowo- -ilościowe zaobserwowane pomiędzy wyodrębnionymi zbiorami wyrazów miały pomóc stwierdzić, czy najpłodniejszy poeta epoki baroku rzeczywiście interesował się „wszystkim” i „wszystkimi”. Dotychczas bowiem badacze tej spuścizny literackiej podkreślali ogromną różnorodność tematów w niej poruszanych. Kolejny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza leksykograficzna materiału, mająca na celu udokumentowanie kilkuset haseł SJWPot w reprezentatywnych opracowaniach słownikowych. Aby warstwę leksykalną utworów XVII-wiecznego autora móc ukazać w przekroju synchroniczno- -diachronicznym, kwerendą objęto słowniki gromadzące zasób wyrazowy polszczyzny, począwszy od epoki staropolskiej po początek wieku XIX. Były nimi: Słownik staropolski, Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku, Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku, Słownik języka polskiego Samuela Bogumiła Lindego oraz leksykon pisarza w postaci Słownika języka Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Ze względu na obszerność prezentowanego materiału zrezygnowano zaś z oddzielnych rozdziałów poświęconych wyekscerpowanym nazwom własnym i frazeologizmom. Przedłożona rozprawa doktorska składa się z pięciu rozdziałów, w tym dwóch rozdziałów teoretycznych i trzech analitycznych. Po krótkim Wstępie informującym o celach, założeniach i strukturze pracy w rozdziale pierwszym autorka uzasadnia wybór tematu badawczego, objaśnia kryteria doboru próby materiałowej i podaję jej zakres, a także prezentuje stan badań nad twórczością W. Potockiego. Dalsza część rozdziału pierwszego zawiera charakterystykę epoki, w której żył i tworzył autor Moraliów, oraz omówienie najważniejszych pojęć i terminów związanych z barokiem. W tym fragmencie dysertacji zamieszczono również kalendarium życia i twórczości XVII-wiecznego poety. Rozdział drugi w całości poświęcono opisowi metodologii, kierunków i narzędzi badawczych wykorzystanych podczas analizy wybranego wycinka języka pisarza. Część teoretyczną pracy kończy podrozdział zatytułowany: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. Trzeci rozdział rozpoczyna część analityczną rozprawy i stanowi zarazem jej najobszerniejszy fragment. Tworzą go dwa mniejsze podrozdziały, wyodrębnione na podstawie wyników analizy genetycznej przyjętej próby materiałowej. W pierwszej części rozdziału zaprezentowano zbiór słownictwa rodzimego, w obrębie którego odpowiednio wcześniej wydzielono wyrazy podstawowe (niederywowane na gruncie polskim) oraz pochodne słowotwórczo. Ważny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza strukturalna tych ostatnich, polegająca na pogrupowaniu jednostek motywowanych słowotwórczo według typów, kategorii i technik derywacyjnych. W części drugiej rozdziału trzeciego, zawierającej charakterystykę zapożyczeń, umieszczono dane jakościowo-ilościowe obrazujące podział leksemów obcych według źródła pochodzenia, przedmiotu zapożyczenia oraz stopnia ich przyswojenia do polskiego systemu językowego. W rozdziale czwartym przedstawiono wyniki analizy leksykalno-semantycznej materiału, przeprowadzonej przy użyciu metody pól wyrazowych. Jeden z podrozdziałów rozdziału czwartego przeznaczono na charakterystykę słownictwa zgromadzonego w polu <„Metajęzyk” człowieka>, w którym to polu, zgodnie z przyjętą klasyfikacją, oprócz większości wyrazów funkcyjnych znalazły się również wyekscerpowane nazwy własne. Rozdział piąty dysertacji traktuje przede wszystkim o wynikach badań statystycznych. Ponadto w rozdziale tym omówiono wyniki badań leksykograficznych, obejmujących określony wycinek słownictwa dzieł W. Potockiego. Wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy mieści syntetyzujące Zakończenie. Rozprawę zamykają: wykaz stosowanych skrótów i oznaczeń, indeks tabel znajdujących się w tekście głównym rozprawy, bibliografia uwzględniająca słowniki i inne źródła (elektroniczne) oraz dwuczęściowy aneks w wersji tradycyjnej i multimedialnej. Pierwszą część aneksu stanowią tabele załączone do dysertacji wraz z indeksem do nich. Drugi z aneksów, umieszczony na nośniku elektronicznym (płyta CD), zawiera trzy słowniki gromadzące leksykę utworów wybranego autora, tj. SJWPot, SFWPot oraz SKWPot. „Język J.Ch. Paska reprezentuje zasób leksykalny przeciętnego Polaka szlachcica z XVII wieku” – stwierdziła niegdyś Maria Borejszo w jednym z artykułów traktujących o leksyce Pamiętników Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Wnioski wyprowadzone z analizy porównawczej ujawniły podobieństwo jakościowo-ilościowe łączące warstwę słowną tekstu prozatorskiego z materiałem wyekscerpowanym z wycinka poezji W. Potockiego. Zarówno autor Ogrodu nie plewionego, jak i Jan Chryzostom Pasek najczęściej posługiwali się w swoich utworach wyrazami odziedziczonymi przez polszczyznę po wiekach poprzednich, w tym dużą liczbą jednostek niepodzielnych słowotwórczo i o najstarszej genezie w naszym języku. Wbrew też przypuszczeniom wysuwanym przez badaczy polszczyzny okresu średniopolskiego, żaden z autorów nie nadużywał zapożyczeń z języków obcych, przy czym XVII-wieczny poeta sięgał po nie rzadziej niż pamiętnikarz. Wacław Potocki okazał się tradycjonalistą językowym nie tylko w zakresie doboru słownictwa rodzimego, lecz także obcego i częściej niż średniopolskie latynizmy stosował w swoich wierszach pożyczki niemieckie, przejęte do polszczyzny przeważnie już w średniowieczu. Podobnie jak słownictwo zapożyczane z innych języków były to w zdecydowanej większości pożyczki formalnosemantyczne przyswojone drogą słuchową i spełniające określoną (utylitarną) funkcję w tekście. W przeciwieństwie do prozy Pamiętników J.Ch. Paska poezja W. Potockiego okazała się wolna od wspomnianej przez M. Borejszo „powodzi” makaronizmów, co jednak należy uznać za typowe dla ówcześnie powstających utworów wierszowanych.<br>The subject of this dissertation is the analysis of a part of Wacław Potocki's poetry vocabulary. For the purposes of the study, a text sample of 3000 verses from three representative works of the 17th-century poet (Transakcja wojny chocimskiej, Ogród nie plewiony, Moralia) was excerpted. The three-volume edition of Wacław Potocki's Dzieła edited by Leszek Kukulski (1987) was adopted as the source for the study. A dictionary of the author's language is an integral part of the dissertation, bringing together all the collected lexis: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego (SFWPot) and Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego (SKWPot). On the basis of the SJWPot entries a linguistic analysis was conducted at several levels: etymological, word-formation, semantic and lexicographical. The collected lexica was auxiliary subjected to register-descriptive, statistical, onomastic and comparative analysis. The adoption of a synchronic-diachronic research perspective has made it possible to point to certain preferences of Wacław Potocki in the creation of lexical units, as well as to draw certain conclusions concerning the entire medieval Polish vocabulary subsystem. The thematic structure of the collected material was examined using the method of lexical-semantic fields. The next stage of the research was a lexicographic analysis of the material, aimed at documenting several hundred SJWPot entries in representative dictionary studies. The search covered five dictionaries collecting Polish word resources from the Old Polish period to the beginning of the 19th century. The dissertation consists of five chapters, including two theoretical and three analytical ones. After a short introduction informing about the aims, assumptions and structure of the work in the first chapter, the author justifies the choice of the research topic, explains the criteria for the selection of the material sample and gives its scope, as well as presents the state of research into the works of Wacław Potocki. The next part of chapter one contains the characteristics of the epoch, in which the author of Moralia lived and worked, and a discussion of the most important concepts and terms associated with the Baroque. In this part of the work there is also a calendar of life and work of the seventeenth-century poet. The second chapter is entirely devoted to the description of methodology, directions and research tools used in the analysis of a selected fragment of the writer's language. The theoretical part of the work ends with a subsection entitled: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. The third chapter begins the analytical part of the dissertation and constitutes its most extensive fragment. It consists of two smaller subsections, distinguished on the basis of the results of the genetic analysis of the material sample. In the first part of the chapter a set of native vocabulary is presented, within which basic (non-derivative) words and words derived from it are distinguished. The first stage of the research was a structural analysis of the latter, consisting in grouping the vocabulary-motivated units according to types, categories and derivational techniques. In the second part of the third chapter, which was devoted to the characteristics of borrowings, the qualitative-quantitative data were placed showing the division of foreign lexemes according to the source of origin, the object of borrowing and the degree of their assimilation into the Polish language system. The fourth chapter presents the results of lexical-semantic analysis of the material, conducted with the use of the word field method. The fifth chapter deals mainly with the results of statistical research. In addition, the chapter discusses the results of lexicographic research, covering a specific section of vocabulary of Wacław Potocki's works. Conclusions from the conducted analysis are included in the conclusion. The dissertation ends with a list of abbreviations and designations used, an index of tables included in the main text of the dissertation, a bibliography including dictionaries and other sources and a two-part appendix in traditional and multimedia versions. The first part of the appendix consists of tables attached to the dissertation together with an index to them. The second part of the appendix, placed on an electronic carrier, contains three dictionaries collecting the lexicon of works of a selected author – SJWPot, SFWPot and SKWPot. As the analysis has shown, Wacław Potocki most frequently used words inherited by the Polish language from previous centuries, including a large number of units with indivisible vocabulary and the oldest origins in our language. Contrary to the assumptions put forward by scholars of the Polish language of the Middle Polish period, the author of Moralia did not overuse borrowings from foreign languages. Wacław Potocki turned out to be a traditionalist not only in his choice of native vocabulary, but also of foreign languages, and more often than Middle Polish latinisms, he used German loans in his poems, which were brought into Polish mostly as early as the Middle Ages. Like the vocabulary borrowed from other languages, these were mostly formal- -semantic loans acquired by ear and fulfilling a utilitarian function in the text. In contrast to the prose of Pamiętniki of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, Wacław Potocki's poetry turned out to be free of macaronisms, which, however, should be considered typical of poems written at that time.

Abstract It deals with the linguistic study of two criminal procedures manuscripts, both dated to around year 1600. The texts, belonging to Catalan-Valencian language, provide good morphosyntactic and lexical information, which show the importance and the need to edit and study documentation of such kind in order to properly understand the evolution of language, because they are verbatim transcripts. Therefore, complementing the study of formal literary and administration texts, not only by discovering new words and linguistic attributes that may have not remained up to the present, but also by fixing the date when many other characteristics first appeared in time. Typically, the unavailability of similar texts to scholars has not allowed to well-determining, how old and how deep-rooted, some of the discussed phenomena are in linguistic communities. For instance, the preposition ‘a’ + direct object, the final conjunction ‘per a que’; colloquial terms as ‘barandat’, ‘esgolar’, ‘sitara’, or ‘sellavors’; extinct terms like ‘malavejar’, ‘empényer’ and ‘espollegar’; Spanish lexemes like ‘assomar’ or ‘apexugar’. Criminal procedures, also known Royal Court books, faithfully depict the ancient reality of different people, bringing to light diverse testimonies offered regarding the same facts; usually coexistence related topics. A great mirror of the daily life and customs of an era, which openly gives us their true colloquial and narrative registers, like a perfect voice recorder saving the language of the moment, on precisely dated and located documents.

The stylistic qualities of the late medieval English play cycle known as the Towneley cycle have long intrigued literary schol-ars, with no aspect demonstrating this more clearly than the con-cept of the “Wakefield Master,” the name given to an anonymous playwright deemed to have written the most distinctive sections of the cycle.1 Known for his remarkably inventive uses of poetic form, rhyme words, colloquial expression, and verbal play, the Wakefield Master’s verbal intensity in the cycle has been read in different ways, including as a demonstration of “the abuses of language” and the moral complicity of poetry (Stevens); as a re-flection of humanity and “the variety of the world” (Meredith); as evidence of anticlericalism (Dillon); and as critical com-mentary on the forms of more urban, civic-minded play cycles (Nisse).2 This chapter will focus on what the Wakefield Master’s style says about the affective pursuits of style itself, examining a single play from the cycle — the Play of the Dice, which comes directly after the Crucifixion play — that seems designed to pose questions not only about modes of verbal expression and the judgments that accompany them, but also about the extent to which aesthetic experience can be generated by stylized expres-sion across different, often simultaneous media (verbal, visual, auditory, kinetic). If the Towneley cycle as a whole might be said to be characterized, via the ostensible talents of the Wakefield Master, by pockets of radical ingenuity, then the Play of the Dice should rightfully be understood as the play in the cycle that is most compulsively preoccupied with innovation as a site of both thematic and formal inquiry.

In the past twenty years, the field of cute studies has grown ex-tensively.1 Cuteness, as we conceive of it, has its origins in the nineteenth century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, cute, defined as “attractive, pretty, charming,” comes from “U.S. colloquial and Schoolboy slang,” with its earliest recorded usage in 1834. Despite the origins of cuteness in the nineteenth cen-tury, this chapter searches for earlier traces of cuteness — an early modern protocuteness — asking if earlier structures, systems, and concepts anticipate our contemporary definition of cuteness. Do Shakespeare’s works, particularly King Lear, offer insight into a seventeenth-century ancestor of cuteness? Can Shakespeare speak to our contemporary cute age? Is Shakespeare ever cute? Drawing largely from Daniel Harris’s 2000 book on aesthetics and consumerism, this chapter seeks to answer these questions by offering a critical investigation of the intersection between early modern culture and contemporary aesthetics.

The means of enriching the French vocabulary and creating new connotations are not so numerous: affixation in all its grandeur and complexity, composition and telescopy (telescoping), the rare contamination of two or three words, the passage of a word from one part of speech into another, the deliberate and comical change of spelling. But there is also in French the phenomenon of the truncation of a simple word (or a compound - very rarely) by the deletion of a phoneme or several phonemes in the initial position (apheresis) or in the final position (apocope). Working on the stylistic metalanguage (Dictionary of stylistic and poetic terms), we have written more detailed lexicographic articles on these two terms, justifying their presence not only in colloquial, popular and slang French, but also in literary and poetic language. This article is dedicated to the phenomenon of truncation that is done for stylistic purposes as a result of which we obtain new expressive, emotional and even affective connotations in the text (speech).

The article analyses compounds which have appeared in the Swedish language in the last two decades. In terms of their semantics, they are divided into two types, i. e. those where both components of the compound preserve their original lexical meaning and those where the semantics of one or, more rarely, both components is changed. The occurrence of compounds of the first type is primarily due to extralinguistic factors. They denote new objects or events belonging to the most topical spheres of life in modern society, such as the Internet and information technology, the coronavirus pandemic, free time and entertainment. These words are often used in mass media because their main function is to inform. In compounds of the second type one of the components, as a rule, preserves its original lexical meaning, and the second loses it and obtains a different meaning via a metaphorical transfer. The semantics of the compound can be altered by either the first or second component. In some cases, the whole word is reinterpreted. Compounds of the second type possess a high degree of imagery and perform an emotive function in addition to the nominative one and are normally used in colloquial speech and blogs.

Most recent studies in cross-cultural communication focus on the research of concepts that are expressed by means of idioms in various languages. Abstract concepts are most commonly expressed by means of idioms due to their comparison with the physical world and due to the culturally specific character of the idioms. The idioms depict an image of a certain situation and this specific image shows the world picture of the bearer of the language. The ethnonymic idioms as a separate group of idioms are found in the Germanic and Slavic languages, while no such separate group of idioms are encountered in the Romanian research literature. There are studies of ethnonymic words, their etymology, meaning and motivation but separate dictionaries are still in work (Munteanu 299-310). These linguistic means present a special interest for specialists in linguistic anthropology as they serve as unique linguistic means, though they belong to the colloquial layer of the vocabulary, which indicate the attitude of one people towards the other ones, especially towards the people in the neighbouring countries attitude that was created during historical interaction and was imprinted in the language as a stereotype and represents linguistic evidence of the peoples’ interaction. It is a well-known fact that metaphors are mostly adapted when translated or interpreted into another language still some idioms were formed on common knowledge in the interaction between people and thus have equivalents in many languages from the same family.

According to L. A. Verbitskaya, the norm is “a set of phenomena allowed by the language system, selected and fixed in the speech of native speakers and mandatory for all who speak the literary language at a certain period of time”. The norm is static, it makes the literary language understandable for everyone and at any time. Researchers, however, noticed that the norm is a constant only with a great deal of convention. The codified norm is opposed by the real “norm–usus”, which is well understood by native speakers, but hasn’t been recorded almost anywhere. A good exception are the reduced forms (RF) of Russian super–frequency words. According to the compilers, RF is not just speech errors of people in a hurry, but the result of the evolutionary development of the language. Many of them can already be qualified as the norm of colloquial speech. The dictionary contains the most complete information about each form: from the written appearance of the original unit to real transcription based on auditory and instrumental analysis of contexts from the corpus of Russian everyday speech. This dictionary has a specific potential user: teachers of Russian as a foreign language (RFL) and foreign students. They hear these forms in our speech, see them in written texts — in the speech of literary characters — and don’t know how to use them and even often — how to understand them. The dictionary offers a compact list of such forms (100 units), with examples, simplified transcription and frequency lists, which makes it virtually a ready–made manual for RFL. Refs 22.

Construction works are among the riskiest activities in Lithuania. To develop a sustainable environment at a construction site, risk factors must be first identified and then eliminated. Each case of a construction site, construction conditions and the project environment is unique. Thus, risks must be individually assessed considering distinguishing features of the construction works and the environmental conditions. Consequently, preconditions exist for the development of a new risk assessment model comprising risk assessment norms, the construction project and conditions of the construction processes. Expert evaluation and the TODIM method were used for the risk assessment of finishing works. Two construction sites were used to assess construction risks related to finishing works. The article presents risk assessment results based on the riskiest job at a construction site of finishing works as well as the line of priorities of the riskiest workplace.

The article is devoted to substandard elements which are considered as one of the components in the system of urban forms of communication. The Object of our research is substandard vocabulary, the Subject is structural characteristics of the modern city language, the Purpose of the study is to define the main types of substandard vocabulary and their role in the system of urban communication. The theoretical base of our research includes the scientific works of native and foreign linguists, which are devoted to urban linguistics (B. Larin, M. Makovskyi, V. Labov, T. Yerofeieva, L. Pederson, R. McDavid, O. Horbach, L. Stavytska, Y. Stepanov, S. Martos). Different lexical and phraseological units, taken from the Ukrainian, Russian and American Dictionaries of slang and jargon, serve as the material of our research. The main components of the city language include literary language, territorial dialects, different intermediate transitional types, which are used in the colloquial everyday communication but do not have territorial limited character, and social dialects. The structural characteristics, proposed in the article, demonstrate the variety and correlation of different subsystems of the city language. Today peripheral elements play the main role in the city communication. They are also called substandard, non-codified, marginal, non-literary elements or the jargon styles of communication. Among substandard elements of the city language the most important are social dialects, which include such subsystems as argot, jargon and slang. The origin, functioning and characteristics of each subsystem are studied on the material of linguistic literature of different countries. It is also ascertained that argot is the oldest form of sociolects, jargon divides into corporative and professional ones, in the structure of slangy words there are common and special slang. Besides, we can speak about sociolectosentrism of the native linguistics and linguemosentrism of the English tradition of slang nomination. Except social dialects, the important structural elements of the city language are also intermediate transitional types, which include koine, colloquialisms, interdialect, surzhyk, pidgin and creole. Surzhyk can be attributed to the same type of language formations as pidgin and creole because these types of oral speech were created mostly by means of the units mixing of the obtruded language of the parent state with the elements of the native languages.

The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.