Dissertations / Theses: 'Colocasia'

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蔣高松 and Gaosong Jiang. "The non-starch polysaccharides of taro (Colocasia esculenta)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31238658.

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Gonçalves, Rui Filipe Garcia. "Colocasia esculenta (L.) shott: perfil fenólico e bioatividade." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10728.

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Mestrado em Química
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Shott é uma planta herbácea anual que pertence à família Araceae, comummente conhecida em Portugal por “Inhame dos Açores”. O cultivo desta planta deve-se sobretudo ao seu tubérculo, um alimento essencial para milhões de pessoas. Para além do seu valor nutricional, o inhame é conhecido pelas suas propriedades medicinais e tem sido tradicionalmente utilizado no tratamento de diversas doenças. Nos Açores, as folhas de inhame são usadas pelos autóctones no tratamento de lesões dérmicas. Esta propriedade poderá estar relacionada com a atividade anti-inflamatória de compostos fenólicos, que a exercem por mecanismos de sequestração de radicais livres envolvidos no processo inflamatório, que poderá ser prejudicial ao processo de reparação em situações prolongadas. Assim, visando a valorização da cultura do inhame no arquipélago dos Açores, esta dissertação teve como objetivos caracterizar, quantificar e comparar a composição fenólica das diferentes variedades e condições de cultura de inhame dos Açores, assim como relacionar o perfil fenólico das diferentes variedades com a sua capacidade antioxidante. A caracterização das diferentes variedades por HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn permitiu a identificação de 41 compostos fenólicos, dos quais 34 foram descritos pela primeira vez nesta espécie. A aplicação de um método de quantificação reprodutível por HPLC-DAD demostrou a existência de diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas entre as diferentes variedades estudadas. A avaliação da atividade antioxidante contra os radicais 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazilo (DPPH•), superóxido (O2 •-) e óxido nítrico (•NO) das três variedades, demonstrou que o extrato de C. esculenta apresenta maior potencial antioxidante para o radical superóxido. O perfil fenólico das diferentes variedades está diretamente relacionado com a sequestração do radical DPPH•, no entanto o mesmo não foi possível concluir relativamente à sequestração de O2 •- e •NO. Provavelmente outros compostos, não detetados por nós, estarão envolvidos no sequestro destas espécies, não negligenciando totalmente a influência dos compostos fenólicos, uma vez que estes poderão exercer efeitos sinérgicos juntamente com outros compostos antioxidantes. A propriedade de reparação de lesões dérmicas atribuída à C. esculenta poderá estar relacionada com a sua capacidade de sequestração do radical superóxido, no entanto mais estudos terão de ser conduzidos, uma vez que existem outras etapas no processo de cicatrização, assim como outros mecanismos de ação envolvidos.
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Shott is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Araceae family, commonly known in Portugal as "Inhame dos Açores". The cultivation of this plant is mainly due to its tuber, an essential food for millions of people. In addition to its nutritional value, taro is known for its medicinal properties and has been traditionally used to treat various diseases. In the Azores taro leaves are used by the indigenous to treat dermal wounds. This property may be related to the anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic compounds, which exert the mechanisms by sequestering free radicals involved in the inflammatory process, which may adversely affect the repair process in protracted situations. Therefore, seeking the valorization of taro crop in the Azores archipelago, this thesis aimed to characterize, quantify and compare the phenolic fraction of the different varieties and culture conditions of taro from Azores, as well as relate the phenolic profile of different varieties with their antioxidant capacity. The characterization of the different varieties by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn allowed the identification of 41 phenolic compounds, 34 of which were described for the first time in this species. The application of a reproducible method of quantification by HPLC-DAD demonstrated that there are qualitative and quantitative differences between the different varieties. The evaluation of antioxidant activity against the radicals 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazilo (DPPH•), superoxide (O2 •-) and nitric oxide (NO•) of the three varieties showed that the extract of C. esculenta presents greater potential for against superoxide radical. The phenolic profile of the different varieties is directly related to the scavenging of DPPH•, though it was not possible to conclude the same about the scavenging of O2 •- and •NO. Probably other compounds, not detected by us, are involved in the scavenging of these species, although we cannot completely neglect the influence of phenolic compounds, since these may exert synergistic effects on other antioxidant compounds. The wound repair property attributed to C. esculenta may be related to its capacity to scavenge superoxide radical, but more studies must be conducted, as there are other stages in the healing process, as well as other mechanisms of action involved.

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Jiang, Gaosong. "The non-starch polysaccharides of taro (Colocasia esculenta) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20456189.

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Harshman, Kalli Carina, and Kalli Carina Harshman. "Preservation of Ancestral Cultivation Systems of Taro (Colocasia Esculenta)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621923.

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Culture loss has been a causative factor of many forms of disease in indigenous populations. Ancestral growing systems and the culturally important plants propagated within the systems are included in the cultural symbols that have been diminished due to a change of power. In Hawai’i and on Easter Island, also known as Rapa Nui, these ancestral growing systems are the lo’i and the manavai respectively. The symbolic plant is taro (Colocasia esculenta). Currently the systems are being revived at different rates, and with the revival of the systems, there is a higher potential for well-being. Well-being is analyzed in the realms of the individual, the relational, and the collective. The community built surrounding the redevelopment of the lo’i and the manavai addresses each level of well-being.

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Morales, Orccottoma Aldo Francisco. "Phitogeography and industrialization of the taro’s starch (Colocasia esculenta)." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119325.

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We begin by explaining the general terms of the Colocasia esculenta’s chemical properties, agricultural practices and food value as well as its geographic and taxonomic distribution. Thetaro’s starch provides an alternative for pharmaceutical use and even a possible industrialization of its grains by two ways: the moist by water flowing of the starch grains and allowing sedimentation, and by sun drying where the grains lose much of its water, near 60% of its raw weight. Next, we make a list of possible technologies for its use and possible competition with other traditional starches.
Empezamos explicando lo referente a las generalidades de sus características químicas agrícolas y alimenticias, así como su distribución geográfica y taxonomía. Se da una alternativa de uso farmacéutico al almidón de pituca (Colocasia esculenta) para una posible industrialización de sus granos de almidón por medio de dos vías, la húmeda en presencia de arrastre de los gránulos con agua por el método de la sedimentación y el otro método por el secado al sol en el cual perdió un gran porcentaje de agua de casi el 60% de contenido de peso bruto. Luego elaboramos una lista de posibles tecnologías en su utilización y posible competencia frente al uso de otros almidones tradicionales

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Almeida, Elisândra Costa. "Amido modificado de taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott): propriedades funcionais." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4029.

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Taro has economic and industrial potential to justify investment in this culture because it is a food with excellent nutritional quality, especially starch, important source of energy, frequently used in the food industry, particularly as gelling and thickening agent, applied in the development of several products. However the starch in its native form has limitations for use, requiring modifications to improve its functional properties and increasing its possibilities for use in the food industry. The objective of this research was to study and compare the properties of native starch extract from taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) clone Macaquinho with its modified starch by oxidation, acid hydrolysis, succinylation, intercross and combination of hydrolysis, succinylation and intercross for use in the food industry. After extraction of the starch, it was modified by oxidation using sodium hypochlorite, hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid, succinylation with succinic anhydride and intercrossing with trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate. According to the experiments, it was verified that the native starch extracted from Macaquinho clone contains considerable percentage of starch, low amount of substances contaminants, like proteins or lipids, without influences on the functional properties. After the modifications and combinations occurred in the native starch, they did not showed degree of substitution beyond that permitted by regulatory agencies, being in accordance with Brazilian law. The addition of the substituent groups was decisive in the characterization of the functional properties of taro starch, modified and combined. Microscopy revealed that the starch granules presented circular and polyhedral shapes. The hydrolyzed, succinylated and intercrossed starches suffered major visible alterations in their morphology due to the modifications conducted. The swelling of the granules occurred above 75oC, with prominence for the native, oxidized, succinylated and intercrossed starches, which had their swelling power increased with the increase of temperature. The highest solubility was observed in hydrolyzed starches. The higher water absorption capacity was verified in intercrossed starch and the hydrolyzed starches demonstrated higher oil absorption and paste clarity. The best paste properties were obtained to the oxidized starch, followed by native and succinylated starches, with maximum viscosity at low temperatures. However, the oxidized starch showed higher retrogradation tendency, differently from hydrolyzed starches, more stables. The functional profiles noted in native, modified and combined starches of taro were variables, which provide a lot of possibilities for their use in the food industry.
O taro apresenta potencialidades econômicas e industriais que justificam investimentos nesta cultura, pois se trata de um alimento com excelente qualidade nutricional, especialmente em amido, importante fonte energética, muito utilizado na indústria de alimentos, especialmente como agente espessante e gelificante, aplicado no desenvolvimento de inúmeros produtos. Porém o amido na sua forma nativa apresenta limitações de uso, sendo necessária sua modificação, visando a melhoria das suas propriedades funcionais e aumentando as possibilidades de utilização na indústria alimentícia. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar e comparar as propriedades do amido nativo de taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) clone Macaquinho com o seu amido modificado por oxidação, hidrólise ácida, succinilação, intercruzamento, e por combinação da hidrólise com succinilação e intercruzamento para utilização na indústria alimentícia. Após a extração do amido, este foi modificado por oxidação utilizando o hipoclorito de sódio, hidrólise com ácido clorídrico, succinilação com anidrido succínico e intercruzamento com trimetafosfato e tripolifosfato de sódio. Com base nos experimentos realizados constatou-se que o extrato amiláceo nativo do clone Macaquinho contém considerável percentual de amido, com baixo teor de substâncias consideradas contaminantes, não influenciando nas suas propriedades funcionais. Após as modificações e combinações conduzidas no amido nativo, os mesmos não apresentaram grau de substituição além do permitido pelos órgãos reguladores, estando em conformidade com a legislação brasileira. A inclusão dos grupos substituintes foi determinante na caracterização das propriedades funcionais do amido de taro, modificados e combinados. A microscopia revelou que os amidos apresentavam grânulos com formatos circulares e poliédricos. Os amidos hidrolisados, succinilados e intercruzados, sofreram maiores alterações visíveis em sua morfologia, devido às modificações conduzidas. O intumescimento dos grânulos ocorreu acima de 75ºC, com destaque para os amidos nativo, oxidado, succinilado e intercruzado, que tiveram seu poder de inchamento aumentado com a elevação da temperatura. Os maiores perfis de solubilidade foram constatados nos amidos hidrolisados. A maior capacidade de absorção de água foi observada nos amidos intercruzados e a absorção de óleo foi mais evidenciada nos amidos hidrolisados, que também apresentaram maior claridade da pasta. As melhores propriedades de pasta foram obtidas no amido oxidado, seguido dos amidos nativo e succinilado, com viscosidades máximas em temperaturas mais baixas. Porém o amido oxidado apresentou maior tendência à retrogradação, diferentemente dos amidos hidrolisados com pastas mais estáveis. Os perfis funcionais constatados nos amidos nativo, modificados e combinados de taro foram variáveis, o que propicia uma série de possibilidades para a sua utilização na indústria alimentícia.

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Yoshino, Hiromichi. "Studies on the Phylogenetic Differentiation in Taro, Colocasia esculenta Schott." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/256031.

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Zonta, Flávia Miranda Garcia. "Conservação pós-colheita de rizomas de taro em função da temperatura de armazenamento e do filme de PVC." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2010. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4525.

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Taro is a tropical rhizome crop with little information about the ideal condition for storage, contributing the losses observed during the commercialization. The use of plastic films and adequate temperature reduce the losses in many other fresh horticultural crops. This work had the goal to determine the effects of PVC film and temperature of storage on the postharvest of taro rhizomes. Plants of taro cultivar Japonês harvested after nine months of growth and the rhizomes were selected by size and a half placed in polystyrene trays covered with PCV film and the other half as controls. The trays with or without PCV film were stored at 5°C, 12°C and at room temperature for 126 days. The experiment was arranged in a complete random design, with three replicates containing six rhizomes each. At every 21 days it was analyzed the visual appearance, content of dry matter, starch, total soluble sugars (TSS), reducing sugars (RS) and non reducing sugars (NRS). The rhizomes stored at room temperature had acceptable visual quality for only 21 days after harvest with or without PVC film, showing high losses of fresh mass. At temperatures of 5°C and 12°C, the PVC film prolonged the visual quality above 21 days, when compared to those kept in the same temperatures without PVC film, with good quality up to 126 and 84 days, respectively. Although at 5°C, there was reduction of starch and accumulation of TSS, in especial RS. The temperature of 12°C was more effective in maintaining the visual appearance, which was able to inhibit the starch degradation and increase in TSS, being the more appropriated temperature for storage of taro rhizomes.
O taro é uma hortaliça rizomatosa tropical da qual pouco se conhece as condições ideais de armazenamento, fato que contribui para a perda pós-colheita dos rizomas. Todavia é sabido que, em algumas hortaliças, a utilização de baixas temperaturas associadas a filmes plásticos pode prolongar a conservação pós-colheita. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da temperatura de armazenamento e do filme de cloreto de polivinila (PVC) sobre a conservação pós-colheita de rizomas de taro. Plantas de taro Japonês , foram colhidas com nove meses de cultivo; os rizomas foram selecionados quanto ao tamanho e uniformidade e colocados em bandejas de poliestireno. Os rizomas nas bandejas, metade envoltas com filme de PVC e metade não, foram armazenados às temperaturas de 5°C, 12°C e ambiente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Em cada bandeja (unidade experimental) foram colocados seis rizomas. Durante 126 dias, em intervalos de 21 dias, procedeu-se a análise visual e avaliaram-se os teores de matéria seca, amido, açúcares solúveis totais (AST), açúcares redutores (AR) e não redutores (ANR). Rizomas armazenados à temperatura ambiente, com e sem embalagem de PVC, apresentaram bom aspecto visual por apenas 21 dias, com maior teor de matéria seca. A embalagem de PVC, nas temperaturas de 5°C e de 12°C, prolongou o aspecto visual dos rizomas por 21 dias, quando comparados aqueles mantidos nas mesmas temperaturas sem embalagem de PVC, mantendo-os com bom aspecto por até 126 e 84 dias, respectivamente. Todavia, a temperatura de 5°C promoveu acúmulo de AST, principalmente de AR, e menor teor de amido. A temperatura de 12°C foi a mais efetiva em manter o aspecto visual, associado ao teor de amido e menor acúmulo de açúcares, sendo a mais indicada para o armazenamento de rizomas de taro.

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Helmich, Marcelo. "NÚMERO DE FILEIRAS NO CANTEIRO NA PRODUÇÃO E RENTABILIDADE DE QUATRO CLONES DE TARO (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2011. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/68.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate yield and profitability of Cascudo, Japonês, Chinês and Macaquinho taro clones which were cultivated under two and three rows of plants per plot in a Distroferric Red Latossol in environment conditions in Dourados-MS, from September, 2007, to March, 2008. Treatments were arranged in 4x2 factorial scheme in a randomized block experimental design, with four replications. Planting was done with cuttings that were compound of whole cormerls. From 30 days after planting and at every 30 days measures of plant heights were done. In harvest, which was done on 180 days after planting-DAP, fresh and dried mass of leaves (limb + petiole), of corms-RM, of commercial cormels-RFC and of non-commercial cormels-RFNC, and diameters and lengths of commercial cormels-RFC were evaluated. Economic analysis of treatments were done using the relation of obtained yield with studied factors and the probable income. Growth curves of plant heights of taro were not influenced by clones and number of rows per plot interaction, but they were influenced by clones and dates of evaluation interaction, with maximum calculated height of 79.77 cm, which was reached on 143 DAP in plants of Cascudo clone. Fresh and dried masses of studied morphological compounds were not influenced by clones and number of rows of plants per plot interaction, but they were influenced by factors in isolated way. Fresh mass of plants that were cultivated under three rows per plot was superior in 8.52; 2.88; 5.38; and 4.97 t ha-1 of leaves, RM, RFC and RFNC, respectively than those under two rows. Dried mass of plants that were cultivated under three rows was superior in 0.69; 0.65; 1.13 and 1.01 t ha-1 of leaves, RM, RFC and RFNC, respectively that those under two rows. Macaquinho clone showed the highest fresh 18.25 t ha-1 and dried 2.96 t ha-1 mass, which were superior in 12.26 t ha-1 and 1.52 t ha-1, respectively, than the Cascudo, which had the smallest masses. Estimated cost for producing 1.0 ha of taro had variation of 42.50% (R$ 2,514.97) between the smallest cost of production, which was R$ 5,917.05 for Cascudo under two rows of plants and the highest cost, which was R$ 8,432.05 for Chines under three rows of plants, respectively. In the conditions that the experiment was carried out, the greatest net income was obtained with Macaquinho clone that was cultivated under two rows of plants per plot (R$ 14,535.31).
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção e a rentabilidade dos clones de taro Cascudo, Japonês, Chinês e Macaquinho, cultivados sob duas e três fileiras de plantas no canteiro, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico nas condições ambientes de Dourados-MS, no período de setembro de 2007 a março de 2008. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4x2, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O plantio foi realizado com mudas compostas de rizomas-filho inteiros. A partir de 30 dias após o plantio e a cada 30 dias realizaram-se medições de altura das plantas. Na colheita, realizada aos 180 dias após o plantio-DAP, foram avaliadas as massas frescas e secas das folhas (limbo + pecíolo), dos rizomas-mãe-RM, dos rizomas-filho comerciais-RFC e dos rizomas-filho não comerciais-RFNC, além dos diâmetros e comprimentos dos rizomas-filho comerciais-RFC. A análise econômica dos tratamentos foi efetivada através da relação da produção obtida com os fatores em estudo e os prováveis retornos econômicos. As curvas de crescimento de altura das plantas de taro não foram influenciadas pela interação clones e número de fileiras no canteiro, mas foram influenciadas pela interação entre clones e épocas de avaliação, com altura máxima calculada de 79,77 cm, alcançada aos 143 DAP, nas plantas do clone Cascudo. As massas frescas e secas dos componentes morfológicos estudados não foram influenciadas pela interação clones e número de fileiras de plantas no canteiro, mas foram influenciados pelos fatores em forma isolada. A massa fresca das plantas cultivadas com três fileiras no canteiro foi superior em 8,52; 2,88; 5,38 e 4,97 t ha-1 de folhas, RM, RFC e RFNC, respectivamente às sob duas fileiras. A massa seca das plantas cultivadas com três fileiras foi superior em 0,69; 0,65; 1,13 e 1,01 t ha-1 de folhas, RM, RFC e RFNC, respectivamente às sob duas fileiras. O clone Macaquinho apresentou a maior massa fresca 18,25 t ha-1 e seca 2,96 t ha-1 que superou em 12,26 t ha-1 e 1,52 t ha-1, respectivamente às do Cascudo, que teve as menores massas. O custo estimado para produzir 1,0 ha de taro teve variação de 42,50% (R$ 2.514,97) entre o menor custo de produção, que foi de R$ 5.917,05 no Cascudo com duas fileiras de plantas e o maior custo, que foi de R$ 8.432,05 no Chinês com três fileiras de plantas, respectivamente. Nas condições em que foi desenvolvido o experimento, a maior renda líquida foi obtida com o clone Macaquinho com duas fileiras de plantas no canteiro (R$ 14.535,31).

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Costa, Andréa Cristina Thoma. "Pré-enraizamento forçado de tipos de mudas de taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] visando à antecipação da colheita." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4505.

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This study was carried out to evaluate the viability of the forced prerooting technique of some types of taro seedlings 'Japanese' in order to anticipate the harvest. The experiment was carried out in the research orchard pertaining to the Department of Plant Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, during the period from 07/07/2007 to 01/06/2008. It consisted of eight treatments represented by the following seedling types: 1 - Control (Rhizome- big sprout weighing 150g without prerooting); 2 - Rhizome-giant sprout (FGG with 300g); 3 - Rhizome-big sprout (FG with 150g); 4 Rhizome-medium sprout (FM with 70g); 5 Rhizome-small sprout (FP with 30g); 6 - Rhizome- refuse sprout (REF with 15g); 7 - Rhizomefemale parent with apical cut (RMãeap with 400g); and 8 - Rhizome- female parent with longitudinal cut (RMãelong with 400g). The control seedlings remained in the shed), whereas the seedlings of the treatments 2 to 8 were subjected to forced prerooting for 60 days, in the nursery provided with bed constituted by layer of cattle raw manure + pricked napier grass and covered with topsoil + sand layer (2:1,v:v). The nursery covering was made under low-tunnel form, by using a 150μm plastic film, in order to maintain the higher temperature and to stimulating the rooting of the seedlings. After 60 days, the seedlings were planted at spacing 1.0 x 0.30m in the field. The randomized block design was used, with four replicates. Two harvests were accomplished in the field: the first one at 210 and the 2nd at 270 days after planting. Both growth and yield characteristics were evaluated. The data were subjected to variance analysis and the averages were compared to the averages of the control by the Dunnett test at 10% probability. The prerooting made possible to reduce the permanence time of the crop in the field. The treatments 6 and 8 showed the worst performance concerning to commercial production at both harvesting times. Concerning to commercial production, the treatment 2 was distinguished from the other treatments; however, it requires high amount of propagative material. The seedling types of the treatments 5 and 7 provided high productivity, therefore they could reduce the cost/benefit relationship due to the lower expense of the propagative material. According to the results, it is concluded that the forced prerooting is viable, when aiming at reduction of the permanence time of the crop in the field.
O trabalho objetivou avaliar a viabilidade da técnica do préenraizamento forçado de tipos de mudas de taro Japonês visando à antecipação da colheita. O experimento foi conduzido na Horta de Pesquisas do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no período de 07/07/2007 a 01/06/2008. O experimento consistiu de oito tratamentos, representados pelos tipos de muda: 1- Controle (Rizoma-filho grande com 150 g, sem pré-enraizamento); 2- Rizoma-filho gigante (FGG com 300 g); 3- Rizoma-filho grande (FG com 150 g); 4- Rizoma-filho médio (FM com 70 g); 5- Rizoma-filho pequeno (FP com 30 g); 6- Rizoma-filho refugo (REF com 15 g); 7- Rizoma-mãe com corte apical (RMãeap com 400 g) e 8- Rizoma-mãe com corte longitudinal (RMãelong com 400 g). As mudas do controle permaneceram no galpão, as mudas dos tratamentos 2 a 8 foram submetidas ao pré-enraizamento forçado, por 60 dias, em viveiro com leito constituído por camada de esterco bovino crú + capim napier picado, coberto com camada de terriço + areia (2:1,v:v). O viveiro foi coberto com filme de plástico de 150 μm, tipo túnel baixo, para manter a temperatura mais elevada e estimular o enraizamento das mudas. Após 60 dias, procedeu-se o plantio das mudas no campo em 05/09/2007, no espaçamento de 1,0 x 0,30 m. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Procederam-se duas colheitas; a 1ª aos 210 e a 2ª aos 270 dias após o plantio no campo. Foram avaliadas características de crescimento e produção. Os dados foram submetidos á analise de variância e as médias comparadas às médias do controle pelo teste de Dunnett a 10% de probabilidade. O pré-enraizamento possibilitou a redução do tempo de permanência da cultura no campo. Os tratamentos 6 e 8 apresentaram o pior desempenho na produção comercial, em ambas épocas de colheita. O tratamento 2 destacou-se dos demais tratamentos quanto à produção comercial, todavia implica na necessidade de grande quantidade de material propagativo. Os tipos de mudas dos tratamentos 5 e 7, proporcionaram alta produtividade e poderiam reduzir a relação custo/benefício decorrente do menor gasto de material propagativo. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o pré-enraizamento forçado é viável visando à redução do tempo de permanência da cultura no campo.

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Santos, Fabrício Santana. "Potencial de uso do amido de inhame (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) na indústria de mineração." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2001. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/10975.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar variáveis de produção, visando otimizar o rendimento de amido aproveitável pela indústria. Os tratamentos consistiram das variedades Branco, Chinês, Japonês e Macaquinho. 0 experimento de campo foi conduzido na Horta de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no período de 27/10/1999 a 27/08/2000, em delineamento blocos casualizados, com 12 plantas úteis por parcela e espaçamento de 1,00 x 0,30 m. Determinou-se a produção total de rizomas, perdas, o efeito da época de colheita, teor e características do amido e sua eficiência na flotação praticada na indústria de mineração. Não houve efeito das variedades sobre a produção total e as perdas. Houve maior produção de rizoma mãe na variedade Macaquinho e de rizomas filhos na Japonês. Quanto ao teor de amido (rizoma mãe e rizoma filho), foram obtidos, em ordem decrescente, os seguintes resultados: Chinês (10,0% e 13,7%), Branco (5,9% e 3,5%), Japonês (4,4% e 2,8 %) e Macaquinho (3,3% e 1,7%). Nas curvas de crescimento das variedades Japonês e Chinês, houve aumento quadrático do teor de amido até a colheita. Na variedade Branco o aumento foi linear nos rizomas mãe e rizomas filhos. Foi caracterizado o amido quanto a: densidade absoluta, índice de absorção de água, poder de inchamento, perda de solúveis índice de solubilização, tamanho e forma do grânulo e firmeza do gel. Na eficiência da flotação, foramconsiderados: teor de Si0 2 no concentrado, porcentagem de ferro no concentrado e rejeito e a recuperação em peso e recuperação metálica, comparando-se o amido das variedades com o padrão utilizado pela indústria (amido de milho). O amido de inhame se eqüivale ao padrão utilizado pela indústria de mineração (amido de milho). Somente foi constatado o efeito da época de colheita na produção total na variedade Branco. Dentre as variedades, a Chinês teve maior teor de amido ( em base úmida), tanto para rizomas mãe como para rizomas filho.
The aim of this work was to evaluate: the total yield of corms, the effect of the harvest time, the starch characterization and yield, also the efficiency of starch in the flotation process of the mining industry. Four taro varieties( Branco, Chinês, Japonês and Macaquinho) were evaluated in a experiment carried out in randomized block design. There was no variety effect on total yield losses. It was observed in Macaquinho variety the greater yield of heads and of corms in the ‘Japonês’. The following percentages of starch in heads and corms were observed: ‘Chinês’ (10,0% and 13,7%), ‘Branco’ (5,9% and 3,5%), ‘Japonês’ (4,4% and 2,8%) and ‘Macaquinho’ (3,3% and 1,7%). The starch yield of ‘Japonês’ and ‘Chinês’ follow a quadratic model along the cicle. While in ‘Branco’ the increase was linear concerning heads and corms. Starch data determined were: absolute density, swelling power, solubilization index, size and shape of granule, gel firmness. The flotation efficiency considered: Si0 2 in the concentrate, iron percentage in the concentrate plus reject, recovery in weight and metallic recovery. The starch of the varieties was compared to the industry pattern (corn starch). The best heads and corms were from Chinês variety. It was concluded that taro starch is equivalent to cornstarch for mining industry purposes and that Chinês variety is the bast concerning heads and corms.
Dissertação importada do Alexandria

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Brito, Adriana Uchôa. "Viabilidade agroeconômica da consorciação do taro com outras hortaliças." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/11676.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa da Amazônia
A olericultura caracteriza-se por ser uma atividade agrícola que apresenta intenso manejo do solo, além do uso intensivo de adubos minerais e/ou orgânicos e de defensivos agrícolas, especialmente quando em monocultivo. Por sua vez, o cultivo consorciado é como uma alternativa interessante na produção de hortaliças, principalmente para produtores da agricultura familiar, os quais dispõem de pequena área física para seus cultivos. Além de proporcionar o uso mais harmônico da área agrícola, com o plantio de diferentes culturas e conseqüente redução de impacto ao ambiente, proporciona a diversificação de produtos e, conseqüentemente, de suas fontes de renda. Nesse contexto, foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade agronômica e econômica do cultivo do taro em consórcio com outras hortaliças. Ambos os experimentos foram conduzidos a campo, na Horta do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco e quatro repetições, respectivamente. O experimento I constou de 13 tratamentos resultantes de uma monocultura do taro; três épocas de consorciação do taro com milho verde, com as três épocas respectivas de monocultivo do milho verde; três épocas de consorciação do taro com milho verde seguido do feijão-vagem, com as três épocas respectivas dos monocultivos do milho verde seguido de monocultivos do feijão-vagem. Avaliaram-se as características produtivas das culturas e os indicadores agroeconômicos para medir a eficiência dos sistemas consorciados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas por meio dos testes de Tukey, F e Dunnet adequados ao interesse do trabalho. Apesar do tratamento de taro em monocultivo ter apresentado maior produtividade que em consórcio, os tratamentos em sistemas consorciados proporcionaram maior eficiência econômica, com destaque para o consórcio taro e feijão-vagem associado aos 164 DAP (dias após o plantio do taro). O experimento II foi constituído de 13 tratamentos resultantes dos cultivos consorciados do taro com brócolis, couve-chinesa, berinjela, jiló, pimentão e maxixe, e de suas respectivas monoculturas. As colheitas das hortaliças foram semanais, iniciadas cerca de 60 dias após o transplante das mudas, e realizadas por, aproximadamente, 120 dias, com exceção da couve-chinesa cuja colheita foi realizada em uma única vez. Avaliaram-se as características produtivas das culturas e os indicadores agroeconômicos para medir a eficiência dos sistemas consorciados. Os dados foram à análise de variância e às médias comparadas por meio de testes de Tukey, Dunnet, F e o critério de agrupamento Scott- Knott, conforme o interesse do trabalho. Todos os consórcios foram eficientes, pois apresentam índice de uso eficiente da terra (UET) acima da unidade e elevada renda líquida e vantagem monetária, sendo o consórcio taro-jiló o menos vantajoso economicamente.
The vegetable production is characterized by being an agricultural activity that presents intense management of the soil, besides the intensive use of mineral and / or organic fertilizers and of agricultural pesticides, especially when in monoculture. The irrational use of these resources can by cause considerable environmental impact by compromising the agricultural environment for future uses. In turn, intercropping emerges as an interesting alternative in the production of vegetables, mainly for producers of family agriculture, which have a small physical area for their crops. In addition to providing the most harmonious use of the agricultural area, with diversification of crops and consequent reduction of impact to the environment, it provides the diversification of its sources of income. In this context, two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the agronomic and economic viability of the taro crop in a intercropping with other vegetables. Both experiments were conducted in the field, in Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, in the experimental design of randomized blocks, with five and four replications, respectively. The experiment I consisted of 13 treatments resulting from a taro monoculture; three times of taro intercropping with green corn, with the respective three times of monoculture of the green corn; three times of taro intercropping with green corn followed by snap bean, with the respective three times of the monocultures of the green corn followed by monocultures of the snap bean. The productive characteristics of the crops and the agroeconomic indicators were evaluated to measure the efficiency of the intercropping systems. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey, F and Dunnet’s tests appropriate to the interest of the work. Although the treatment of taro in monoculture presented higher productivity than in a consortium, the treatments in intercropping systems provided greater economic efficiency, especially the taro and snap bean associated at 164 DAP (days after taro planting). The experiment II consisted of 13 treatments resulting from the intercropping of taro with broccoli, chinese cabbage, eggplant, jiló, peppers and gerkin, and their respective monocultures. Harvesting of the vegetables was weekly, initiated about 60 days after the transplanting of the seedlings, and carried out for approximately 120 days, except for the chinese cabbage whose harvest was carried out in a single time. The productive characteristics of the crops and the agroeconomic indicators were evaluated to measure the efficiency of the intercropping systems. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the means compared by Tukey, Dunnet, F tests and group criterion according to the interest of the work. All the consortiums were efficient, because they have land use índex (UET) above unity and high net income and monetary advantage, the taro-jiló intercropping being the least economically advantageous.

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Soudy, Imar Djibrine. "Pratiques traditionnelles, valeur alimentaire et toxicité du taro (Colocasia esculenta L. SCHOTT) produit au Tchad." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719605.

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Le taro (Colocasia esculenta L SCHOTT) est un tubercule d'une grande importance alimentaire au Tchad pour la consommation humaine et animale. La littérature sur les pratiques culturales et les technologies traditionnelles post-récolte des variétés tchadiennes demeure presque inexistante. Une enquête a donc été menée dans la région du Mayo-Kebbi (Tchad) où le taro est très cultivé. Il résulte qu'il existe principalement deux variétés de taro au Tchad : la variété " Gouning souol" ou variété locale qui est caractérisée par une âcreté importante et un temps de cuisson prolongé (6 à 8 h). Ces propriétés ont entraîné l'abandon de la culture de cette variété au profit de la variété " Gouning sosso " qui présente une âcreté moindre et un temps de cuisson plus court (45 à 60 minutes). Une technique traditionnelle pour réduire l'âcreté et diminuer le temps de cuisson consiste à tremper les tranches de taro frais soit dans l'eau, soit dans une solution de trempage de maïs ou soit dans une infusion de tamarin pendant 24 à 48 h selon l'intensité de l'âcreté. Après séchage au soleil, les cossettes sèches sont transformées en farine. Ces produits de transformation servent à la préparation de boules de pâtes, de bouillie, de soupes ou de beignets. Des analyses ont été effectuées sur une gamme d'échantillon de farine de taro produite conformément à la recette artisanale dans l'optique de comprendre l'effet de cette technologie traditionnelle. Des cossettes fraîches de taro ont été trempées pendant 0, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h et 24 h dans de l'eau, ou dans une solution de trempage de maïs ou dans une infusion de tamarin. Chaque échantillon a ensuite été séché au soleil pendant 48 h puis broyé en farine. La matière sèche, les protéines brutes, les cendres, les fibres brutes, les macroéléments minéraux et oligoéléments ont été évalués dans le but de déterminer les effets du trempage traditionnel sur le profil nutritionnel du taro. La digestibilité in vitro de l'amidon sous l'action de l'α-amylase et la teneur en oxalates de différentes farines de taro ont été également déterminées. Il ressort de ces analyses que seul le trempage dans une infusion de tamarin a induit une baisse significative (P < 0,001) de la teneur en protéines brutes (de 3,26 % pour T0 à 2,68 % pour le traitement au tamarin à T24). L'infusion de tamarin n'a pas modifié la teneur en fibres brutes alors que les autres traitements l'ont assez significativement diminuée (P < 0,001). Toutes les méthodes de trempage ont entraîné une diminution significative des teneurs en minéraux, à l'exception d'une augmentation des teneurs en sodium (due à la qualité de l'eau des préparations) et en phosphore (probablement due à l'hydrolyse des phytates du maïs). Une perte significative en fer a été constatée passant de 144 mg/kg de MS (témoin) à 78 mg/kg de MS (échantillon traité à l'eau pendant 12 h), soit une perte de 45,83 %. La plus faible diminution de taux de fer est observée dans le cas de l'échantillon trempé dans l'infusion de tamarin avec une perte maximale de 31,25 % après 24 h. La teneur en zinc ne varie pas. Les procédés de trempage entraînent globalement une amélioration de la digestibilité du taro après une simple cuisson (95°C pendant 30 minutes) qui passe de 39,30 % (échantillon témoin non trempé) à 78,67 % pour le taro trempé dans l'eau. Après 3 h de trempage, la farine de taro traitée par la solution de maïs est significativement plus digestible (77,12 %) que les échantillons résultant de deux autres traitements [tamarin (60,86 %), eau (60,45 %)] qui sont statistiquement similaires. (...)

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Aboubakar, Inconnu. "Optimisation des paramètres de production et de conservation de la farine de Taro (Colocasia esculenta)." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL005N/document.

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L’étude de l’optimisation des paramètres de production et de conservation de la farine de taro (Colocasia esculenta) a permis de mieux comprendre le processus cuisson des tubercules et de conservation des farines. Les études de cuisson des tubercules de six variétés ont montré que la variété Ibo coco est celle qui cuit vite eu égard à ses bonnes propriétés thermiques. La cuisson des tubercules dans l’eau du robinet est la meilleure technique de cuisson comparativement aux cuissons, à la vapeur, dans les solutions acides de citron et de tamarin. Les études de détermination des conditions optimales de séchage et conservation de la farine de taro, en utilisant un vieillissement accéléré à 10 et 20 jours de stockage à 45°C à des activité en eau de 0,07 ; 0,11 ; 0,23 ; 0,33 ; 0,53 ont permis de montrer que le vieillissement après 10 jours de stockage était suffisant pour les analyses. De plus l’application du modèle BET lors des mesures des isothermes de sorption, a permis de déterminer les teneurs en eau mono moléculaires théorique et expérimentale. Les farines produites à la teneur en eau mono moléculaire, donnent une pâte ayant des caractéristiques texturales proches de celles de la pâte traditionnelle. Toutefois, la conservation de ces farines à différentes fractions particulaires (75, 150 et 250 µm) montre que les petites fractions particulaires (75 µm) absorbent plus vite de l’eau que les autres fractions particulaires et sont de ce fait plus susceptibles à la détérioration
Study on optimization of production and storage parameters of the taro (Colocasia esculenta) flour permitted to better understanding the cooking process of taro tubers and storage of taro flours. Studies of cooking of six varieties of tubers showed that the variety Ibo coco had high rate of cooking, due to his good thermal properties. The cooking of tubers in the faucet water is the best technique of cooking compared to, steam cooking, lemon and tammarin cooking. Studies of determination of the optimal conditions of drying and storage of the taro flour, using an accelerated ageing to 10 and 20 days of storage at 45°C to the activity in water of 0,07; 0,11; 0,23; 0,33; 0,53, showed that the ageing after 10 day of storage was sufficient for analyses. Besides the use of the BET model on sorption isotherms, permitted to obtain values of theorical and experimental monolayer water. Flours produced at this monolayer water, give dough with the textural characteristics near of those of traditional dough. However, the storage of these flours with different particle sizes (75, 150 and 250 µm) shown that the small particle size (75 µm) absorb water quickly than other flours, and they are more susceptible to the deterioration

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Matsuda, Masahiko. "Taro, Colocasia esculenta(L.)Schott, in Eastern Asia : Its Geographical Distribution and Dispersal into Japan." Kyoto University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149925.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第9639号
農博第1267号
新制||農||846(附属図書館)
学位論文||H14||N3671(農学部図書室)
UT51-2002-G397
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授櫻谷哲夫, 教授大西近江, 教授矢澤進
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Grimaldi, Ilaria Maria. "Food for thought : genetic, historical and ethnobotanical studies of taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dd51f25e-41b9-4a4a-8b49-d7891b213550.

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The presence of exotic plants both in Africa and in Asia has long attracted the attention of scholars who have attempted to understand the human activities linked to them. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence for the reconstruction of these activities is often very limited, but indirect methods such as the study of DNA have become useful tools in building models of early human dispersal. Among the plants that were carried across the Indian Ocean, sometimes known as the “tropical food kit”, the staple crop taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) has continued to be the subject of ongoing research. The use of this crop in antiquity is well documented by discoveries of ancient taro starch granules found on archaeological artefacts from sites in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands, making it one of the oldest plants consumed by people. However, less is known about the use of taro in Africa and the Mediterranean region, where it is found both in the wild and under cultivation - often representing a staple crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this doctoral thesis, genetic analysis was performed on modern samples of taro collected from Africa and other regions of the Indian Ocean, using four molecular markers. Two main clusters have been identified, and within this main sub-division four populations of taro have been detected in Africa. By integrating the genetic results with historical and linguistic research, and extensive ethnobotanical fieldwork in Africa, two of these populations are proposed to represent early translocations, with modern distribution patterns suggesting diverse dispersal routes at different times. These results open up a new scenario in which the “tropical food kit” is finally unpacked, with important historical implications for each of the crops contained within it.

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Santos, Maicon Jorge Gonçalves dos. "PRODUTIVIDADE AGROECONÔMICA DE PLANTAS DE TARO SOLTEIRAS E CONSORCIADAS COM PLANTAS DE ALFACE." Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, 2014. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/342.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The aim of this work was to determine the agroeconomic yield of ‘Chinês’, ‘Macaquinho’ and ‘Verde’ taro clones in the monocrop system, as well as in the intercropping with iceberg and crisphead lettuce cultivation. The study has been carried out at Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD) in Dourados-MS, between September 2012 and May 2013. The taro clones and the lettuce cultivation were allocated in the field in a joint experiment, consisting of 11 treatments, all arranged in the experimental delineation of casualized blocks, with four repetitions. The lettuce was cropped 50 days after the transplanting – DAT and the Verde, Macaquinho and Chinês taro clones were cropped 190, 210 and 240 days after planting – DAP, respectively. The largest numbers of marketable heads were the crisphead lettuce crops intercropped with ‘Verde’ taro (119.790,00 heads ha-1), which overcame by 79.170,00 heads ha-1 in relation to the intercropped cultivation of crisphead lettuce and ‘Chinês’ taro, which showed the lowest results. The Chinês taro-clone plants registered maximum height of 58,46cm at 112 DAP; the tallest ‘Verde’ taro-plant clones were 47,15cm tall at 124 DAP and the ‘Macaquinho’ taro-clone pants recorded 43,26cm at 133 DAP. The greatest fresh and dry mass cormels that were marketable were the monocropped ‘Verde’ taro-clone plants, which surpassed by 15,43 and 4,02 t ha-1, respectively, the average of ‘Verde’ and ‘Macaquinho’ taro plants intercropped with iceberg lettuce, which recorded the lowest numbers. Considering the net income per hectare, all the intercrops would be feasible for the taro producers, but the lettuce producers would have an increased profit it they adopted the intercrop of ‘Verde’ and ‘Macaquinho’ taro plants with crisphead lettuce, and ‘Chinês’ taro plants with iceberg lettuce. As a conclusion, in order to obtain an increased yield and net income, the taro and lettuce producers would rather cultivate ‘Verde’ taro-clone plants intercropped with crisphead lettuce.
O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a produtividade agroeconômica das plantas dos clones de taro Chinês, Macaquinho e Verde, cultivados solteiros e consorciados com as das cultivares da alface Crespa e Americana. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na UFGD em Dourados-MS, entre setembro de 2012 e maio de 2013. As plantas dos clones de taro e das cultivares de alface foram alocadas no campo em experimento conjunto, constituindo onze tratamentos, arranjados no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A colheita das plantas de alface foi realizada aos 50 dias após o transplantio – DAT e as dos clones Verde, Macaquinho e Chinês foi aos 190, 210 e 240 dias após o plantio – DAP, respectivamente. Os maiores números de cabeças comercializáveis foram das plantas de alface Crespa consorciadas com as do taro ‘Verde’ (119.790,00 cabeças ha-1), que superaram em 79.170,00 cabeças ha-1, em relação ao cultivo consorciado das plantas de alface Crespa com as do taro ‘Chinês’, que teve o menor valor. Verificou-se que as plantas dos clones de taro apresentaram alturas máximas de 58,46 cm no clone Chinês aos 112 DAP; 47,15 cm no ‘Verde’ aos 124 DAP e de 43,26 cm no ‘Macaquinho’ aos 133 DAP. As maiores massas fresca e seca de rizoma filho comercializável foram das plantas do clone Verde cultivadas solteiras, superando em 15,43 e 4,02 t ha-1, respectivamente, às médias das plantas do taro ‘Verde’ e ‘Macaquinho’ consorciadas com as de alface ‘Americana’, que tiveram os menores valores. Considerando a renda líquida por hectare, todos os consórcios seriam recomendados para o produtor de taro mas para o produtor de alface foram mais viáveis os consórcios das plantas dos taros ‘Verde’ e ‘Macaquinho’ com as de alface ‘Crespa’ e do taro ‘Chinês’ com as de alface ‘Americana’. Concluiu-se que para se obter maior produtividade e renda líquida, os produtores de plantas de taro e de alface devem preferir o cultivo consorciado das plantas dos clones de taro Verde com as de alface da cultivar Crespa.

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18

Li, Meiling 1988. "Response of taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] growth, yield, and corm quality to varying water regimes and soil textures /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180858.

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Orientador: Lin Chau Ming
Coorientador: Angélica Cristina Fernandes Deus
Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes
Banca: João Carlos Cury Saad
Banca: Gabriela Granghelli Gonçalves
Banca: Laís Lorena Queiroz Moreira
Resumo: A irrigação é uma prática agrícola importante para o cultivo do inhame, entretanto, há poucos resultados experimentais focados no Brasil, e não há informações sobre a necessidade de água para essa cultura sob diferentes texturas de solo no estado de São Paulo. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento, biomassa e qualidade dos tubérculos do inhame sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação e texturas de solo. O experimento foi conduzido de 2016 a 2017 com duas colheitas em casa de vegetação na Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCA/UNESP), Botucatu. Estudou-se cinco lâminas de irrigação: 20%, 60%, 100% (controle), 140% e 180% da necessidade de água da cultura (ETc), e três texturas de solo: solo de textura argilosa (CS), solo de textura média (SCL) e solo de textura arenosa (SS). Os resultados mostraram que a altura da planta, diâmetro do pecíolo, número de folhas, área foliar, peso fresco/seco da parte aérea, da raiz e do tubérculo, número e diamêtro de tubérculo do inhame foram menores em 20% e 60% ETc e maiores em 140% and 180% ETc quando comparado com 100% ETc. SS apresentou maior número de folhas em todas as lâminas de irrigação, enquanto a área foliar para SS foi maior que SCL e CS em 20% ETc. Para a primeira colheita, SCL apresentou maior peso fresco/seco da raiz, e SS apresentou maior peso seco do tubérculo do que os outros dois solos. A maior eficiência no uso da água (WUE) e índice de colheita (HI) foram detectados em 20% ETc. Para a segunda safra, SS apr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Irrigation is an important agricultural practice for the cultivation of taro, however, there are few experimental results focus on this practice in Brazil, and there is no information on water requirement for this crop under different soil textures in São Paulo State. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the development, biomass and corm quality of taro under varying water regimes and soil textures. The experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2017 with two harvests, in a greenhouse of Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The five irrigation levels were 20%, 60%, 100%, 140%, and 180% of crop water requirement (ETc), with 100% ETc as the control. And three soil textures: clay soil (CS), sandy clay loam soil (SCL) and sandy soil (SS) were used. Results showed that plant height, petiole diameter, leaf number and area, above-ground, root, and corm fresh/dry weight, corm number and diameter of taro were lower at 20% and 60% ETc, and higher at 140% ETc and 180% ETc when compared with 100% ETc. SS exhibited higher leaf number at all water regimes, whereas leaf area for SS was higher than SCL and CS at 20% ETc. For the first harvest, SCL showed higher root fresh/dry weight, and SS exhibited higher corm dry weight than the other two soils. The highest water-use efficiency (WUE) and index (HI) were detected at 20% ETc. For the second harvest, SS showed higher root and corm fresh weight, corm number and diameter. Th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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19

Kletecke, Rojane Magda. "Remoção/exportação de nutrientes de esgoto doméstico utilizando plantas ornamentais = Hedychium coronarium, Heliconia psittacorum, Cyperus alternifolius e Colocasia esculenta." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256883.

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Orientador: Jose Teixeira Filho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: O presente estudo trabalhou com leitos cultivados (LC) avaliando a capacidade de retenção exportação de nutrientes, nitrogênio e fósforo, a partir da poda das plantas. Os LC foram utilizados no pós-tratamento de efluentes de esgoto doméstico pós reatores anaeróbios compartimentados (RAC) utilizando plantas ornamentais: Hedychium coronarium; Heliconia psittacorum; Cyperus alternifolius e Colocasia esculenta. O monitoramento da água foi realizado a partir da avaliação da quantidade e qualidade. Os parâmetros para a avaliação da quantidade da água foram: volume, vazão, tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e evaporação/evapotranspiração e para a qualidade da água foram: concentração, carga e eficiência de retenção para o fósforo total (PT), o nitrato (NO3-), o nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3) e a demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). Além da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD), pH, condutividade elétrica (CE) e temperatura da água. O monitoramento da vegetação, foi realizada a partir do índice de área foliar (IAF), altura e densidade das plantas. A determinação da exportação dos nutrientes foi realizada após a poda com a pesagem total da biomassa verde e seca para cada LC e análise foliar. A vazão afluente dos LC variou de 0,9 a 1,0 m3/dia, resultando num TDH médio de 1,25 dias. A concentração afluente dos LC de PT, NO3-, NH3 e DQO foram em média 3,5 mg/L, 1,7 mg/L, 36,7 mg/L e 92,7 mg/L, respectivamente. A eficiência média de retenção para a massa de PT, NO3-, NH3 e DQO, entre os quatro LC foi de 6,4%, 18,3%, 6,4%, 26,1%, respectivamente. A remoção /exportação média de nutrientes entre todos os LC foi de 14,4g/m2 para o nitrogênio e de fósforo foi de 2,9g/m2. Dentre os parâmetros analisados para a eficiência de retenção e exportação de nutrientes o LC com Heliconia psittacorum mostrou-se mais eficiente. Concluiu-se que os LC vegetados com plantas ornamentais mostraram potencial favorável na complementação do tratamento de efluentes domésticos, em especial na retenção de nutrientes e matéria orgânica. A utilização das plantas ornamentais também contribuiu para a composição paisagística, transformando o local num "jardim alagado"
Abstract: This study evaluated the ability of constructed wetlands (CW) with ornamental plants to retain /export nutrients as nitrogen and phosphorus. The CW were used in the domestic sewage posttreatment effluent after anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) using the macrophytes as Hedychium coronarium, Heliconia psittacorum, Cyperus alternifolius and Colocasia esculenta. The analysis methods consisted in monitoring water quantity and quality as well as vegetation indicators. Volume, flow, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and evapotranspiration were used as water quantity parameters. Concentration, charge and retention efficiency for total phosphorus (TP), the Nitrate (NO³-), the ammonia (NH³) and chemical oxygen demand (BOD) as well as the dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and water temperature were used as water quality indicators. Leaf area index (LAI), height and density of plants were used as vegetation indicators. The nutrients export was determined after the plants pruning using leaf analysis and the weigth of fresh and dry total biomass for each CW. The CW influent flow ranged from 0,9 to 1,0 m³/day, resulting in an average HRT of 1,25 days. The CW influent concentration of PT, NO³-, NH³ and COD were on average 3,5 mg/L, 1,7 mg/L, 36,7 mg/L and 92,7 mg/L, respectively. The average mass retention efficiency of PT, NO³-, NH³ and COD among the four CW was 6,4%, 18,3%, 6,4%, 26,1%, respectively. Average nutrient removal/export among all CW was 14,4 g/m² for nitrogen and 2,9 g/m² for phosphorus. The results showed that the Heliconia psittacorum CW was more efficient in the retention efficiency and nutrient export. The conclusion of this study is that CW vegetated with ornamental plants exhibit a good potential for wastewater treatment particularly the retention of nutrients and organic matter. Also the use of ornamental plants contributed to the landscape composition, turning the site into a "garden wetland"
Doutorado
Agua e Solo
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

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20

Pessôa, Letícia Rozeno. "Avaliação do consumo da farinha de taro (Colocasia esculenta) na composição corporal e estrutura óssea de ratos wistar jovens." Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/5484.

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A infância e adolescência são estágios da vida essenciais para a formação de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Por isso, o oferecimento de variações alimentares auxilia nesse aspecto, demostrando sua importância. Diversos alimentos possuem nutrientes que podem auxiliar tanto no tratamento como na prevenção de diversas doenças. Com isso, destacamos o taro, que é um tubérculo rico em nutrientes, destacando-se pelo seu conteúdo de vitaminas, minerais e fitoquímicos, que são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento corpóreo e ósseo durante esse estágio da vida. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da farinha de taro (Colocasia esculenta) sobre a composição corporal e óssea de ratos machos Wistar aos 90 dias de idade. Ao nascimento, cada mãe permaneceu com 6 filhotes que, ao completarem 21 dias, foram divididas em 2 grupos: grupo controle, que foi tratado com ração controle (GC, n=12), e o grupo experimental, tratado com a ração contendo 25% de farinha de taro (GE, n=12). Ao longo do experimento, foram analisados, semanalmente, a ingestão alimentar (g), comprimento (cm) e a massa corporal (g). Uma semana antes da eutanásia, foi realizada a curva glicêmica. Aos 90 dias de vida, os animais foram anestesiados com injeção intraperitoneal de Thiopentax® para a avaliação da composição corporal através do Absorciometria com dupla emissão de raios-X (DXA). A eutanásia foi realizada através da retirada do sangue, coletado por punção cardíaca para a realização das análises sorológicas. O tecido adiposo, o fêmur direito e a quarta vértebra lombar foram coletados para análises posteriores. Diferença significativa foi considerada quando p<0,05. Durante o estudo, foi observado que o GE apresentou maior massa corporal (p<0,001). Em relação à curva glicêmica não foi observado diferença significativa entre os grupos. Nos dados sorológicos, não houve diferença significativa de colesterol total, HDL, triglicerídeos e insulina. Porém os níveis de osteocalcina plasmática (+68%, p=0,0012) foram maiores no GE. Com o resultado do DXA, o GE mostrou maior massa magra (+11%, p=0,0015), gorda (+38%, p=0,0004), densidade mineral óssea (DMO) (+8%, p=0,0002), conteúdo mineral óssea (CMO) (+22%, p<0,0001) e área óssea total (+13%, p=0,0012). A massa absoluta (+56%, p=0,0005) e relativa (+34%, p=0,0061) da gordura intra-abdominal foi maior no GE. A análise da coluna (+12%, p=0,0006) e vértebra (+7%, p=0,0012) apontaram a DMO maior no GE. Em relação às análises e ao teste biomecânico do fêmur, o GE apresentou-se maior nos seguintes quesitos: peso (+14%, p=0,002), distância entre as epífises (+3%, p=0,019), ponto médio (+6%, p=0,006), DMO (+8%, p=0,0003) e força máxima (+10%, p=0,049). Esses resultados podem ser explicados devido ao alto conteúdo de fitoquímicos do taro, como a saponina e flavonoides, pois ambas atuam na composição corporal e tecido ósseo. Assim como, a presença de minerais, como cálcio, magnésio e fósforo, atuando na adequada mineralização óssea. Com isso, o taro pode ser considerado um bom auxiliador no desenvolvimento da composição corporal e óssea em ratos, porém mais estudos são necessários para melhor compreensão da atuação desses elementos.
The childhood and adolescence were life essential stage to formation of healthy eating habits. For this, offering of the foods variations helps in this aspect, demonstrated its importance. Several foods have nutrients that may help in the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Thereby, the taro is rich in several nutrients, as vitamin, minerals and phytochemicals. Being theses, fundamental to body and bone development during this life stage. In this way, the aim of this study was evaluated the effect of taro flour (Colocasia esculenta) upon body and bone composition of the males rats Wistar at 90 days of age. At born, each mother remained with 6 pups and, after that, were divided in 2 groups: control group, that was treated with diet control (CG, n=12) and experimental group, treated with diet content 25% of the taro flour (EG, n=12). Throughout the experiment, were analyzes weekly: food intake (g), length (cm) and body mass (g). One week before the euthanasia, was performed the glycemic curve. At 90 days, the animals were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of Thiopentax ® and was submitted to body composition through DXA. The euthanasia was performed by removal blood, that was collected by cardiac puncture to serological test. The femur and fourth lumbar vertebra were collected to the analyze bone composition by Dual-energy ray absorptiometry (DXA) and biomechanical test. Differences were considered significant with p < 0.05. During this study, was observed that EG was higher values body mass (p<0.001) when compared to CG. In relation the glycemic curve, there wasn’t significant difference. Of serological data, there wasn’t significant difference of cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides and insulin, but levels of osteocalcin (+68%, p=0.0012) was higher in EG. Results of DXA, EG was higher: lean (+11%, p=0.0015) and fat (+38%, p=0.0004) mass, bone density mineral (BMD) (+8%, p=0.0002) and content (BMC) (+22%, p<0.0001), bone area total (+13%, p=0.0012). Absolute (+56%, p=0.0005) and relative (+34%, p=0.0061) mass of intra-abdominal fat was higher in EG. Spine (+12%, p=0.0006) and vertebra (+7%, p=0.0012), BMD was higher in EG. In relation of analysis and biochemical test of femur, EG was higher in the following questions: mass (+14%, p=0.002), distance between epiphyses (+3%, p=0.019), midpoint of the diaphysis (+6%, p=0.006), BMD (+8%, p=0.0003) and maximum force (+10%, p=0.049). These results were observed due higher phytochemical content of taro, as saponins and flavonoids because both act in corporal composition of bone tissue. As, the minerals presence, as calcium, magnesium and potassium, contributing to adequate bone mineralization. Thereby, taro can be a good helper in the body and bone development in rats, but more studies were necessary for better understanding of these elements.

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21

Panyoo, Akdowa Emmanuel. "Optimisation de l'utilisation du taro (Colocasia esculenta) variété lamba en panification par l'usage de la gomme Grewia mollis. Juss (Famille Tiliaceae)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0303/document.

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Le problème dans cette étude est celui de l’incorporation de la gomme Grewia mollis dans le mélange blé-taro avec pour objet d’améliorer le taux de substitution du blé par la farine de taro qui, selon la littérature, ne peut dépasser de valeurs allant de 10 à 15 % sans altérer de façon considérable la qualité de la pâte de pain. Les objectifs définis dans cette étude sont triples : (1) d’abord connaitre les propriétés de la farine de taro variété Lamba qui, avant cette étude n’a pas fait l’objet d’études antérieures. (2) Déterminer les conditions optimales d’extraction de la gomme Grewia, dont on connait de la littérature les caractéristiques physicochimiques et fonctionnelles et pas les meilleures conditions d’extraction. (3) Etudier dans un plan de mélange à trois composantes l’effet du pourcentage de gomme, de farine de taro et blé sur les propriétés rhéologiques et sensorielles de la pâte et du pain. Dans cette étude les méthodes usuelles de caractérisation ont été utilisées. Pour l’objectif 1, le dispositif expérimental prend en compte la taille du tubercule (4 modalités) comme facteurs, et les paramètres mesurés sont : la composition proximale, la granulométrie et la forme de particules, les propriétés thermiques et rhéologiques de la farine. Pour l’objectif 2, la gomme est extraite selon un plan composite centré à faces centrées avec comme facteurs le ratio volume d’eau sur masse de la poudre de l’écorce, la température et le temps d’extraction, et les réponses sont la viscosité de la solution et le taux d’extraction. Une caractérisation du profil de sucres de la gomme a été faite. Pour l’objectif 3, un plan de mélange ternaire Grewia-taro-blé à contraintes a été effectué. Le volume de pousse de la pâte, le test de double morsure, le test du fluage-recouvrement ont été mesurés sur la pâte, alors que les pains obtenus ont fait l’objet d’une analyse du test de double compression et d’acceptabilité. Les résultats de l’objectif 1 ont montré que la composition physicochimique du taro varie en fonction de la masse et du pelage, le profil en acide aminé présente une absence des acides aminés soufrés. Les résultats de l’extraction de la gomme dans l’objectif 2 ont montré que seul le ratio augmente significativement la viscosité et le rendement d’extraction de la gomme. Les conditions optimales d’extraction de la gomme Grewia mollis sont les suivantes: pH: 7,1 temps : 1h température: 73,1 °C ratio eau / poudre : 55,4 / 1, pour une viscosité de 0,98 Pa.s et un rendement de 0,32%. Les résultats de l’objectif 3 montrent que l’augmentation de la gomme Grewia mollis entraine une augmentation de la capacité d’absorption d’eau des farines mélangées, une augmentation de la viscoélasticité, du volume de pousse, du volume de pain, de l’acceptabilité générale jusqu’à un seuil de 2,5% puis une baisse est observée. Les analyses de corrélation ont montré que l’augmentation de la capacité d’absorption d’eau entraine une baisse des paramètres du fluage et du recouvrement de la pâte, du volume de pousse
The problem in this study is the incorporation of Grewia gum in the wheat-taro mixture in order to improve the level of substitution of wheat flour by taro flour which, according to the literature, cannot exceed 10-15% without deteriorating in a considerable manner the quality of the bread paste. The objective defined in this study is threefold : (1) to know the properties of the flour of taro Lamba variety which, before this study have not been the object for research (2) to determine the optimum conditions for extraction of the Grewia gum, with known physico-chemical and functional characteristics but no standard for conditions extraction. (3) To study the effect of the percentage of gum, taro flour and wheat flour on the rheological and sensory properties of the paste and the bread using a mixture designs with three components. In this study the usual methods of characterization were used. For objective 1, the experimental device takes into account sizes of tuber (4 weight) like factors, and the measured parameters are: the proximate composition, the granulometry and the shape of particles, thermal and rheological properties of the flour. For objective 2, the gum is extracted using a central composite design with faces centered with factors like the flour water ratio (w / w), the temperature, extraction time and pH, the response were the viscosity of the solution and the yield of extraction. A characterization of the sugar profile of gum was made. For objective 3, a ternary mixture design Grewia - taro-wheat with constraints was carried out. The volume of dough, the rheology of paste, the double bite test, the creep-recovering test were measured on the dough, whereas a double compression test analysis and acceptability were carried out on the bread. The results of objective 1 showed that the physico-chemical composition of the taro varies as a function of the mass and peeling type, the amino acid profile reveals the absence of sulphur amino acids. The results of the extraction of gum showed that only the ratio significantly increases the viscosity and the yield of the gum.The optimum conditions for extraction of the Grewia gum are as follows:pH: 7.1 times : 1h temperature: 73 °C water / powder ratio: 55.4 / 1, for a viscosity of 0.98 Pa.s and and yield of 0.32 %. The results of objective 3 show that the incorporation of gum increase the water absorption capacity, viscoelasticity of the dough, volume of the dough and even volume of bread. However the sensory analysis showed that the addition of gum up to 5% contributed to the rejection of the breads

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22

村上, 賢治. "サトイモ(Colocasia esculenta Schott)の細胞培養系の確立と有用変異系統の育成." 京都大学, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181071.

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Pereira, Francisco Hevilásio Freire. "Caracterização morfológica e agronômica de acessos de taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2002. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/10220.

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Realizaram-se a avaliação e descrição das características morfológicas e agronômicas de 36 acessos de taro, do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH/UFV), objetivando definir um padrão característico para cada acesso ou grupo de acessos, visando criar subsídios para programas de melhoramento genético com a cultura. O experimento foi conduzido na horta de pesquisas da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no período de 19.09.2000 a 13.06.2001. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 36 tratamentos (acessos) e cinco repetições. A parcela foi composta de quatro fileiras espaçadas de 1,0 x 0,5 m, com quatro metros de comprimento, totalizando 32 plantas; e a área, de 16,0 m2. Para as características morfológicas foram utilizados os descritores para o taro do International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). Dentre as características avaliadas, as que mais contribuíram para a distinção entre os acessos pertencentes ao BGH/UFV foram: número máximo de folhas por planta, margem da lâmina foliar, modelo da nervura, cor do pecíolo (terços superior, intermediário e basal), cor do anel basal do pecíolo, cor da bainha foliar, comprimento do rizoma principal e peso médio de rizomas laterais. Já as características que menos contribuíram, por não apresentarem variação entre os acessos, foram: posição predominante da superfície do limbo foliar, cor da nervura principal, espessura da periderme do rizoma principal e uniformidade de cor das raízes. Com poucas exceções, os acessos de taro pertencentes ao BGH/UFV apresentaram crescimento vegetativo com o seguinte perfil: porte alto (superior a 100 cm), expansão horizontal da planta média (50 a 100 cm), número máximo de folhas por planta entre 4 e 5 e número de rebentos máximo por planta entre 1 e 5. A formação de inflorescência, tipo aplanada ou encapuchada, foi observada em 30,56% dos acessos. Os acessos com inflorescências do tipo aplanada, com maior exposição da espádice, podem favorecer a polinização cruzada pela ação de polinizadores, enquanto os com inflorescência do tipo encapuchada são passíveis de autopolinização. Ambos os tipos de inflorescências, aplanada e encapuchada, apresentaram constrição na espata entre as partes feminina e masculina, o que pode ter impedido a polinização e, conseqüentemente, a fecundação, contribuindo para a não- formação de sementes de maneira natural. Os acessos BGH 5916, BGH 5917, BGH 6137, BGH 6298, BGH 6307 e BGH 6308 apresentaram as maiores produtividades de rizomas comerciáveis, não diferindo do clone Japonês-BGH 5925 e superando o Chinês-BGH 5928, ambos cultivados comercialmente. Os componentes primários com maiores correlações positivas e significativas com a produtividade de rizomas comerciáveis foram peso médio de rizomas comerciáveis, número de rizomas comerciáveis por planta e produtividade de rizomas filho grande. Os acessos Japonês-BGH 5925, BGH 5916, BGH 5917, BGH 6137, BGH 6298, BGH 6307 e BGH 6308, com as maiores produtividades de rizomas comerciáveis, apresentaram rizomas de formato cilíndrico ou oblongo, que são comercialmente desejáveis.
A description of the morphological characteristics and yield of 36 accesses of taro was conducted at the Horticultural Germplasm Bank, owned by the Federal University of Viçosa, from 09.19.2000 to 06.13.2001, to define a characteristic standard for each access or group of accesses, aiming to create a basis for genetic breeding programs using this culture. A randomized block design was used, consisting of 36 treatments (accesses) and five replicates. The plot was composed by four rows 1.0 x 0.5 m spaced and 4 m long, totaling 32 plants in an area of 16.0 m2. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) taro descriptors were utilized for the morphological characterization. Among the characteristics appraised, the ones that most contributed to distinguish among the BGH/UFV taro accesses were: maximum number of leaves per plant, margin of the leaf lamina, vein model, petiole color (thirds superior, intermediate and basal), color of the basal ring of the petiole, color of the leaf sheath, length of the main rhizome and fresh weight of lateral rhizomes. Conversely, following, the following characteristics contributed little, for they did not show variation between the accesses: predominant position of the leaf lamina, color of the main vein, thickness of the periderm of the main rhizome and uniformity of color of the roots. With a few exceptions, the BGH/UFV taro accesses had vegetative growing with the following profile: height superior to 100 cm, average horizontal expansion of the plant from 50 to 100 cm, maximum number of leaves per plant between 4 and 5, and maximum number of lateral stems per plant between 1 and 5. The formation of inflorescence, flat or encapsulated, was observed in 30.56% of the accesses. The accesses with flat inflorescence, with greater spadix exposure, may favor crossed pollination due to pollinator action, while the accesses with inflorescence of the encapsulated type (hooded) allow self pollination. Both inflorescence types presented a constriction in the spathe, between the male and female portions, what may prevent pollination and, consequently, the fecundation, contributing to the non- formation of seeds, in a natural way. The clones BGH 5916, BGH 5917, BGH 6137, BGH 6298 BGH 6307 and BGH 6308 had the highest rhizome commercial productivity, similarly to the clone Japanese-BGH 5925 and higher than the clone Chinese-BGH 5928, both cultivated commercially. The primary components with the highest positive and significant correlations with commercial rhizome productivity were average fresh weight of commercial rhizomes (0.6370), number of commercial rhizomes per plant (0.7133) and productivity of large offspring rhizomes (0.9107). The accesses Japanese-BGH 5925, BGH 5916, BGH 5917, BGH 6137, BGH 6298, BGH 6307 and BGH 6308, which had the highest commercial rhizome productivity, presented rhizome of cylindrical or oblong shapes, which are commercially desirable.

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Thomaz, Luísa. "Caracterização da dupla modificação física em propriedades termoanalíticas, físico-químicas, estruturais e de pasta da fração amilácea de taro (colocasia esculenta l. schott) orgânico." Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 2018. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2491.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) é um tubérculo que apresenta até 80 % de material amiláceo em sua composição (base seca), possuindo grânulos pequenos, medindo de 1 μm a 6 μm, enquanto que outras fontes chegam a 100 μm. Amidos nativos podem apresentar limitações tecnológicas e, portanto, modificações físicas, químicas e biológicas são realizadas para ampliar a gama de sua utilização. Neste estudo foi utilizado o amido de taro orgânico, o qual foi modificado por tratamento hidrotérmico (HMT) a partir da variação do teor de umidade (13, 19 e 25 %) e tempo (45, 60 e 75 min), mantendo fixa a temperatura (120 °C). Após esses tratamentos foi aplicado o ultrassom em todas as amostras durante 30 min e amplitude de 60 % (frequência fixa de 20 kHz). Para avaliação e caracterização da amostra nativa e das modificadas foram obtidas imagens por microscopia eletrônica de varredura por efeito de campo (MEV/FEG), as propriedades de pasta por viscoamilografia (RVA), decomposição térmica por termogravimetria (TG), evento de gelatinização por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e padrão de cristalinidade por difratometria de raios X (DRX). Houve alteração significativa na cristalinidade relativa, variando de 26,9 % a 32,7 %. O perfil de pasta obteve redução em todos os parâmetros de viscosidade e, no evento de gelatinização, foi observado um aumento de entalpia para todas as condições de HMT, chegando a 14,88 J/g (amostra nativa: 9,45 J/g), além de um alargamento do pico, sugerindo uma maior estabilidade frente ao aquecimento. Devido a esta característica, estudos sugerem aplicação do amido hidrotermicamente tratado em produtos enlatados e congelados. As amostras duplamente modificadas promoveram um encurtamento do evento de gelatinização e redução da entalpia, tendo como menor valor 4,1 J/g; tais resultados ocorreram devido a maior hidratação e menor inchamento do grânulo, o que sugere uma boa dispersibilidade, com possível aplicação em filmes biodegradáveis.
Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) is a tuber that possesses up to 80% of starchy material in its composition (dry basis) and the size of its granules ranges from 1 μm to 6 μm, while other fonts may have granules up to 100 μm. Native starches can present technological processing limitations, and thus, physical, chemical and biological modifications are performed to improve its application range. In this study, organic taro starch was modified by heat-moisture treatment (HMT), with different moisture levels (13, 19 and 25%) and different time intervals (45, 60 and 75 min). All treatments were performed at 120 °C followed by ultrasound (US) for dual modification. The US was applied for 30 min and 60% of amplitude, at a fixed frequency of 20 kHz, for all samples. The morphology of the native and modified samples where evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the pasting properties by viscoamilography (RVA), the gelatinization event by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and cristallinity pattern by X-ray difratometry. The major differences where in the relative crystallinity that increased from 26.9% to 32.7%. Additionally, the pasting profile showed a decrease in all parameters. The gelatinization showed an enthalpy increase for all HMT-modified samples, up to 14.88 J/g (native sample: 9.45 J/g). Moreover, a peak broadening was observed, suggesting higher heating stability. Due to this, previous studies suggest that HMT starch can be used in canned and frozen food. The dual modified samples resulted in gelatinization shortening and had a decrease in enthalpy, reaching 4.1 J/g at the minimum. This is due to the higher hydration and lower swelling power of the granule, which indicates a good dispersibility. This gives the taro potential to be used in biodegradable films. Keywords: modified starch, ultrasound, heat-moisture treatment, non-convetional starch.

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Paulino, Gustavo Chagas Lutfala. "Avaliação do extrato de inhame (Colocasia esculenta) como agente antiviral contra os vírus Chikungunya e Zika, e como agente larvicida contra mosquitos Aedes aegypti. /." Araraquara, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190914.

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Orientador: Adriano Mondini
Resumo: Arbovírus são vírus transmitidos por artrópodes. Apresentam grande importância no âmbito da saúde pública devido à morbidade e mortalidade de suas infecções. Nos últimos quatro anos, muitos casos de infecção pelos vírus Zika (ZIKV) e Chikungunya (CHIKV) foram notificados no Brasil. O controle de seu principal vetor, o mosquito Aedes aegypti, é uma das formas de combate a esses vírus. Não há, até o momento, terapia antiviral específica contra infecções causadas por esses vírus, e os meios de controle do vetor, disponíveis, geram resistência e danos ambientais. Assim, compostos naturais, com ação antiviral ou que controlem o vetor, tornam-se uma via importante e atrativa. O extrato de inhame (Colocasia esculenta) possui entre suas substâncias a tarina, uma lectina que demonstrou atividade antiviral contra o DENV e HCV, além de atividade larvicida contra mosquitos Diaphania nitidalis. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a atividade do extrato de Colocasia esculenta, obtidos por dois métodos de extração, quanto a sua atividade antiviral contra o CHIKV e ZIKV, bem como quanto a sua ação larvicida contra o mosquito Aedes aegypti. Os extratos foram obtidos a partir das folhas e do caule do inhame, e extraídos com a utilização de água e metanol. Os extratos aquosos e metanólico foram obtidos por técnica de maceração. Para a avaliação da ação antiviral, os extratos foram utilizados em ensaios de citotoxidade e de redução de placas em cultura celular, bem como PCR em tempo real (qPCR) p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre

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Muñoz, Cuervo Ismael. "Évaluation de la diversité du contenu phytochimique de trois espèces à racines et tubercules amylacées tropicales, le taro, la grande igname et le manioc." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10099.

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Le taro (Colocasia esculenta L.), la grande igname (Dioscorea alata L.) et le manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) représentent trois cultures amylacées d'importance dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales du monde. Afin d'évaluer la diversité chimique en molécules bioactives de ces espèces, nous avons développé des méthodologies analytiques CLHP/DBD et CPG/SM à moyen débit permettant de doser les teneurs de 129 caroténoïdes et composés phénoliques/indoliques et de 16 acides organiques/gras dans les tissus souterrains consommés. Ces substances ont ensuite été dosées pour la première fois sur un large échantillonnage représentatif de la diversité agro-morphologique de ces trois espèces (respectivement 173, 113 et 79 cultivars de taro, grande igname et manioc cultivés sur un même site). Les résultats montrent l'existence d'une énorme diversité qualitative et quantitative des marqueurs chimiques et une absence de chimiotype marqué. De nombreux métabolites secondaires n'ont été détectés que dans peu de variétés en accord avec les résultats d'études antérieures sur la diversité, et la distribution, d'allèles génétiques neutres. Bien qu'appréciées, les substances colorées ou perceptibles en bouche n'ont pas fait l'objet d'amélioration variétale poussée sur leurs teneurs et ne peuvent être perçues que dans un petit nombre de cultivars. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats soutiennent l'importance de la sélection participative de petits agriculteurs pour la création et le maintien d'une large biodiversité chimique chez ces plantes. Ils offrent également des perspectives et des outils nouveaux pour améliorer la qualité nutritionnelle de ces espèces
Taro (Colocasia esculenta L.), the greater yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) are three important staple crop species from tropical and subtropical regions. In order to evaluate the diversity in bioactive molecules of these three species, we have developed medium throughput HPLC/DAD and GC/MSbased analytical methodologies to estimate the contents of 129 carotenoids and phenolic/indolic compounds and 16 organic/fatty acids in the consumed underground tissues. The contents of these substances have then been quantified for the first time in a large sampling representative of the agro-morphological biodiversity of these three species (respectively 173, 113 and 79 landraces of taro, greater yam and cassava that were cultivated on a common site). Results demonstrate the existence of a large qualitative and quantitative diversity of chemical traits and the absence of clear-cut chemotype. Most secondary metabolites have only been detected in few landraces in agreement with results from previous studies on the diversity, and distribution, of neutral genetic alleles in these plants. Though well appreciated by consumers, colored and mouth-perceivable substances have not been subjected to major content improvement through targeted selection and are in fact only detectable in a limited number of landraces. As a whole, these results support the importance of participatory selection by small farmers in the creation, and maintaining, of a large chemical diversity in these species. They also offer novel tools and perspectives for the improvement of the nutritional value of these species by plant breeders

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Calle, Domínguez Jehannara. "Properties of Malanga Flours and their Use in Pastes and Gluten Free Breads." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/168396.

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[ES] El uso de Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott y Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott como materia prima en forma de almidón o harina es una alternativa sostenible y nutritiva al trigo y otros granos. Esta alternativa permite a los agricultores minimizar las pérdidas después de su cosecha y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria ya que sus propiedades nutricionales, digestivas y saludables son reconocidas por la comunidad científica. Sin embargo, la información existente sobre este rizoma dirigida a su aplicación es bastante limitada. Esta tesis expone la caracterización funcional y tecnológica de los almidones obtenidos a partir de cormos y cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. Asimismo, se evaluó tecnológicamente el efecto de la combinación de enzimas, hidrocoloides, almidón de patata, harina pregelatinizada sobre la harina de los cormelos de la Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott en el desarrollo de un pan sin gluten. Además, se evaluaron las propiedades tecnológicas y digestivas de una fórmula básica para puré desarrollada a partir de harina de cormelos de Xanthosoma spp. y Colocasia spp. Además, la revisión bibliográfica realizada permitió poner en contexto los efectos saludables demostrados clínicamente de esta materia prima y sus componentes. Se demostró que existen diferencias significativas entre el almidón de cormos y cormelos de la misma especie. Se concluyó que la harina de Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott es una buena opción para incrementar el valor nutricional de los panes sin gluten. Entre las estrategias probadas, el pan elaborado a partir de la mezcla con almidón de patata resultó la menos aconsejable. Además, todas las estrategias aplicadas originaron panes con menor índice glucémico que sus homólogos sin gluten reportados en otros estudios. Por primera vez, este trabajo recomienda el uso de harina de cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott y Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott y para desarrollar purés con un valor nutricional agregado. La revisión bibliográfica realizada permitió recopilar los efectos demostrados clínicamente, concretamente antihiperglucémicos, antihepatotóxicos, antihipertensivos, hipoglucemiantes, anticancerosos, hipolipidémicos y prebióticos, entre otros, de los compuestos bioactivos presentes en esta planta.
[CA] L'ús de Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott i Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott com a matèria primera en forma de midó o farina, és una alternativa per a minimitzar les perdues després de la seua collita i garantir la seguretat alimentària ja que les seues propietats nutricionals, digestives i saludables són reconegudes per la comunitat científica. Aquesta tesi exposa la caracterització funcional i tecnològica dels midons obtinguts a partir de corms i cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. D'una banda és va avaluar tecnològicament l'efecte de la combinació d'enzims, hidrocol·loides, midó de creïlla, farina pregelatinitzada sobre la farina dels cormelos de la Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott en el desenvolupament d'un pa sense gluten. D'altra banda, es van avaluar les propietats tecnològiques i digestives d'una fórmula bàsica per a puré desenvolupada a partir de farina de cormelos de Xanthosoma spp. i Colocasia spp. que es pot destinar a poblacions vulnerables amb afeccions gastrointestinals, diabètics, celíacs, entre altres. A més, es va realitzar una revisió on s'exposen els efectes saludables demostrats clínicament, dels seus components. Es va demostrar que existeixen diferències significatives entre el midó de corms i cormelos de la mateixa espècie. Per tant, es va concloure que la farina dels cormelos de la Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott és una bona opció per a incrementar el valor nutricional dels pans sense glútens i entre les estratègies provades, el pa elaborat a partir de la mescla amb midó de creïlla va resultar la menys aconsellable, però tots van mostrar menor índex glucèmic que els seus homòlegs sense glútens reportats en altres estudis. A més, per primera vegada es va recomanar l'ús de farina cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott i Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott per a desenvolupar purés amb un valor nutricional agregat. La revisió bibilogràfica realitza va permetre recopilar el efectes demostrats clínicament, en concret antihiperglucémic, antihepatotóxic, antihipertensiu, hipoglucemiant, anticancerós, hipolipidémic i prebiòtic, entre altres, dels compostos bioactius presents en aquest rizoma.
[EN] The use of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott and Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott as a raw material in form of starch or flour is a nutritious and sustainable alternative to wheat and other grains. This alternative allows farmers to minimize losses after harvest and guarantee food safety since its nutritional, digestive and healthy properties are recognized by the scientific community. Nevertheless, there is still scarce information about these rhizomes that limit their application. This thesis illuminates the functional and technological characterization of the starches obtained from corms and cormels of Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. Likewise, the effect of the combination of enzymes, hydrocolloids, potato starch, pregelatinized flour on Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott cormels flour toward the development of a gluten-free bread was technologically evaluated. Furthermore, the technological and digestive properties of a basic formula for pastes developed from cormels flour of Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott and Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott was evaluated. In addition, a review was conducted and the health effects clinically demonstrated are exposed. It was shown that there are significant differences between the starch of corms and cormels of the same species. It was concluded that the flour from Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott cormels is a good option to increase the nutritional value of gluten-free breads. Among the strategies tested, the bread made from mixtures with potato starch was the least desirable, but all strategies tested gave breads with lower glycemic index than gluten-free counterparts reported in other studies. For the first time, this works recommends the use of cormels flour from Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott and Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott was recommended to develop pastes to nutritional value to gluten-free products. In addition, the bibliographic review carried out allowed the compilation and analysis of the clinically demonstrated effects, especifically, antihyperglycemic, antihepatotoxic, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, hypolipidemic and prebiotic effects, among others, of the bioactive compounds present in these plants.
Authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RTI2018-095919-B-C21), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project AGL2014-52928-C2-1-R), the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and Generalitat Valenciana (Project Prometeo 2017/189). Tropical Food Research Institute from Cuba provided the rhizomes.
Calle Domínguez, J. (2021). Properties of Malanga Flours and their Use in Pastes and Gluten Free Breads [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/168396
TESIS

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Kidanemariam, Dawit B. "Viruses of taro and other edible aroids in east Africa." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/120892/1/Dawit_Kidanemariam_Thesis.pdf.

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Taro and tannia are two important aroid root crops cultivated mainly by small-holder farmers in East Africa where they have significant nutritional, economic and social roles. Viruses are among the most important constraints for the production of these crops worldwide. To date, no comprehensive study has been carried out to determine the status of viruses infecting aroids in East Africa. In this study, the major aroid growing areas in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda were surveyed to characterise the viruses present and to determine their incidence and distribution. The outcomes from this study will contribute to ongoing disease management activities.

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Himeda, Makhlouf. "Propriétés physico-chimiques et rhéologiques de la farine et de l'amidon de taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) variété Sosso du Tchad en fonction de la maturité et du mode de séchage." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0262/document.

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Les résultats montrent que la teneur en cendres, protéines brutes, sucres disponibles, oxalates totaux, amidons et phosphore augmente significativement (p<0,05) avec la maturité. En revanche la teneur en amylose baisse avec la maturité. La capacité d'absorption d'eau, l'indice de solubilité, la température et l'enthalpie de gélatinisation (delta H) des farines et amidons augmentent significativement (p<0,05) en fonction du degré de maturité. Quel que soit le degré de maturité, les granules d'amidon ont présenté un diffractogramme caractéristique de type "A". Les précurseurs de brunissement augmentent significativement (p<0,05) avec le degré de maturité. Le paramètre L* des farines et des pâtes augmente alors que a* diminue en fonction du degré de maturité. Le paramètre L* est plus élevé et a* moins élevé dans le cas du séchage électrique que le séchage solaire. Les caractéristiques sensorielles des pâtes de taro Sosso sont affectées positivement par le degré de maturité et le séchage électrique. L'acceptabilité générale des pâtes de taro Sosso est corrélée à la couleur de celles-ci. Cette étude suggère que 10 mois de maturité de taro Sosso et le séchage électrique (40°C) sont des conditions favorables à l'obtention des pâtes de qualité acceptable
Results showed that the ash content, crude proteins, available sugars, total oxalate, starch and phosphorus content increased significantly with the maturity stage. On the other hand the amylose content decreased as function of the maturity. The water adsorption capacity, the water solubility index, the temperature and the enthalpy of gelatinization of the flour and starch increased significantly with the maturity stage. Irrespective of the degree of maturity the starch granules diffractogramm were exhibited an "A" type cristallinity. The browning indicators increased significantly (p<0.05) with the maturity stage of the tuber. The color coordinate L* of the flours and that of its dough increased while a* decreased with the maturity stage. These two coordinates lend themselves better with electric drying than solar drying. The sensory characteristics of the taro Sosso dough were positively affected by the maturity stage and electric drying. The overall acceptability of taro Sosso dough was correlated with its color. These results suggest that 10 months of the taro Sosso maturity and the electric drying (40°C) are the best conditions to obtain the acceptable pastes. These optimum conditions might be used to produce the taro flour at industrial scale

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Caillon, Sophie. "Pour une conservation dynamique de l'agrobiodiversité : Gestion locale de la diversité variétale d'un arbre « des Blancs » (cocotier, Cocos nucifera L.) et d'une plante « des ancêtres » (taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) au Vanuatu." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00497566.

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Treize ans après le sommet de la Terre, cette thèse souligne les contradictions entre diversité culturelle et diversité biologique lorsqu'il s'agit de conserver un patrimoine de plantes cultivées. La présentation du contexte conceptuel de recherche, des sites d'étude au Vanuatu (principalement Vêtuboso sur Vanua Lava) et des espèces (le cocotier et le taro), ainsi que les méthodes s'appuyant sur des outils de l'agronomie, de l'anthropologie, de la génétique et de la géographie, ont été regroupées dans une première partie. La deuxième partie apporte des éléments de réponses aux trois questions principales de la thèse : 1. Quel est le statut social des deux espèces étudiées ? 2. De quelle agrobiodiversité parle-t-on ? et 3. Comment s'élabore-t-elle et se diffuse-t-elle ? La biologie de la plante mais aussi son histoire dans la communauté conditionnent son statut social et ainsi les modalités de sa gestion. Qualifié de « plante des Blancs » bien que présent avant l'arrivée des premiers colons, le cocotier, a quitté le statut d'arbre fruitier pour celui de culture de rente pérenne malgré ses nombreux usages et les mythes fondateurs qui lui sont associés. Son espace de culture, la cocoteraie, rappelle le temps du colonialisme, du travail forcé, et évoque la pénibilité de la production du coprah. Elle est accusée de « voler » l'espace de la forêt où vivent les esprits. La base génétique du cocotier est large même si l'on relève peu de catégories nommées. Le taro, une plante annuelle de subsistance identifiée localement par de nombreux noms correspondant à des morphotypes distincts, est socialement valorisé en tant que porteur de mémoire des ancêtres et vitrine des savoir-faire individuels. Cependant sa base génétique est étroite, et malgré l'attention que lui portent des horticulteurs passionnés, il ne pourra survivre à l'introduction de la maladie attendant aux portes du Vanuatu (TLB). Ainsi, la valorisation de la biodiversité, aussi bien du point de vue des représentations locales que des sciences, dépend des formes de socialisation des plantes comme des finalités recherchées : protéger la mémoire d'un lieu par les liens aux ancêtres, une diversité culturelle, une variabilité phénotypique ou un potentiel d'évolution. De plus, du point de vue de la conservation de la biodiversité, une même communauté peut être considérée, en raison de sa gestion des taros, comme une société qui possède de véritables « savoirs naturalistes locaux », et dans sa gestion des cocotiers, comme une société ayant préféré s'investir dans une économie de marché prônant l'intensification. L'intégration des diversités biologique et culturelle au sein du concept de biodiversité peut constituer une liaison dangereuse, si les savoirs, réduits au rang de recettes, sont abstraits de leur cadre cognitif et socioculturel. En s'appuyant sur les résultats précédents, la troisième partie passe en revue les sources d'érosion de l'agrobiodiversité au Vanuatu et s'intéresse aux politiques de sa conservation telles que la conservation in situ et la sélection participative. Sachant que les principales raisons pour lesquelles les agriculteurs conservent un matériel ancestral dépendent de sa relation aux ancêtres, le scientifique ou le développeur a peu d'influence sur l'évolution des pratiques locales garantissant une agrobiodiversité dynamique. Finalement ce serait en protégeant une espèce végétale « sociale » quitte à la « moderniser » en améliorant son potentiel d'adaptation, que l'on conserverait la diversité culturelle. La sélection participative serait alors un moyen d'allier conservation et amélioration, soit conservation et sécurité alimentaire, et de ce fait, conservation et développement. Dans ce cadre, une approche interdisciplinaire s'impose afin d'optimiser l'efficacité des programmes de conservation et de développement auprès des populations, parce qu'elle permet d'établir les bases d'une coopération avec les communautés locales qui les laisse libres de décider du sens et des modalités de leur inscription dans les processus de globalisation auxquelles elles sont désormais confrontées.

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Braga, Júnior José Marques. "Utilização de simulação conjunta colocada com variável supersecundária para construção de modelo geometalúrgico de nióbio Araxá-MG." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/164590.

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Modelo de blocos para teor é um recurso comumente utilizado pelo planejamento de lavra na indústria mineira. Na maioria dos casos o conhecimento sobre os teores das variáveis químicas não é suficiente para prever o desempenho geometalúrgico do minério quando submetido ao processo de concentração. A geometalurgia engloba um conjunto de testes de comportamento metalúrgico do minério e seus resultados são incorporados ao modelo de bloco, ajudando a tornar o planejamento da lavra mais preciso quanto à capacidade de produção, melhorando os ganhos financeiros e reduzindo os riscos associados à lavra e a tomada de decisões. A recuperação metalúrgica de nióbio mede o quanto do conteúdo metálico de interesse no minério é recuperado no concentrado após o processamento mineral. Esta informação é muitas vezes subutilizada no modelo de bloco devido à baixa quantidade de dados primários, o que dificulta a construção de um modelo de bloco confiável. No entanto, para complementar a variável de interesse, informações secundárias de outros atributos podem ser utilizadas. A cossimulacão de informações não aditivas em depósitos multivariados com mais de duas variáveis secundárias envolvidas é extremamente trabalhosa e normalmente seus resultados precisam ser ajustados posteriormente. A necessidade de ajustes posteriores, aliada a falta de praticidade da maioria dos métodos de cossimulação, motiva a busca por solucões alternativas que gerem resultados tão ou mais precisos e que sejam de fácil aplicação na rotina de modelamento geológico. É comum que os programas utilizados para a cossimulação se baseiem em uma única variável secundária, porém, o fenômeno analisado pode estar sendo influenciado por vários fatores, neste caso, o uso combinado de todos fatores relevantes pode melhorar a predição da variável de interesse. O uso de múltiplas variáveis secundárias pode ser gerenciado criando-se uma variável supersecundária. Neste caso, a quimiometria pode ser aplicada, resolvendo problemas preditivos e modelando propriedades de sistemas químicos visando prever a recuperação metalúrgica. Nesse trabalho, após a combinação de múltiplas variáveis em um preditivo supersecundário, a cossimulação sequencial gaussiana foi aplicada para gerar o modelo geometalúrgico. A simulação conjunta colocada permite a simulação conjunta do dado supersecundário com o dado primário, integrando mais informações para melhorar a predição da recuperação metalúrgica do nióbio. A cossimulação foi realizada com base no modelo de corregionalização de Markov para simplificar a modelagem da covariância cruzada. O modelo probabilístico geometalúrgico obtido se mostrou eficiente, mantendo uma precisão adequada na previsão da variável de interesse.
Grade block models are a standard input in mine planning throughout the mining industry. In most cases, the ore grades knowledge is not enough to predict the behavior of the ore at the processing plant. Geometallurgy comprises a set of ore metallurgical behavior tests and their results incorporated into the block model, helping in making mine planning more precise when it comes to the production capacity, improving financial earnings and reducing risks. Niobium Metallurgical Recovery is a very important variable to be controlled, measuring how much of the metal content in the ore is recovered in the concentrate after mineral processing. This information is often underused in the block model due to the low quantity of primary data, which makes the construction of a reliable block model difficult. However, to supplement the variable of interest, secondary information from other attributes can be used. Cosimulation of non-additive information in multivariate deposits with more than two secondary variables involved is extremely labor-intensive and its results usually need to be later adjusted. The need for subsequent adjustments, combined with the lack of practicality of most cossimulation methods, motivates the search for alternative solutions that generate results that are as accurate and easy to apply in the routine of geological modeling in the mineral industry. In multivariate geostatistics most programs used for cosimulation are based on one secondary variables. Frequently the analyzed phenomenon is influenced by several factors. In this case, the use of them combined can improve the prediction of the variable of interest. The use of multiple secondary variables can be managed by creating a super-secondary variable. In this case, chemometrics can be applied, solving predictive problems, modeling properties of chemical systems aiming at predicting the metallurgical recovery. After combining multiple variables into a super-secondary predictive, Sequential Gaussian Cosimulation was applied in this study to generate a geometallurgical model. The collocated joint simulation allows the joint simulation of a super-secondary data with the primary data, integrating more information to improve the cosimulation of the niobium metallurgical recovery. The cosimulation was run based on the Markov coregionalization model to simplify the cross-covariance modeling. The result is a representative probabilistic geometallurgical model, which proved to be efficient maintaining an adequate precision in forecasting the predicted variable.

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Kloss, Viviane Damato Otto. "A governança dos recursos hídricos no Brasil colocada à prova em situação de escassez: um estudo de caso." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15977.

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This work aims to study the governance of Brazilian waters, especially its operation in situations of water scarcity. For this purpose, after submission of the water crisis in the Southeast region of Brazil, which put to the test the institutional and regulatory framework of the national waters, examines the regime of the constitutional responsibilities for the environment and waters and the peculiarities related to the National System of Water Resources Management. Finally, as a suggestion, measures are identified that seek to assist in improving the governance of water and face the water crisis.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a governança das águas brasileiras, especialmente seu funcionamento em situações de escassez hídrica. Com este propósito, após a apresentação da crise hídrica da região Sudeste do Brasil, que colocou à prova o aparato institucional e regulatório das águas nacionais, examina-se o regime de competências constitucionais em matéria de meio ambiente e de águas e as peculiaridades afetas ao Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos. Por fim, de forma propositiva, são elencadas medidas que buscam auxiliar no aperfeiçoamento da governança das águas e do enfrentamento da crise hídrica.

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Martinelli, Tiago. "O Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) e as entidades privadas sem fins lucrativos: a primazia público-estatal colocada em xeque." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/5051.

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Question the primacy of the Brazilian State in the conduction of Social Assistance Policy, considering the tradition of private non-profit organizations in the provision of service and in the access of public fund without social control , was the central aim of this thesis. For this, sustained in critical theory and in the method of dialectical and historical materialism, the empirical research was conducted with managers from the three levels of government and Entities social assistance non-profit private, registered in the Municipal Council and in the Information System National Social Assistance Council, from municipalities in full management in Rio Grande do Sul, with best Index SUAS. The research results point to an unfavorable scenery to the conduction of State in the process of public policy and a reality far from being understood by private entities concerning the right to Social Assistance entitlement non-contributory policy. The research findings shows the need for an estatolatry movement, that gives up the passive revolution and incorporates the popular democracy guiding social rights and control of public funds, so that it enables to have the state primacy and effectuation of SUAS. This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Development National Council – CNPq – Brazil.
Problematizar a primazia do Estado brasileiro na condução da Política de Assistência Social, considerando a tradição das entidades privadas sem fins lucrativos na prestação de serviços e no acesso sem controle social do fundo público, foi o objetivo central dessa Tese. Para tanto, sustentado na teoria crítica e no método do materialismo histórico e dialético, a pesquisa empírica foi realizada com gestores dos três níveis de governo e das entidades de Assistência Social privadas sem fins lucrativos, cadastradas nos Conselhos Municipais e no Sistema de Informação do Conselho Nacional de Assistência Social, dos municípios em gestão plena no Rio Grande do Sul, com o melhor Índice SUAS. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para um cenário pouco propício para a condução do Estado no processo da política pública e uma realidade longe de ser compreendida pelas entidades privadas quanto ao direito a Assistência Social enquanto política não contributiva. As conclusões da pesquisa demonstram a necessidade de um movimento de estatolatria, que abra mão da revolução passiva e que incorpore a democracia popular pautando os direitos sociais e o controle do fundo público, para que se possa ter a primazia estatal e a efetivação do SUAS. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o apoio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq – Brasil.

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Martinelli, Tiago. "O Sistema ?nico de Assist?ncia Social (SUAS) e as entidades privadas sem fins lucrativos : a primazia p?blico-estatal colocada em xeque." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/486.

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Problematizar a primazia do Estado brasileiro na condu??o da Pol?tica de Assist?ncia Social, considerando a tradi??o das entidades privadas sem fins lucrativos na presta??o de servi?os e no acesso sem controle social do fundo p?blico, foi o objetivo central dessa Tese. Para tanto, sustentado na teoria cr?tica e no m?todo do materialismo hist?rico e dial?tico, a pesquisa emp?rica foi realizada com gestores dos tr?s n?veis de governo e das entidades de Assist?ncia Social privadas sem fins lucrativos, cadastradas nos Conselhos Municipais e no Sistema de Informa??o do Conselho Nacional de Assist?ncia Social, dos munic?pios em gest?o plena no Rio Grande do Sul, com o melhor ?ndice SUAS. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para um cen?rio pouco prop?cio para a condu??o do Estado no processo da pol?tica p?blica e uma realidade longe de ser compreendida pelas entidades privadas quanto ao direito a Assist?ncia Social enquanto pol?tica n?o contributiva. As conclus?es da pesquisa demonstram a necessidade de um movimento de estatolatria, que abra m?o da revolu??o passiva e que incorpore a democracia popular pautando os direitos sociais e o controle do fundo p?blico, para que se possa ter a primazia estatal e a efetiva??o do SUAS. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o apoio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico CNPq Brasil.

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Wieruszeski, Jean-Michel. "Étude par spectrométrie de masse de nouveaux glucides d'origine biologique : monosaccharides d'urines de sialurie, oligosaccharides du gynolactose, glycannes de l'ovomucoïde de poule et de la mucine salivaire de colocallia." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10140.

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La structure primaire de 12 nouveaux monosaccharides et oligosaccharides a été déterminée par l'application de méthodes physico-chimiques essentiellement fondées sur l'utilisation de la spectrométrie de masse et sur le procédé de formolyse partielle de VALENT et al. Que nous avons modifié. Les étapes du protocole que nous avons mis au point sont les suivantes : perméthylation de l'oligosaccharide-alditol ; formolyse partielle ; réduction ; perméthylation des fonctions hydroxyles démasquées et analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse des oligosaccharide-alditols partiellement éthylés et méthylés. L'application de ce procédé a permis de déterminer la structure de 2 nouveaux oligosaccharides du lait de femme et d'un glycanne de l'ovomucoïde de poule. En outre, l'analyse directe en spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution (impact électronique et F. A. B. : fast atom bombardment), réalisée en collaboration avec l'université de Bonn (professeur H. EGGE) a conduit à la définition de la structure primaire de 5 glycannes de la mucine salivaire de colocallia. Enfin, 4 nouveaux monosaccharides ont été identifiés dans les urines d'un patient atteint de sialurie par la comparaison des spectres de masse (impact électronique ou ionisation chimique par l'ammoniac) de leurs dérivés méthylés et silylés.

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Pereira, Luciano Fabricio Dias. ""Estudo do campo hiperfino magnético na sonda de Ce colocada nos compostos intermetálicos do tipo RAg (R=Terra Rara) e do ordenamento magnético desses compostos usando cálculos de primeiros princípios"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-28052007-141935/.

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Nesse trabalho foram estudados os compostos intermetalicos do tipo RAg (R = Nd, Gd e Ho) por calculos teoricos desenvolvidos dentro do formalismo da Teoria do Funcional Densidade (DFT). O metodo APW+lo (Augmented Planes Waves + lo- cal orbitals) foi aplicado para resolver a equacao de Kohn-Sham e a Aproximacao do Gradiente Generalizado (GGA) usada para tratar de forma aproximada o potencial de troca-correlacao. O codigo computacional utilizado foi o WIEN2k. As atividades foram focalizadas em duas frentes. Numa delas, determinou-se a fase magnetica do estado fundamental dos compos- tos HoAg e NdAg. Para isso, simulou-se as 4 estruturas magneticas possiveis (para as celulas cristalinas cubicas) desses dois sistemas (uma ferromagnetica (0,0,0) e as antifer-romagneticas: (0,0,¼), (¼,¼,0) e (¼,¼,¼)) e com a confeccao de gra¯cos de energia das celulas cristalinas dessas estruturas magneticas pela variacao dos volumes de tais celulas, chegou-se na estrutura magnetica (¼,¼,0) como a mais provavel para o estado fundamental magnetico de ambos os compostos. Tambem observou-se que o sistema de NdAg apre- senta uma pequena diferenca entre as energias das estruturas antiferromagnetica (¼,¼,0) e ferromagnetica. Creditou-se a esse efeito a explicacao de encontrar-se na literatura re- sultados experimentais diferentes para a estrutura magnetica do composto de NdAg puro e dopado com o atomo de 140Ce (entrando no sitio do Nd). Acredita-se que a dopagem do NdAg com o atomo de 140Ce (em uma porcao reduzida), gera alteracao no sinal da integral de troca (acoplamento RKKY), mudando-o de positivo para negativo, e isso implica na modficacao da fase magnetica do estado fundamental, passando da estrutura (¼,¼,0) µa 0,0,0). Assim, com a informacao anterior da estrutura magnetica do composto de NdAg quando dopado com o atomo de 140Ce, entrou-se na segunda etapa do estudo. Nela, fez-se os calculos das estruturas eletronicas usando a aproximacao de supercelulas nos compostos de GdAg e NdAg dopados com o atomo de Ce, garantindo que esse substituisse um atomo de terra rara nas supercelulas cristalinas montadas para determinar no Ce o campo hiperfino magnetico e suas componentes geradoras. Os compostos de GdAg e NdAg (dopados com Ce), respectivamente, tiveram suas celulas cristalinas montadas ferromagnetica e antiferromagneticamente. Utilizou-se a polarizacao orbital (DFT+U) nos eletrons da camada 4f das terras raras (excluindo-se o atomo de Gd que nao apresenta momento angular). Dessa forma, em ambos os sistemas foi possivel fazer varias simulacoes, nas quais a camada 4f do atomo de Ce foi populada de maneiras diferentes, afim de se obter varios valores de momento angular e com isso diversos resultados de campo hiperfino orbital foram conseguidos; assim, automaticamente o campo magnetico hiperfino tambem assumiu diferentes valores. Escolheu-se os sub-estados da camada 4f do Ce para serem simulados por meio da regra de Hund. Como esperado o campo hiperfino magnetico orbital gerado na camada 4f e a principal componente do campo hiper¯no total no atomo de Ce e ele apresenta sinal contrario µa componente de contato. Apesar dos resultados teoricos do campo hiperfino magnetico terem consideravel discrepancia dos resultados experimentais, pode-se verificar que o unico eletron da camada 4f do atomo de Ce (nos dois compostos) possivelmente esta em um dos seguintes sub-estados da camada 4f: ml = ¡2, ml = ¡1 ou ainda uma combinacao dos dois.
In this work the magnetic hyper¯ne ¯eld acting on Ce atoms substituting the rare-earths in RAg compounds (R = Gd e Nd) was studied by means of ¯rst-principles electronic structure calculations. The employed method was the Augmented Plane Waves plus local orbitals (APW+lo), embodied in the WIEN2k program, within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and with the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) for the exchange and correlation potential. The super-cell approach was utilized in order to simulate for the Ce atoms acting as impurities in the RAg matrix. In order to improve for correlation e®ects within the 4f shells, a Hubbard term was added to the DFT hamiltonian, within a procedure called GGA+U. It was found that the magnetic hyper¯ne ¯eld (MHF) generated by the Ce 4f electron is the main component of the total MHF and that the Ce 4f ground state level is probably a combination of the ml = ¡2 and ml = ¡1 sub-levels. In addition, the ground-state magnetic structure was determined for HoAg and NdAg by observing the behavior of the total energy as a function of the lattice volume v for several possible magnetic ordering in these compounds, namelly, ferromagnetic, and the (0,0,¼), (¼,¼,0) and (¼,¼,¼) types of anti-ferromagnetic ordering of rare-earth atoms. It was found that the ground-state magnetic structure is anti-ferromagnetic of type (¼,¼,0) for both, the HoAg and NdAg compounds. The energy di®erence of the ferromag-netic and antiferromagnetic ordering is very small in the case of the NdAg compound.

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PEREIRA, LUCIANO F. D. "Estudo do campo hiperfino magnético na sonda de Ce colocada nos compostos intermetálicos do tipo Rag(R=terra rara) e do ordenamento magnético desses compostos usando cálculos de primeiros princípios." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11444.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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RAMOS, Jeannette Filomeno Pouchain. "Projeto Educativo E Político-Pedagógico Da Escola De Ensino Médio: Tradições E Contradições Na Gestão E Na Formação Para O Trabalho." http://www.teses.ufc.br, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/3230.

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RAMOS, Jeannette Filomeno Pouchain. Projeto educativo e político-pedagógico da escola De ensino médio: tradições e contradições na gestão e na formação para o trabalho. 2009. 245f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2009.
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The Brazilian education, founded by the logic submission of the educational project from the Jesuits, and the influences from the French, English and Americans, passed on to be considered a national problem with the proclamation of the republic in 1980. The attempt to regulate and to consolidate the social function propaedeutics, which denies the work, the industrialization who demanded the instrumental education for work and the reestablishment of the democracy in the state which reorganized the flexible production and impose the formation of a new type of worker (KUENZER, 1998) presents contradictories movements. In agreement with transformation the scientific technical conception of organization adopted participative democratic mechanism. Recognizing the contradiction in keeping distinct types of logic and the tendency of the liberal logic over the social logic, the challenger of the work management is to reverse this premise. As an alternative to the educational middle class project, the polytechnic education proposes to overcome the dual structure and history by omni lateral formation (SAVIANI, 2003). The elementary and middle school should be guided by the work as an excellent base for education (PISTRAK, 2005). The school, known as the work product of man, should be linked to school life as a social transformation combined with school education with material production and to promote self and social emancipation. In context, the general objective is to analyze the experience of reorganizing the educational work in creation of the politic pedagogic project of middle school, identifying perspectives, limits, possibilities, and resistances. The specifics objectives are to examine the evolution of the educational project in the social politic and economic history of Brazil, highlighting the management of school work and the formation of the young for work; analyze fundamentals, intentions and practices which guide the politic pedagogic project and identify and analyze the limits, possibilities and ways of group resistances in the management project. We choose as a theoretical methodological referential the Critic Theory and the method with materialistic history base. As instruments of qualitative and quantitative data collection we applied questionnaires, semi-structures interviews and focal groups. Among hypothesis should public school follow the educational project of middle class or should it follow the lines of vocational extent, instrumental; to attend to middle class project of the popular sector? The hard format of school has accomplished changes in the lines of directions? The politic pedagogic project working at Liceu do Maracanaú establish four pillars which reorganize the work in the school bearing in mind the full formation of the young. This school thinks, conceives and evaluates opposition to the others schools; it breaks with the traditional format of the work organization. The multiples intelligences are understood as principles, the project of work is the means to transformation of popular knowledge to the scientific knowledge with practice and social application of ideas in development of competencies and abilities, as means an half-yearly organizational and the evaluation as the learning observation. Scientific initiation in middle level education attends the interests of the school, highlighting the talents, improving the indicators and presenting results. This project is contradictory because the fundamentals and practice pedagogic reassures the principles of the traditional format and the process of schooling. This way the study confirms that is possible reorganize the work and this is done by the politic pedagogic project (PPP). Faced with the new demands the schools find themselves in a cross road and their functionality is placed at doubt. As a result of this, we point out the crises of education, formation of young and the society. It is necessary to invest in the contradictions of the system and take possession of them to construct another, the opposite and reverse. It is up to the intellectuals and educators to do their job.
A educação brasileira, permeada pela lógica da submissão do projeto educativo dos jesuítas, das influências francesas, inglesas e dos Estados Unidos da América, passa a ser considerada como problema nacional com a Proclamação da República em 1890. As tentativas de regulamentação e consolidação da função social propedêutica, que nega o trabalho, a industrialização que demandou a educação instrumental para o trabalho e a redemocratização do Estado que reorganizou a produção em flexível e impõe a formação do novo tipo de trabalhador (KUENZER, 1998) apresentam movimentos contraditórios. Em consonância com estas transformações a concepção técnico-científica de organização adota mecanismos democráticos-participativos. Como alternativa ao projeto educativo burguês, a educação politécnica propõe superar a dualidade estrutural e histórica por meio da formação omnilateral (SAVIANI, 2003). A escola fundamental e média deve guiar-se pelo trabalho como base excelente da educação (PISTRAK, 2005), portanto, deve vincular a vida escolar com a transformação social combinando educação escolar com produção material e promover a auto-emancipação e a emancipação social. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral é analisar a experiência de reorganização do trabalho educativo na constituição do projeto político-pedagógico da escola de ensino médio, identificando perspectivas, limites, possibilidades e resistências. Os objetivos específicos são examinar a evolução do projeto educativo na história sociopolítica e econômica do Brasil, destacando a gestão do trabalho escolar e a formação do jovem para o trabalho; analisar os fundamentos, intencionalidades e práticas que norteiam o projeto político-pedagógico e identificar e analisar os limites, possibilidades e formas de resistência coletiva na gestão do projeto. Optamos como referencial teórico-metodológico pela Teoria Crítica e pelo método de base materialista-histórica. Como instrumento de coleta de dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram aplicados questionários, grupos focais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Entre os questões levantadas destacamos se escola pública deve seguir o projeto educativo da burguesia – propedêutica – ou deve se pautar na dimensão profissionalizante, instrumental, por atender ao projeto burguês para o setor popular? A escola mineralizada tem conseguido ressignificar diretrizes? O projeto político-pedagógico (PPP) em curso no Liceu do Maracanaú estabelece quatro pilares que reorganizam o trabalho na escola tendo em vista a formação integral do jovem. Esta escola pensa concebe e avalia e na contramão da maioria das escolas, rompe com o formato tradicional de organização do trabalho. As inteligências múltiplas são compreendidas como princípio, os projetos de trabalho como meio para a transformação do saber popular para o saber científico com aplicação prática e social dos conteúdos no desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades, a organização semestral como meio e a avaliação como monitoramento da aprendizagem. A iniciação cientifica destaca os talentos, melhora os indicadores e apresenta resultados. Este projeto é contraditório, pois os fundamentos e a prática pedagógica reafirmam os princípios liberais e o processo de escolarização excludente. Deste modo, o estudo confirma que é possível reorganizar o trabalho e este se concretiza por intermédio do PPP. Diante destas novas demandas, as escolas se encontram numa encruzilhada e sua funcionalidade é colocada em dúvida. Como prognóstico, apontamos o aprofundamento da crise da educação, da formação do jovem e da sociedade. Urge investir nas contradições inerentes ao sistema, apropriar-se delas para construção do outro, do contrário. Cabe, portanto, aos intelectuais e educadores cumprirem com a sua tarefa.

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39

Ghosh, Dastidar Sayantani. "Colocasia esculenta: an account of its ethnobotany and potentials." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-394.

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Taro, Colocasia esculenta, is a unique root crop that serves as an important dietary component in the Pacific islands and in parts of Asia and Africa. Cultivation of taro as a food crop might have ancient origin as is evident from variety of ritualistic use of taro in different parts of the world. Even though it has been postulated that taro was domesticated in the old world, the widespread cultivation of taro calls for a discussion regarding its origin. Wild varieties of C. esculenta are known from regions of Eastern India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula. Other wild varieties have been reported from the Indo-Pacific region and China. The two prominent chromosome number series are 2n=28 and 2n=42. But, chromosome number series 2n= 28, 42, 36, and 48 have been reported from India indicating the centre of highest diversity. A certain amount of controversy exists over classification and nomenclature of this polymorphic species. Primary products of the plants are the corms and cormels. Taro is also used in traditional medicine. It has been known to be nutritionally superior to other starchy crops like potato. This document reviews previous works done on classification and nomenclature of taro, morphology, origin of taro, production and agronomy, and finally ethnobotany of taro across the major taro producing countries.
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40

Hsueh, Shu-Man, and 薛淑滿. "Postharvest Handling and Storage of Taro（Colocasia esculent (L.) Schott）." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72842370550441983370.

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碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系
87
This thesis was studying the postharvest technique and long term storage capability of taro corm. The effect of storage elements, symptoms of chilling injury and physiological changes of it was also studied at the same time. Taro corm should be cured in a cool and dry place after harvesting to gain the advantageous of eliminating excess field heat and removing the mud from the corm easily. In comparing the packing materials, weight loss was least on individual PE bags packing followed by plastic film packing. However, plastic film packing tended to be loose as time last. Corm base was easily rotten under high relative humidity conditions and was easily dried and hard under low humidity circumstances. Therefore, it is not proper to cut off the taro base while at sale. As a matter of fact, PE bags packing could be used in long term storage and plastic film are suggested for shelf sale period to beatify product appearance and to be easily shopped by consumers. Rotting and weight lose are important affecting factors while storage. Almost all of the rotten positions began from the base and moved upward. Owing to physiological oldness, big internal cell gaps, high water content, and high water soluble solid, decease pathogens infected easily from the taro corm base. Storage pretreatment did not inhibit decease infection effectively. Therefore, facial drying with humidity maintenance packing could be used for long term storage of taro corm. 'Betelnut' taro corm has no chilling injury symptoms under 5℃, 10℃, and 15℃ for two weeks. However, serious rotting occurred under 20℃. From the study of ' Betelnut ' taro corm long term storage, we found yellowish pulp and vascular bundle necrosis under both 5℃ for one month and 10℃ for two months. In addition to partial corm rot phenomenon, no other quality deterioration was found in pulp of taro corm. 'Kaoshung No.1' taro corm had chilling injury symptoms occurred under both 1℃ and 5℃ and was absent under both 10℃ and 15℃. However, rooting occurred under 15℃ for three weeks and sprouting happened as time last. Both rooting and sprouting occurred absolutely under 15℃. Bulb utilization available rate was almost 100% under both 10℃ and 15℃ for four months. This indicated that 'Kaoshung No.1' taro corm could be used for long term storage. From the study of long term taro corm storage, the suitable storage temperature for 'Kaoshung No. 1' is 10℃ for sure, and that for 'Betelnut' is probably 15℃and remain to be further confirmed. Cutting edge of dasheen bush necrose fast. It became purple and will affect the appearance of the product. Respiration rate decreased as temperature was reduced. Storage period of dasheen bush was extended and without purple phenomenon under low temperature conditions with fresh maintaining packing. Respiration rate and ethylene production increased linearly as chilling injury occurred on 'Kaoshung No. 1' taro corms while they were stored below 5℃. Yellowish pulp and vascular bundle necrosis was also found. Light chilling injury was found on the third week of 5℃ after they were transferred from 10℃ long term storage condition. This indicates that 'Kaoshung No. 1' taro corm has no strong chilling resistant existence.

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Wang, Ke-Ming, and 王科明. "Investigation on inhibitory characterization of different segments of tarocystatin from Colocasia esculenta." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04006310597844412494.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
植物科學研究所
94
Tarocystatin (CeCPI), a group-2 cysteine proteinase inhibitor in planta, is a defensive protein against phytopathogenic nematodes and fungi. This protein is made up of 205 amino acids, including N terminal segment (Nt peptide) of 98 amino acids and C terminal segment (Ct peptide) of 107 amino acids. The full length (FL), Nt peptide and Ct peptide segments of tarocystatin from Colocasia esculenta (Kaohsiung No.1), were separately amplified by PCR and expressed as GST fusion proteins in E. coli. Kinetic analysis of FL, Nt peptide and Ct peptide on papain activity revealed that FL exhibited mixed type inhibition (Kia =0.098 µM and Kib =0.252 µM) and Nt peptide showed competitive inhibition (Ki, 0.057 µM), whereas Ct peptide enhanced papain activity. Moreover, FL exhibited stronger antipapain activity than Nt peptide. But the antifungal activity of Nt peptide appears to be greater than that of FL, and Ct peptide did not show any antifungal activity indicating that antifungal effect is not related to proteinase inhibition. A shift in the inhibition pattern from competitive inhibition of Nt peptide segment alone to mixed type inhibition of FL implied that Ct peptide has got an influence on FL function, and Nt peptide can determine the fate of CeCPI function. Based on the inhibitory kinetics of FL and fragments of CeCPI on papain activity, a model for group-2 phytocystatin inhibitory mechanism has been proposed. The physiological significance for two varied types of proteins is also discussed.

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Mare, Rorisang 'Maphoka. "Phytotron and field performance of Taro [Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott] landraces from Umbumbulu." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4122.

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The taro landraces that are most preferred by farmers from Umbumbulu, KwaZulu-Natal were identified through focus group discussions with farmers. Farmers ranked taro landraces on the basis of preference as determined by economic value, social significance, ecological importance and food characteristics. Using pairwise ranking, the farmers' preference of taro landraces across all locations was found to be in the following order: Dumbe-dumbe, Mgingqeni, Pitshi and Dumbe-lomfula. Dumbe-dumbe was identified as the currently actively cultivated taro whereas Mgingqeni was regarded as a less desirable cultivated taro. Pitshi was regarded as an antiquated landrace and Dumbe-lomfula was generally regarded as a taro type of no economic, social or food value that grew on river banks as a wild species. Glasshouse and field studies were conducted to determine the effects of temperature and growing location [Pietermaritzburg (UKZN) and Umbumbulu] on emergence, plant growth and yield of taro. Starch and mineral composition of taro corms were determined in harvest-mature corms. Effects of three day/night temperature levels (22/12°C, 27/17°C and 33/23°C) were examined on the growth of four taro landraces Dumbe-dumbe, Mgingqeni, Pitshi and Dumbe-lomfula. Pitshi-omhlophe, an ecotype of Pitshi for which there was a limited amount of planting material, was also included in the glasshouse studies. The farmers stated that the normal growing season for the economically important landraces, Dumbe-dumbe and Mgingqeni, was six months, but in this study plants were grown in glasshouses for nine months, and in the field, for seven months before the attainment of harvest maturity. Emergence was determined daily for glasshouse experiment until all plants had emerged and it was determined monthly for the field experiment. Leaf number, plant height and leaf area were measured every month to determine growth and development, while number of corms and fresh corm weight were used at harvest to determine yield. For all landraces, time to emergence increased significantly with decrease in temperature from 33/23°C to 27/17°C, but it increased significantly for only Dumbe-dumbe and Mgingqeni from 27/17°C to 22/12°C. Mgingqeni showed the shortest time to emergence, whereas, Pitshi showed the longest delay in emergence. The locations were not significantly different in emergence. Mgingqeni displayed the highest emergence in UKZN (91.4%), whereas, Dumbe-dumbe displayed the highest emergence (95.5%) and Dumbe-lomfula displayed the lowest emergence (55.9%) in Umbumbulu. Leaf number was highest for Pitshi-omhlophe, in glasshouse experiment due to its tendency to produce multiple shoots compared with the other landraces. Plant height increased with increase in temperature for all landraces except for Pitshi, for which height decreased with an increase in temperature. Leaf area was greatest for Dumbe-lomfula at all temperatures and lowest for Pitshi at both 22/12°C and 27/17°C. Leaf number was highest for Mgingqeni and lowest for Dumbe-lomfula at both sites, although it was significantly lower only for Dumbe-lomfula in UKZN. Plant height and leaf area were significantly highest for Dumbe-lomfula at both sites. The highest total number of corms per plant was shown by Pitshi-omhlophe at 22/12°C. Total fresh corm weight was highest for Dumbe-lomfula at 27/17°C and lowest for Pitshi at 22/22°C. The field experiment results showed Pitshi and Dumbe-lomfula with significantly higher total fresh corm weight in UKZN compared with Umbumbulu. Corms were analysed for mineral elements and starch. There were significant differences in starch content between temperatures (P = 0.017) and taro landraces (P = 0.025). There was also a significant interaction of temperatures and landrace (P = 0.002). Starch content increased with temperature for all landraces except for Pitshi-omhlophe and Dumbe-lomfula which showed a decrease at 27/17°C. There were significant differences in corm mineral content between temperatures, locations and landraces (P < 005). It is concluded that the chemical composition of taro corms is influenced by growth temperature and the location (site) where the crop is grown. The results of this study also indicated that taro plant growth is enhanced by high temperatures (33/23°C). High temperatures are, however, associated with short leaf area duration and subsequently low yield. The findings of this study may also be useful in determining taro quality for processing.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

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43

Hung, Yi-Lin, and 洪逸霖. "A Study of the Droplet Impact Behavior –water on glass, parafilm and Colocasia." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6xy9e4.

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博士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
99
The Behavior of the droplet impacting on a solid would be effected by physical and chemical characteristic of the droplet and the substrate. For instance, increasing the velocity of the falling droplet or the droplet’s diameter will increase the rate of spreading, while the increase of surface energy or viscosity will lead to the decrease of the spreading rate. This study is composed of two parts: the ynamic behavior of droplets imapcting solid plates and air bubble entrapment of liquid droplets impinging solid surfaces. Dynamic behavior of droplets impacting solid plates is conducted with aqueous solutions on three different substrates: glass, Parafilm and Colocasia leaves. The effect of various variables, the velocity of the impinging droplets, droplets sizes, and different liquids (pure water and Guar gum solution), are studied. By comparing experimental results, we can determine and study the effect of each parameter on the dynamic behavior of the impinging droplets on solid plates. From the experiment result, wetting velocity after droplet impingment will increase by drop size and impinging velocity. Wetting velocity will decrease by droplet viscosity and contact angle. Initial wetting velocity affected by contact angle lessly. The second part is a study on air bubble entrapment of water droplets impinging on solid surface. By analyzing the behavior of droplets, we can study the mechanism behind the bubble entrapment of impinging droplets. Via changing the drop size and the impinging velocity, we study the condition under which bubble entrapment occurs; by changing impact velocities, we analyze the different cases of closing of the cavity and hope to understand the mechanismbehind. When water impact on parafilm, trapple bubble will happen on 700< Re< 1300 and the existence of a cylindrical air cavity through the whole droplet to the solid surface. is not necessarily. When water impact on Colocasia leaves,the site of closing the cylindrical air cavity through the whole droplet to the solid surface effect by impact velocities.

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44

HAN, QING-MEI, and 韓青梅. "The studies of rapid propagation and protoplast culture of taro (Colocasia esclenta schott)." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84783890435943084443.

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45

Chang, Jia-Yu, and 張嘉佑. "Part I. Cloning and sequencing of the partial soluble starch synthase III cDNA from Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta. Part II. Cloning, sequencing and characterization of cellulase cDNA from Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93049488025496086289.

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碩士
國立中興大學
食品科學系
91
Part I: In this study, we used Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta as material to precede the study of soluble starch synthase III (SSSIII) with by cloning SSS III cDNA. Soluble starch synthase III cDNA, sourced from different plants, were aligned for design of primer to clone a partial taro SSS III sequence. And a series of taro SSS III sequences were found by RT-PCR and 3’- RACE. The partial gene is 2703 bp in length and the deduced partial taro SSS III sequence showed 78%, 80%, 81%, 86% identity with SSS III sequences from thale cress, cowpea, potato and maize, respectively. Part II: We used RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) to clone taro cellulase gene (TCEL). A 0.6 kb cDNA fragment in the 5’-end was generated by the SMARTTM RACE cDNA amplification kit, and a 1.8 kb cDNA fragment belonged to 3’-end was isolated by RACE method. The TCEL cDNA of 2185 bp in length was generated by the primers designed from the determined sequences of the above clones, then was cloned into pGEMT-T- EASY vector and sequenced. Within the 2185 bp nucleotide sequence, it contains an open reading frame of 1854 bp flanked by 5’- and 3’- untranslated region of 153 and 177 bp, respectively. A polypeptide of 618 residues was deduced from the ORF, with a calculated molecular mass of 68.43 kDa and theoretical pI of 8.81. The TCEL was identified as EGase gene by its direct alignment with EGase from other plant. It share 72﹪, 73﹪, 73﹪, 80﹪, 81﹪, and 82﹪identity with bread whead, barley, thale cress, maize, pear and tomato, respectively. It contains the putative N-glycosylation sites which are conserved in the EGase amino acid sequence and has a transmembrane domain at position 74-96 amino acid residues. The DNA fragment containing ORF was also cloned into pET system. And it produced a 68 kDa protein after induced with 2 mM IPTG. The rCELase purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography was applied to 1 % agarose plates containing 0.2 % CMC and stained with congo red. The rCELase showed cellulase activity to break down CMC.

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46

Yang, Yu-Hui, and 楊于慧. "cDNA Cloning, Sequence and Characterization of Starch Branching Enzyme from Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62668167497846993329.

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碩士
國立中興大學
食品科學系
92
Starch is a major constituent of higher plants, and is widely utilized in foods as well as in industrial processes. Starch is composed of the two polymers, amylose and amylopectin. Although the pathway of starch biosynthesis is not completely understood, there is no doubt that it involves at least four groups of committed enzymes：ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (AGPs), starch synthases (SSs), starch branching enzymes (SBEs) and starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs). SBEs catalyze the formation of α-1,6 linkage. Based on their predicted primary protein sequences deduced from the respective genes, all isoforms can be separated into two classes: family A and family B. Enzymatic and biochemistry of SBE maybe import- ant factors to influence the structure of starch. We have isolated the total RNA from taro (Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta), and than have used gene specific primers of starch branching enzyme family A from plants, combined with the RT-PCR、PCR、3’-RACE and 5’-RACE technology to identify the full-length SBEA cDNA. The full-length of SBEA cDNA is 3156bp. The cDNA sequence contains one open reading frame (ORF) starting from nucleotide 76~78 with a ATG start codon and ending at nucleotide 2608~2610 with a TGA stop codon. A polypeptide of 844 amino acid residues, was deduced from the amino acid sequence ORF was compared with the SBEA from various plants, it was found that was most closely related to maize SBEIIa (74%), rice RBE4 (75%) and kidney bean PvSBE2 (72%). Partial SBEA cDNA fragment (about 2.2 kb) was subcloned into an expression vector, pET-21b(＋), and the newly constructed recommbinant plasmids was designated as pSBEA2.2. The transformant, E.coli (pSBEA2.2), was grown at 37℃ to A600 reached 0.6, then production of rSBEA2.2 was induced by 0.5 mM IPTG and continuously cultured for five hours. Then, IgY from egg yolk was raised by immuneizing chicken with rSBEA2.2. By western blot analysis, the results showed two protein signals about 86 and 93 kDa in size from samples of taro leaf and tuber. Besides, there is a protein signal about 150 kDa in leaf of taro, it maybe granule-bound starch branching enzyme. Combined 2D-PAGE electrophoresis and western blot analysis of total proteins extracted from taro tuber, there are four and five protein spots around 86 to 93 kDa at pI 5.4, respectively. It was suggested that there may be at least four different isoforms of SBEA.

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47

Nurtama, Budi, and 方正. "Studies on the Drying Process and Collet Extrusion of Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott)." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79697650685761070131.

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博士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作系所
98
Food production is vital in reducing food insecurity. It is imperative to investigate all possible ways to combat hunger in the world. Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) is one of the important tuber crops widely planted in Africa and Asia. The edible corm has high starch content and its flour is good for baby food and gastric patients. The fresh taro, which has high moisture content, can be kept only within a few weeks after harvest. Processing the corms by drying and changing into flour is one solution for easy handling and long-term storage. It is important to understand the process of drying by mathematical modeling. So, the moisture ratio (a ratio of moisture content at any time to initial moisture content), water activity and moisture content of taro during drying process were experimental measured and calculated in this study. The best fit mathematical models of moisture ratio, water activity, and moisture content for taro dried in 45oC were Logarithmic model, Halsey or Mizrahi model, and Caurie model, respectively. Moreover, it is very important to control moisture content of food during processing and storage. Knowledge of sorption isotherm has a great importance in food dehydration. The sorption isotherms of taro had sigmoid-shape profiles. The hysteresis effects of the sorption isotherms at 18, 25 and 35°C were distinctly expressed. The Double Log Polynomial (DLP) model was the most appropriate model for the sorption isotherms of taro flour. Extrusion technology has been developed for over 50 years in various food industries such as breakfast cereals, baby foods, and snacks. Extrusion technology is known to be a versatile, low cost, and very efficient process in food production. However, this state-of-the-art technology is a little bit complicated, and needs to be studied further for well understanding and control. This study investigated and explored the potential of taro as a raw material in food extrusion using a collet extruder. The work in investigating the effects of extrusion process variables on the physical properties of taro extrudate showed that moisture content of the feeding material has more significant effects than screw speed of extruder. The results showed that moisture content of feeding material significantly affected the moisture content (p < 0.01), density (p < 0.01), and color a value (p < 0.05) of extrudate. There were limited studies in extrusion of a blend of a tuber (taro) and a cereal grain (corn). Therefore, the optimization study of extrusion processing of a blend of taro and corn was conducted using Response Surface Methodology in this study. According to results of the study, the optimum processing conditions, based on the desirability of Design-Expert, were moisture content of blend 12%, screw speed 367 rpm, and percentage of taro 29% on the responses of moisture content 6.38%, expansion ratio 1.87, bulk density 0.45g/mL, color values (L 63.98, a 6.26, and b 13.34), water absorption index (WAI) 4.44 g/g, and water solubility index (WSI) 24.14% of extrudate.

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48

Hsu, Yun-Yin, and 許銀勇. "The effects of fertilizer dosage and the quality composition of Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott)." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39038343995264370620.

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碩士
國立嘉義大學
農學研究所
95
Abstract This study explored the effects of fertilizer dosage and population density on the agronomic characters and the quality components of Kaohsiung. No. 1 and cv. Betelnut that were planted in the experimental field in San-Ming County, Kaohsiug Hsien on March 3, 2004. The investigation began two months after they had been planted. The results showed that the development of the upper ground agronomic characters of both taro cultivars reached their peaks six months after they had been planted, while the underground biomass increased with the length of growth. The highest crude protein content of both the upper ground and the under ground composition of the cultivars were found at the 7th month after planting; the crude fiber content, the ash content, and the ADF and NDF contents increased with the length of growth. Results of ANOVA demonstrated that planting density was the major effect on the agronomic characters and the quality composition of both taro cultivars with a growth period of nine months, while the effect of fertilizer dosage was not significant, probably due to the heavy rainfall. Significant differences were found in the plant height and the largest leave area between the taro cultivars. Kaohsiung. No. 1 surpassed Betelnut in both the plant height and the largest leave area. Fertilizer dosage did not cause a significant difference in the content of either the upper ground or the under ground compotsition of taro. The dry matter weight of upper ground of taro increased when treated with fertilizer dosage of N-P-K= 750-600-300 kg/ha; the leave number increased when the cultivars were treated with fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 1000-600-300 kg/ha. Planted with a density of 90cm x 35cm, the cultivars yielded best results in the agronomic characters, the dry matter weight of upper ground, the ADF content, and the under ground amylase and starch contents of the cultivars also increased. However, the cultivars had the highest contents of crude protein, NDF, and under ground amylopectin content when they were treated with a planting density of 80 cm x 30 cm. Regardless of fertilizer dosage, with a treatment of 80 cm x 30 cm in planting density, the cultivars produced higher contents of crude protein, NDF, and upper ground amylopectin content, while better results were obtained in the ADF content, the under ground amylose content, and the under ground starch content with a treatment of fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 750-600-300 kg/ha or N-P-K = 750-600-450 kg/ha and a planting density of 90 cm x 35 cm. The results of the combined effects of differences in cultivars, fertilizer dosage, and planting density on taro showed that when treated with a density of 90 cm x 35 cm and fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 750-600-450 kg/ha, KS No.1 produced the best results in the agronomic characters of upper ground and the underground yield. A treatment of a higher planting density and fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 1000-600-300 kg/ha resulted in a higher crude protein content , which indicated that both the crude protein content and the crude fiber content of upper ground in the cultivars rise with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer. A treatment of lower planting density yielded a higher content in ADF; a treatment of higher planting density yielded a higher content in NDF; and a treatment of fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 1000-600-300 kg/ha combined with a planting density of 90cm x 35 cm yielded the highest starch content. On the other hand, Betelnut obtained better results in plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and the largest leave number when treated with fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 750-600-300 kg/ha and a planting density of 90 cm x 35 cm. With a treatment of fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 750-600-450 kg/ha and a planting density of 90 cm x 35 cm, more dry matter weight of upper ground in Betelnut were obtained. In a condition of higher planting density, Betelnut yielded a higher content of crude protein when treated with fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 750-600-300 kg/ha. However, a higher crude fiber content was obtained when Betelnut was treated with fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 1000-600-450 kg/ha and a lower planting density. The results of the ADF and the NDF content of Betelnut were the same as those of KS No.1. The starch content appeared higher when Betelnut was treated with fertilizer dosage of N-P-K = 750-600-450 kg/ha and a planting density of 90 cm x 35 cm. In conclusion, this study reported a significant effect of planting density on the agronomic characters, the yield, and the quality components of taro cultivars. In regard to the agronomic characters and the yield, Kaohsiung No.1 superseded Betelnuts, and Kaohsiung No.1 obtained better results with a treatment of a planting density of 90 cm x 35 cm. than with other treatments. Although the quality composition of taro cultivars are greatly influenced by the planting density, they can be controlled by the growth period. It is suggested that taro is harvested seven months after planting to get higher protein content but lower fiber content and yield. A harvest of nine months after planting will yield higher starch content and yield. Key words：Taro、fertilizer dosage、planting density、agronomic characters、composition

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Lin, Da-Gin, and 林大鈞. "Cloning, expression and characterization of the soluble starch synthase genes from Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40353935399936458368.

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博士
國立中興大學
食品科學系
93
Soluble starch synthase (SSS) is one of the important enzymes involved in the starch synthesis of higher plants. In this thesis, we used Bin Lang Hsin Yu (taro, Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta) as material to precede the cloning, expression and characterization of SSSI and SSSII for studying their functions in starch synthesis. SSSI cDNA was isolated from taro leaves by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends reaction (RACE). The cDNA of this single copy gene is 2340bp and encodes a 643 amino acid protein containing a putative transit peptide of 54 residues. Recombinant SSSI protein displayed both primer-dependent and primer-independent activities of starch synthase. More SSSI transcript was expressed in taro leaves than in tubers, with no evident expression in petioles; and more transcript and protein were found in tubers of 597± 37g fresh weight than in smaller or larger ones. Two forms of SSSI, i.e., 72 and 66 kDa, exist in leaves, but only the 66 kDa form is found in tubers. The taro SSSI, proposed as a novel member, was located only in the soluble fraction of tuber extract, while SSSI from other sources exist in both soluble and granule-bound forms. A novel SSSII cDNA was isolated from taro tubers by the same cloning method. This 2939 bp SSSII cDNA encodes a 804 amino acid protein with a putative transit peptide of 52 residues at the N terminus. It displays 58- 63% identity and 63- 69% similarity with SSSIIs from other sources. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses showed that taro SSSII is more closely related to dicot SSSIIs than the monocot ones, though taro is a monocot. The identification of taro SSSII clone as starch synthase was confirmed by the expression of its enzymatic activity in Escherichia coli. Genomic DNA blot analysis revealed a single copy or low copy number of SSSII in taro. Expression profile showed that more transcript and protein were highly accumulated in tubers of 597± 37 g fresh weight, at a stage of rapid starch synthesis, than tubers of other stages. By Western blot analysis, SSSII was found in both soluble and granule bound portions of tuber extracts; and more SSSII protein was found in aged leaves than leaves of other stages. These results suggested that taro SSSII is a novel starch synthase for the synthesis of both transit and storage starch.

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Mawoyo, Bruce. "Influence of growth locations on physicochemical properties of starch and flour from amadumbe (Colocasia esculenta) genotypes." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2668.

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Submitted in fulfillment for the Master’s Degree in Food Science and Technology, Durban University of Technology, 2017.
Amadumbe commonly, known as taro is a traditionally underutilised tuber crop in Southern Africa. Nutritionally, amadumbe corms contain appreciable levels of carbohydrate mainly in the form of starch which is resistant to digestion. It also contains mucilage, a soluble fibre, which is good for the human digestive health. Thus, amadumbe starch and mucilage can be used as functional ingredients in food formulations. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of genotypes and growth location on the physicochemical properties of amadumbe flour and starch. Eighteen (18) amadumbe genotypes grown in Roodeplaat, Gauteng and Umbumbulu, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, were studied. Roodeplaat received a lower annual average rainfall (514 mm) and high environmental temperature (24oC) compared to Umbumbulu (828 mm, 19oC) during the cropping season. Specifically, the influence of growth location and genotypes on the chemical composition (proximate composition and mineral contents) as well as the functional properties of amadumbe flours were investigated. Furthermore, starch was extracted and its physicochemical and functional properties were also studied. The carbohydrate contents (73-81%) of amadumbe flours were substantially high and varied with growth location. Mucilage contents (6-9%) were very low across genotypes in both locations. Water absorption and oil absorption capacities positively correlated to carbohydrates and mucilage in the flour irrespective of growth locations. Swelling power and solubility index was influenced by the amylose content of the flour. Genotype and growth location significantly affected the pasting properties of amadumbe flour. The pasting temperature was very high (approx. 90oC) across genotypes in both locations, while peak viscosity differed significantly (54-242 RVU) for genotypes grown in different environments. The amylose contents (0-14.4%) of amadumbe starches were low and varied significantly with growth location and among genotypes. Three genotypes, G2, G20, and G21 grown in Roodeplaat lacked amylose. Amadumbe starches showed reflective peaks at 2θ=15o and doublet at 17o, 18o and 24o typical of A-type starches. Amadumbe genotypes had small sized (1-5 µm) and polygonal starch granules. Functional properties including water absorption, swelling power, gelatinisation temperature and peak viscosity significantly positively correlated with amylose content. These findings further suggest that water availability could have a major effect on starch synthesis as the two locations received a different amount of rainfall during the growing season. Findings from this study are important for future improvement programmes and selection of appropriate genotypes for industrial production or food application of amadumbe flour and starch.
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