Academic literature on the topic 'Colombia Point'
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Journal articles on the topic "Colombia Point"
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Santisteban, Sebastian Camilo. "The Imaginaries of Creativity in the Entrepreneurship Sector in Colombia: An Hermeneutic Approach." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 510 (October 10, 2019): 1442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.510.1442.1449.
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Due to the complexities of the social, economic, and political context of Colombia, several authors have argued that Colombians tend to be very creative at an individual level, but that they face strong difficulties when trying to act collectively in a creative way. This article deepens in the concept of creativity through a literature review and then contrasts the defined concept with the vision and imaginaries of creativity of tech-entrepreneurs in the country. The main theoretical point is to contrast the empirical verification of the academic literature of creativity with the imaginaries of Colombian entrepreneurs in order to establish a more efficient and effective creative process.
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Parra-Hernández, Ronald Mauricio, Duvan F. Zambrano, and Manuel Hernando Bernal. "New record of Tantilla alticola (Boulenger, 1903) (Serpentes, Colubridae) for the Central Cordillera in the department of Tolima, Colombia." Check List 15, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/15.3.485.
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We report for the first time the presence of Tantilla alticola in the department of Tolima, Colombia. This report represents the southernmost distribution point for this species in the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes.
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Cataño, Juan Carlos. "HIV in Colombia: an Epidemiologic Point of View." Current Tropical Medicine Reports 5, no. 2 (June 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40475-018-0141-y.
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Saavedra-Rodríguez, Carlos Arturo, and Jorge H. Velandia-Perilla. "Bassaricyon gabbii Allen, 1876 (Carnivora: Procyonidae): new distribution point on western range of Colombian Andes." Check List 7, no. 4 (June 1, 2011): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.4.505.
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A new distribution point for the bushy-tailed olingo (Bassaricyon gabbii) was documented based on a specimen found in the forest on the eastern slope of the western range of the Colombian Andes (El Duende Regional Reserve, Valle del Cauca). The location where the animal was found had features similar to those where the species has been previously documented. We extend the known the species distribution to the western range of the Colombian Andes, both versants of the interandean valley of the Cauca River in Colombia and its elevation distribution up to 2200 m asl. Additional surveys are necessary to evaluate the conservation status of olingo populations into this protected area.
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Londoño Quiroz, Jeisson Leonardo. "Axiología jurídica: mirada ética de la funcióndel abogado en Colombia." Pensamiento Americano 11, no. 20 (January 1, 2018): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21803/pensam.v11i20.15.
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El presente artículo tiene como finalidad, determinar cuál es la función que ejerce el abogado colombiano dentro de la sociedad, esto analizado desde una mirada ética, centrando el interés en los textos normativos que rigen el recto actuar de los abogados colombianos, esto es el Decreto 196 de 1971 y la Ley 1123 de 2007. Se hace una reflexión ética de la figura del abogado dentro de la sociedad, en especial en una sociedad como la colombiana, que está iniciando un proceso de postconflicto
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Gaitán-Duarte, Hernando. "Peace in Colombia: an opportunity for building a fairer country." Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología 67, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.18597/rcog.775.
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Signing of the peace agreement between the Colombian government with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), on September 26, and endorsement by the people on October 2, 2016, are the starting point for the country’s transition from the old structures going back to the colonial period and the first stages of the fledgling nation to newer structures of the more socially developed countries in the 21st century, built on equality and equity, respect for the environment and for differences, and the fight against corruption.
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del Pilar Peña-Huertas, Rocío, Luis Enrique Ruiz-González, Ricardo Álvarez-Morales, and María Mónica Parada-Hernández. "Restitution Judges: A Starting Point for an Agrarian Jurisdiction as a Guarantee of Non-repetition in Colombia." International Human Rights Law Review 6, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00601004.
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The Colombian government and the main guerrilla, the farc, signed a peace agreement in November 2016. The establishment of an agrarian jurisdiction is one of the settlements they have reached. This article evaluates the already existing capacities the Colombian state has developed, based on an analysis of the ongoing land restitution process. Based on an analysis of some judicial decisions taken in the context of this process, and on three in-depth interviews with judicial operators involved in it, the article makes two main findings: the procedural innovations of the land restitution process and the application of the constitutional precept of the effective enjoyment of rights guarantee the effective access to justice for rural populations and to the social rights aimed at protecting and stabilising their property rights. For these reasons, these features will prove to be useful in the establishment of an agrarian jurisdiction in Colombia that will represent a guarantee of non-repetition.
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Viáfara Gozález, John Jairo. "From pre-school to university: student-teachers’ characterize their EFL writing development." Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, no. 10 (April 4, 2011): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22487085.98.
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A historical review of approaches used to support students’ writing in English as a foreign or second language, as well as of Colombian teachers’ efforts to guide their pupils’ in this area becomes the starting point for this qualitative research. The study explores the biographical narratives of EFL pre-service teachers from Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC) to describe how they have developed their writing in English. The research reveals the methodological practices to which participants have been exposed from their early schooling until their university education in Colombian institutions, most of them located in Boyacá. Finally, the pedagogical implications seek to provide reflective points for the education of in-service and pre-service teachers at a time when higher standards in students’ foreign language learning are expected.
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Arias, Ricardo. "Rakes, Live Deaths and Modified Cassette Players: Three Contemporary Sound Artists from Colombia." Leonardo Music Journal 23 (December 2013): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/lmj_a_00153.
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Sound art activity in Colombia has proliferated in the last decade, as evidenced by the considerable number of shows focusing on sound works by Colombian artists in recent years. The author presents three artists—Rodrigo Restrepo, Leonel Vásquez and Ícaro Zorbar—each of whom represents a distinct point in the continuum between music and sound art. The artists' individual and distinct approaches to the use of technology and their very personal conceptions of space and time are discussed.
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Duran, Xavier, and Marcelo Bucheli. "Holding Up the Empire: Colombia, American Oil Interests, and the 1921 Urrutia-Thomson Treaty." Journal of Economic History 77, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 251–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050717000055.
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Why did the United States subsidize American multinationals' entry into countries treated as informal colonies? We study a classic case of American imperialism, the 1903 U.S. support of Panama's secession from Colombia and subsequent U.S. payment of the 1921 reparations that opened Colombia's oil fields to Standard Oil. We test Noel Maurer's (2013) empire trap hypothesis quantitatively. Archival and econometric evidence documents Colombia's threat to Standard Oil's sunk investment, which induced the multinational to build a supermajority coalition in the U.S. Senate to back a reparations treaty. Results support the empire trap hypothesis but point out important qualifications.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Colombia Point"
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Villamizar, Velez Martha Lucia. "Modelling non-point source pollution of rivers in the UK and Colombia." Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7768/.
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Mathematical fate models have been developed and validated to simulate the transport of contaminants in temperate regions but little is known about their applicability in the tropics. Different models were applied to simulate brominated flame retardants in Colombia and the UK and to identify differences in model application and drivers of emissions in both regions. Emissions of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in Colombia and the UK were estimated and suggested large releases to wastewater textile back-coating and waste management stages. Emission data were used to study the partitioning of the flame retardant with a fugacity approach. Fugacity results from Colombia were in agreement with sediment concentrations from the literature for the outlet of the River Magdalena. GREAT-ER was also applied to simulate decaBDE emissions in the Calder catchment; the model showed good potential for the simulation of the flame retardant. Monitoring of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments in the Calder showed that decaBDE represented the vast majority of PBDEs analysed (>90%) with increasing concentrations moving downstream. A modelling framework with field-scale models using MACRO was developed to simulate transport of six contrasting herbicides targeted by a management programme in the Wensum catchment in eastern England. The catchment-scale model SPIDER was also used for comparison. Preferential flow was the main driver of pesticide transport to water. A fairly good simulation of the flow was achieved (model efficiency, E = 0.6 for MACRO and 0.4 for SPIDER) but variability in pesticide simulations was observed due to uncertainties in input parameters. In-stream processes had little effect on pesticide simulations from either model. Modelling showed that most of the observed reductions in pesticide transport to the river (ca. 80% decrease between 2006 and 2011) can be explained by changes in weather and flow in the catchment during the study period, but an influence on management practices cannot be excluded. AnnAGNPs was applied to simulate triazine loss to the River Cauca from sugarcane, maize and sorghum in the Cauca Valley of Colombia. Runoff was the main driver of pesticide emissions to water. Satisfactory simulation and validation of the hydrology was achieved after little calibration (E = 0.7). A fairly good simulation of pesticides was generally achieved, but some patterns in the measured data could not be simulated. Use of grab samples resulted in uncertainty in measured concentrations. Implementing best management practices was predicted to result in a 78% reduction in triazine losses, whilst replacing triazine herbicides resulted in an 87% reduction when expressed as a proportion of the total pesticide applied. Uncertainty analyses of sensitive input parameters were carried out for the applied models. Their impact on simulations was chemical- and situation-specific. Recommendations for future research are provided to improve modelling of chemical fate in contrasting situations.
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López, Ana Maria. "Tensiones entre las narrativas de ficción y no ficción en la cinematografía contemporanea de Argentina, Chile y Colombia." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040073/document.
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Le cinéma de l'Argentine, le Chili et la Colombie entre 1990 et 2005 a dû faire face à divers changements liés aux modèles politique, économique et culturel. En particulier, les lois relatives à la production du cinéma ont changées dans les années ci-dessous, ce qui a permet de configurer un cinéma hétérogène par rapport aux thèmes et moyens de raconter. Dans cette thèse, nous nous proposons d’étudier un phénomène particulier situé temporellement dans un moment de transition et envisagé à travers un corpus clairement sélectionné. Le dit phénomène se présente à travers la relation que le cinéma entretient avec la réalité, relation qui, à cette époque, se caractérise par une grande ambigüité. Il s’agit principalement d’un élargissement des frontières de classifications des productions en vertu de sa relation avec la réalité qui, traditionnellement fut séparée en deux grands groupes définis comme fiction et non fiction. Pour cette raison, nous avons développés un cadre théorique autour du réalisme comme une catégorie d'analyse du corpus. Aussi, nous avons fait une analyse basée sur les approches des Études Culturelles d'Amérique Latine, l’Analyse Critique du Discours et l'Analyse de Cinéma. Notre travail a été de systématiser et de mettre en relation les processus qui ont permis la consolidation du cinéma contemporain d'Amérique Latine. Également, nous avons confirmés le besoin de contextualiser et de nourrir l'analyse de film avec la connaissance de l'histoire sociale, politique et économique comme une condition pour 'interpréter et analyser le récit de l'Amérique LatineArgentine, Chilean and Colombian Cinema of the period between1990-2005 had to face several changes related to political, economic and cultural models. In particular, laws related to film production changed over the years, allowing the configuration of a heterogeneous cinematography regarding its topics and ways of narrating. The main problem of this research is studying the relationship between cinema and reality and how the strategies of construction of fiction and nonfiction narratives are put into tension during the period above mentioned. For this reason, we developed a theoretical framework around the realism as a category to get an approach to the corpus. Additionally, we carried out an analysis of our corpus based on the Latin American Cultural Studies, Critical Discourse Analysis and Film Analysis approaches. We systematized and correlated the processes that have allowed contemporary Latin American films to consolidate as a reference. In this project, we have been able to confirm the need to contextualize and nourish film analysis using knowledge of the social, political and economic history as a condition to interpret and study Latin American Narratives
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Paulsson, Caroline. "Frälsningens makt : En kvalitativ studie om frälsningens inverkan på upphörande med brottslighet i Colombia." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Kriminologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30655.
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Syftet med studien var att studera betydelsen av frälsning för upphörande med brott hosen grupp kriminella personer och vad som har gjort att de inte återfaller i brottslighet. Föratt kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuermed frälsta och icke-frälsta fångar och före detta fångar i Colombia. Utifrån intervjuernagjordes en tematisk analys baserat på bakomliggande orsaker till brottslighet, anledningtill frälsning och anledning till att inte återfalla i brottslighet. Alla intervjupersoner varöverens om att frälsningen blev en vändpunkt i deras liv, efter att de bestämt sig för attförändras. Ekonomiskt och socialt stöd i olika former och Gud beskrivs avintervjupersonerna som anledningarna till att de inte återfallit i brottslighet.Avslutningsvis konkluderades att det verkade krävas en kombination av Gud ochmateriella ting för att någon inte ska återfalla i brottslighet, samt att intervjupersonernagjorde ett aktivt val när de slutade begå brott.The aim of the study was to examine the importance of salvation in desistance from crimein a group of criminals, and what keeps them from turning back to crime. In order toanswer the study’s questions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with redeemedand non-redeemed prisoners and former prisoners in Colombia. Based on the interviews,a thematic analysis was made covering the underlying causes of crime, the reason forsalvation and the reason for not turning back to crime. All interviewees agreed thatsalvation became a turning point in their lives as they decided to change. Financial andsocial support in various forms and God is described by the interviewees as the reason fornot turning back to crime. In conclusion, it seems that a combination of God and materialthings are required for not turning back to crime, and that the interviewees made an activechoice to stop committing crimes.
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Puaud, Simon. "L'abri du Colombier II (Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardèche, France) : étude stratigraphique, sédimentologique et micromorphologique : reconstitution du cadre paléoenvironnemental et paléoclimatique du sud de l'Ardèche au Tardiglaciaire." Perpignan, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PERP0790.
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La vallee du rhone a toujours ete un axe de circulation pour les hommes entre l’europe du nord et la mediterranee. Situee dans sa partie moyenne, le sud de l’ardeche conserve les temoins de cette frequentation. Le plateau de saint-remeze et les gorges de l’ardeche ont offert des abris et des ressources aux populations qui s’y sont etablies depuis 350 ka. Grottes et abris sous roches sont des pieges qui ont permis aux sediments et au materiel archeologique de se preserver. L’etude de leur contenu est primordiale pour restituer l’environnement et le climat contemporains des occupations humaines. Les analyses sedimentologiques et les observations micromorphologiques pratiquees sur les depots de l’abri du colombier et de son environnement ont permis de retrouver les conditions de mise en place et d’evolution de ce remplissage. Le gisement se situe au debouche d’un reseau karstique. Son fonctionnement est atteste par des limons sableux de l’ensemble inferieur. Ces depots ont ete draines par les eaux, depuis la depression de labastide-de-virac. Lorsque l’activite fluviatile cesse, l’effondrement de la grotte permet la formation de l’abri. Le site devient favorable a l’installation des hommes. Ils viendront s’y installer à neuf reprises, entre 14,5 ka et au-dela de 11 ka bp. La sedimentation de l’ensemble superieur est alors conditionnee par le climat. L’analyse de ces depots met en evidence la succession des variations du climat qui a affecte l’environnement pendant le tardiglaciaire. La correlation de nos resultats avec les courbes de paleotemperatures valide nos interpretations et la dimension regionale qu’il faut accorder a ce cadre paleoclimatique et paleoenvironnementalThe rhône valley was always a major route for humans between northern europe and mediterranean sea. Located in its middle part, the southern ardèche preserves remains of this activity. The saint-remèze plateau and ardèche canyon offered shelters and resources to the populations which lived since 350 ka. Caves and rock shelters are traps which allowed to preserve sediments and archaeological remains the study of their contents is essential to restore environment and the climate contemporary with human occupations. Sedimentological and micromorphological analyses of colombier filling and its environmental sediments allowed to find the deposit and postdepositionnal conditions. The site is located at the outflow of karstic network. Its functionning is attested by sandy silts of lower part. These deposit were drained by water from labastide-de-virac basin. When fluvial dynamic stopped, collapse of the cave resulted from the rock shelter formation. The site became suitable for the installation of humans. They will occupy nine times this place between 14,5 ka to 11 ka bp. The sedimentation of the upper part was then conditionned by climate. Analyse of these deposits showed the succession of climatic variations which has affected environment during lateglacial. The correlation of our results with the curves of palaeotemperatures validates our interpretations and the regional dimension of this palaeoclimatic and palaenvironmental framework
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Juhel-Hauprich, Eliane. "Le décor sculpté de l'église de Chef-du-Pont (Manche) : sa place dans l'histoire de la sculpture au XIIe siècle dans le domaine anglo-normand." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010584.
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Après avoir replacé l'église dans son contexte historique et géographique, d'où il ressort qu'elle a probablement été fondée par Mgr l'Evêque de Bayeux, Odon de Conteville, demi-frère de Guillaume le Conquérant, la thèse décrit le cadre architectural et donne une appréciation quant aux datations. Puis, elle s'attache à décrire l'ornementation sculptée, à savoir les chapiteaux du chœur et du portail ouest, le tympan sculpté du portail de la façade latérale sud du chœur, les rangées d'arcatures et les modillons. Une troisième partie est consacrée à l'étude des sources d'inspiration probables des sculpteurs, et s'attache ensuite à étudier la place de ce décor sculpté, dans le cadre de la sculpture au douzième siècle et dans le domaine anglo-normand principalement. L'étude conclut par un rappel du caractère pai͏̈en de la décoration, souligne les caractéristiques essentielles de cette sculpture, mettant en lumière les traits communs avec les autres sculptures du premier tiers du douzième siècle, soulignant l'originalité de ce décor, et rappelant le rayonnement qu'il a probablement eu sur d'autres églises du Cotentin.
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Snežana, Gordić. "Generalized stochastic processes with applications in equation solving." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2019. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=110199&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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In this dissertation stochastic processes are regarded in the framework of Colombeau-type algebras of generalized functions. Such processes are called Colombeau stochastic processes.The notion of point values of Colombeau stochastic processes in compactly supported generalized points is established. The Colombeau algebra of compactly supported generalized constants is endowed with the topology generated by sharp open balls. The measurability of the corresponding random variables with values in the Colombeau algebra of compactly supported generalized constants is shown.The generalized correlation function and the generalized characteristic function of Colombeau stochastic processes are introduced and their properties are investigated. It is shown that the characteristic function of classical stochastic processes can be embedded into the space of generalized characteristic functions. Examples of generalized characteristic function related to gaussian Colombeau stochasticprocesses are given. The structural representation of the generalized correlation function which is supported on the diagonal is given. Colombeau stochastic processes with independent values are introduced. Strictly stationary and weakly stationary Colombeau stochastic processes are studied. Colombeau stochastic processes with stationary increments are characterized via their stationarity of the gradient of the process.Gaussian stationary solutions are analyzed for linear stochastic partial differential equations with generalized constant coefficients in the framework of Colombeau stochastic processes.U disertaciji se stohastički procesi posmatraju u okviru Kolomboove algebre uopštenih funkcija. Takve procese nazivamo Kolomboovi stohastički procesi. Pojam vrednosti Kolomboovog stohastičkog procesa u tačkama sa kompaktnim nosačem je uveden. Dokazana je merljivost odgovarajuće slučajne promenljive sa vrednostima u Kolomboovoj algebri uopštenih konstanti sa kompaktnim nosačem, snabdevenom topologijom generisanom oštrim otvorenim loptama. Uopštena korelacijska funkcija i uopštena karakteristična funkcija Kolomboovog stohastičkog procesa su definisane i njihove osobine su izučavane. Pokazano je da se karakteristična funkcija klasičnog stohastičkog procesa može potopiti u prostor uopštenih karakterističnih funkcija. Dati su primeri uopštenih karakterističnih funkcija gausovskih Kolomboovih stohastičkih procesa. Data je strukturna reprezentacija uopštene korelacijske funkcije sa nosačem na dijagonali. Kolomboovi stohastički procesi sa nezavisnim vrednostima su predstavljeni. Izučavani su strogo stacionarni i slabo stacionarni Kolomboovi stohastički procesi. Kolomboovi stohastički procesi sa stacionarnim priraštajima su okarakterisani preko stacionarnosti gradijenta procesa. Gausovska stacionarna rešenja za linearnu stohastičku parcijalnu diferencijalnu jednačinu sa uopštenim konstantnim koeficijentima su analizirana u okvirima Kolomboovih stohastičkih procesa.
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Cardona, Edison. "Characterization of the Colombian power system from the voltage stability point of view." 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/44571150.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2000.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-69).
Books on the topic "Colombia Point"
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Bureau de la sécurité des transports du Canada. CN Amérique du Nord collision, train de marchandises numéro 457-12, point milliaire 86,6, subdivision Fraser, Longworth (Colombie-Britannique), 13 août 1993. Hull, Qué: Bureau de la sécurité des transports du Canada, 1994.
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Clancy, Tom. Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Choke Point. Penguin Publishing Group, 2012.
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Alonso-Minutti, Ana R., Eduardo Herrera, and Alejandro L. Madrid, eds. Experimentalisms in Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842741.001.0001.
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This book problematizes the notion of experimentalism as defined in conventional narratives about experimental musical practices. Contributors take a broad approach to a wide variety of Latin@ and Latin American music traditions conceived and/or perceived as experimental. The adoption of a plural “experimentalisms” points at a purposeful decentering of its usual US and Eurocentric interpretative frameworks. The case studies in this book contribute to this by challenging discourses about Latin@s and Latin Americans that have historically marginalized them. As such, the notion of “experimentalisms” works as a grouping, as a performative operation of sound, soundings, music, and musicking that gives social and historical meaning to the networks it temporarily conforms and situates. This book responds to recent efforts to reframe and reconceptualize the study of experimental music in terms of epistemological perspective and geographic scope, but also engages traditional scholarship about musical experimentalisms. Contributors provide important challenges in relation to the types of music that have been traditionally considered experimental and the reasons why scholars have adopted these perspectives. Included in this book are case studies localized in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Peru, and the United States, but with frequent regional, transnational, and postnational implications. This book contributes to the current conversations about music experimentalism while providing new points of entry to further reevaluate the field.
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Bollington, Lucy, and Paul Merchant, eds. Latin American Culture and the Limits of the Human. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401490.001.0001.
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Latin American Culture and the Limits of the Human curates an important series of case studies of the posthuman imaginaries and nonhuman tropes employed in a broad range of Latin American cultural texts, from the narratives of Las Casas to new media and installation art in contemporary Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina. The book’s introduction highlights the ways the figure of the “limit” has functioned as an important site of aesthetic, ontological, and political experimentation and reworking in Latin American cultural production, and underlines the potentialities and possible risks associated with the use of posthuman frameworks in the region. The different chapters examine the ways human borders and boundaries have been tested, undermined, and reformulated in relation to issues including dictatorial violence and drug war necropolitics, ecological storytelling, indigenous thought systems, gender, race, history, and new materialism. The book as a whole marshals a wide range of theoretical frameworks and points to the complex ways Latin American culture intersects with and departs from global formulations of humanism and the posthuman.
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Vers des transports durables: Conférence organisée par l'OCDE sous les auspices du gouvernement du Canada, Vancouver, Colombie-Britannique du 24 au 27 mars 1996 : points saillants de la conférence et aperçu des enjeux. Paris: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, 1997.
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Rey-Pino, Juan Miguel, Liliana Andrea Ávila-García, Jaime Arcila Sierra, and Marian Lorena Ibarra Ávila. "Civil society monitoring of tobacco industry point-of-sale marketing in Colombia." In Social Marketing, 462–67. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315648590-24.
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Perfetto, Juan Carlos, and G. A. Ruiz. "Cardiovagal Reflex Blood Pressure Set Point Determination by Time Domain Analysis." In VII Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2016, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia, October 26th -28th, 2016, 325–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4086-3_82.
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Moreira, D. V. Q., and P. Nohama. "Thermographic comparative study between an acupuncture point and sham acupuncture for cervical pain." In VII Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2016, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia, October 26th -28th, 2016, 429–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4086-3_108.
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Mejía, Anne-Marie De, and María Emilia Montes Rodríguez. "4. Points of Contact or Separate Paths: A Vision of Bilingual Education in Colombia." In Forging Multilingual Spaces, edited by Christine Hélot and Anne-Marie de Mejía, 109–39. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847690777-005.
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Gagliardi, Isabella. "Le vestigia dei gesuati." In Le vestigia dei gesuati, 13–38. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-228-7.04.
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The essay traces the salient historical steps of the Jesuat congregation, highlighting its genesis and development up to the year of its suppression (1668). The focus is on the dynamics triggered by the born of the Jesuat congregation, who grew on the border between the “church of the religious” and the “church of the laity”, and on the use of intellectual energies of the Jesuat friars, because they were directed towards defining and safeguarding their own religious identity. The latter had two focal points: the example of Giovanni Colombini, its first “father”, and, at the same time, the defence of the autonomy necessary to move interstitially between institutions, groups and movements. The historical parable of the Jesuats, in fact, clearly shows the importance assumed by the network of social relations for the constitution of the movement and for its progressive normalisation.
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Mora-Hernández, Paula Lorena, Juan David Gélvez-Ferreira, Michael Weintraub, and Sebastián Bitar. "Policy analysis and decision making in the military forces: the Havana experience." In Policy Analysis in Colombia, 187–202. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447347712.003.0012.
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This chapter examines the role of the Colombian military during the Havana peace negotiations in shaping policy decisions regarding demobilization of guerilla forces. It uses semi-structured interviews with individuals involved in the negotiations to provide an important glimpse into the behind-the-scenes policy negotiations that led to specific provisions in the agreement. It also describes the role of the military in the Colombian peace process. The chapter refers to an analytical model for the logistics of demobilization used by negotiators in Havana and the specific tasks undertaken by the military during the negotiations. It seeks to serve as a point of departure for other peace processes as other countries also strive for an end to their own armed conflicts.
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Arévalo, Carlos, and Julián Huertas. "Not so Moderate." In Constitutionalism, 443–58. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896759.003.0021.
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This chapter demonstrates how the Colombian Constitutional Court shaped the relationship between municipal and international law by decisively defining the role of international law in Colombia. It resorts to the classical distinction between monism and dualism as analytical tools to study the Colombian Constitutional Court's decisions. The Court's position regarding the interaction between international and domestic law does not fit the 'moderate monism' model it has claimed to have followed since 1998. On the contrary, the answer to the question about the status of general international law in the Colombian constitutional order is at some point between constitutional monism and dualism. To that extent, with the exceptions of jus cogens, international human rights law, international humanitarian law, and border delimitation, the Colombian Constitutional Court follows a “sovereigntist or statist” position, in which there is a general prevalence of domestic legislation over international law. However, the chapter does recognize that the Court has found a useful tool in international law to advance in significant social, political, and economic changes.
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Hansen, Helena. "The New Masculinity." In Addicted to Christ, 92–111. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298033.003.0005.
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In The Reformation of Machismo (1995), Elizabeth Brusco proposed an intriguing theory to explain the mass conversion of Latin Americans to evangelical Protestantism: Protestantism as gender strategy. Based on fieldwork in Colombia, Brusco argued that the Protestant Church is a female-dominated institution and that women convert their male partners to domesticate them. Enforcing the clean-living program of evangelists, Colombian women brought men into the domestic sphere as heads of household, and forced men to give up the male subcultural pursuits of alcohol, adultery, and domestic violence. Using Brusco's argument as a point of departure, this chapter describes conversion among addicted men in Puerto Rico as a male-driven—rather than female-driven—gender strategy that changed the relationship male converts had to their families and their work.
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WADE, PETER. "Brazil and Colombia: Comparative Race Relations in South America." In Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese-Speaking World. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265246.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on Brazil and Colombia in the context of the official multiculturalism adopted by both countries. It looks primarily at ‘blackness’, but necessarily also makes reference to the category ‘indigenous’, as this is an inherent part of the processes by which identities come to be defined, claimed and contested. The text shows how blackness in each country oscillated between ‘ethnic’ and ‘racialised’ definitions, both from an official and from a social movement point of view, and how oscillation was related to different contexts and political conjunctures. In Colombia, there was a move between 1991 and 2009 from a very ‘ethnic’ definition towards a more explicitly ‘racialised’ one; while in Brazil, we can see a move from a pre-1988 racial definition towards a more ethnic one, which however coexists with the more racial emphasis. These are not opposed trajectories, but variations on a theme of changing, overlapping and often conflicting definitions.
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Wieters, Heike. "CARE and the Peace Corps." In The NGO Care and Food Aid from America 1945-80. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526117212.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 takes a closer look at CARE’s role in the creation of the Peace Corps. It looks at CARE’s stakes in the training and handling of Peace Corps volunteers in the United States and on the ground in Colombia and shows how the transfer of development expertise and knowledge between a private player and a government agency worked. It also traces the development of organizational rivalries and competitive behaviour between CARE and the Peace Corps up to the point where both organizations severed their ties and went their separate ways.
Conference papers on the topic "Colombia Point"
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del Río, David A., Hugo Moffett, César Nieto-Londoño, Rafael E. Vásquez, and Ana Escudero-Atehortúa. "Extending Life Expectancy of La Esmeralda Reservoir: A Bet to Support Colombia’s Future Energy Demand." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16918.
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Abstract This work addresses the strategy of AES Corporation (AES Chivor) in order to extend the life of La Esmeralda reservoir to support Colombia’s future energy demand. Chivor Hydropower Plant entered into service in 1978 and has a capacity of 1000 MW, 8 % of Colombia’s demand. It is first described how the Colombian electricity energy mix is composed. Then, La Esmeralda reservoir, which is used by Chivor for power generation, is described; sediment management plans and maintenance costs for equipment and infrastructure are addressed. Then, sediment dynamics studies that have been done in order to determine life expectancy of La Esmeralda reservoir are listed. Such studies have been used to execute the Chivor’s Life Extension Project, which considers the modification of intakes as the best option to extend the life of the reservoir for at least 50 years, among several alternatives that were evaluated by a panel of international experts. This represents a challenge from the engineering point of view, and the project will be shown as a successful example for a country with such dependence on hydropower generation. Modernizing existing infrastructure without affecting the operation, as in this case, is crucial to show how a sustainable sediment management plan and technological development are necessary to extend life of hydropower generation projects, and to help meeting energy demand in a sustainable way for countries such as Colombia with a growing economy.
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LI, Potes, Rubiano LC, Ramírez LG, Tunubalá GA, Orobio Y, and Salazar JC. "P5.25 Feasibility of a point-of-care model for the prevention of mother to child transmission of syphilis in cali, colombia." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.641.
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Arribas, Iván, Jairo González-Bueno, Francisco Guijarro, and Javier Oliver. "Impact of foreign exchange risk on investment portfolio performance in Latin American stock indexes." In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.15.
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This article aims to analyze whether investing in international assets, and fluctuations in their own currencies, allow the possibility of structuring diversified investment portfolios that would not only maximize the expected return, but also minimize risk. For this,it is evaluated the impact of currency risk on the profitability of investment portfolios in the stock indexes in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru from the point of view 6 investors (one American and five located in each of these countries) during the period 2002–2014.
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Colomer Bea, David. "Transport engineering and reduction in crime: the Medellín case." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3434.
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This study analyses the impact of the aerial cable car public transport system, locally known as Metrocable, in Medellín (Colombia), on the reduction in crime. As part of the municipal policies of social urbanism, Metrocable has contributed to the social integration of the population in the outlying neighbourhoods, which has increased safety in Medellín. This case is clearly of great interest from the point of view of Criminal Sciences, demonstrating how crime can be combated by using tools beyond ius puniendi. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3434
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Hernández Sánchez, Jon Freddy, Carlos Antonio Vergara, and Carlos Hidalgo. "Use of Geometric In-Line Inspection (ILI) Intelligence Tools With the Inertial Module for Diagnosis and Management of Structural Integrity in Pipelines With Geohazards: Case Study." In ASME 2015 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2015-8529.
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Colombia is a country located in a geographical area with great geological diversity, where every day the effects of climate change increases the probability of the failure of buried pipelines due to the movement of land or the instability associated with them. That is why the use of geometric In Line Inspection (ILI) intelligent tools with the inertial module is important for the diagnosis of structural integrity of pipelines and is associated with an integrity management program due to the geotechnical threats present throughout its path. It decreases maintenance costs due to pump stoppage for unscheduled repairs, anticipating the solution, and mitigating and controlling deformations in the pipeline caused by geotechnical ground displacements. OCENSA-Pipeline Central SA (Colombia) has developed, through its experience, a program to manage integrity by determining the structural expense in specific sections due to displacement of the pipeline caused by ground movement through the use of the Geometric ILI tools and MFL inertial module. This paper specifically presents the use of the tool in decision-making based on OCENSA’s preset study limits for deformations in the elastic range and plastic building material of the pipeline. In 1997 OCENSA was among the first companies in Latin America to use Inertial Geo-positioning technology; today there are sectors which have been inspected with this technology as many as five times, in which pipe displacement of up to 5 meters has been found. The case study presented refers to a geographical point on the route of the pipeline located in the Andes, at the site of the movement known as the “La negra” ravine, near the town of Puente Nacional, where movements of the pipeline associated with geotechnically unstable slope conditions were detected by In line inspection (ILI) Geometric and inertial modules, beginning in 2004. Since that time, integrity management was conducted in order to reduce the chances pipeline failure will materialize in this area of geotechnical instability.
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Go´mez, Rafael, Lesme Corredor, Adrian A´vila, Jorge Mendoza, and Antonio Bula. "Analysis and Energy Optimization for Biomethanol Production Using Palm Oil Biomass Residues." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54663.
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Palm oil extraction generates a great amount of biomass residues; i.e. kernel pieces, fiber and fruit bunches. The last is the major quantity, but it has limited usage as an energetic source due to physical-chemical characteristics and high humidity. Biodiesel production requires methanol, which is mainly produced form natural gas in very large industrial plants, oscillating between 700×103 to 1400 x103 tons per year. This paper presents an economical and technical analysis for production of biometanol from oil palm biomass residues, considering the requirements for the year 2019 in Colombia, which are expected to be 92.5 x103 tons. Different technological approximations are considered and the different parts for the selected process are dimensioned, due to the small size of the plant required. The process simulation is carried out using ASPENPLUS™, giving a global efficiency around 48%, and a yield of 43% for the biomass used. The production simulation allows comparing with the international price for methanol, and the cutting point is U$ 152/Ton. This value is compared with the international price of crude oil and it was found that it is only superior when the oil price is under U$ 20. Due to the tendency for oil prices to increase, it is feasible, at least form the economical point of view, to develop a small scale biometanol plant.
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Diaz Lozano, Carlos Mario, Carlos Andres Cortes Daza, Erika Andrea Pacheco Gomez, Elizabeth Plata Ruiz, and Jaime Castellanos Carvajal. "Boosting Production in the Llanos Orientales Colombia Basin, with an Approach to the Usage of the Completion Fluid. A Recent Case Study." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206347-ms.
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Abstract This arcticle highlights the importance of a systematic step change approach to the formulation of completion fluids in the Llanos Basin (LLAB), Colombia, when formation-freshwater is to be used as control - completion (C&C) fluid. The results demonstrate that the process used reduced the formation damage statistics from 41% of the wells drilled to only 16%, boosting production and establishing a best practice for future drilling and completion (D&C) campaigns in the region. An initial sample of 19 wells was considered to evaluate the damage caused by using formation-freshwater as C&C fluid. Formation-freshwater was selected only considering the fluid density (wellbore pressure), ignoring the negative effects it can have on formation damage. 41% of the wells were damaged, as evidenced by pressure build up. Some of the main damages on the pay-zone in an oil well are due to emulsion blocking, change in wettability, swelling and migration of clays, incompatibility of fluids, and scale formation. A detailed design of completion fluids has a positive influence over well productivity by mitigating formation damage before starting the production stage. The methodology used was aimed at designing the C&C fluid through a step-by-step approach, consisting of: 1) Laboratory tests supported with mineralogical data and oil and formation water properties and 2) Physical-chemical analysis of reservoir fluids and water for mixing purposes. The process involved testing different formulations and then their implementation in the field. The initial tests were conducted in a total of 5 wells in 4 fields. Changes were identified in the formulation to achieve optimal fluid design for each field and then the selected fluid was extended to a total of 24 wells. This was the first time a thoroughly designed completion fluid was used in the region. The results point towards the need to include surfactants, mutual solvents, and brines to substantially reduce formation damage. The application of new completion fluids enabled the operational teams to optimize the process by steps. The implementation of customized completion fluid reduced the formation damage as evidenced through productivity analyses and pressure build up tests. Only 16% of the wells presented formation damage. The process applied to reduce formation damage of the Llanos Basin led to a systematic approach for the analysis stage, which may be applied in other areas, where the utilization of formation-freshwater is an issue. The particularly short time frames and best practices derived from the learning curve of this case are worth to be shared with other operators.
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Gutierrez, Luis B., Carlos A. Zuluaga, Juan A. Ramirez, Rafael E. Vasquez, Diego A. Florez, Elkin A. Taborda, and Raul A. Valencia. "Development of an Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for Surveillance and Inspection of Port Facilities." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38217.
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This work addresses the development of an underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV), required to obtain reliable visual information, used for surveillance and maintenance of ship shells and underwater structures of Colombian port facilities and oceanographic research. The most relevant design constraints were evaluated considering environmental conditions, dimensional restrictions, hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, degrees of freedom and the availability of instrumentation and control hardware. The mechanical/naval design was performed through an iterative process by using computational tools CAD/CAE/CFD. The hardware architecture was divided in three layers: instrumentation, communications and control. The software was developed using ANSI C with Embedded Linux operating system. The guidance and navigation system used the Kalman filter to estimate the state of the vehicle. The vehicle can operate in manual and semi-automatic modes. In the semi-automatic, the position of a joystick is converted into the velocity set-points that are integrated to get the yaw and depth commands for the PID controllers. The rigorous design and a consistent construction processes allowed the development of a robust and reliable robotic system that constitutes an innovative product in Colombia.
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Zárate Rueda, Ruth, Clara Isabel López Gualdrón, and Catalina Ortega Zambrano. "Gestión del conocimiento en torno a Víctimas de Minas Antipersonal (MAP), en el marco del conflicto armado en Colombia: análisis tendencial desde la bibliometría y Tree of Science." In INNODOCT 2018. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2018.2018.8797.
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Al hablar del conflicto armado colombiano, se evoca a las personas históricamente afectadas por los hechos victimizantes acaecidos durante más de cinco décadas en el país. Estos sucesos han menoscabado los Derechos Humanos (DDHH) de las víctimas durante este periodo. Una acción que se utiliza generalmente como método de guerra, por actores armados estatales y no estales, son las Minas Antipersonal (MAP) la cual genera discapacidad permanente en los sobrevivientes. Por consiguiente, se requieren procesos de rehabilitación integral desde diferentes disciplinas que contribuyan a las personas a adaptarse a su nueva condición. El propósito de este artículo consiste en identificar la producción de conocimiento científico relacionada con las estrategias de Rehabilitación Basada en Comunidad (RBC), rehabilitación en procesos de amputación o lesiones asociadas a víctimas de MAP y métodos innovadores de rehabilitación presentes en las áreas de la Salud, Psicología, Artes, Ciencias Sociales y Humanas en bases de datos de alto impacto. La metodología se fundamentó en el uso de software el cual fue Vantage Point para la organización y análisis de volúmenes de información; asimismo, se implementó la herramienta web Tree of Science (ToS) para la identificación de documentos seminales no registrados en la fase de revisión de datos previa. Finalmente, los resultados señalan las tendencias en investigación en producción en la temática de estudio, enfatizando en año, país, autor, campo de acción, filiación institucional, colaboración entre autores, palabras claves, palabras claves investigadoras, citación por artículo en la temática objeto de estudio. Los resultados demuestran el proceso de gestión de conocimiento en torno a víctimas de MAP, en el marco del conflicto armado.
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Sarmiento, A. L. E., D. M. Y. Maya, F. Chejne, and E. E. S. Lora. "Gasification of Agro-Industrial Wastes for Electricity Cogeneration." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43410.
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The purpose of this paper is to report studies on agricultural residual biomass gasification to power cogeneration. The classification was determined by availability and feedstock for thermochemical conversion of waste materials of flower industry in Colombia. Firstly, it was made an inventory of the main species of flowers produced, they were evaluated from the point of view of energy proximate and ultimate analysis of the available biomass[1]–[4] [5]. As a result of this work, the waste types with higher residual biomass per unit area were classified, they generate on average 665.59 Kg/ha of dry residual biomass. The elemental analysis (CHON) was expressed to be: C:35,47%, H:4,50%, O:52,24 % and N:2,291% and a calorific value of 3248,30 cal/kg. Experimental tests were conducted in a gasification updraft reactor using air as gasifying agent, steam and a mixture of air and steam at 850°C. The yields and gas composition were analyzed, in this case the values of CO, H2, CO2, N2 and CH4 have been on average 21.9%, 44.8%, 24.4%, 5.9% and 3.1% respectively [1], [2], [4], [6]–[10]. With the experimental test data was fed zero dimensional model in Aspen Plus® software, which highlights that 20% of energy from biomass producer gas is carried to later becoming electricity, it concludes that for each kilogram of biomass with 11% humidity fed to the process will provide 0.66 kW of electric power to the motor generator.
Reports on the topic "Colombia Point"
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Ricci, Francisco J. Colombian Army Transformation and the Inflection Point of the Terrorist Groups. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada547237.
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Cristiano-Botia, Deicy J., Manuel Dario Hernandez-Bejarano, and Mario A. Ramos-Veloza. Labor Market Indicator for Colombia (LMI). Banco de la República de Colombia, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1152.
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We construct the Labor Market Indicator (LMI) focusing on the cyclical similarities of eighteen time series from household, industrial, and opinion surveys between 2001 and 2019. The LMI summarizes the growth cycle of the labor market as defined by \cite{mintz} and is connected to the evolution of the traditional business cycle indicators as well as to that of the GDP and the Unemployment rate GAP. The evolution of the indicator provide useful information to policy makers, as it complements the characterization of expansions and turning points. Thus, improving the analysis of the current momentum of the labor market.
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Ricciulli-Marín, Diana. The Fiscal Cost of Conflict: Evidence from La Violencia in Colombia. Banco de la República de Colombia, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/chee.53.
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This paper studies the effect of internal conflict on local fiscal capacity using evidence from Colombia’s political conflict in the mid-20th century, better known as La Violencia. Following a difference-in-differences strategy, I find that internal conflict has negative long-term consequences in local fiscal capacity. More precisely, municipalities affected by La Violencia experienced an average reduction of 10.3% in their tax revenue and a fall of 2.8 percentage points on their ratio of taxes to total revenue. Effects lasted for more than a decade and are only partially explained by a population and economic activity downturn. These results are consistent with previous evidence indicating a negative effect of violence on tax collection efficiency at the local level.
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Bolton, Laura. The Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Colombia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.073.
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Available data provide a picture for the macro-economy of Colombia, agriculture, and infrastructure. Recent data on trends on public procurement were difficult to find within the scope of this rapid review. In 2020, macro-level employment figures show a large drop between February and April when COVID-19 lockdown measures were first introduced, followed by a gradual upward trend. In December 2020, the employment rate was 4.09 percentage points lower than the employment rate in December 2019. Macro-level figures from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) show that a higher percentage of men experienced job losses than women in November 2020. However, the evidence presented by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia based on the DANE great integrated house survey shows that a higher proportion of all jobs lost were lost by women in the second quarter. It may be that the imbalance shifted over time, but it is not possible to directly compare the data. Evidence suggests that women were disproportionately more burdened by home activities due to the closure of schools and childcare. There is also a suggestion that women who have lost out where jobs able to function during lockdowns with technology are more likely to be held by men. Literature also shows that women have lower levels of technology literacy. There is a lack of reliable data for understanding the economic impacts of COVID-19 for people living with disabilities. A report on the COVID-19 response and disability for the Latin America region recommends improving collaboration between policymakers and non-governmental organisations. Younger people experienced greater job losses. Data for November 2020 show 3.3 percent of the population aged under 25 lost their job compared to 1.8 percent of those employed between 24 and 54. Agriculture, livestock, and fishing increased by 2.8% in 2020 compared to 2019. And the sector as a whole grew 3.4% between the third and fourth quarters of 2020. In terms of sector differences, construction was harder hit by the initial mobility restrictions than agriculture. Construction contracted by 30.5% in the second quarter of 2020. It is making a relatively healthy recovery with reports that 84% of projects being reactivated following return to work. The President of the Colombian Chamber of Construction predicting an 8.4% growth in the construction of housing and other buildings in 2021.
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Ibáñez, Ana María, Sandra Rozo, and Maria J. Urbina. Forced Migration and the Spread of Infectious Diseases. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002894.
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We examine the role of Venezuelan forced migration on the propagation of 15 infectious dis-eases in Colombia. For this purpose, we use rich municipal-monthly panel data. We exploit the fact that municipalities closer to the main migration entry points have a disproportionate ex-posure to infected migrants when the cumulative migration flows increase. We find that higher refugee inflows are associated with increments in the incidence of vaccine-preventable dis-eases, such as chickenpox and tuberculosis, as well as sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS and syphilis. However, we find no significant effects of migration on the propagation of vector-borne diseases. Contact with infected migrants upon arrival seems to be the main driving mechanism.
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Araujo, María Caridad, Marta Rubio-Codina, and Norbert Schady. 70 to 700 to 70,000: Lessons from the Jamaica Experiment. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003210.
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This document compares three versions of the same home visiting model, the well-known Jamaica model, which was gradually scaled-up from an efficacy trial (proof of concept) in Jamaica, to a pilot in Colombia, to an at-scale program in Peru. It first describes the design, implementation and impacts of these three programs. Then, it analyzes the threats to scalability in each of these experiences and discusses how they could have affected program outcomes, with a focus on three of the elements of the economic model of scaling in Al-Ubaydli, et al. (Forthcoming): appropriate statistical inference, properties of the population, and properties of the situation. The document reflects on the lessons learned to mitigate the threats to scalability and on how research and evaluation can be better aligned to facilitate and support the scaling-up process of early child development interventions. It points out those attributes that interventions must maintain to ensure effectiveness at scale. Similarly, political support is also identified as indispensable.
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Wallgren, Anders, and Britt Wallgren. Toward an Integrated Statistical System Based on Registers. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003204.
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This note describes how Latin American and Caribbean countries can join a revolution in statistical systems, moving from data collection based on geographic frames to one based on administrative registers, and the advantages of making this change. Northern European countries have already shifted from a traditional area frame-based statistical system to a register-based system, in which all surveys are based on statistical registers. Among the key advantages of the shift are: i) lower production costs; ii) potential for higher levels of geographic disaggregation and greater frequency; and iii) reduce the burden on informants by following the maxim of “ask once, use many times”. Evidence from Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru points to the viability of this transition in the region. However, to take better advantage of the new strategy, countries should invest to improve the quality and coverage of their administrative systems and should create an integrated register system, allowing for efficient data use, and ensuring consistency and coherence across statistical registries.
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Bedoya-Maya, Felipe, Lynn Scholl, Orlando Sabogal-Cardona, and Daniel Oviedo. Who uses Transport Network Companies?: Characterization of Demand and its Relationship with Public Transit in Medellín. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003621.
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Transport Network Companies (TNCs) have become a popular alternative for mobility due to their ability to provide on-demand flexible mobility services. By offering smartphone-based, ride-hailing services capable of satisfying specific travel needs, these modes have transformed urban mobility worldwide. However, to-date, few studies have examined the impacts in the Latin American context. This analysis is a critical first step in developing policies to promote efficient and sustainable transport systems in the Latin-American region. This research examines the factors affecting the adoption of on-demand ride services in Medellín, Colombia. It also explores whether these are substituting or competing with public transit. First, it provides a descriptive analysis in which we relate the usage of platform-based services with neighborhood characteristics, socioeconomic information of individuals and families, and trip-level details. Next, factors contributing to the election of platform-based services modeled using discrete choice models. The results show that wealthy and highly educated families with low vehicle availability are more likely to use TNCs compared to other groups in Medellín. Evidence also points at gender effects, with being female significantly increasing the probability of using a TNC service. Finally, we observe both transit complementary and substitution patterns of use, depending on the context and by whom the service is requested.
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92E/7, Estevan Point, Colombie-Britannique. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/125274.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor