Journal articles: 'Colombia Point'

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Santisteban, Sebastian Camilo. "The Imaginaries of Creativity in the Entrepreneurship Sector in Colombia: An Hermeneutic Approach." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 510 (October 10, 2019): 1442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.510.1442.1449.

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Due to the complexities of the social, economic, and political context of Colombia, several authors have argued that Colombians tend to be very creative at an individual level, but that they face strong difficulties when trying to act collectively in a creative way. This article deepens in the concept of creativity through a literature review and then contrasts the defined concept with the vision and imaginaries of creativity of tech-entrepreneurs in the country. The main theoretical point is to contrast the empirical verification of the academic literature of creativity with the imaginaries of Colombian entrepreneurs in order to establish a more efficient and effective creative process.

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Parra-Hernández, Ronald Mauricio, Duvan F. Zambrano, and Manuel Hernando Bernal. "New record of Tantilla alticola (Boulenger, 1903) (Serpentes, Colubridae) for the Central Cordillera in the department of Tolima, Colombia." Check List 15, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/15.3.485.

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We report for the first time the presence of Tantilla alticola in the department of Tolima, Colombia. This report represents the southernmost distribution point for this species in the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes.

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Cataño, Juan Carlos. "HIV in Colombia: an Epidemiologic Point of View." Current Tropical Medicine Reports 5, no. 2 (June 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40475-018-0141-y.

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Saavedra-Rodríguez, Carlos Arturo, and Jorge H. Velandia-Perilla. "Bassaricyon gabbii Allen, 1876 (Carnivora: Procyonidae): new distribution point on western range of Colombian Andes." Check List 7, no. 4 (June 1, 2011): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.4.505.

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A new distribution point for the bushy-tailed olingo (Bassaricyon gabbii) was documented based on a specimen found in the forest on the eastern slope of the western range of the Colombian Andes (El Duende Regional Reserve, Valle del Cauca). The location where the animal was found had features similar to those where the species has been previously documented. We extend the known the species distribution to the western range of the Colombian Andes, both versants of the interandean valley of the Cauca River in Colombia and its elevation distribution up to 2200 m asl. Additional surveys are necessary to evaluate the conservation status of olingo populations into this protected area.

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Londoño Quiroz, Jeisson Leonardo. "Axiología jurídica: mirada ética de la funcióndel abogado en Colombia." Pensamiento Americano 11, no. 20 (January 1, 2018): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21803/pensam.v11i20.15.

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El presente artículo tiene como finalidad, determinar cuál es la función que ejerce el abogado colombiano dentro de la sociedad, esto analizado desde una mirada ética, centrando el interés en los textos normativos que rigen el recto actuar de los abogados colombianos, esto es el Decreto 196 de 1971 y la Ley 1123 de 2007. Se hace una reflexión ética de la figura del abogado dentro de la sociedad, en especial en una sociedad como la colombiana, que está iniciando un proceso de postconflicto

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Gaitán-Duarte, Hernando. "Peace in Colombia: an opportunity for building a fairer country." Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología 67, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.18597/rcog.775.

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Signing of the peace agreement between the Colombian government with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), on September 26, and endorsement by the people on October 2, 2016, are the starting point for the country’s transition from the old structures going back to the colonial period and the first stages of the fledgling nation to newer structures of the more socially developed countries in the 21st century, built on equality and equity, respect for the environment and for differences, and the fight against corruption.

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del Pilar Peña-Huertas, Rocío, Luis Enrique Ruiz-González, Ricardo Álvarez-Morales, and María Mónica Parada-Hernández. "Restitution Judges: A Starting Point for an Agrarian Jurisdiction as a Guarantee of Non-repetition in Colombia." International Human Rights Law Review 6, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00601004.

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The Colombian government and the main guerrilla, the farc, signed a peace agreement in November 2016. The establishment of an agrarian jurisdiction is one of the settlements they have reached. This article evaluates the already existing capacities the Colombian state has developed, based on an analysis of the ongoing land restitution process. Based on an analysis of some judicial decisions taken in the context of this process, and on three in-depth interviews with judicial operators involved in it, the article makes two main findings: the procedural innovations of the land restitution process and the application of the constitutional precept of the effective enjoyment of rights guarantee the effective access to justice for rural populations and to the social rights aimed at protecting and stabilising their property rights. For these reasons, these features will prove to be useful in the establishment of an agrarian jurisdiction in Colombia that will represent a guarantee of non-repetition.

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Viáfara Gozález, John Jairo. "From pre-school to university: student-teachers’ characterize their EFL writing development." Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, no. 10 (April 4, 2011): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22487085.98.

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A historical review of approaches used to support students’ writing in English as a foreign or second language, as well as of Colombian teachers’ efforts to guide their pupils’ in this area becomes the starting point for this qualitative research. The study explores the biographical narratives of EFL pre-service teachers from Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC) to describe how they have developed their writing in English. The research reveals the methodological practices to which participants have been exposed from their early schooling until their university education in Colombian institutions, most of them located in Boyacá. Finally, the pedagogical implications seek to provide reflective points for the education of in-service and pre-service teachers at a time when higher standards in students’ foreign language learning are expected.

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Arias, Ricardo. "Rakes, Live Deaths and Modified Cassette Players: Three Contemporary Sound Artists from Colombia." Leonardo Music Journal 23 (December 2013): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/lmj_a_00153.

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Sound art activity in Colombia has proliferated in the last decade, as evidenced by the considerable number of shows focusing on sound works by Colombian artists in recent years. The author presents three artists—Rodrigo Restrepo, Leonel Vásquez and Ícaro Zorbar—each of whom represents a distinct point in the continuum between music and sound art. The artists' individual and distinct approaches to the use of technology and their very personal conceptions of space and time are discussed.

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Duran, Xavier, and Marcelo Bucheli. "Holding Up the Empire: Colombia, American Oil Interests, and the 1921 Urrutia-Thomson Treaty." Journal of Economic History 77, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 251–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050717000055.

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Why did the United States subsidize American multinationals' entry into countries treated as informal colonies? We study a classic case of American imperialism, the 1903 U.S. support of Panama's secession from Colombia and subsequent U.S. payment of the 1921 reparations that opened Colombia's oil fields to Standard Oil. We test Noel Maurer's (2013) empire trap hypothesis quantitatively. Archival and econometric evidence documents Colombia's threat to Standard Oil's sunk investment, which induced the multinational to build a supermajority coalition in the U.S. Senate to back a reparations treaty. Results support the empire trap hypothesis but point out important qualifications.

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Villadiego Rojas, Leydis, Ricardo Daza González, and Bladimir Salcedo Castilla. "Determining the maximum sediment dispersion in an ocean disposal site for dredged material in Buenaventura, Colombia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i4.31267.

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This paper presents an analysis of the affected area at an ocean disposal site, in terms of sediment dispersion, as a consequence of the dis-posal of dredged material from the approach channel for Buenaventura´s Port. The analysis was carried out at three points within Buenaven-tura´s Bay, one located at the authorized disposal site, a second point at a proposed future disposal site and a third point at the Bocana Sector, where the highest tidal velocities are identified. The PTM (Particle Tracking Model) mathematical model was used for this investigation, showing that due to the hydrodynamic conditions, a sediment particle can reach a longer dispersion distance from its original disposal point. Finally, sediment dispersion at the three analysis points were compared in terms of current velocity and maximum displacement.

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Suárez, Roberto, Catalina González, Gabriel Carrasquilla, and Juliana Quintero. "An ecosystem perspective in the socio-cultural evaluation of dengue in two Colombian towns." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 25, suppl 1 (2009): S104—S114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2009001300010.

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Despite extensive public health efforts, dengue is still a major health concern in Colombia. The objective of this study was to provide an ecosystem and cross-disciplinary perspective on the dengue situation in two Colombian towns. The article focuses on presenting the anthropological methodology and research findings. An interdisciplinary team gathered quantitative (cross-sectional), meteorological, entomological, and qualitative data (based on medical anthropology) through fieldwork and archival research. According to the qualitative data, dengue can be described as a point of convergence between public health policies, the affected population, the environment, and the social dynamics generated through this interaction. Dengue is illustrative as a disease, in that it has a negative impact on public health, but individuals in Colombia have learned to live and cope with it. Dengue prevalence and its on-going historical presence have made it part of everyday community life, viewed as a minor health issue.

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Vallejo, Katherine, Jose Tapias, and Ivan Arroyave. "Trends of Rural/Urban Homicide in Colombia, 1992-2015: Internal Armed Conflict and Hints for Postconflict." BioMed Research International 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6120909.

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Objective. To analyze the relationship between rural and urban homicide rates in Colombia between 1992 and 2015 and the fluctuations in these rates. Methods. Individual records of homicides and population aggregates in men and women aged 15-64 years were used. The adjusted rates of annual homicides were calculated for urban/rural areas and standardized by age. Rate Ratios (RRs) adjusted by region were calculated. A joinpoint analysis was performed to identify inflection points and the Annual Percentage Change (APC). Results. Four joinpoints were identified in rural and urban rates: after peaking in 1992, homicide rates fell until 1997, and then increased until 2002. From this point on there was a continuous reduction until 2015, although this reduction slowed down from 2005 onward. During almost the whole period, the rates of rural homicides were higher than those of urban homicides, although they equalized at the end of the period. Conclusions. Unlike in other countries, during the study period Colombian homicide rates, which coincided with the dynamics of the armed conflict, were higher in rural than in urban areas. In recent years, a predominance of urban homicides committed by younger men has been identified, which could pose a challenge to postconflict in Colombia.

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Alzate Arias, Santiago, Bonie Restrepo-Cuestas, and Álvaro Jaramillo-Duque. "Electricity generation potential from solid waste in three Colombian municipalities." TecnoLógicas 21, no. 42 (May 14, 2018): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/22565337.782.

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This study estimates the electric energy production potential from municipal solid waste in Colombia. The Colombian municipalities of Pasto (Department of Nariño), Andes (Antioquia) and Guayatá (Boyacá) were selected as representative populations of the national context because of their socioeconomic and demographic features, as well as the public availability of their waste management plans. The technical characteristics of two conversion technologies were analyzed: incineration (thermal conversion) and anaerobic digestion (biological conversion). From a technical point of view, the results showed that anaerobic digestion is feasible in all three scenarios, while incineration is viable in Pasto and Andes.

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León, David Leonardo García. "Minorías lingüísticas en Colombia. Acercamiento desde las políticas públicas y los derechos humanos." Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica, no. 24 (July 22, 2014): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/0121053x.2765.

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En el presente artículo se expone una aproximación a la situación de las minorías lingüísticas colombianas, desde una perspectiva de Políticas Públicas y Derechos Humanos. Para lograr este acercamiento, el artículo se estructura de la siguiente manera: se caracterizan los derechoslingüísticos y se registran los convenios internacionales que Colombia ha firmado en torno de este tema; se presentan las características más importantes de una perspectiva de políticas públicas basada en derechos humanos y se analiza, desde el enfoque mencionado, un documento depolítica pública que busca regular la situación de las lenguas minoritarias de Colombia, la Ley 1381 de 2010. Posterior a este análisis, se examina si los derechos lingüísticos están o no garantizados para las comunidades aquí estudiadas. Finalmente, se establece la necesidad deseguir el principio basado en los derechos humanos como perspectiva para mejorar la situación de las comunidades lingüísticamente minoritarias.Palabras clave: derechos humanos, políticas públicas, políticas lingüísticas, minorías lingüísticas, educación bilingüe. AbstractThis article analyzes the condition of Colombian linguistic minorities, from the point of view of public policies and human rights. In doing so, this paper is structured as follows: linguistic rights are described and topic-related international agreements signed by Colombia are registered; the most important characteristics of human rights based public policies are presented, and a public policy document, seeking to regulate the state of Colombian minority languages (namely Law 1381 from 2010), is analyzed through the mentioned approach. Following this analysis, it is examined whether the communities’ linguistic rights are guaranteed. Finally, the necessity of following the principles of human rights as an approach to improve the condition of minority linguistic communities is established.Key words: human rights, public policies, linguistic policies, linguistic minorities, bilingual education.

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Flórez Pabón, Campo Elías, and Jenny Patricia Acevedo-Rincón. "EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN VIRTUALITY IN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTEXT IN COLOMBIA." Olhar de Professor 23 (September 23, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/olharprofr.v.23.15577.

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Colombian basic, middle and higher education is governed by the Colombian Ministry of National Education (MEN). Higher Education Institutions are entities that have official recognition to be providers of the public service of higher education in the Colombian territory, whose legal nature is characterized by being of a public or private character. The former have general guardianship control as a public establishment and the latter enjoy constitutional and legal prerogatives that, even from the same jurisprudence, have had significant development in terms of scope, to the point of pointing out that these are organizations that belong to none of the branches of public power or private universities (2020). The current health crisis reveals the digital gap that was immersed in the Colombian educational system. According to the Ministry of Science and Technology -MINTIC, the digital gap is recognized as the socioeconomic difference between those communities that have access to ICTs and those that do not, in addition to the differences between groups according to their ability to use ICTs effectively, due to the different levels of literacy and technological capacity (MINTIC, 2019). Furthermore, this context implies that the digital gap is not closed in Colombia, as evidenced by the report on the digital gap monitoring project presented by MINTIC, but that until now the data on the digital divide is being configured to take action, idea that would be developed in this annuity. Despite this reality, the decision made worldwide was to continue with online classes regardless of the socioeconomic reality of the inhabitants in any region, and Colombia was no exception. Next, two experiences are described, developed in Colombian public and private universities, which are constituted in virtual training actions that incorporate methodological innovations in the development of classrooms in the human and exact sciences. From this reality, the experiences of the University of Pamplona and the University of the North in public and private virtuality are presented, respectively.

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Ríos-Reyes, Carlos Alberto, Dino Carmelo Manco Jaraba, and Oscar Mauricio Castellanos-Alarcón. "Geotourism Potential and Challenges of the Coastal Region Around Santa Marta (Colombia): a Novel Strategy for Socioeconomic Development." Cuadernos de Geografía: Revista Colombiana de Geografía 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rcdg.v30n1.81239.

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This research article refers to the coastal region around Santa Marta (Colombia), showing a valuable geodiversity from a coastal geomorphology point of view, with great scientific importance for the study of coastal landscapes and attractive for the development of geotourism. The landscape value of the coastal regions of the Colombian Caribbean, in particular of the coastal region around Santa Marta, should be globally recognized to improve and protect its aesthetic and environmental value through geoeducation and geotourism activities that contribute to its geoconservation, motivating efficient management that outlines guidelines that promote the development of appropriate tourist infrastructure, centers of scientific interpretation, dissemination and educational materials, active exchange with geoparks, continuous improvement, and participation of local communities.

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Peralta, Sarah Osma. "SEARCH ENGINES IN COLOMBIA." Law, State and Telecommunications Review 12, no. 2 (October 13, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/lstr.v12i2.34688.

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Purpose ”“ Considering the relevance of personal data protection, this article focuses on the identification of the criteria used by Colombian Courts regarding the rights to access, modification and erasure personal data within the context of information made available through search engines. This framework will expose the different cases ruled by the Colombian Constitutional Court as it attempts to highlight which were the criteria used by the courts that brought them to rule that search engines are mere intermediaries between the content makers and data subjects. Finally, this study aims to contribute not only to the data protection legal literature in Colombia, but also, to improve the possibilities to effectively implement user´s rights of online search engines in Colombia. Methodology ”“In order to achieve the purpose of this research project, the following methodological strategies will be employed: (i) Legal-analytical study, by way of reviewing the Colombian regulatory framework in order to map out main rules regarding the fundamental rights to access, modification and erasure of personal data, and determining which ones are the aspects hindering the effective implementation of the rights; (ii) Legal-theoretical study, where it reviews the issues identified by legal scholars as hampering the implementation of data protection rights in general; (iii) Legal-empirical study that aims to raise awareness regarding the incidence of the activities carried out by search engines in the life of data subjects. Findings ”“ The Colombian Constitutional Court has seen search engines as mere intermediaries, meaning they do not have to rectify, correct, eliminate or complete the information listed in the results they provide. This approach demands that the Judiciary enforces the existence of a right to request the erasure of links and the need of procedures provided by them to do it effectively without erasing or altering the content of the website. This delisting process should not be arbitrary based on conditions that allow data subjects to ask the erasure of links associated with their names. In the European Union, the conditions to get those results delisted are inadequacy, irrelevance, or excessiveness in relation to the processing purposes. The current position of the Constitutional Court about the search engines role and their responsibilities has not protected the user’s fundamental rights to privacy, reputation, and honor. Therefore, a more committed study on behalf of the Court is required. Practical Implications ”“ In the Muebles Caquetá Case, the Court must point out the importance of the activities carried out by online search engines, and force them to face the implications of being a “controller” of the processing of personal data that takes place within their services. I suggest that the Court itself should draft clear delisting guidelines considering the opinions of a group of impartial experts, civil society representatives and the local Data Protection Authority. Originality ”“ Considering the implications posed by personal data and data mining, this article identifies the legal and regulatory framework surrounding those activities and in way contribute to create a data protection culture in Latin America, raise awareness regarding the incidence of search engines in the life of data rights holders, identify possible disconnections between the existent regulatory framework for personal data rights, and facilitate the cooperation between Courts and stakeholders of the telecommunication and media sectors, based on the common goal of fulfilling the public interests of ensuring data protection rights.

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Jorge, Maria Fabiana. "New US Trade Policy: A Turning Point?" Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 5, no. 1 (October 2007): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jgm.4950093.

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Trade agreements on intellectual property (IP) became a useful tool for patent holders to increase their exclusive marketing rights around the world. Bilateral agreements have gradually increased the standards of protection beyond those of the TRIPS agreement creating a growing imbalance between the rights of IP holders on one side and those of consumers and the generic industry, on the other. After the Democratic Party became the majority party in the US Congress in January 2007, the new leadership of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives forced the US Trade Representative to reopen the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with Peru, Panama and Colombia, the ratification of which was pending, and introduced substantial changes to the final texts to reduce the negative effects on access to medicines posed by the original agreements. This seems to mark a significant turning point but all will depend on how these governments implement the FTAs into their national laws and on whether they actually take advantage of this opportunity. Will other governments follow the leadership shown by the Ways and Means Committee?

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Galvis, Virgilio, Alejandro Tello, Johana Otero, Andres A. Serrano, Luz María Gómez, Paul A. Camacho, and José Patricio López-Jaramillo. "Prevalence of refractive errors in Colombia: MIOPUR study." British Journal of Ophthalmology 102, no. 10 (June 26, 2018): 1320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312149.

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PurposeTo determine the prevalence of refractive errors in Colombia and its relations with demographic and socioeconomic variables.MethodsA cross-sectional study performed in 10 Colombian administrative districts (MIOPUR study), including children and adolescents from 8 to 17 years old and adults from 35 to 55 years old.Results3608 individuals (100% of whom agreed to participate) were included. Prevalence estimates of refractive errors were: hyperopia 32.3% (95% CI 30.7 to 33.8), myopia 12.9% (95% CI 11.8 to 14.0), mixed astigmatism 2.8% (95% CI 2.2 to 3.3) and anisometropia 1.9% (95% CI 1.4 to 2.3). Prevalence of myopia in 15-year-old adolescents was 14.7%. In children and adolescents, the hyperopia prevalence decreased while myopia prevalence increased with age. In the adults group, the tendency was the contrary. Myopia prevalence reached 15.7% in urban and 9.2% in rural areas, and for hyperopia, the rates were 29.4% in urban and 36.1% in rural areas. In the multivariate analysis, living in an urban area significantly increased the risk of having myopia (OR: 1.45 (1.12 to 1.89); p<0.01). There were significant regional differences among diverse zones of the country.ConclusionsPrevalence estimates of myopia and hyperopia in Colombia were found to be at an intermediate point compared with global data. In adults, myopia frequency was lower than in European and Asian studies. The prevalence of myopia increased during childhood and adolescence and was higher in middle-aged adults (35–39 years) than in older adults. On the other hand, hyperopia rates increased with age, findings that suggest a cohort effect. In the multivariate analysis, residence in urban areas and living in a medium-high socioeconomic status were linked to myopia.

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Mora-García, Gustavo José, Doris Gómez-Camargo, Enrique Mazenett, Ángelo Alario, Álvaro Fortich, and Claudio Gómez-Alegría. "Anthropometric parameters’ cut-off points and predictive value for metabolic syndrome in women from Cartagena, Colombia." Salud Pública de México 56, no. 2 (March 5, 2014): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/spm.v56i2.7330.

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Objective. To estimate anthropometric parameters’ (APs) cut-off points and association for metabolic syndrome (MetS). Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a total of 434 adult women from Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, in 2012. APs measured were waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-height ratio (WHtR). Cut-off points were estimated by a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Logistic regression was applied to estimate possible associations. Results. Cut-off points for WC, BMI, BAI, WHR and WHtR were 85 cm, 28 kg/m2, 39%, 0.80 and 56, respectively. Only WHtR was associated to MetS (OR=1.11, CI95% [1.07-1.15]). Conclusion. WC cut-off point was higher than those proposed for Latin-American women by the Joint Interim Statement (JIS). WHtR had a low predictive value for MetS.

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Neumark, Yehuda, Catalina Lopez-Quintero, and Georgiy Bobashev. "Drug use opportunities as opportunities for drug use prevention: Bogotá, Colombia a case in point." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 122, no. 1-2 (April 2012): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.022.

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Montejo Rodriguez, Andres Mateo, Karen Daniela Fino Ortiz, and Astrid Ramírez Valencia. "Language classroom practices applied by native speaker teachers in a plurilingual elementary classroom." Revista Boletín Redipe 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36260/rbr.v10i2.1200.

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The need for learning a foreign language in this globalized world has become an essential skill, to the point English is not sufficient, but other foreign languages are required. Colombia has been reshaping its educational curriculum to achieve these foreign language skills. Though there are suggested curriculums for English, the lack of concrete methodologies for Chinese teaching leads to unsuccessful teaching practices. This exploratory case study will observe the first grade Mandarin class in a Colombian private institution whose teachers are native and non-native. There are obstacles in the native teacher's performance since she lacks knowledge of Colombian culture and strategies to implement; she teaches Mandarin through English and lacks a communicative bridge because she does not speak Spanish. This research focuses on those practices to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the class development performed by Mandarin native speaker teachers and the implications and effect those practices have in first graders' learning processes.

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JOHNSON, N., A. HITCHMAN, D. PHAN, and L. SMITH. "Self-exciting point process models for political conflict forecasting." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 29, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 685–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679251700033x.

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In 2008, the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency commissioned a database known as the Integrated Crisis Early Warning System to serve as the foundation for models capable of detecting and predicting increases in political conflict worldwide. Such models, by signalling expected increases in political conflict, would help inform and prepare policymakers to react accordingly to conflict proliferation both domestically and internationally. Using data from the Integrated Crisis Early Warning System, we construct and test a self-exciting point process, or Hawkes process, model to describe and predict amounts of domestic, political conflict; we focus on Colombia and Venezuela as examples for this model. By comparing the accuracy of fitted models to the observed data, we find that we are able to closely describe occurrences of conflict in each country. Thus, using this model can allow policymakers to anticipate relative increases in the amount of domestic political conflict following major events.

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Balaguera-Reina, Sergio A., Juan F. Moncada-Jimenez, Carlos F. Prada-Quiroga, Felipe Hernandez-Gonzalez, Nacor W. Bolaños-Cubillos, Nidia Farfán-Ardila, Lina M. Garcia-Calderón, and Llewellyn D. Densmore. "Tracking a voyager: mitochondrial DNA analyses reveal mainland-to-island dispersal of an American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) across the Caribbean." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 3 (September 12, 2020): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa121.

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Abstract Conservation efforts have allowed American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) populations to recover to the point that dispersal movements are beginning to be documented. The environmental authority of San Andres Island in Colombia reported, for the first time, the arrival of two C. acutus from unknown localities in 2012 and 2018. The former was sacrificed, and the latter was captured and kept in captivity to determining its potential origin. We used wildlife forensics to establish the origin of the animal that arrived in 2018 based on two mitochondrial genes (COI and Cytb). Additionally, five other samples from Tayrona National Natural Park (TNNP), and Salamanca Island Road Park (SIRP) were sequenced for molecular attribution of these populations to the currently described lineages. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses showed that the American crocodile found in San Andrés belongs to a continental evolutionary lineage endemic to Colombia, showing also a strong genetic similarity with animals from SIRP. Thus, the most likely origin for this individual was not the nearest continental area but somewhere around the central Colombian Caribbean, located ~700 km from the island. We discuss the implication of our findings in the systematics and conservation of the species and the potential of mitochondrial DNA analysis to identify such migrants.

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Manukhin, A. A. "Promoting Internal Armed Conﬂict Resolution and Peacebuilding: The Case of the U.S.-Colombia Relations (Part II)." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 1 (November 19, 2020): 150–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-1-150-196.

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In the present paper the author continues the study of the challenges faced by Colombia in its struggle to overcome the internal armed conﬂict, as well as the role of the United States in this process. By 2010 the confrontation between the government forces and the armed rebels had reached a breaking point opening the way to a successful conclusion of the Government of Colombia–FARC peace negotiations and the beginning of the country’s post-conﬂict reconstruction. The paper thoroughly examines the negotiations process, identiﬁes the key disputed issues and the measures outlined for their resolution, including mechanisms of transitional justice, agrarian reform, programmes for demobilization and reintegration of the former combatants. The results of these talks laid the foundation for the historic Peace Accord of September 26, 2016. However, against all hopes and expectations, the agreement failed to bring an end to the long-standing internal conﬂict in Colombia. The failure of the national referendum, which was designed to approve the agreement, not only revealed deep divisions in the society, but forced the government to make serious concessions to the opponents of the negotiations with FARC. The author emphasizes the growing erosion of the hard-won consensus in the Colombian society, accompanied by the consolidation of the right-wing conservative camp. In this context the role of external sponsors of the peaceful agreement in general and the United States in particular becomes crucial. The paper presents a comparative analysis of approaches to providing aid to Colombia demonstrated by the administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The author concludes that despite substantial diﬀerences, for both administrations the ultimate objective was national security of the United States. That was clearly demonstrated by the fact that the US foreign aid to Colombia focused primarily on the ﬁght against the illegal production of and traﬃcking in drugs, while the issues of peacebuilding and post-conﬂict reconstruction received less attention. Assessing Colombia’s experience in overcoming the internal conﬂict and the role of the United States in that process, the author concludes that although prioritization of security issues may have a considerable organizing potential, at the same time it may be detrimental to the process of post-conﬂict reconstruction in general.

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Montealegre Quijano, José Leonardo, and Julián Alonso Garzón Quiroga. "Puntos críticos de accidentes de tránsito en Ibagué, Colombia." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 36, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v36i2.2035.

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En 2018, la Organización Mundial de la Salud informó que los accidentes de tránsito se han convertido en un problema de salud pública, con muertes anuales estimadas en 1.2 millones de personas. En Colombia, constituyen la segunda causa de muerte en la población, sólo después de las derivadas de enfermedades crónicas. En la ciudad de Ibagué, seis de cada 100 000 habitantes mueren en las calles al año. En este trabajo estudiamos los puntos críticos de accidentabilidad de la ciudad, y encontramos como las causas principales las fallas mecánicas, así como las imprudencias y el estado de embriaguez de los conductores; asimismo, la inapropiada toma de decisiones y el desconocimiento de la forma de acceder a una glorieta (round point) se constituyen en un común denominador de accidentalidad.

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Sanchez-Hernandez, María Isabel, Elena Dorado-Mayorga, Guillermo Alberto Pereira-Alvarez, Ubeimar Osorio-Atehortua, Sandra Malavera-Pineda, and Jaime Alberto Montoya-Quintero. "Sustainable entrepreneurship and new business models: a market research in Colombia." Revista de Administração da UFSM 13, no. 4 (October 24, 2020): 875–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465955278.

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Purpose –The aim of this work is to approach the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship from a theoretical and a practical point of view, paying attention to new business models that are emerging around the world for social innovation. In this context, we focus the attention on the business model called one-for-one and we wonder whether the Colombian market should be a good option for developing this business model.Design/methodology/approach – To test the viability of the business model one-for-one we conducted a market research in March 2019, with a sample of students from two higher education institutions in the city of Medellin (Colombia). Findings – The results of the empirical research show the positive moral attitude of Colombian to solve social problems, but also the market immaturity because of the relative low purchase intentions found in Colombian potential consumers. Research limitations/implications– Not exempt from criticism, this work defends innovative business models standing for a business driven concept of sustainability which focusses on increasing both economic as well as social value.Practical implications – The model of donating one item to someone in need, for each item purchased, could be considered in the future a viable option for developing business models in Colombia.Social implications – Nowadays and more than never before, society requires that the actions of companies are aimed at contributing to social development and environmental sustainability, as well as economic viability. Companies oriented towards present and future sustainability in the decision making of purchase or investment will be an important source of competitive advantages in the near future.Originality/value – Although the study of sustainable entrepreneurship is still in very early stages in Latin American countries, this work shed light on the topic analyzing the business model one-for-one as a potential mean to foster a transition towards more sustainable societies.

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Krause, Mariane, Henry Daniel Espinosa‐Duque, Alemka Tomicic, Ana Catalina Córdoba, and Daniel Vásquez. "Psychotherapy for depression from the point of view of economically disadvantaged individuals in Chile and Colombia." Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 18, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/capr.12171.

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Patel-Campillo, Anouk. "Forging the Neoliberal Competitiveness Agenda: Planning Policy and Practice in the Dutch and Colombian Cut-Flower Commodity Chains." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43, no. 11 (November 2011): 2516–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a43498.

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This paper analyzes comparatively the role of planning policy and practice in the diffusion of the neoliberal competitiveness agenda to improve the position of the Dutch and Colombian cut-flower agroindustries in world markets. The Netherlands seeks to meet national competitive aims by deploying an infrastructure approach to planning, coupled with a framing concept to generate cross-scale coordination. The Colombian government seeks to diffuse the competitiveness agenda through the formation of institutional arrangements at the national scale and processes of decentralization, yet it meets resistance from municipal governments through their land-use plans. The findings indicate that national governments rely on context-specific mechanisms and endogenous planning tools to diffuse the competitiveness agenda across scales. While this partially accounts for variation in its diffusion, the findings point to the significance of the social organization of commodity chains in the uptake of the competitiveness agenda subnationally. The analysis draws from field research in the Netherlands and Colombia, and the critical examination of planning policy and practice in both sites.

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Rincón-Valenzuela, David A., and Ciro Gómez-Ardila. "Cost-benefit relationship of keeping dantrolene stocks from the point of view of healthcare institutions." Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology 48, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cj9.0000000000000147.

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Introduction: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an acute syndrome triggered by certain anesthetic medications. Dantrolene is the only specific treatment for MH crises. Without treatment, lethality may be as high as 80%. In Colombia, it is not mandatory to keep dantrolene supplies in stock. Objective: To establish the cost-benefit ratio, from the perspective of healthcare institutions, of keeping dantrolene supplies in stock in the operating theater. Methods: Using a decision tree, a Monte Carlo simulation was run with 10,000 scenarios to determine the median annual cost of keeping full or partial stocks (36 or 12 vials x 20 mg, respectively) of dantrolene. For the option of not keeping supplies in stock, the cost threshold was calculated where the expected value of both alternatives of the decision tree is equalized. Indifference curves were constructed for complete and partial supplies. Results: The median annual cost was estimated at 6.6 million Colombian pesos (COP) for full dantrolene supplies, and at COP 2.2 million for partial supplies. The median economic consequence threshold for 1 death due to the unavailability of dantrolene was estimated at COP 18.5 million for full supplies, and at COP 57.0 million for partial supplies. Conclusion: If, as a result of the unavailability of dantrolene, the economic consequences of a death due to MH exceed the threshold of COP 57.0 or COP 18.5 million, the purchase of full or partial stocks, respectively, is justified.

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Llano Serna, Marcelo Alejandro, Márcio Muniz-de Farias, and Hernán Eduardo Martínez-Carvajal. "Numerical modelling of Alto Verde landslide using the material point method." DYNA 82, no. 194 (December 21, 2015): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n194.48179.

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A huge landslide took place at Alto Verde residential complex at the end of 2008 in the city of Medellin, Colombia, claiming the lives of twelve people and destroying six houses. Landslides are characterized by large deformations in the soil mass. This study used the material point method (MPM), a particle-based method that takes advantage of a double Lagrangian-Eulerian discretization. This approach provides a robust framework that enables the numerical simulation of large strains, without mesh entanglement issues that are common with the Finite Element Method. The numerical model proposed here assumes simplifications of the geotechnical, morphological and structural buildings conditions on the site. Nevertheless, the final numerical deformed configuration described the geometric features observed in the field successfully. The result allows applications such as the design of barriers, risk assessment or determination of a minimum safe distance for a building from a slope susceptible to landslides.

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López Pino, Carmen Marina. "Effectiveness of the law 1010/2006 on harassment in the workplace in Colombia, interpreted from a sociological point of view." Revista de Derecho Uninorte, no. 44 (June 15, 2015): 111–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/dere.44.7171.

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Hurtado Lozano, Monica, Catherine María Pereira Villa, and Edgar Villa Pérez. "Oil palm development and forced displacement in Colombia: causal or spurious?" Cuadernos de Economía 36, no. 71 (July 1, 2017): 441–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n71.52554.

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This article analyses whether forced displacement in the Magdalena Department (Colombia) between 2000-2010 was caused not only by the intensity of the armed conflict but also by the growth of the palm agribusiness. We find that a seven percentage point increase in the area used to produce palm per municipality caused an increase of a third of a standard deviation in the rate of forced displacement. These calculations were made on average and after controlling for armed conflict. We rationalize this finding by the fact that the development of the palm oil agribusiness caused displacement due to its land-intensive technology, increasing international prices combined with government subsidies, and the process was aided by paramilitary activities in the region.

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Campo-Arias, Adalberto, Luis Alfonso Díaz-Martínez, German Eduardo, Rueda Jaimes, Laura Del Pilar Cadena, and Nubia Leonor Hernández. "VALIDATION OF ZUNG'S SELF-RATING DEPRESSION SCALE AMONG THE COLOMBIAN GENERAL POPULATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.1.87.

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This study aimed to validate Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS; 1965) among Colombian people living in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Although used frequently in Colombian investigations to identify depressive disorders, the SDS had not been validated formally among the general Colombian population. Participants were a random sample of people dwelling in an urban area, mean age was 37.4 years (SD 12.7). Participants filled out the SDS, and were then interviewed by psychiatrists using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1999) to diagnosis a major depressive episode (MDE) during the last month. Forty was taken as a cut-off point. SDS scores ranged from 21 to 62 (M 36.5, SD 9.1). Using the SDS, 95 (35.7%) persons reported clinically meaningful depressive symptoms. The SCID-I interview identified 44 (16.5%) persons with MDE. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.832. The sensitivity was 88.6% (95%CI 74.6–95.7), the specificity 74.8% (95%CI 68.4–80.2), the positive predictive value 41.1% (95%CI 31.2–51.6), the negative predict value 97.1% (95%CI 92.9–98.9), half Cohen's kappa coefficient 0.433 (95%CI 0.327–0.539), and area under ROC curve 0.901 (95%CI 0.857–0.945). The SDS was found to be a useful tool for screening MDE among the general community.

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Martín-Prieto, Jose A., Francesc X. Roig-Munar, Guillem X. Pons, Antoni Rodríguez-Perea, Manuel Alvarado, and Miquel Mir-Gual. "Description of erosion processes in Spratt Bight (San Andrés Island, Colombia) using Sequential End Point Rates (EPR)." Journal of Coastal Research 65 (January 2, 2013): 997–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si65-169.1.

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Park, Taeyoung, Robert T. Krafty, and Alvaro I. Sánchez. "Bayesian semi-parametric analysis of Poisson change-point regression models: application to policy-making in Cali, Colombia." Journal of Applied Statistics 39, no. 10 (October 2012): 2285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2012.709227.

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Rodriguez-Laiton, M. I., H. A. León-Vega, and E. Upegui. "ANALYSIS ON 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MONUMENT TO HEROES AS A TOOL FOR A CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH IN THE PATRIMONIZATION AND EVALUATION OF CULTURAL INTEREST GOODS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W17 (November 29, 2019): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w17-279-2019.

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Abstract. The following article describes the implementation of a methodology for the structural reconstruction of the Heroes monument and the statue on the north side of Simon Bolivar Ecuestre located between the intersection of the north highway and 80th Street in Bogota (Colombia) from the acquisition of SFM photogrammetry methods and images, using low-cost sensors for this process and making use of drones from the obtaining of frames of a video to for areas with lower altimetric reach, and thereby creating an analysis in their accuracy, sizing and quality within the framework of appropriation and documentation of the cultural assets in the public space of the city Bogotá taking this data as a starting point for future developments in the process of 3D reconstructions Colombia.

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ROZEMA, RALPH. "Urban DDR-processes: paramilitaries and criminal networks in Medellín, Colombia." Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no. 3 (July 17, 2008): 423–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x08004392.

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AbstractWhile most scientific studies on disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of former combatants focus on the countryside, the case of the paramilitaries in Medellín, Colombia, provides an exceptional opportunity to study such a process in a metropolitan environment. Analysis reveals how an urban DDR-process may lead to highly contradictory results: a strong decrease in the number of homicides and at the same time a consolidation of networks of criminal groups. Extralegal combatants, especially in an urban environment, are able to form extensive networks with criminal organisations. Although DDR-approaches warn of the risk that ex-combatants may resort to violence, scholars tend to disregard existing networks of groups of combatants and powerful criminal organisations in their analyses. Taking theories on DDR as a starting point and reflecting on earlier local peace initiatives, this article analyses the process with paramilitaries in Medellín. It argues that although, the local peace process has led to some significant results, it has to date failed to address the wider network of criminal organisations within which former paramilitaries were and continue to be involved.

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Attanasio, Orazio, Arlen GuarÍn, Carlos Medina, and Costas Meghir. "Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia: A Long-Term Follow-Up." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20150554.

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We evaluate the long-term impacts of a randomized Colombian training and job placement program. Following the large short-term effects, we now find that the program effects persist, increasing formal participation and earnings contributions to social security and working in larger firms. By using a large administrative source we are also able to establish that the program improved both male and female labor market outcomes by a similar amount—a result that was not apparent with the smaller evaluation sample. The results point to a cost-effective approach to reducing informality and improving labor market outcomes in the long run. (JEL I28, J13, J24, J31, O15)

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Lizarazo, Cristhian, and Víctor Valencia. "Macroscopic Spatial Analysis of Pedestrian Crashes in Medellin, Colombia." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 31 (April 12, 2018): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758639.

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Pedestrians are regarded as vulnerable road users as they experience the most severe consequences in collisions with motor vehicles. Pedestrians were involved in fewer than 4% of all traffic accidents but represented more than 12% of traffic fatalities in Medellin, Colombia, from 2009 to 2016. A better understanding of the factors affecting the likelihood of such accidents is an area of interest across local and governmental agencies in Colombia. The paper provides a spatial lag model estimated using spatial two–stage least squares (S2SLS) method to analyze the impact of land use, socioeconomic factors, and transportation modes on vehicle–pedestrian collisions (“crashes”). Consideration is given to spatial spillovers, avoiding inconsistent and inefficient estimates. Commercial land use has a positive correlation with the number of crashes while residential land use correlates with fewer crashes. Analysis of transportation modes demonstrated a higher risk of crashes associated with public transit. In Medellin, buses stop at the passenger’s request instead of at regular bus stops, which increases the likelihood of pedestrians being involved in accidents. The effect of taxi as transportation mode, however, analysed using the number of taxi stands as proxy, is that the number of crashes is reduced. In this transportation mode, the entire trip is covered from point of origin to destination, reducing exposure to the risks of walking. These results might provide a better understanding of the dynamics involved in pedestrian crashes while validating the importance of including spatial econometrics for safety analysis.

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Macana, Yesid Alejandro Mariño, and Miguel Alonso Rodríguez Melo. "El punto de marchitez permanente (PMP) en melina (Gmelina arborea L. Roxb) para la Costa Caribe colombiana ¿una característica para la selección de clones?" Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 11, no. 2 (November 29, 2010): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol11_num2_art:201.

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Gmelina arborea (melina), especie forestal introducida en Colombia, se planta en áreas de la costa norte de Colombia caracterizado por presentar relativamente largas estaciones secas con baja disponibilidad de agua edáfica, principal limitante de su productividad. Con el fin de asignar los mejores materiales de siembra a ofertas ecofisiológicas específicas, se ha avanzado en su mejoramiento genético, confirmando si sus respuestas fisiológicas al estrés hídrico sirven como parámetro de selección de clones tolerantes a la baja disponibilidad de agua. Este estudio, desarrollado bajo condiciones de invernadero en el municipio de Zambrano (Bolivar), evaluó la respuesta de 27 clones de G. arborea a la tensión de humedad del suelo, utilizando la capacidad de campo (CC) y el punto de marchitez permanente (PMP) como criterio para la asignación de clones a sitios potenciales de plantación. Los 27 clones pertenecientes a la colección Pizano SA fueron sembrados en bloques cilíndricos de suelo no perturbado y extraídos de nueve puntos pertenecientes a diferentes unidades cartográficas de las series de suelos en la región de Zambrano. Se encontró que el PMP varió entre -4,8 y -9 bar. En 17 clones los valores del PMP se expresaron independientemente de las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los suelos, mientras que en los 10 restantes, los valores del PMP del suelo parecen asociarse con sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Para esta última respuesta el análisis de los componentes de varianza indica que en cinco de los diez clones presenta variación intraclonal atribuida a la topófisis. Los resultados confirman la posibilidad de emplear el PMP como criterio para la asignación de clones a sitios potenciales para plantaciones comerciales de melina. The permanent wilting point (PWP) in yemane (Gmelina arborea L. Roxb) for the Colombian Caribbean Coast ¿a feature for the selection of clones?Gmelina arborea (melina), an introduced tree species in Colombia, is planted in areas of the north coast of Colombia which is characterized by long, dry seasons with low soil water availability, limiting primary productivity. In order to assign the best planting materials to specific ecophysiological conditions, progress has been made in genetic improvement, confirming whether the physiological responses to water stress are an appropriate parameter to select clones tolerant to the low water availability. This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions in the municipality of Zambrano (Bolivar), and evaluated the response of 27 clones of G. Arborea to soil moisture tension, using field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) as criteria for the assignment of clones to potential planting sites. The 27 clones, from the Pizano SA collection, were planted in cylindrical blocks of undisturbed soil at nine points taken from different units of the soil series mapping of the Zambrano region. PWP was found to range between -4.8 and -9.0 bar. In 17 clones, PWP values were not affected by the physicochemical properties of the soil, while the remaining 10 PWP values appeared to be associated with these properties. Of these 10, an analysis of the variance components indicates that five of the ten clones show intraclonal variation attributed to topophysis. The results confirm the possibility of using PWP as a criterion for assigning clones to potential sites for the commercial cultivation of melina.

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della Volpe, Maddalena. "Entrepreneurial Innovation Management: the joint Italy–Colombia master’s degree." International Journal of Educational Management 34, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-03-2019-0107.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to acknowledge the value of joint educational entrepreneurship programs: universities impact on economic growth by building collaborative networks in order to encourage innovation through interdisciplinary training schemes. The case of the master’s degree in Entrepreneurial Innovation Management, set up jointly by the University of Salerno and the Universidad Católica de Pereira, is presented. Design/methodology/approach In order to conduct a competitive market analysis, the latest data on master’s degrees in economics and information technologies management have been collected by means of a scraping procedure in order to build a data set for analysis. The authors have considered the masters’ degrees offered in Bogotá, where most universities of Colombia are located. Findings The data point out that current master’s degree courses do not recognize the importance of interdisciplinary training, which is in great demand in the world of work: economics and computer science never run together and rarely do universities collaborate within a network to set up joint programs. Practical implications The entrepreneurial culture could yield economic and social benefits by training students for a dynamic, global and increasingly digital job market. The case study represents a first step in building a network, which could be extended to other countries in the future. Originality/value The originality of the study lies in the proposal of a joint Italy–Colombia master’s degree, which is set up within a higher education network and may prove useful in creating job opportunities in both countries involved. Moreover, the learning path balances two traditionally separated disciplinary fields: economics and computer engineering.

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Rodrigo-Ilarri, Javier, Camilo-A. Vargas-Terranova, María-Elena Rodrigo-Clavero, and Paula-A. Bustos-Castro. "Advances on the Implementation of Circular Economy Techniques in Rural Areas in Colombia under a Sustainable Development Framework." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 3816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073816.

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For the first time in the scientific literature, this research shows an analysis of the implementation of circular economy techniques under sustainable development framework in six municipalities with a depressed economy in Colombia. The analysis is based on solid waste data production at a local scale, the valuation of the waste for subsequent recycling, and the identification and quantification of the variables associated with the treatment and final disposal of waste, in accordance with the Colombian regulatory framework. Waste generation data are obtained considering three different scenarios, in which a comparison between the simulated values and those established in the management plans are compared. Important differences have been identified between the waste management programs of each municipality, specifically regarding the components of waste collection, transportation and disposal, participation of environmental reclaimers, and potential use of materials. These differences are fundamentally associated with the different administrative processes considered for each individual municipality. This research is a good starting point for the development of waste management models based on circular economy techniques, through the subsequent implementation of an office tool in depressed regions such as those studied.

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Rico, Angélica, and Angela Patricia Cárdenas. "Entrepreneurship teacher training in high school in Bogotá (Colombia)." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss10.2698.

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Entrepreneurship is an issue that has positioned itself as a key element for decision-making by governments, in their aspiration to generate new alternatives for progress. Its involvement in education has led international organizations to consider it within their action plans. In the case of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, its incorporation is in sight, especially in high school. Law 1014 of 2006 in Colombia supports the entrepreneurship class at schools in the country, intending to motivate processes that increase job opportunities and improve the quality of life of the society. However, according to this law, the responsibility of leading concrete actions in the classrooms falls on the teachers who, despite the lack of training in entrepreneurship at the university degrees, courageously assume this challenge. Considering this situation, it is important to generate a discussion from the teachers' point of view in the framework of a qualitative investigation, through interviews and documentary analysis, configures an inquiry resulting from the approach to their experiences, concerns and needs for a quality teacher training, that assumes entrepreneurship based on the demands of the new millennium. Hence, this reflection article is inclined to present the tasks aimed at the implementation of entrepreneurship in high school, from the experience of the teachers and instructors of the National Learning Service, through an approach to the reality of some schools in the city of Bogota. As a result, it was possible to demonstrate their efforts, learn about their implementation style and uncover this immense field to explore within the lack of training offered by universities and institutions in charge of providing training to teachers and those who are being prepared to become ones.

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Sánchez, Karen, Jorge Bacca, Laura Arévalo-Sánchez, Henry Arguello, and Sergio Castillo. "Classification of Cocoa Beans Based on their Level of Fermentation using Spectral Information." TecnoLógicas 24, no. 50 (January 30, 2021): e1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/22565337.1654.

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Cocoa beans are the most important raw material for the chocolate industry and an essential product for the economy of tropical countries such as Colombia. Their price mainly depends on their quality, which is determined by various aspects, such as good agricultural practices, their harvest point, and level of fermentation. The entities that regulate the international marketing of cocoa beans have been encouraging the development of new classification methods that, compared to current techniques, could save time, reduce waste, and increase the number of evaluated beans. In particular, hyperspectral images are a novel tool for food quality control. However, studies that have examined some quality parameters of cocoa using spectroscopy also involve the chemical evaluation of cocoa powder and liquor and the interior of the beans, which implies an invasive analysis, longer times, and waste generation. Therefore, in this paper, we assess the quality of cocoa beans based on their level of fermentation using a noninvasive system to obtain hyperspectral information, as well as fast image processing and spectral classification techniques. We obtained hyperspectral images of 90 cocoa beans in the range between 350 and 950 nm in an optical laboratory. In addition, each cocoa bean was classified according to its fermentation level: slightly fermented (SF), correctly fermented (CF), and highly fermented (HF). We compared this classification with that carried out by experts from the Colombia National Federation of Cocoa Growers and reported in the Colombian technical standard No. 1252. The results show that the level of fermentation of dried cocoa beans can be estimated using noninvasive hyperspectral image acquisition and processing techniques.

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Schmider, Nadja, Gaby Peyerl-Hoffmann, Marcos Restrepo, and Tomas Jelinek. "Short communication: Point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Colombia." Tropical Medicine and International Health 8, no. 2 (February 2003): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01005.x.

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ORTIZ PINEDA, CAROLINA, TAMIRAT TEFERA TEMESGEN, and LUCY J. ROBERTSON. "Multiplex Quantitative PCR Analysis of Strawberries from Bogotá, Colombia, for Contamination with Three Parasites." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 1679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-121.

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ABSTRACT Berries are potential vehicles for the transmission of parasites and have been implicated in illness outbreaks in various countries around the world, particularly in the United States. Although data on contamination of fresh produce with foodborne parasites have been obtained from various global regions, data from Colombia are lacking even though South American countries are major producers of fresh produce, which is both consumed nationally and exported. In this study, we used a previously published multiplex quantitative PCR approach to investigate contamination of strawberries purchased in either supermarkets or local markets in 20 localities. Strawberries were washed in a detergent solution after purchase, and the eluate was concentrated and sent to Norway for molecular analysis. Of the 120 strawberry samples analyzed, wash eluate from 6 samples (5%) tested positive for Toxoplasma gondii DNA, and 1 sample (0.83%) was positive for Cyclospora cayetanensis DNA. These results indicate that strawberries for sale in Bogotá, Colombia, may be contaminated with T. gondii and C. cayetanensis and, therefore, could act as transmission vehicles for these parasites. These data also indicate that cat and human fecal contamination of the strawberries has occurred at some point in their production, transportation, or storage. These findings highlight the need for a hazard analysis critical control point investigation of the strawberry production chain and implementation of measures to reduce the risk of strawberry contamination, thereby minimizing the risk of transmission of parasitic infection via these fruits, which are usually consumed raw. HIGHLIGHTS

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Chesnokova, Olga Stanislavovna, and Marija Radović. "Demonyms in the Pacific Alliance countries: morphological and semantic variation." Russian Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 1017–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-4-1017-1048.

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The existing research on onomastics does not sufficiently reflect upon the relation between cultural codes and demonyms, having in mind that demonyms universally represent linguistic devices for expressing territorial and regional identity. The article focuses on the complex polyparadigmal analysis of the system of demonyms related to the macrotoponymy of the four founding countries of the Pacific Alliance: Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Each of the four founding countries of the Pacific Alliance is characterised by the uniqueness of its culture, historical development, the specifics of the national variant of Spanish that reflects the indigenous influence of substrates and the collective values of the society. The research tasks of the article consist in systemising the morphological devices and the cultural layers of demonyms connected with the administrative division of given countries, detecting the variation parameters, comparing them from the linguacultural point of view. The main material of the research have been 100 official demonyms of Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, and 31 variative denominations. The materials for the research are based on the official websites of the administrative units of the four countries, dictionaries data, diverse types of texts and discourse, as well as the notes of the informants speech. The research uses such methods as the continuous sampling method based on Internet sources, the analysis of dictionary definitions, the method of semantic interpretation, the morphological analysis, combined with interviews with informants whose interaction is made possible by the complex polyparadigmal analysis of the material. The authors have determined a series of lexemes that function as demonyms, analysed their form and content from the linguistic point of view. It has been revealed that the main tendency in the formation of suppletive demonyms for macrotoponyms are the terrain features and the assessment of ethnic background or mentality. The analysed demonyms manifest the relations of intralingual, intervariant homonymy, as well as hypo-hyperonymic relations. The complex analysis of the material has provided an opportunity to represent the demonym systems of Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru as multidimensional and at the same time inherent to the unified functional continuum of entity in Spanish-speaking countries. The research results have led to the conclusion that demonyms act as independent notions and generators of new meanings and allusions. It is recommended to use transliteration when translating suppletive demonyms, while their decoding amplifies the linguacultural competence of Spanish-language students and harmonises the intercultural dialogue with the native speakers of Chilean, Colombian, Mexican and Peruvian national variants of Spanish in the areas of education and business.

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Taylor, Steven L. "Response to Desmond Arias's Review of Voting Amid Violence: Electoral Democracy in Colombia." Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 4 (December 2011): 891–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592711003902.

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The fundamental point of contention between the works under review here (in my view) is whether or not the presence of systematic violence is primarily a feature or a bug of the given political system being studied. I do not mean this distinction in a normative sense, but rather an analytical one. In other words, should we view endemic political violence in ostensibly democratic states to be deviations from appropriate democratic behavior (i.e., a bug or flaw in a given system), or is it the case that the violence in question should be understood as an inherent part of the system, perhaps even if it is still to be considered a democracy (i.e., a feature or constituent element thereof)?

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Journal articles on the topic 'Colombia Point'

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