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Journal articles on the topic 'Colon (Anatomy)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Galuppo, Larry D., Jack R. Snyder, and John R. Pascoe. "Laparoscopic anatomy of the equine abdomen." American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 518–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.04.518.

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Abstract Laparoscopy was performed on 6 horses (2 mares, 2 geldings, 2 stallions) to determine the normal laparoscopic anatomy of the equine abdomen. After withholding feed for 36 hours, horses were examined from the left and right paralumbar fossae, and the visceral anatomic structures were recorded by videotape and photography. One mare developed emphysema located subcutaneously at the primary laparoscopic portal; otherwise, there were no complications. The anatomic structures of diagnostic importance that were observed in the left half of the abdomen were the hepatic duct; left lateral and quadrate lobes of the liver; stomach; spleen; left kidney with the associated nephrosplenic ligament; segments of jejunum, descending colon, and ascending colon; left side of the male and female reproductive tracts; urinary bladder; vaginal ring; and mesorchium. Important structures observed in the right side of the abdomen were portions of the common hepatic duct; left lateral, quadrate, and right lobes of the liver; caudate process of the liver; stomach; duodenum; right dorsal colon, epiploic foramen; omental bursa; right kidney; base of the cecum; segments of jejunum, descending colon, and ascending colon; urinary bladder; right half of the male and female reproductive tracts; and rectum.

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2

Galuppo, Larry D., Jack R. Snyder, John R. Pascoe, Susan M. Stover, and Richard Morgan. "Laparoscopic anatomy of the abdomen in dorsally recumbent horses." American Journal of Veterinary Research 57, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1996.57.06.923.

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Abstract Objectives To provide an accurate and detailed description of the laparoscopic anatomy of the abdomen of horses positioned in dorsal recumbency and to compare those observations with laparoscopic anatomy of standing horses. The effects of laparoscopy and positional changes on arterial blood pressure and blood gas values also were investigated. Design Descriptive anatomic study. Sample Population Laparoscopy was performed on 6 horses (2 mares, 2 geldings, and 2 stallions) to record the normal laparoscopic anatomy of the abdomen in dorsal recumbency. Procedure Feed was withheld from all horses for 36 hours. Horses, under general anesthesia, were examined in horizontal and inclined positions (head-up and head-down). Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was used, arterial blood pressure was continuously monitored, and samples for arterial blood gas measurements were taken at intervals. Results The main structures of diagnostic relevance observed in the caudal region of the abdomen were the urinary bladder, mesorchium and ductus deferens (left and right), left and right vaginal rings, insertion of the pre-pubic tendon, random segments of jejunum and descending colon, pelvic flexure of the ascending colon, body of the cecum, and cecocolic fold. The main structures observed in the cranial region of the abdomen were ventral surface of the diaphragm, falciform ligament and round ligaments of the liver, ventral portion of the left lateral, left medial, quadrate, and right lateral lobes of the liver, spleen, right and left ventral colons, sternal flexure of the ascending colon, apex of the cecum, and stomach. Conclusions Alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory function in response to pneumoperitoneum and various positional changes indicated the need for continuous and throrough anesthetic monitoring and support. Comparison of anatomic observations made in dorsally recumbent, inclined horses with those reported for standing horses should enable practitioners to make patient positioning decisions that best suit access to specific visceral structures. Development of special instrumentation for manipulation of the viscera in horses, particularly the intestinal tract, would increase the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities of laparoscopy during dorsal recumbency. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:923–931)

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3

Pomerri, F., G. Gasparini, A. Martin, W. Fries, E. Pagiaro, and S. Merigliano. "Microradiographic Anatomy of the Explanted Rat Colon." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 2 (March 1995): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519503600221.

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The colon of 32 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats was studied microradiographically. The colonic arterial distribution of 18 rats was examined after injecting barium sulfate into the isolated aorta. The mucosal surface in 9 rats was studied using double-contrast technique after colon explantation. In 5 animals arterial and mucosal studies were carried out simultaneously. The radiographic thickness of the colonic wall was measured using a comparative microscope. The specimens were observed, photographed and examined histologically. Unlike the cecum and distal colon which, when insufflated, do not have mucosal folds, the proximal colon exhibits folds in an oblique direction corresponding to that of the arteries, and the colonic wall in this region is thicker. Comparison between arterial and mucosal microradiographic anatomy and wall thickness enables the proposition of a simple nontopographic division of the rat colon into cecum, proximal colon and distal colon.

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4

Madiba, T. E., M. R. Haffajee, and M. H. Sikhosana. "Radiological anatomy of the sigmoid colon." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 30, no. 5 (April 2, 2008): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-008-0344-3.

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5

Yamaguchi, Shigeki, Hiroya Kuroyanagi, Jeffrey W. Milsom, Richard Sim, and Hiroshi Shimada. "Venous Anatomy of the Right Colon." Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 45, no. 10 (October 2002): 1337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10350-004-6422-7.

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6

Shatari, T., M. Fujita, K. Nozawa, K. Haku, M. Niimi, Y. Ikeda, S. Kann, and S. Kodaira. "Vascular anatomy for right colon lymphadenectomy." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-003-0100-7.

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7

Pomerri, F., G. Gasparini, A. Martin, W. Fries, E. Pagiaro, and S. Merigliano. "Microradiographic Anatomy of the Explanted Rat Colon." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 2 (March 1, 1995): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859509173381.

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8

Pomerri, F., G. Gasparini, A. Martin, W. Fries, E. Pagiaro, and S. Merigliano. "Microradiographic Anatomy of the Explanted Rat Colon." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 2 (January 1995): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859509173381.

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9

Ellis, Harold. "Anatomy of the caecum, appendix and colon." Surgery (Oxford) 29, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2010.10.008.

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10

Ellis, Harold, and Vishy Mahadevan. "Anatomy of the caecum, appendix and colon." Surgery (Oxford) 32, no. 4 (April 2014): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2014.02.001.

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11

Mahadevan, Vishy. "Anatomy of the caecum, appendix and colon." Surgery (Oxford) 35, no. 3 (March 2017): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.01.014.

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12

Mahadevan, Vishy. "Anatomy of the caecum, appendix and colon." Surgery (Oxford) 38, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2019.10.017.

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13

Wiersema, Maurits J., and Robert H. Hawes. "Normal Colorectal Anatomy and Benign Colon Lesions." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 2, no. 4 (October 1992): 715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1052-5157(18)30615-9.

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14

Lozinskiy, A. S., and S. V. Chemezov. "Topographic anatomy of the ascending and descending colons of children and adolescents according to intravital imaging." Сибирский научный медицинский журнал 43, no. 1 (February 23, 2023): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/ssmj20230111.

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The aim of the study was to establish the age and sex patterns of the topography of the ascending and descending colons of children and adolescents according to intravital imaging data. Material and methods. Computed tomograms of the abdomen of 88 children and adolescents without visible abdominal organs pathology were analyzed. The surveyedwere divided into 4 age groups: periods of early, first and second childhood, adolescence. The study was performed on 16-slice computed tomographs with the determination of the distances from the ascending and descending colon to the surface of the body, neighboring organs and anatomical structures of the abdomen, skeletotopia. The data obtained were subjected to variation-statistical processing with the determination of the median, the values of the 25th and 75th percentiles and the significance of differences according to the Mann – Whitney U test. Results and discussion. The article presents the topographic and anatomical characteristics of the ascending and descending colons of children and adolescents and establishes the patterns of change, taking into account the sex and age of the examined. Conclusions. A significant increase in the distance from the ascending colon to the right ureter, jejunum and ileum, and quadratus lumborum was determined. The distance from the body surface to the ascending colon increased with age along all the studied lines. The proximal part of the ascending colon among all those examined was mostly defined from the intervertebral disc LIV–LV to the intervertebral disc LV–SI, and the hepatic flexure of the colon was defined at the level from LI to the intervertebral disc LII–LIII. A significant increase in the distance from the descending colon to the left ureter, pancreas and quadratus lumborum was found. The distance from the body surface to the descending colon increased with age along the anterior median, left middle axillary, and left scapular lines. The splenic flexure of the colon was located at the level from LI to the intervertebral disc LI–LII, and the distal part of the descending colon was located at the level from LIV to the intervertebral disc LIV–LV.

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15

Fernando, J., J. D. Escolar, F. M. Sánchez, V. E. García, E. Rubio, M. A. Sánchez, M. J. Luesma, I. Cantarero, and J. Usón. "Influence of sex, age and body mass index on healthy colon anatomy." ACTUALIDAD MEDICA 107, no. 107(815) (2022): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15568/am.2022.815.or02.

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Objective: This study analyzes the influence of sex, age and body mass index on the anatomy of the colon as determined by three-dimensional reconstructions from computed tomography scans. Methods: 130 patients were included, each of whom underwent a three-dimensional reconstruction of the colon from abdominal CT scans without obvious signs of pathology. Information corresponding to sex, age and body mass index was obtained from each patient, and morphometric data obtained from measurements taken at the pubic symphysis, superior and inferior mesenteric artery, hepatic angle, splenic angle, ileocecal junction and sigmoid-descending colon junction were considered. Results: Morphological analysis showed an important anatomical variability of the reconstructed colon. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the measurements obtained when grouping subjects by sex, age (under 65 years vs over 65 years) and body mass index (normopese, overweight and obese). Conclusions: Colon anatomical variations can be studied with three-dimensional reconstructions from CT scans, indicating that sex, age and body mass index have a significant influence on such variability.

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16

TÜRK, Can. "In silico transcriptomic analysis of ascending colon cancer unearths known and novel genes and gene sets regard to characteristic features of colon cancer." Anatomy 15, no. 1 (2021): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/ana.21.852318.

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Objectives: Colon cancer emerges as a serious health problem in both men and women. Cancers in the colon have different genotypes and phenotypes according to the anatomical region. Tumors in ascending colon are usually diagnosed later, but it is more malignant than the descending and transverse colon, and the survival rates of patients are lower than other regions. The purpose of this study was to determine significantly high or low expressed genes in the ascending colon tumors by comparing all genome information obtained from cancer samples of ascending, transverse and descending colon. In concordance with all this information, another aim of the study was to identify the pathways to which the genes obtained from the colon in the large intestine and to determine their relationship with each other and to correlate them with the characteristics of cancer. Methods: Gene expression values for three subtypes of colon cancer as ascending, transverse, and descending were obtained from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) (GSE41258). Data included a total of 47 ascending, 18 transverse and 31 descending colon cancer patient samples. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine differentially expressed genes. Gene Cluster 3.0 was used in order to cluster the genes hierarchically. In addition to linear regression and hierarchical clustering, network analysis with multivariable genes was performed in Cytoscape application 3.8.2 using GeneMANIA. GSEA 4.1.0 (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) was performed to understand the different genes among the specified groups. Results: As a result of these analyses, it was determined that there were 85 genes with high expression and 139 genes with low expression in the ascending colon tumor samples. It has been shown that these genes can differentiate tumor samples in the ascending colon better than tumor samples in other colon regions. Conclusion: Our findings are important for understanding the genome of ascending colon tumors; if these findings are confirmed in vitro and clinically, it may have potential to be revealed that the identified genes also have biomarker properties for tumors in the ascending colon.

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17

Henson, Donald E., Matthew T. Hueman, Dechang Chen, Jigar A. Patel, Huan Wang, and Arnold M. Schwartz. "The anatomy of the TNM for colon cancer." Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 8, no. 1 (February 2017): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2016.11.10.

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18

Bowen, Kara B., Aaron P. Reimers, Sarah Luman, Joseph D. Kronz, William E. Fyffe, and Julia Thom Oxford. "Immunohistochemical Localization of Collagen Type XI α1 and α2 Chains in Human Colon Tissue." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 56, no. 3 (November 12, 2007): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.7a7310.2007.

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In previous studies, collagen XI mRNA has been detected in colon cancer, but its location in human colon tissue has not been determined. The heterotrimeric collagen XI consists of three a chains. While it is known that collagen XI plays a regulatory role in collagen fibril formation, its function in the colon is unknown. The characterization of normal human colon tissue will allow a better understanding of the variance of collagen XI in abnormal tissues. Grossly normal and malignant human colon tissue was obtained from pathology archives. Immunohistochemical staining with a 58K Golgi marker and α1(XI) and α2(XI) antisera was used to specifically locate their presence in normal colon tissue. A comparative bright field microscopic analysis showed the presence of collagen XI in human colon. The juxtanuclear, dot-like collagen XI staining in the Golgi apparatus of goblet cells in normal tissue paralleled the staining of the 58K Golgi marker. Ultra light microscopy verified these results. Staining was also confirmed in malignant colon tissue. This study is the first to show that collagen XI is present in the Golgi apparatus of normal human colon goblet cells and localizes collagen XI in both normal and malignant tissue. Although the function of collagen XI in the colon is unknown, our immunohistochemical characterization provides the foundation for future immunohistopathology studies of the colon.

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19

Murphy, Kelley J., Kandice R. Nielson, and Kurt H. Albertine. "Defining a Molecularly Normal Colon." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 49, no. 5 (May 2001): 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540104900516.

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20

Flor, Nicola, Andrea Martinelli, Giovanni Maconi, Salvatore Di Pietro, Noemi Perillo, and Luca Maggi. "CT colonography evaluation of the relationship between colon anatomy and diverticula." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1116 (December 1, 2020): 20200670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200670.

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Objectives: In this study, we aimed at investigating the relationship between diverticula and in vivo colonic features such as total colon length (TCL), using CTC. We also evaluated polyps, neoplastic lesions and the correlation among them. Methods: This retrospective study considered a series of patients who underwent CTC in our Hospital from 2010 to 2018. We evaluated TCL, the length of each colon segments and sigmoid colon diameter using dedicated software. We verified the presence of diverticula, polyps and neoplasm and measured the number of diverticula using a five-point class scale, evaluating the colonic segments involved by the disease and the number of diverticula for each segment. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the relationship between diverticula and the patients’ age, sigmoid colonic diameter and the length of each colonic segments. Results: The population finally included 467 patients, 177 males and 290 females (average age of 67 ± 12; range 45–96). The mean TCL was 169 ± 25 cm (range 115–241 cm). Out of the 467, 323 patients (69%) had at least one analyse. The patients with diverticula had a mean TCL significantly shorter than patients without diverticula (164 ± 22 vs 181 ± 27 cm; p = 0.001). Among the different variables, sigmoid colon length, sigmoid colon diameter and patient’s age were correlated with diverticula (p < 0.01). Otherwise there is no association among diverticula, polyps and neoplasm. Conclusions: The presence of colonic diverticula was significantly inversely correlated with TCL.The TCL was not significantly correlated with polyps and cancers. Advances in knowledge: The presence of colonic diverticula was significantly inversely correlated with total colon length, and in particular they significantly decreased with increasing colon length; our observation could contribute to the comprehension of diverticula pathogenesis.

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21

Boland, C. R., and J. A. Roberts. "Quantitation of lectin binding sites in human colon mucins by use of peanut and wheat germ agglutinins." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 10 (October 1988): 1305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.10.3138307.

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We have developed a novel method for quantitation of lectin binding sites in mucins derived from colon tissues. Binding of peanut agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin was measured in extracts from normal and malignant human colon epithelium. Binding of wheat germ agglutinin was used as an estimate of the total mucin present in the tissue extract. Peanut agglutinin was found to bind to mucin from normal colon, but at levels that may be difficult to appreciate by fluorescence microscopy. The yield of mucin extracted from colon cancer was more variable than that from normal colon, and the binding ratio of peanut agglutinin to wheat germ agglutinin was greater in extracts from tumors than in normal tissues. Our findings confirm the histological observation that peanut agglutinin binds more avidly to mucins from colon cancer than to those from normal colon. The finding of peanut agglutinin binding sites in mucins front normal colon was not expected. The quantitative technique may have detected small numbers of binding sites not readily appreciable by fluorescence microscopy. Alternatively, the chromatographic method for measuring lectin binding may be sufficiently sensitive to detect nonspecific binding of the lectin to terminal galactose residues other than the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen.

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22

Lee, Sang Jae, Sung Chan Park, Min Jung Kim, Dae Kyung Sohn, and Jae Hwan Oh. "Vascular Anatomy in Laparoscopic Colectomy for Right Colon Cancer." Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 59, no. 8 (August 2016): 718–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dcr.0000000000000636.

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23

BEARD, W. L., C. L. LOHSE, and J. T. ROBERTSON. "Vascular Anatomy of the Descending Colon of the Horse." Veterinary Surgery 18, no. 2 (March 1989): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.1989.tb01056.x.

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24

Desai, Krishna, and Rajesh Thirumaran. "S265 Anatomy: A Predictor of Survival in Colon Cancer." American Journal of Gastroenterology 118, no. 10S (October 2023): S198. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/01.ajg.0000950700.84421.01.

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25

Lozinski, A. S., and S. V. Chemezov. "Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Ascending and Descending Colon in Children and Adolescents." Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 12, no. 1 (April 14, 2023): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2023-12-1-44-49.

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The aim of the study was to specify the age and gender features of the ascending and descending colon location in children and adolescents based on computed tomography scans.Material and methods. The study included computed tomography scans of the abdomen of 75 children without visible pathology of the abdominal organs. All human subjects were divided into 4 age groups: the period of early childhood, the period of the first childhood, the period of the second childhood, adolescence. They were exposed to 16- slice computed tomography followed by analysis specifying distances between the ascending and descending colons and the median sagittal plane. The data obtained were subjected to variational statistical processing, the mean value (M), standard error (m) and the significance of differences according to Student's t-test were defined.Results. The results obtained demonstrated that the maximum values of the distances between the ascending colon and the median sagittal plane were determined at the LIII–LV levels in children of the 1st group, at the LV level in children of the 2nd group, at the LIV level in children of the 3rd group and at the LIII–LIV levels in children the 4th group. The minimum values of the studied parameters were found at the LI level in boys of the 1st group and girls of the 2nd group. The minimum value of the parameter was defined at the LII level in the rest of the examined children. The maximum distances between the descending colon and the median sagittal plane were defined at the LI–LII levels in children of the 1st and 2nd groups, and at the LII–LIII levels in children of the 3rd and 4th groups. The minimum value of the parameter was at the LV level in the examined children of groups 1 and 2, and at the LI and LV levels in the examined children of groups 3 and 4.Conclusion. A significant increase in the average distance from the median sagittal plane to the ascending and descending colons was detected in each group compared to the previous one. Significant differences in the distance from the median sagittal plane to the ascending and descending colons among girls and boys of the same age have not been revealed in any of the age groups.

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26

Jerbi, H., A. Rejeb, S. Erdoğan, and W. Pérez. "Anatomical and morphometric study of gastrointestinal tract of donkey (Equus africanus asinus)." Journal of Morphological Sciences 31, no. 01 (January 2014): 018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.ao055613.

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Abstract Introduction: We dissected and described the macroscopic anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract of the donkey. Materials and Methods: Eleven domestic donkeys of both sexes from Tunisia were used for this study. Results: Although statistically insignificant, length values of the gastrointestinal tract pertaining to the females were generally higher than those pertaining to the males. The ostium cardiacum was very narrow and its diameter was 4.42 ± 0.57 mm in the males and 6 ± 1.22 mm in females. In the first part of the duodenum, we found papilla duodeni major and papilla duodeni minor. Both papillae were located very near to each other with a distance less than 1 cm and very near to the ostium pyloricum. The cecum was divided in parts of basis, corpus and apex. Three flexures divided the ascending colon into four parts: right ventral, left ventral, left dorsal and right dorsal. The cecum, left ventral colon and right dorsal colon had more evident sacculations (Haustra ceci and coli) (Figure 5). Teniae numbers were constant in all animals as 4, 4, 4, 1, 3 and 2 for cecum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon and descending colon, respectively. Conclusion: Although the gross anatomy of the intestines of the donkey was similar to the domestic horse in general, we detected some differences between these equine species.

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Qureshi, Altamash M., Munira Momin, Sudha Rathod, Asish Dev, and Chaitrali Kute. "Colon targeted drug delivery system: A review on current approaches." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1, no. 04 (October 31, 2013): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.4.24.

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The colon is the terminal part of the GIT which has gained as a potential site for delivery of various novel therapeutic drugs i.e. peptides. Colon targeted drug delivery system (CDDS) is an Promising tool for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease, colon cancer, amobebiasis by both systemic and topical delivery of dug. This article review a detailed study about disease of colon, diagnosis of diseases of colon, anatomy of colon, factors affecting drug absorption and different approaches of colon including some current approaches like Pulsinicap system, Port system, Probiotic approach, Chronotropic system, Colal-pred system, Enterion capsule Technology Muliparticulate system and some past studies on colon drug delivery with evaluation method for site specific drug delivery to colon.

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Shi, Z. R., D. Tacha, and S. H. Itzkowitz. "Monoclonal antibody COL-1 reacts with restricted epitopes on carcinoembryonic antigen: an immunohistochemical study." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 9 (September 1994): 1215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.9.7520463.

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We used a monoclonal antibody, MAb COL-1, which recognized a restricted epitope on the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) molecule, to stain a wide variety of human normal and cancerous tissues. None of the 35 different types of normal tissue stained with COL-1. Of 59 types of benign and malignant tissues, COL-1 reacted with neoplasms of epithelial origin, especially the gastrointestinal tract, breast, lung, and bladder. In benign adenomatous colon polyps, villous adenomas were more frequently stained than tubular adenomas. Normal colon tissue from individuals without colon disease was unreactive, but very weak reactivity was noted in normal-appearing mucosa several centimeters remote from colon cancers. In contrast, another anti-CEA antibody with a less restricted epitope reacted frequently with both normal and remote colon mucosa. These results indicate that MAb COL-1 recognizes a restricted CEA epitope expressed only on pre-malignant or malignant cells and therefore may be a useful reagent for immunopathology.

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Sari, Gando, Triana Retno Putri, Samsun Samsun, Sriyatun Sriyatun, and Nursama Heru Apriantoro. "Loopography Examination For Colon Cancer Cases In Tangerang District Public Hospital." SANITAS: Jurnal Teknologi dan Seni Kesehatan 10, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36525/sanitas.2019.12.

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Loopography examination technique is a radiological examination technique in lower digestive tract (colon) by inserting a positive contrast media into the colon through an artificial hole in abdominal area. This examination aims to evaluate the anatomy and physiology function from distal section of colon to anus with ca colon clinical. This research was conducted in radiology installation of Tangerang District General Hospital during November to December 2018, using a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study approach and interview. The results found that loopography examination in Tangerang District General Hospital did not require special preparation. The kind of contrast media used is a water-soluble contrast media such as iohexol with a ratio of 1: 3 mixed with NaCl. This loopography contrast media can be inserted through the clean stoma or anal. The routine projections performed for loopography examination in Tangerang District General Hospital are Plan photos of Abdomen, Antero Posterior (AP) and Lateral. But sometimes Oblique projection is also used as an addition if is less obvious anatomy due to overlap/superposition.

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Coco, Danilo, and Silvana Leanza. "Vascular Anatomy and Variants: Knowledge during Laparoscopic Right Colectomy." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, F (June 28, 2022): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9818.

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From the review of the literature and clinical data, it is clear that the anatomy of the vessels of the right colon is remarkably variable, especially those of Henle branch. This justifies why the laparoscopic colectomy (LRC) plus complete mesocolon excision (CME) is often difficult to perform with the conversion rate due to the lesion of the vessels. The objective of this study was to retrospectively review the videos and literature of the right laparoscopic colectomy plus CME to highlight the greatest number of vascular variations of the right colon, to record them, and to highlight the methods by which cope with these variations during surgery.

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Da Fonseca Filho, Lucilo Bioni, Priscilla Virgínio De Albuquerque, Silvia Fernanda Alcântara, Júlio Cézar dos Santos Nascimento, Maria Eduarda Luiz Coelho De Miranda, Gilcifran Prestes De Andrade, Lourival Barro de Sousa Brito Pereira, Fernanda Barreto Afonso Menezes, Emanuela Polimeni De Mesquita, and Marleyne José Afonso Accioly Lins Amorim. "Macroscopic Description of Small and Large Intestine of the Sloth Bradypus variegatus." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.89376.

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Background: Sloths of the species Bradypus variegatus are mammals with peculiar habits, which feed mostly young leaves of ‘embaúba’ and occur broadly in Central and South America. This specie has the greatest occurrence in Brazilian Northeast, making it a biological model for several researches in the fields as anatomy, physiology, genetics, pathology, histology and ecology, which provide data to literature in order to benefit maintenance and preservation of these animals. This study aimed to describe unpublished data about small and large intestine anatomy of the sloth Bradypus variegatus, in order to collaborate for knowledge of its digestive processes.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform this present research, 10 corpses of specie Bradypus variegatus belonged to the acquis of Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA); Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), with 5 males and 5 females, the study was authorized by Animal Use and Experimentation Ethic Committee license (CEUA-UFRPE), nº 034/2015. All 10 animals used had natural death, were obtained through a donation of CETAS Tangará (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - Wildlife Screening Center), and located in the city of Recife. Animals were dissected at abdominal and pelvic portion, from a median sagittal incision, followed by lateral folding of skin, muscle and withdrawal of pubis portion for exposition and description of intestines, with analysis of syntopy and measurement of these organs. A relation was observed among external holes of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. A relation was still observed among intestines and stomach, liver, kidneys, bladder and abdominal cavity wall. Some animals had absence of sigmoid colon, ventral and dorsal descendent colon. Regarding measurement, small intestine ranged from 147.09 to 163.59 cm for males and 117.44 to 151.28 cm for females, while large intestine varied between 39.68 and 43.35 cm for males, and 33.19 and 44.47 cm for females. Urinary and reproductive systems had a same external hole at perineal portion for both gender. Whereas digestive system ended at anus as occur commonly among mammals.Discussion: Among specimens described, most had the same anatomic profile regarding the intestinal portions and syntopy performed over other abdominal cavity organs. A difference was observed on liver size, increment of 20% for females and males sampled, excluding animals that had absence of structure that were minority, once 40% of females had no ventral descending colon, 20% of males and females had no sigmoid colon, and 20% of males had no dorsal descending colon. However, some animals that had absence demonstrated increase of other adjacent structures, for example, male that had no dorsal descending colon developed the largest sigmoid colon observed among animals measured for portions of duodenum, ventral descending colon, ascending colon and dorsal descending colon. Regarding the measurement of small and large intestine, Bradypus variegatus had differences compared to other herbivores, what suggests that this fact is associated to a restricted diet, in which that animal is submitted. Because of literature shortage about digestive system of specie Bradypus variegatus and other species of wild animals in general, it still difficult to infer or plot more accurate affirmations about this subject.

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32

��, Lyudmila Shedoeva, ��, Tatyana Fadeeva, ��, Svetlana Lepekhova, ��, et al. "PECULIARITIES OF TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND CRYPT COMPARTMENT OF DISTAL COLON IN WISTAR RATS." Byulleten-Vostochno-Sibirskogo-nauchnogo-tsentra-Sibirskogo-otdeleniya-Rossiyskoy-Akademii-meditsinskih-nauk 1, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20615.

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We studied distal colon of Wistar rats including descending transverse colon and rectum. Feature of distal colon in the left flexure are short mesenterium growing in size towards rectum, common mesenterium with small intestine attached to it on the right side and ligament forming left flexure and attached to it on the left side. It was found that one of the variants of normal blood supply is the absence of a. mesenterica caudalis. In this case blood supply comes from arterial arch formed by a. rectalis media and a. colica media. Moreover, in the classic variant of blood supply we revealed a variation in the amount of straight branches that go to this segment of colon wall from left colic and superior rectal arteries (from 3 to 5 from each artery). The structural features of rectum is weak expression of rectal ampulla that causes the depletion of fecal masses immediately after passing into rectum. Crypt compartment of colon of Wistar rats consists by 80,6 % of obligatory flora represented with Bacteroides ssp., Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli (lac+), Grampositive rods. Facultative flora is represented with Proteus mirabilis, Peptococcus spp., Candida spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Citrobacter freundii and makes 19,4 %.

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Browning, J., and B. Gannon. "Mucosal Microvascular Organization of the Rat Colon." Cells Tissues Organs 126, no. 2 (1986): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146191.

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Koizumi, Masahiro, and Masaharu Horiguchi. "Accessory Arteries Supplying the Human Transverse Colon." Cells Tissues Organs 137, no. 3 (1990): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146827.

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35

Proniaiev, D. V., I. G. Biryuk, N. Ya Kozariichuk, A. A. Halahdina, and V. A. Goncharenko. "FETAL ANATOMY OF THE ILEOCECAL SEGMENT." Clinical anatomy and operative surgery 17, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/1727-0847.17.2.2018.11.

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A number of publications in modern Ukrainian and foreign publications deal with investiga-tions of the anatomy of the ileocecal segment. The data of the majority of authors are fragmentary and incomplete, and mostly deal with investigations of anatomy of a definite form of the ileocecal segment or embryonic formation of iliac papilla. The literature does not contain a common opinion concerning the dynamics of formation of the iliac papilla, variants of its anatomy, mechanism of its sphincter function. The study is conducted on 125 dead fetuses and complexes of organs of fetuses and human newborns without evident macroscopic signs of deviation from a normal structure of the digestive tract. Morphogenesis of the sphincter-valve mechanism of the ileocecal transition is of invagination type accompanied by temporary closing of the junction between the small and large intestines, and as a result, dilation of the terminal portion of the ileum, diameter of which on the 7th month of develop-ment (6,0±0,4 mm) prevails over the diameter of the proximal segment of the colon (5,7±0,8 mm). Formation of a definite structure of the components of the ileocecal segment and variants of its struc-ture is affected by a syntopogenous influence of the right kidney, the processes of colon fixation to the posterior abdominal wall, and degree of filling the intestine with meconium.

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36

Griffini, P., E. Vigorelli, G. N. Jonges, and C. J. Van Noorden. "The histochemical G6PDH reaction but not the LDH reaction with neotetrazolium is suitable for the oxygen sensitivity test to detect cancer cells." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 10 (October 1994): 1355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.10.7930518.

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We used the oxygen sensitivity of the histochemical reaction to detect glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity based on neotetrazolium (NT) reduction to discriminate cancer cells from normal cells. Formazan generation was strongly reduced in normal but not in malignant cells when the incubation was performed in oxygen instead of nitrogen. Competition for reductive equivalents between NT and oxygen via superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been suggested. Since SOD activity is usually decreased in cancer cells, NT reduction would not be hampered in these cells. We tested this hypothesis by demonstrating NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity instead of NADP-dependent G6PDH activity in normal rat liver and colon, in human colon carcinoma, and in experimentally induced metastases of colon carcinoma in rat livers. Reactions for both enzymes were determined cytophotometrically in an atmosphere of pure oxygen or nitrogen. G6PDH acted as described previously, showing distinct activity in cancer cells but strongly reduced activity in normal cells after incubation in oxygen, but this was not the case with LDH because formazan was also generated in normal tissue in oxygen. It appeared that after 5 min of incubation at 37 degrees C the residual activity of G6PDH in an atmosphere of oxygen compared with nitrogen was 0% in normal liver tissue and 15% in normal colon epithelium, whereas in colon carcinoma and in colon carcinoma metastasis in liver it was 48% and 33%, respectively. The residual activity of LDH in oxygen was 30% in normal female rat liver, 75% in normal male rat liver, and 38% in normal colon epithelium, whereas the residual activity in colon carcinoma and metastases in liver was 54% and 24%, respectively. These experiments clearly indicate that the oxygen sensitivity phenomenon is not solely an effect of competition for reducing equivalents between NT and oxygen via SOD, because NADPH generated by G6PDH and NADH generated by LDH have a similar redox potential. Apparently the system is more complex. The role of specifically NADPH-converting cellular systems such as NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase was excluded because incubations in the presence of exogenous NADPH as substrate for these systems revealed oxygen sensitivity. Involvement of NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation in the oxygen sensitivity test is discussed.

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37

Chadha, Rajiv, Subhasis Roy Choudhury, Nitin Pant, Vishesh Jain, Archana Puri, Himanshu Acharya, Noor Ullah Zargar, and Anjani Kumar Kundal. "The anomalous clinical anatomy of congenital pouch colon in girls." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 46, no. 8 (August 2011): 1593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.01.013.

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38

Weiss, A. A., M. W. Babyatsky, S. Ogata, A. Chen, and S. H. Itzkowitz. "Expression of MUC2 and MUC3 mRNA in human normal, malignant, and inflammatory intestinal tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 44, no. 10 (October 1996): 1161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/44.10.8813081.

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MUC2 and MUC3 are prominent mucin genes expressed in the human intestine. Using in situ hybridization with RNA probes, we examined the cellular distribution of MUC2 and MUC3 mRNA in normal, malignant, and inflammatory human intestinal tissues. In normal small intestine and colon, MUC2 mRNA was expressed exclusively in goblet cells and occurred throughout the entire height of the mucosa. MUC3 mRNA was expressed by goblet and columnar cells but was restricted to the villous compartment of the small intestine and the surface epithelium of the colon. Expression of MUC2 and MUC3 mRNA were both markedly decreased in poorly, moderately, and well-differentiated colon cancers but were preserved in mucinous colon cancers. In ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis tissues, MUC2 and MUC3 mRNA expression displayed a normal pattern regardless of whether the mucosa manifested active or quiescent inflammation. These findings indicate that MUC2 is goblet cell-specific, whereas MUC3 is related to maturation of intestinal epithelial cells. In colon cancers, the genetic regulation of MUC2 and MUC3 is different depending on the histological type of tumor. The constitutive expression of MUC2 and MUC3 mRNA in inflammatory bowel diseases suggests that these genes may be necessary for maintenance of normal epithelial cell function during inflammation.

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39

Doucet, Laurent, Filipa Mendes, Tristan Montier, Pascal Delépine, Deborah Penque, Claude Férec, and Margarida D. Amaral. "Applicability of Different Antibodies for the Immunohistochemical Localization of CFTR In Respiratory and Intestinal Tissues of Human and Murine Origin." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 51, no. 9 (September 2003): 1191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540305100909.

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which has a major role as a chloride (Cl−) channel. Although perhaps all functions of CFTR are still not fully characterized, localization studies are necessary to understand the consequences of the more than 1000 mutations thus far identified. Our aim was to determine the histological localization of CFTR on respiratory and colon epithelia of human and murine origin with a panel of several antibodies produced against different CFTR epitopes, using an indirect immunofluorescence method. Our results on human tissues confirm the apical localization of CFTR in ciliated cells of the respiratory mucosa and show that in colon tissue CFTR is observed in both apical and basolateral membranes of epithelial cells from colon crypts. However, poor tissue preservation of colon biopsies after immunohistochemistry (IHC) raises doubts about the latter localization. Contrary to human, mouse colon epithelium (not biopsed) presents good tissue preservation and evidences many cylindrical surface cells with high apical expression of CFTR. For the antibodies's sensitivity, we demonstrate that MATG1061, 24-1, M3A7, and MPCT-1 give good results, allowing the histological localization of CFTR protein of both human and murine origin.

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40

Kuzu, Mehmet Ayhan, Erkin İsmail, Safa Çelik, Muhammed Feyzi Şahin, Mehmet Ali Güner, Werner Hohenberger, and Halil İbrahim Açar. "Variations in the Vascular Anatomy of the Right Colon and Implications for Right-Sided Colon Surgery." Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 60, no. 3 (March 2017): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dcr.0000000000000777.

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41

Craik, E. M. "The hippocratic treatise On Anatomy." Classical Quarterly 48, no. 1 (May 1998): 135–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/48.1.135.

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On Anatomy (Anat.) is the shortest treatise preserved in the Hippocratic Corpus (HC). It describes the internal configuration of the human trunk. The account is for the most part descriptive, function being largely disregarded and speculation completely eschewed. Though systematic it is unsophisticated: two orifices for ingestion are linked by miscellaneous organs, vessels, and viscera to two orifices for evacuation. There is a clear progression in two parallel sections: first, trachea to lung, lung described, location of heart, heart described, kidneys to bladder, bladder described, bladder to genitals, conclusion; and second, oesophagus to belly, location of diaphragm, location of spleen, location and description of belly (close to liver), belly to intestine/colon, colon to rectum and anus, conclusion. The text offers good basic topographical or regional anatomy (the organs studied as they lie in relationship with one another in the different regions of the body). That the work is concerned with human anatomy is certain from the precise description of lung and liver, with features peculiar to human organs; and is corroborated by frequent references to comparative anatomy, with which familiarity is apparently assumed. Such anatomical knowledge, based on extensive observation of animals (probably sacrificial victims as well as laboratory specimens), may have been corroborated by some human dissection, perhaps of the aborted foetus or exposed infant, in conjunction with opportunistic observation of war wounded and accident victims. While the syntax is bald, telegraphic, and asyndetic, the vocabulary is recondite, and poetic. There is erratic omission of the article and recurrent use of compendious comparisons. These features suggest that Anat. may be an abridgement of a fuller and more flowery account; this hypothesis is supported by several passages where erroneous or unclear information apparently results from excessive compression or imperfect comprehension of a source.

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Thomson, Hugh J., Anthony Busuttil, Martin A. Eastwood, Adam N. Smith, and Robert A. Elton. "The submucosa of the human colon." Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research 96, no. 1-3 (July 1986): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1605(86)90004-2.

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43

&NA;, &NA;. "The Sad NSAID Colon." Advances in Anatomic Pathology 6, no. 4 (July 1999): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00125480-199907000-00004.

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44

Schachter, M., D. J. Longridge, G. D. Wheeler, J. G. Mehta, and Y. Uchida. "Immunocytochemical and enzyme histochemical localization of kallikrein-like enzymes in colon, intestine, and stomach of rat and cat." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 7 (July 1986): 927–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.7.3519756.

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Kallikrein was localized in goblet (or mucous) cells of rat colon and in rat and cat small intestine and stomach by two immunocytochemical techniques. A kallikrein-like enzyme was also localized by enzyme histochemistry in mast cells of colon, intestine, and stomach of the cat, where they appeared to be associated with blood vessels in the lamina propria. The mast cell enzyme, however, was not detected by immunocytochemistry using antibodies to kallikrein. Modification in the enzyme histochemical procedure (pH, fixation) yielded positive results for a kallikrein-like protease in goblet cells of the intestine and colon. The possible physiological and pathological significance of kallikrein-like enzyme in the gastrointestinal tract and elsewhere is discussed.

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45

Kutia, S. A., N. G. Nikolaeva, and O. Ya Yarovaya. "Josef Hyrtl on the origin of the names of the large intestine parts." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 5 (May 25, 2023): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-213-5-173-176.

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The article presents a translation of the chapters of the work “Onomatologia anatomica” (1880) by the Austrian anatomist Josef Hyrtl, devoted to terminology in large intestine anatomy; namely “Coecum”, “Colon”, “Rectum”.

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ten Kate, J., S. Eidelman, F. T. Bosman, and I. Damjanov. "Expression of c-myc proto-oncogene in normal human intestinal epithelium." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 4 (April 1989): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.4.2647841.

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We studied the expression of the human c-myc proto-oncogene in normal human colon epithelium by both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. c-myc was found to be expressed uniformly throughout the entire thickness of the colon epithelium. The present findings do not support the contention that the c-myc proto-oncogene is primarily expressed in proliferating intestinal epithelial cell compartments.

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47

Quigley, E. M., S. F. Phillips, B. Cranley, B. M. Taylor, and J. Dent. "Tone of canine ileocolonic junction: topography and response to phasic contractions." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): G350—G357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.3.g350.

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We wished to define the physiology of the canine ileocolonic sphincter (ICS) and to examine function in relation to the region's anatomy. Prolonged recordings of tone at the ICS were made from seven dogs with isolated ileocolonic loops, and the effects of ileal and colonic distension on sphincteric tone were assessed. In acute experiments, pull-through pressures were measured at the ICS, and the location of the high-pressure zone was related to the region's anatomy. Basal tone at the ICS of approximately 30 cmH2O was confirmed; tone was augmented by colonic and ileal distension. The high-pressure zone was always centered on the anatomic ICS, but it extended into the adjacent ileum and colon for a total length of 2.0 cm (range 1.5–3.0 cm). Phasic contractions contributed to the maintenance of tone at the ICS, and a coordinated pattern of phasic contractions appears to contribute to the sphincteric properties of the region.

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48

Kiyohara, H., H. Egami, Y. Shibata, K. Murata, S. Ohshima, and M. Ogawa. "Light microscopic immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of group II phospholipase A2 in human digestive organs." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, no. 11 (November 1992): 1659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.11.1431054.

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The light microscopic and immunohistochemical distribution of human Group II phospholipase A2 (M-PLA2) in digestive organs of both human fetus and adult, with a new monoclonal antibody (MAb) against M-PLA2, was investigated semiquantitatively. The immunoreactivity was distributed similarly in the adult and fetal epithelium of the esophagus, duodenum, and small intestine, and in the acinar, islet, and duct cells of the pancreas. The epithelium of adult gallbladder was immunoreactive. Paneth cells, especially the secretory apparatus, were strongly immunoreactive. Hepatic Küpffer cells and macrophages of the adult spleen were also immunoreactive. These results suggest that these cells contain secretory-type Group II PLA2, which may be involved in host defensive mechanisms, such as phagocytosis in human digestive organs. In the adult colon, the immunoreactivity was observed only in the ascending colon and was not found in the transverse, descending, sigmoid, or rectal colon. The immunoreactivity was not found in fetal colon. Similarly, immunoreactivity was found in hepatocytes and Küpffer cells of adult liver but not in fetal liver. By contrast, strong immunoreactivity was observed in the epithelium of the fetal stomach but not in adult stomach except in gastric neck cells. This suggests that the expression of M-PLA2 may be related to cell differentiation in particular organs.

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Laios, Konstantinos, Angelos Markopoulos, Dimosthenis T. Chrysikos, Evangellos Mavrommatis, and Theodore Troupis. "Sir William Arbuthnot Lane (1856-1943) and His Innovations to Femoral Surgical Anatomy and Surgery." Surgical Innovation 27, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1553350619893239.

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Sir William Arbuthnot Lane (1856-1943) is considered a pioneer in orthopedic surgery, especially for his breakthrough for the time technique for bone and mainly femoral surgery, the so-called screw and plates technique, which was also accompanied by his aseptic surgical approach. Apart from his innovations in colon, nose, ear, throat, and reconstructive surgery, his treatises on orthopedic surgery were considered as masterpieces. Femoral anatomy and surgical anatomy attracted mainly his interest as seen in his treatises.

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Chang, K., I. Ding, F. G. Kern, and M. C. Willingham. "Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 and HER-2/neu proteins in human tumors." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 9 (September 1991): 1281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.9.1680897.

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We examined samples of tumors of human breast, ovary, and colon of various degrees of malignancy for the expression of p53 protein, using a panel of anti-p53 antibodies and peroxidase immunohistochemistry. Of 66 tumor cases (24 cases of ovarian carcinoma, 23 cases of colon adenocarcinoma, and 19 cases of breast carcinoma), 36 (53%) showed high levels of expression of p53 using a human-specific antibody, and 16 (24%) showed high expression of a mutant form of p53. In the mutant p53-positive breast tumor samples, six (86%) were positive for HER-2/neu reactivity, compared with colon (0/4) and ovarian tumors (1/5). The pattern of p53 intracellular localization and tissue distribution, and the relationship between the expression of mutant p53 and cell differentiation, were also examined; poorly differentiated cells showed either overexpression of p53 or higher levels of mutant p53 in comparison with more normal cells.

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