Journal articles on the topic 'Colon (Punctuation)'

The mission of the English Project (www.englishproject.org) is to explore and explain the English language in order to educate and entertain the English speaker, and 2015 was the year of punctuation for the Project because 6 February 2015 was the 500th anniversary of the death of Aldus Manutius. Aldus was a Venetian printer who shaped the comma, invented the semicolon and created italic fonts. He may have been the greatest punctuator of all time. We ‘punctuated’ the year by looking in turn at the full stop, the semicolon, the colon, the comma, the slash, the hyphen, the parenthesis, the exclamation, the apostrophe, the quotation mark and the question mark. Those twelve provide the fundamentals of English language punctuation, and all of them do more than one job. If we had a complete and unambiguous set of punctuation marks, we might need as many as 50, but the writing world does not want the trouble of such precision. In just same way, the writing world has never accepted the need for 44 separate letters to match the 44 separate sounds of the English language. Providing a separate grapheme (letter) for every phoneme (sound) is the linguist's business. Punctuation marks are ambiguous therefore. They suggest rather than define. They rely on context and the quick wittedness of the reader. If precision is needed, there are proofreader's marks. Merriam-Webster lists 42 of them, but proofreading is a special practice. Punctuation marks are a special set of symbols, and of symbols and signs there is no end. Punctuation marks are regularly appropriated by the devisers of computer languages. Punctuation marks can become logotypes – ‘a single piece of type that prints a word’. The exclamation mark can be made to work like &, $, or @. There are fuzzy edges to the subject of punctuation.

This article attempts to describe some of the pragmatic and semantic functions of two important punctuation marks. These are the semicolon (;) and the colon (:). The reason for this description is that no studies have provided a detailed description of the pragmatic and semantic functions of these marks. These marks are mostly used in Arabic for intonational or decorative purposes. It was found that the system of punctuation marks in Arabic is inadequate as it does not specify rules for using them. However, in this study, it was found that the punctuation marks have linguistic implications that are not recognized by linguists nor by translators. The implications discussed here are the emphatic, additive, contrastive, and substantiative functions.This article attempts to describe some of the pragmatic and semantic functions of two important punctuation marks. These are the semicolon (;) and the colon (:). The reason for this description is that no studies have provided a detailed description of the pragmatic and semantic functions of these marks. These marks are mostly used in Arabic for intonational or decorative purposes. It was found that the system of punctuation marks in Arabic is inadequate as it does not specify rules for using them. However, in this study, it was found that the punctuation marks have linguistic implications that are not recognized by linguists nor by translators. The implications discussed here are the emphatic, additive, contrastive, and substantiative functions.

This study was designed to analyze the comparative use of punctuation marks in Russian and English newspaper editorials. The study was conducted using corpora of English-language editorials, taken from the New York Times in 2005, and of Russian-language editorials, taken from Izvestiia in the same year. Results indicated that the comma, colon, and the em-dash were used more often in the Russian corpus. The difference was determined to be statistically significant. The author then compared these results to the results of punctuation use in corpora of Russian and English literary texts. Again these punctuation marks were used more frequently in the Russian literary corpus than in the English one. At the same time, in both the Russian and English literary corpora these marks were used much more frequently than in the corpora of Russian and English editorials. In the second part of the article, the author attempts to isolate the reasons for the discrepancy in use of the colon by examining rules for its use as elaborated in authoritative Russian and English style guides. On the basis of this, the author suggests guidelines for the translation of the colon into English.

On the Use of Colon in Old Utalitarian Literature (Using the Example of Olbrycht Strumieński and Stanisław Strojnowski’s Treatises on Ponds)The aim of this paper is to present a description of the appearance of the colon with respect to its lexical and syntactic surroundings. Following the example of the authors of prescriptive works on punctuation, attention has been paid to both right- and left-hand context in which the colon is used. Also, examples in which the colon is the only indicator of the relation between segments of the text, have been made note of. The analysis is based on works by Olbrycht Strumieński (1573) and Stanisław Strojnowski (1609, 1636) which represent utalitarian literature, devoted to the problems of pond management.

The question of causality in the invention of the alphabet has long eluded the theories of media scholars and linguists alike. In spite of the attention to the effects of the alphabet and literacy within the tradition of media ecology, not much work exists tracing the effects back to the causes and explaining why the alphabet emerged in the first place. By applying the principles of McLuhan’s understanding of Aristotle’s notion of formal cause, the author approaches the invention of the alphabet as a grammatical step in the evolution of written language. Most simply, this article proposes that the development of alphabetic writing was required as an unintended consequence of writing via inscription on clay and stone tablets (as opposed to writing via application on paper, papyrus or bamboo). The author then situates this claim within the broader context of the evolution of grammar and punctuation, demonstrating that the figure of writing and grammar has shifted and evolved notably with every transition of a new medium on which words are fixed, even up through the electric and digital ages. Finally, this article situates the evolution of emoji within the context of grammatical evolution, and not, as some have asserted, as the return to pictographic language.

This study assessed the errors in English comprehension by Senior Secondary School Students. Errors in Englishpunctuation in this study were categorized as mechanical errors in comprehension with particular emphasis onpunctuation marks and spelling. This study adopted a descriptive research design of ex-post-facto type. The targetgroups for the study were Ogun State Secondary Schools in Nigeria. The samples were drawn from four (4)geo-political zones in Ogun State of Nigeria (Ijebu, Remo, Yewa and Egba). Multi-stage stratified samplingtechnique was used to select five co-educational Secondary Schools from the four geo-political zones. Five schoolswere selected with fifty (50) Secondary Students III (SSS 3) per school totaling two hundred and fifty (250) male andfemale students in each of the divisions. Two instruments, Errors in English Language Comprehension (EELC), andan achievement test in English Language Punctuation (ATELP) were used to collect data from the one thousand(1000) students who were randomly sampled as participants. The validity and reliability of the instrument weredetermined by trial testing. The data were subjected to Chi-square, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and PearsonProduct Moment Correlation coefficient. The data were tested for significance at the 0.05 level. Based on thefindings, it was detected that students made more errors in punctuation than in spellings. This could be attributed tolack of knowledge and understanding of common mistakes made in English. Part of the recommendations made wasthat; teachers should concentrate on areas of difficulties such as comma, colon and semi-colon for students.

The modern convention for printing dialogues includes printing the names of the speakers on the margin at the beginning of their statements. But this practice was virtually unknown in ancient Greek dialogues. Instead, the most common convention for showing the shift from one speaker to another is through punctuation such as the colon, the παραγράφος or a horizontal stroke. Recently, N. G. Wilson has attributed the inclusion of the names of the speakers at the transitional points in Greek dialogues to Theodoret of Cyrus (mid-fifth century CE; composed Eranistes in 447) who, in this view, ‘deserves the credit for devising a literary convention that is now regarded as essential’.

The paper presents a corpus-based research (GRITTEXT) on modern Italian literary texts. According to a writer-oriented framework, it is aimed to analyse the writer's thought movements while he is composing instead of considering the communicative effects of the text on the reader. The period is the linguistic unit of reference chosen for analysis and is identified by strong punctuation marks (dot, question mark, exclamation point, sequence of dots). It is not necessarily composed by a sentence, since it can correspond to a set of clauses and any kind of phrases. The research made emerge the pervasiveness of parataxis in literary texts. Two or more independent syntactic constituents can be connected within a period only through weak punctuation marks (comma, semicolon, colon). Each constituent corresponds to a semantic scene characterized by an autonomous point of view depending on the protagonist, the narrator or the same writer. The paratactic period is a style device to express within a same representation the narrative joints arising to the writer in the course of writing but above all the different perspectives of each scene that are also temporally ordered. The paratactic period corresponds to a unitary multi-focus, multi-modal, multi time representation whose truth value cannot be verified unlike a proposition

The article deals with the method of automatic detection of authors’ gender identity on the material of fiction prose of 1980–2000. During this period, there is a special construct, called “women’s prose”, which is characterized by a special genre and stylistic originality. We set ourselves the task to find out whether the concept of “women’s prose” refers only to the non-text reality or is clearly reflected at the level of language. We have collected corpus of texts 1980–2000 and conducted that identified the most effective machine learning algorithms for the classification of male and female prose. This research focuses on methods for automatically determining the gender identity of authors on the material of prose from 1960 to 2000. The purpose of this work is to identify optimal methods for automatically determining the gender identity of the authors. The objectives of this study include highlighting the grammatical and stylistic features of prose from 1960 to 2000 and, in particular, women's prose and texts of 18th – 19th centuries; tracing the changes in the distribution of usage different parts of speech and punctuation for a specified period and conducting an experiment to identify the most effective algorithm for the classification of literary texts by using machine learning. The analysis revealed that women and men often use in their texts the following parts of speech: nouns, verbs, prepositions, pronominal nouns, conjunctions, and adjectives that reflects the specific artistic style. In addition, analysis was made of the use of the most commonly used punctuation marks from the given list: question mark, exclamation point, comma, colon, semicolon, period, comma. It has been observed that women are more actively using the means of punctuation as a means of expression in modern literature: the share of the use of exclamation, question marks and commas the writers is much higher than the value obtained through the analysis of men’s texts. The work also contains an analysis of the distribution of parts of speech and punctuation of literary texts of men and women of 18th – 19th centuries. We performed experiment to identify the most effective algorithm for determining the gender identity of the author. It was found that the most effective classifiers of literature are the implementation of algorithms as BayesNet and SMO.

This research aims at describing language errors in writing letter numbers, mailing letter, opening paragraph, and closing paragraph of official letters of SMA Negeri 9 Jambi City year of 2019. This research is a qualitative descriptive. The technique used in collecting data are observation and documentation. The results of the analysis show that the errors in writing letter numbers are the use of colons and slashes which are preceded and followed by a space. Errors in writing mailing letter is indicated in the use of kepada which indicates language redundancy; the use of a colon (:) which should be replaced by a period (.); the use of punctuation marks (.) at the end of the mailing address; and the use of bold letters in the mailing address. Written errors in the opening paragraph of the letter are the writing of the opening greeting Dengan hormat in the beginning of the paragraph that should be included in the first sentence of the letter opening. Written errors in the closing paragraphs of letters are the incomplete closing sentences of the letter which should have been mentioned earlier, written behind the word demikianlah; and errors in the use of preposition di.

The strategic position of the Indonesian language for the Indonesian people is reflected in the third pledge of the Youth Pledge in 1928 which reads "We sons of Indonesia uphold the united language of Indonesian" and the 1945 Constitution Article 36 which states that "the language of the country is Indonesian". The aim of the study was to describe the use of Indonesian in outdoor media in the City of Timika. This study is focused on spelling mistakes, misuse of word choices, and sentence errors. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative method and prescriptive technique, namely by describing and explaining the findings in the field and providing solutions to the problems found in the use of Indonesian in public spaces in Timika City. The results of this study showed that the forms of errors found in the use of Indonesian in the public area are spelling error, punctuation error, and writing error in absorption elements. The form of spelling errors consists of the use of letters, use of diphthong letters, use of capital letters, consonant combined letter, use of words, basic word, the word affix, reshape, word combination, preposition, abbreviations and acronyms. Meanwhile, the form of punctuation error consists of dot, commas, colon, hyphen, dash, exclamation mark, quotation mark, brackets, and italic line. Furthermore, the form of writing error in absorption elements consists of the use of sentences and words choice. In conclusion, there are still some errors found in public spaces in Timika city.

Titles of articles in seven highly ranked multidisciplinary psychology journals for every fifth year between 1966 and 2011 (inclusive) were studied in terms of title length, word length, punctuation density, and word pleasantness, activation, and concreteness (assessed by the Dictionary of Affect in Language). Titles grew longer (by three words) and were more frequently punctuated (by one colon or comma for every other article) between 1966 and 2011. This may reflect the increasing complexity of psychology and satisfy readers' requirements for more specific information. There were significant differences among journals (e.g., titles in the Annual Review of Psychology were scored by the Dictionary of Affect as the most pleasant, and those in Psychological Bulletin as the least pleasant) and among categories of journals (e.g., titles in review journals employed longer words than those in research or association journals). Differences were stable across time and were employed to successfully categorize titles from a validation sample.

This text study objective was to determine how much the level of student writing errors made in the use of written language in developing a thesis proposal. The method used in the research data penganalisissan this text is the text method , which collects a number of text samples, further reading and doing analyzing student writing done , and also uses descriptive method of analysis. As the results, 1) error writing uppercase (capital) in the student proposal STAIN Curup VIII semester of academic year 2012/2013 as many as 850 words, with a percentage of 40.59 %; 2) error writing spelling on student proposals STAIN Curup VIII semester of academic year 2012/2013 as many as 681 words, with a percentage of 32, 52 %; 3) error writing prepositions (di, ke and dari) the student proposal STAIN Curup VIII semester of academic year 2012/2013 as many as 282 words, with a percentage of 13.46 %; 4) error writing punctuation dot (.), comma (,), colon (:), semicolon (;), and quotes (") on student proposals as many as 281 words, with a percentage of 13.41 %.

The problems discussed in this study is language errors in the essays ofIndonesian language teacher of junior high school in Kotabumi, LampungUtara. This study aimed to describe teachers' language errors in spelling,diction, morphology, and sentences. The method used in this research was descriptive which means that data sources are in the form of the teacher’s essays. From the analysis the spelling errors that can be identified is the punctuation errors include the use of comma, colon, semicolon, quotation, single quote, and hyphen; the errors on writing include the use of capital letters, foreign language element, numbers, and word combination. Diction errors include the use of non-standard words and words that inappropriate. Morphology errors include the use of the incorrect word formation and the words are not in accordance with a sentence. The errors on the use of sentence include a mismatch, the vagueness of subject and predicate, the absence of a subject, predicate, and object in the sentence, and the sentence which only has a caption, the use of coordinator and subordinator conjunction at the beginning of single sentence, and incoherence.

Since titles are gateways to the heart of research articles (RAs), their organisational structure should be regarded very crucial in appealing to the potential reader. This study aimed to investigate how titles of RAs are presented in three disciplines (Gynaecology/Obstetrics, Business, and Law). After a thorough study of 574 titles, the study revealed that Business titles were averagely longer than those in the other two disciplines. In terms of title style, it was revealed that the Single Unit Title was extensively used in Gynaecology/Obstetrics and Law, while the Compound Unit Title dominated the Business titles. Syntactically, Noun Phrases extremely dominated the Single Unit Titles across the three domains. Detailed examination of the NP modifications showed that nominal titles which were both Pre and Post-modified were highly frequent in all the disciplines, which contrasts what is in the literature. The study also identified the Prepositional Phrase as the commonest structure used in post-modifying the nominal structures than using non-finite clauses in all the disciplines. Again, colon was the most predominant punctuation mark used in partitioning the Compound Unit Titles across the three disciplines, with Law recording the highest followed by Gynaecology/Obstetrics and Business. Lastly, the data exhibited high frequency of Domain-Specific words in the titles more than Research-Based words across the disciplines. This study provides useful information on the nature of effective RA titles to novice writers and advanced authors. It also informs the teaching of academic writing skills.

This paper analyzes the comparative usage of punctuation marks in translated (English>Spanish) and non-translated newspaper articles. Excerpts were extracted from the online International News sections published in the US and Mexico by Reuters and the Associated Press. Hypothesis testing and corpus-based descriptive statistics were used to study the frequency of usage of punctuation marks, such as commas, periods, colons, semicolons, en-dashes and em-dashes, as well as sentence length, in translated and non-translated texts in the context of journalistic writing. Results from the analysis reveal a tendency to carry over periods, colons and em-dashes from English source texts into translated Spanish texts, producing a source language residual effect or ‘translationese.’ Data gathered from concordancing tools also suggest a residual effect in the usage of commas and semicolons, as well as in sentencing. These results reflect, among other factors, a lack of adherence to style guide conventions.

The disease begins with headaches lasting 2 days, then colicky pains in the abdomen come to the fore, with painful sensations on palpation in the Colon descendens area. Opіy only slightly and for a short time reduces pain and as a result of this rinsing of the intestines is impossible. Acceptance 01. Ricini induces vomiting. Warm poultices relieve colicky pain only when they are applied. As soon as it cools, the pain intensifies. This Status continues from September 7 to September 15, when a clearly flattened defecation appeared. Intestinal stenosis is diagnosed. Despite the use of narcotic drugs, colicky pains are so excruciating that the child rushes about in bed and screams good obscenities. The new study shows increased sensitivity in the left groin area, in the right groin area the pain is much less. Due to this edge of intestinal stenosis, an inflammatory process of the peritoneum of this space is assumed. Examination under anesthesia showed: an abscess in the left posterior fornix, which protrudes more posteriorly and presses the anterior wall of the recti into the intestinal lumen. Trial puncture into the posterior fornix. A large amount of green pus is erupting. The trocar tube is left in the abscess opening. Warm baths and warm flaxseed poultices are prescribed. Colicky pain after puncture is significantly reduced; appetite appeared. On September 20, pains again come as a result of stagnation of expiration. September 23 secondary punctuation. Significant relief of all symptoms. In the next days, the puncture site again overgrown and the pains resumed, but on September 27. during defecation, a mass of pus came out. Since then, the patient began to slowly recover. On October 15, pus came out of the last cut. The next day the temperature dropped to 36.5 . In 3 months after the onset of the disease, the patient began to attend school.

In his prefatory ‘Note’ to the full score of Tabuh-Tabuhan (eventually published by AMP Inc. 1960), McPhee wrote:Tabuh-Tabuhan was composed in Mexico in 1936 and first performed by Carlos Chavez and the National Orchestra of Mexico City. It was written after I had spent four years in Bali engaged in musical research, and is largely inspired, especially in its orchestration, by the various methods I had learned of Balinese gamelan technique. The title of the work derives from the Balinese word tabuh, originally meaning the mallet used for striking a percussion instrument, but extended to mean strike or beat… Tabuh-Tabuhan is thus a Balinese collective noun, meaning different drum rhythms, metric forms, gong punctuations, gamelans, and music essentially percussive. In a subtitle I call the work Toccata for Orchestra and two pianos.

Penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam jurnal ilmiah seharusnya menggunakan ragam bahasa baku. Salah satu ciri ragam baku adalah penulisan yang sesuai dengan EYD. Dalam Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Olahraga Medikora masih banyak ditemukan kesalahan dalam penulisan kata dan ejaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan preskriptif. Beberapa kesalahan yang ditemukan berupa penulisan huruf kapital, huruf miring, dan penulisan tanda baca. Kesalahan penulisan tanda baca berupa tanda koma, tanda hubung, tanda titik dua. Selain itu, ditemukan pula kesalahan yang berupa penulisan kata, yaitu kata yang ditulis serangkai atau dipisah. ABSTRACTFormal Indonesian language should be used in the writing of scientifi c journal. One way to identify the formality is by the use of the correct spelling based on PUEBI (Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia). In the sport health scientifi c journal, there are many errors found in the writing of words and spellings. This research uses the perspective approach. Some of the errors are found in the writing of the capital letters, italic, and punctuation. The errors in the writing of punctuation are found in the writing of commas, hyphens, and colons. Errors are also found in the writing of words, especially in join and separate words. berupa penulisan kata, yaitu kata yang ditulis serangkai atau dipisah.

Immature stages of Murgantia histrionica (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Specimens of all life stages of M. histrionica were collected on Peritoma arborea (Cleomaceae) in Palm Springs, California. Specimens were observed in light and scanning microscopies, imagens taken and described based on specimens and photographs. We provide images of the eggs and immatures in light microscopy, and SEM of the eggs and first and fifth instars. Eggs of M. histrionica are barrel-shaped, white, with brown band and circular spot; the corium surface carinated, forming hexagonal cells; carinae irregular apically. The nymphal color pattern; the reflexed lateral margins of pro- and mesothorax; and the scattered punctuation of the tegument are a combination of characteristics enabling M. histrionica identification in its nymphal stages. The eggs of M. histrionica are similar in shape, color, and size to other Strachiini genera, such as Bagrada, Eurydema and Stenozygum. Among the Strachiini, the correct identification of M. histrionica based on immatures is possible by the shape of the head and pronotum, overall size of immatures, and coloration patterns.

Riwayat Artikel:Diterima: 08-07-2018Disetujui: 20-10-2018 Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan objek penelitian adalah mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan Matematika UIN Mataram yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk kesalahan yang sering dilakukan oleh mahasiswa dalam menyusun scribs komputasi pada praktikum Delphi. Tim peneliti menggunakan purposive sampling, dengan sampel penelitian berjumlah 139 mahasiswa. Metode pengumpulan data terdiri dari metode observasi, interview, dan dokumentasi. Kemudian data yang terkumpul dianalisa menggunakan analisa data model Spradley yang terdiri dari: Analisis Doamin, Taksonomi, Komponensial, dan Tema. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai macam bentuk kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa yakni (1) tidak mendeklarasikan (mendefinisikan) variabel yang digunakan dalam rumus atau instruksi; (2) Kesalahan penulisan pada tanda baca, seperti tanda baca titik , koma, titik dua, titik koma, tanda kurung, dan sama dengan; (3) kesalahan penulisan pada huruf khususnya pada konversi data; dan (4) kesalahan dalam mengkhiri instruksi pemrograman.Abstract: This research is a qualitative research with the object of research is the Mathematics Education Department of UIN Mataram students whose purpose is to analyze the forms of errors that are often carried out by students in compiling computational scribs in the Delphi practicum. The research team used purposive sampling, with a sample of 139 students. The method of data collection consists of methods of observation, interviews, and documentation. Then the collected data was analyzed using Spradley model data analysis which consisted of: Domain Analysis, Taxonomy, Componential, and Themes. The results showed that various forms of errors made by students namely (1) did not declare (define) variables used in formulas or instructions; (2) Writing errors in punctuation marks, such as punctuation marks, commas, colons, semicolons, parentheses, and are equal to; (3) writing errors in letters especially in data conversion; and (4) errors in terminating programming instructions.

This essay argues that Ernest Dowson's poems are organized according to patterns of color, in which bright hues fade to gray, and of sound, in which superfluous, even erroneous,punctuation marks generate syntactic strain and precisely modulate the pauses between words and lines. These patterns are central to Dowson's effort to estrange his literary language from everyday, communicative discourse and its reference to the meanings of the world, to make poetry a "pure" medium of art rather than a representation of life. As such, Dowson's poetry differs from the impressionist and naturalist art of the fin de sicle, with which his work is often incorrectly conflated, and it marks a cleavage between empiricist and anti-empiricist approaches to representation,especially in relation to matters of observation, objectivity, and particularity. Dowson's aestheticism represents an extreme limit of anti-empiricist literary formalism, whose legacy for modernism consists not principally in its successes but in its failures.

AbstractTitles play an important role in genre analysis. Cross-genre studies show that research paper and thesis titles have distinctive features. However, thesis and dissertation titles in the field of dentistry have thus far received little attention. Objective: To analyze the syntactic structures and their functions in English-language thesis and dissertation titles in dentistry. Methodology: We randomly chose 413 titles of English-language dentistry theses or dissertations presented at universities in 12 countries between January 2000 and June 2019. The resulting corpus of 5,540 running words was then analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, the two complementary focuses being grammatical structures and their functions. Results: The average title length was 13.4 words. Over half of the titles did not include any punctuation marks. For compound titles, we found that colons, dashes, commas, and question marks were used to separate the different components, colons being the most frequent. Four syntactic structures (nominal phrase, gerund phrase, full-sentence, and prepositional phrase) were identified for single-unit titles. Single-unit nominal phrase titles constituted the most frequent structure in the corpus, followed by compound titles. Four particular rhetorical combinations of compound title components were found to be present throughout the corpus. Conclusions: Titles of dentistry theses and dissertation in English echo the content of the text body and make an important contribution to fulfilling the text’s communicative purposes. Thus, teaching research students about the linguistic features of thesis titles would be beneficial to help them write effective titles and also facilitate assessment by teachers.

Abstract Weather mapping began in the nineteenth century when telegraphs began sending simultaneous observations of conditions at the surface of Earth to weather stations around the world. Indicating the complexity of the clouds and weather seen at a site needed a common naming system and simple symbols that were independent of language, since telegraph signals crossed international borders. The first symbols representing clouds were abstracted and stylized versions of their artistic representations in naturalistic drawings and paintings. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, photography began to replace hand-drawn illustrations. Before the advent of color film, black and white photographs were sometimes even reproduced in colored inks using new mechanical printing processes. Nineteenth-century meteorologists developed symbols for various cloud types in the form of simple lines and curves suggestive of the pictures. In contrast, weather symbols (for rain, snow, fog, hail, etc.) were drawn largely from a lexicon of nonalphabetic written symbols, such as punctuation marks. Skilled map plotters used these simple symbols, suggestive of complex weather and clouds, to transfer telegraph and Teletype codes to visually meaningful hand-produced maps. The craft of manual weather map plotting reached an apex in the 1940s–60s. With advances in digital and satellite technology and automation of surface weather observations, the symbols used in traditional weather mapping have largely disappeared from daily use.

Research article titles constitute a special type of text - concise, clear, and informative. The specificity of article titles is determined by a number of factors such as the object of research, the author’s personal style, academic tradition, the field of study among them. Today, article titles from different scientific areas are in the focus of scientific attention. This article presents the results of a linguistic analysis aimed at determining similarities and differences of research article titles from journals on petroleum science. The theoretical value has the descriptive analysis of technical article titles which can further be compared with titles from other areas of research. According to the obtained results, the titles were 15 words on average. The overwhelming majority (98%) of the titles had a nominative character; 2% were subject-predicate sentences, mainly, interrogative. Words were seven characters long, on average. Nouns, function words and adjectives were the most frequently occurred word classes; on the contrary, numerals, adverbs and verbs - the least frequent words. The most common punctuation marks were hyphens, commas, and colons, indicating the complexity of technical terms, enumeration and elaboration of the object of research and geography of petroleum sites. Names of petroleum reservoirs, formations and basins with their location specification, multisyllabic professional terms and abbreviations, constituting 30% of the article titles’ lengths on the average, can be considered special features of article titles on petroleum science. For this reason, a long title is typical of petroleum-related research articles. Additionally, more articles were devoted to richer petroleum reserves.

Abstrak Penelitian pengembangan materi ajar ini bertujuan untuk: (a) mengetahui kebutuhan siswa dan guru mengenai buku cerita rakyat di Jepara sebagai pengayaan materi ajar legenda kelas VIII SMP, (b) mengembangkan prototipe buku cerita rakyat di Jepara sebagai pengayaan materi ajar legenda kelas VIII SMP, dan (c) mengetahui hasil validasi oleh ahli dan perbaikan prototipe buku cerita rakyat di Jepara sebagai pengayaan materi ajar legenda kelas VIII SMP. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan pendekatan research and development (R&D) yang dilakukan dengan lima langkah, yaitu (1) potensi dan masalah, (2) mengumpulkan informasi, (3) penyusunan desain produk, (4) validasi desain/uji ahli, dan (5) perbaikan desain produk. Setelah penelitian dilaksanakan, diperoleh hasil penelitian sebagai berikut: (1) buku pengayaan cerita rakyat di Jepara yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan siswa dan guru dengan menggunakan bahasa Jawa ragam ngoko alus yang isinya disajikan secara rinci, jelas, runtut, dan komunikatif dengan disertai gambar ilustrasi, dan (2) penilaian yang diberikan ahli materi dan ahli media terdiri dari tiga aspek, yaitu pewarnaan font pada judul sampul depan buku, penggunaan tanda baca yang kurang tepat dan perbaikan pada aspek grafika. Perbaikan pada sampul buku yaitu warna pada judul buku yang terdapat di bagian sampul depan buku dibuat menggunakan warna yang lebih cerah. Perbaikan pada aspek kebahasaan yaitu penggunaan tanda baca yang kurang tepat. Perbaikan pada aspek grafika yaitu gambar awan pada background di setiap halaman direduksi, karena penggambaran awan kurang menunjukkan gambar awan, hanya berupa garis-garis awan lincar putih. Kata kunci: Materi ajar, buku pengayaan, cerita rakyat Abstract The material of this development research aims to: (a) determine the needs of students and teachers regarding folklore books in Jepara as enrichment of teaching materials for grade VIII SMP, (b) develop prototypes of folklore books in Jepara as enrichment of VIII grade junior high school teaching material, and (c) know the results of validation by experts and repairing prototypes of folklore books in Jepara as enrichment of teaching materials for grade VIII SMP. The research design uses the research and development (R & D) approach which is carried out in five steps, namely (1) potential and problems, (2) gathering information, (3) product design preparation, (4) design validation / expert testing, and (5) product design improvements. After the research was conducted, the results of the study were as follows: (1) folklore enrichment books in Jepara tailored to the needs of students and teachers using the Javanese language variety of ngoko alus whose contents were presented in detail, clear, coherent, and communicative with illustrations, and (2) the assessment given by material experts and media experts consists of three aspects, namely font coloring in the book's front cover title, inappropriate use of punctuation and improvements to aspects of graphics. Repair to the book cover, namely the color of the book title found on the front cover of the book, are made using brighter colors. Repair in linguistic aspects, namely the use of punctuation that is not consistent. Improvements in the aspect of graphics, namely cloud images in the background on each page is reduced, because the deciption of cloud shows less of a cloud image, only in the form of white clouds of light. Keywords: Teaching materials, enrichment books, folklore

<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This research is conducted to explain the implementation, the problems, and the solutions of problems in the Implementation of Sandwich Graphic Organizer in Teaching Writing to the Tenth Grade Students of SMAN 1 Jiwan in the schooling year of 2016/2017. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The participants of the research are the English teacher and students of X-A class of SMAN 1 Jiwan. The research uses purposive sampling technique. The techniques which are used to collect the data are observation, interview, and documentation. While, the techniques of the data analysis are: data condensation, data display, and conclusion and verification. The results of this research are </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">the teacher prepares syllabus, <em>RPP</em>, and the papers of picture Sandwich Graphic Organizer. The steps are pre-activities, whilst-activities, and post-activities. Otherwise, some students get difficulties in managing their time, some students make mistakes in using V2 that is used in writing recount text</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">, some students get difficulties in expressing their ideas from Indonesian to the English language because of minimum of vocabulary, and some students forget to write a capital letter in the beginning of the sentence and full stop in the ending of the sentence. Then, the solutions of problems in the implementation Sandwich Graphic Organizer are: the teacher explains again about the steps of using technique Sandwich Graphic Organizer, the teacher divides the time of the students when the students should write the outline and when the students should develop their outline, the teacher gives the command for the students to open their dictionary to check the list of verb 2, the teacher asks the students to open their dictionaries when they are difficult in translating their ideas, and the teacher asks the students to pay attention to the punctuation when writing.</span><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 444.85pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" width="593" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 63.4pt;"><td style="width: 290.6pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 63.4pt;" valign="top" width="387"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This research is conducted to explain the implementation, the problems, and the solutions of problems in the Implementation of Sandwich Graphic Organizer in Teaching Writing to the Tenth Grade Students of SMAN 1 Jiwan in the schooling year of 2016/2017. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The participants of the research are the English teacher and students of X-A class of SMAN 1 Jiwan. The research uses purposive sampling technique. The techniques which are used to collect the data are observation, interview, and documentation. While, the techniques of the data analysis are: data condensation, data display, and conclusion and verification. <span style="color: black;">The results of this research are </span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; color: black;">the teacher prepares syllabus, <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">RPP</em>, and the papers of picture Sandwich Graphic Organizer. The steps are pre-activities, whilst-activities, and post-activities. Otherwise, some students get difficulties in <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">managing</span> their time, some students make mistakes in using V2 that is used in writing recount text</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, s<span style="color: black;">ome students get difficulties in expressing their ideas from Indonesian to the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">English</span> language because of <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">minimum</span> of vocabulary, and some students forget to write a <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">capital</span> letter in the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">beginning</span> of the sentence and full stop in the ending of the sentence. Then, the solutions of problems in</span> the implementation Sandwich Graphic Organizer are: t<span style="color: black;">he teacher explains again about the steps of using technique Sandwich Graphic Organizer, the teacher divides the time of the students when the students should write the outline and when the students should develop their outline, the teacher gives the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">command</span> for the students to open their dictionary to check the list of ve<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">rb</span> 2, the teacher asks the students to open their dictionaries when they are difficult in translating their ideas, and the teacher asks the students to pay attention <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">to</span> the punctuation when writing.</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>

On the occasion of her Golden Jubilee, Queen Victoria was depicted in a woodcut by William Nicholson that was to become extremely popular (Figure 1). So stout that her proportions approach those of a cube, the Queen is dressed from top to toe in her usual black mourning attire, the white of her gloved hands punctuating the otherwise nearly solid black rectangle of her body. Less than thirty years later, another simple image of a woman in black would prove to be equally iconic: the lithe, narrow column of Chanel's black dress (Figure 2). Comparing the dresses depicted in the two images – the first a visual reminder of the desexualized stolidity of Victorian fidelity, the second image an example of women's burgeoning social and sexual liberation – might lead one to conclude that the only thing they have in common is the color black. And yet, twentieth- and twenty-first-century fashion historians suggest that Victorian mourning is the direct antecedent of the sexier fashions that followed. Jill Fields writes, for example, that “the move to vamp black became possible because the growing presence of black outerwear for women in the nineteenth century due to extensive mourning rituals merged with the growing sensibility that dressing in black was fashionable” (144). Valerie Mendes is more direct: “Traditional mourning attire blazed a trail for the march of fashionable black and the little black dress” (9). These are provocative claims given that most scholarly accounts of Victorian mourning attire – whether from the perspective of literary analysis, fashion history or theory, or social history or theory – offer no indication that such progressive possibilities were inherent in widows’ weeds. Instead, those accounts focus almost exclusively on chasteness and piety, qualities required of the sorrowful widow, as the only message communicated by her attire: “Widows’ mourning clothes announced the ongoing bonds of fidelity, dependence, and grieving that were expected to tie women to their dead husbands for at least a year” (Bradbury 289). The disparity in the two accounts raises the question: how could staid, cumbersome black Victorian mourning attire lead to dresses understood to embrace sexuality and mobility?

<p>In public space there is the information, that is always designed with a specific purpose. For example, signposts are placed to provide direction guidance and to highlight some of the most important objects. Public signs function as the visiting cards of some institution or enterprise, creating indirectly a definite image of these institutions or some ethnic or social groups, while graffiti is written to create and maintain a public image and to express emotions or attitudes towards some person, a group of people, events or processes. To achieve the expected objective the authors of signs often use the eye-catching texts that differ from linguistic and para-linguistic means, such as artistic expressive means, unusual combinations of words and cultural signs, bright colors, variations of letter fonts, shapes and sizes, different types of images and symbols.</p><p>There have been selected three types of signs available in the linguistic landscape database consisting of 7347 public signs obtained in nine Baltic cities: firstly the largest group of signs by its percentage – the signs (ergonyms), which function as visiting cards of the institution or enterprise and which attract potential customers; secondly, these are graffiti texts, that are the least regulated language signs, reflecting free linguistic and semiotic experiments; and thirdly, these are advertisements, which more than any other public texts contain visual information and referral to a reader with rhetorical phrases and metaphors. In some cases, in order to determine the dissemination of any verbal text approach in the public space, posters are also viewed.</p><p>The goal is to identify and characterize the most peculiar development means of excerpted public signs (linguistic and para-linguistic), as well as compositional characteristics of open space advertisements of institutions and enterprises. There has been used the semiotic landscape theory, in which the language is viewed in correlation with the visual discourse, culture and a way of thinking, accepting multimodality of signs (Kress, Van Leewen 1996; Scollon &amp; Scollon 2003; Jaworski, Thurlow 2010). There have been applied as well a theory of linguistic creativity and a theory of optical metaphors, which allow to determine and analyze different language and semiotic means, rarely used in public reports, as well as to interpret the transfer of meanings (Zawada 2005; Бутакова 2013; Kessler 2013). Interviews and e-mails to employees of companies and institutions justify a creation process and promotion of definite ergonyms.</p><p>The original creation of elements of public reports are viewed in the article according to five language levels proposed by the onomastic J. Butakova: orthographic and graphic, word-formation, lexical, morphological and syntactical level. There was also discussed about the semantic level, highlighting less frequently found thematic groups of ergonyms and metaphorical messages, as well as about the semiotic level, describing compositional characteristics of open space advertisements of definite institutions and enterprises.</p><p>Overall, public signs of the Baltic States are characterized by initial capitalization throughout the text, nominal phrases, lack of punctuation marks, a variety of signs and symbols, which directly reflect the scope of activities, functionality and specificity of institution or company, product or service. Only in signs of names it is typical to use nomenclature names and other onyms (antroponyms, toponyms), in advertisements there are large images, rhetorical questions or exclamation sentences, but graffiti is a visual magnification of casual users’ handwriting, stylized signatures or inaccurately written personal names, slangs with a negative connotation.</p><p>Orthographic and graphic level depicts the broadest diversity of linguistic and semiotic means, especially in the signs of names and graffiti. The most commonly found differences are the usage of lower and upper case of initial letters, variations of their artistic design, highlighting a particular letter of the sign, changing the size, font, color of a word or a part of a word, as well as ignoring the rules of language. Some graffitis demonstrate the examples of graphic hybridization, combining different pattern systems in a single report.</p><p>Word-formation is revealed in the article only in the signs of names, determining the fact, that the formation of diminutives, compound names, abbreviations and foreign formants is relatively rare, wherewith it is considered as a kind of linguistic approach in creation of signs.</p><p>Since the public signs selected for the research, are characterized by nominal phrases, mostly substantives and groups of words, then in morphological and syntactical point of view there are interesting examples, which are only the samples of the usage of adjectives, verbs or linking words and which have a full grammatical center (especially in ergonyms and graffiti). The fact that there are almost no punctuation marks in public signs, the usage of quotes and commas in ergonyms, as well as doubling or tripling of exclamation marks or the usage of full stops, ellipses and question marks in graffiti and advertising is considered to be a kind of linguistic technique to attract the attention.</p><p>Creative linguistic techniques in a lexical semantic level are considerably rarely used nomenclature words in name signs, symbolic ergonyms in the full names of public institutions, actualization of cultural and historical information in the local environment, time category, mythological and literary characters, human character traits, behavior and properties in ergonyms, romantic dedications and poems in graffiti, and linguistic metaphors in ergonyms, advertisements and graffiti.</p><p>Semiotic public signs attract attention if they contain visual images and metaphors are the only information providers and if there is an untraditional layout, unusual shape or interesting combinations of visual elements. Some institutions and companies demonstrate a uniform compositional message in their open space advertisements.</p><p>In general, it can be maintained that both linguistic and semiotic means play an essential role in providing and perceiving general message of public signs. There are not so many techniques for creative text presentations in the Baltic States’ public space, but they reflect authors’ perception of their scope (institution or company, products or services, events), near or distant space and values.</p>

Sentiment analysis is the foremost task in Natural Language Processing to understand the user’s attitude (positive, neutral, or negative) by capturing their thoughts, opinions, and feeling about a particular product. This helps companies to fulfill customer satisfaction and make better future decisions about the product. Various techniques have been used in the literature forsentiment analysis, such as polarity scores, classifications, and automated sentiment analysis. In this paper, Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner (VADER) sentiment analysis tool has been employed on a Twitter dataset (downloaded from https://www.kaggle.com). The study aims to measure the performance of VADER sentiment while concatenating fourteen English language punctuations marks, including Exclamation (!), Comma (,), Full Stop (.), Question Mark (?), Round Brackets (), Curly Brackets {}, Square Brackets [], Colon (:), Apostrophe (‘), Dash (-), Hyphen (--), Semi-Colon (;), Slash (/), Quotation Mark (“ ”) and to observe whether the polarity (positive, neutral and negative) of a sentence changes or remains the same. After the analysis, the study found that Exclamation (!) maximizes the average positive polarity and average negative polarity and lowers the average neutralpolarity. The Hyphen (--) and Comma (,) increase the average positive and neutral polarity and decrease the aver-age negative polarity. For Round Brackets (), Curly Brackets {}, Square Brackets [], Colon (:), Apostrophe (‘), Dash (-), Semi-Colon (;), Slash (/) and Full Stop (.) the average positive and average neutral polarity decreases and average negative polarity increases.

AbstractThree voices in this dialogue reconstruct the most common views on the main function of punctuation. Performance Senior hypothesizes that punctuation is motivated by intonation – a very common but nevertheless questionable assumption. The second voice, Grammar, argues that punctuation, especially the comma, should be analyzed as representing syntactic structure. In this model the comma is a universal sign for a clause-internal non-subordinative concatenation, such as coordination or dislocation. In German and other languages there is an additional condition that licenses the comma at a clause-internal sentence boundary. The third voice, Performance Junior, pleads for a performance-based, reader-oriented reconstruction of the whole system of punctuation. Including the full stop, the colon and the semicolon in her investigation, she shows that punctuation marks reflect specific strategies of parsing sentences. This is achieved by a compositional formal and functional analysis of complex marks such as colon and semicolon. The main empirical results of the present contribution and the problems that clause-internal non-subordinative concatenation such as coordination and dislocation pose for syntactic theories force us to reconsider the relation between grammar and performance. In short, small marks make us face big issues. Appropriately for an anniversary issue, we have chosen the dialogue as a genre invented by the Ancient Greeks for purposes of rhetorical entertainment and instruction. It is particularly well suited to render opposed opinions and to encourage the readers to pursue their own train of thought.

This study aims at describing and classifying forms of misspelling in dissertations based on General Guideline for Indonesian Spelling (Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia [PUEBI]). It is a descriptive qualitative study. The type of data obtained in this study is document text, consisting of primary data sourced from dissertation and secondary data sourced from related documents. Data collection is carried out by using text analysis, documentation, and recording techniques. The result of this research shows that spelling errors in dissertation include 10 errors of writing capital letter, 9 errors of writing italic, 14 errors of forming word, 5 errors of using full stop mark, 5 errors of using comma sign, 1 error of using colon sign, and 6 errors of using quotation mark. Maximum errors are in the use of punctuation and the word formation. Based on the result, it can be concluded that there are still many spelling errors in writing dissertation. Therefore, it needs more effort to understand the rules of writing, such as the use of standard words, PUEBI, capital letter, punctuation, and word formation to make a good writing, especially in writing dissertation.

AbstractThe objective of this article is to analyze the didactic functionality of a chatbot to improve the results of the students of the National University of Distance Education (UNED / Spain) in accessing the university in the subject of Spanish Language. For this, a quasi-experimental experiment was designed, and a quantitative methodology was used through pretest and posttest in a control and experimental group in which the effectiveness of two teaching models was compared, one more traditional based on exercises written on paper and another based on interaction with a chatbot. Subsequently, the perception of the experimental group in an academic forum about the educational use of the chatbot was analyzed through text mining with tests of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), pairwise distance matrix and bigrams. The quantitative results showed that the students in the experimental group substantially improved the results compared to the students with a more traditional methodology (experimental group / mean: 32.1346 / control group / mean: 28.4706). Punctuation correctness has been improved mainly in the usage of comma, colon and periods in different syntactic patterns. Furthermore, the perception of the students in the experimental group showed that they positively value chatbots in their teaching–learning process in three dimensions: greater “support” and companionship in the learning process, as they perceive greater interactivity due to their conversational nature; greater “feedback” and interaction compared to the more traditional methodology and, lastly, they especially value the ease of use and the possibility of interacting and learning anywhere and anytime.

This research paper aims to explore the cultural, political, and social realities of Pakistan in Uzma Aslam Khan’s novel Trespassing. The ethnic conflicts which engulfed Karachi in the 1990s in the aftermath of the Afghan War and Gulf War are also depicted. Mixed approach has been used as a tool in order to highlight different aspects of real life presented in the novel. These approaches are critical discourse analysis, punctuation as prosody of language, code mixing, and color semiotics. Code mixing in the novel gives a glaring picture of Pakistani culture and traditional values at the major level by the use of Urduised words. The application of critical discourse analysis in Trespassing reveals the political unrest, corruption, fantasy for America, individualism and ethnic conflicts which swamped the whole country. The prosody of punctuation illustrates the hidden meanings of the sentences more explicit thus making the societal issues more protuberant. The prosody is concerned with the semantic meaning rather than rhetorical meaning. Color semiotics of both eastern and western culture also objectified and presented a more comprehensive vision of the culture, ideas, and feelings in the novel. Trespassing is a book which is realistic and in all sense an essence of Pakistan and its people.

In the first quarter of the 20th century, luminous neon signs paved the way for the multiscreen aesthetics now punctuating major intersections in metropolises around the world. And yet, these epicenters of spectacle currently bear little or no neon themselves. This article draws from visual studies and histories of electricity to chart a unique material history of neon from novelty to norm, to obsolescence. The article begins with neon’s introduction in France in 1910, followed by its travels across the Atlantic in 1923, when novel neon quickly became definitive of a new urban aesthetic. The best illustration of this is 1940s Las Vegas, where neon flourished as a symbol of glamour and modern progress until, less than a decade later, it lost ground to cheaper and more efficient backlit plastic, fluorescent, and eventually, LED lighting systems. By the 1960s, neon was abandoned to inner cities, noire film, and New Wave journalism, and yet, we still refer to the mega-screen spectacles in numerous cities around the world as bearing this same ‘neon aesthetic’. This article charts this visual journey, demonstrating how neon holds a special significance to urban visual cultures that extends beyond survey histories of electricity and basic light and color theories heralded in traditional visual communications courses.

Devido à ausência de metodologia para avaliação da qualidade do pão francês em Sistema de Alimentação Coletiva, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros físicos, físico-químicos e sensoriais do pão francês, comercializado em cinco panificadoras de Curitiba. Nas análises físicas, em cinco repetições, as amostras foram submetidas à determinação do peso, volume, volume específico, densidade e peso seco. As análises físicoquímicas foram realizadas em triplicata de acordo com procedimento da Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Para avaliar a qualidade do pão foi utilizada a metodologia do sistema de pontuação global, mediante análise sensorial dos seguintes atributos: cor da crosta, forma e simetria, características da crosta, aspecto da pestana, aspecto de quebra da crosta, cor do miolo, porosidade, textura, aroma e sabor. Atribuiu-se pontuação (de 0 a 5) para cada variável, a qual foi multiplicada pelo fator que expressa a importância relativa de cada variável (totalizando 100 pontos), obtendo-se a classificação dos produtos pela soma dos pontos. Os resultados dos testes físicos e físicoquímicos das cinco amostras de pão francês apresentaram média de 52,23 g de peso, 31,98% de umidade, 68,02% de extrato seco, 35,49 g de peso seco, 371,8 cm3 de volume, 7,23 cm3/g de volume específico e 0,15 g/cm3 de densidade. As amostras XA, XB e XC apresentaram os melhores resultados podendo ser consideradas como as melhores. Na classificação pelo sistema de pontuação global, as amostras apresentaram diferença em nível de 1% de significância em relação à qualidade. As amostras XA e XB apresentaram boa qualidade, seguidas pelas amostras XC e XE (regular), sendo a amostra XD classificada como ruim. Os resultados obtidos permitem sugerir a adoção desta metodologia de avaliação para seleção de pão francês, em Sistema de Alimentação Coletiva. QUALITY PATTERNS OF FRENCH BREAD Abstract Due to the absence of a methodology to evaluate the quality of French bread in a Production of Collective Meals System, the present work had as objective to evaluate the quality, physical, physical-chemical and sensorial parameters of the French bread marketed in five bakeries in Curitiba (Brazil). In the physical analyses, with five repetitions, the samples were submitted to the determination of weight, volume, specific volume, density and dry weight. The physical-chemical analysis was accomplished with three replicates in agreement with the AOAC procedure. To evaluate the quality of the bread, the methodology of global punctuation system was used, by sensorial analysis of the following attributes: color of the crust, form and symmetry, characteristics of the crust, aspect of the lash, aspect of crust break, color of the crumb, porosity, texture, aroma and flavor. For each variable a grade (from 0 to 5) was attributed, which was multiplied by a factor that expressed the relative importance of each variable (to a total of 100 points), obtaining the product classification by the sum of the points. The results of the physical and physical-chemical tests of the five samples of French bread presented an average of 52,23 g of weight; 31,98% of humidity, 68,02% of dry extract, 35,49 g of dry weight, 371,8 cm3 of volume, 7,23 cm3/g of specific volume and 0,15 g/cm3 of density. The samples XA, XB and XC presented better results and could be considered as the best. In the classification using the global punctuation system, the samples presented difference at the level of 1% of significance in relation to the quality. The samples XA and XB presented good quality, followed by the samples XC and XE (regular), being the sample XD classified as bad. The results obtained allow suggest the evaluation methodology for selection of French bread in a Production of Collective Meals System.

This article aims to analyze social etiquette and media criminology, punctuating its consequences and limits, in an attempt to mitigate its possible damage. Labeling approach is the name given to the stigmatization of individuals in order to marginalize them and, eventually, imprison them. Chronologically, criminological theories have been developed. Sociologists developed theses, so that each new thesis confronted the previous one. The labeling approach emerged shortly after the positive theory and the theory of criminal subcultures. The main approach of the label's brand is to treat only a portion of the population in a discriminatory and exhaustive manner, that is: the most needy portion, in terms of purchasing power. As a kind of unfolding of labeling approach, media criminology emerged, which is nothing more than a form of manipulation exercised by the media that endorses the stigmatization of conformity. The media reinforces the idea of ​​stereotypes and constantly hints at the cruel treatment that, in the opinion, the adjusted defendants should receive. The research becomes relevant to address the value judgments that are made based on physical types, places of residence, societies, skin color, etc., all due to labeling approach and media criminology. The methodology used was literature review, through doctrinal analysis of some authors. In this sense, it should be noted that the theoretical framework is based on Alessandro Baratta (2002) and Zaffaroni (2012), two of the main exponents with regard to the themes under review. Thus, it is expected to contribute to the knowledge of the intricacies of labeling approach and media criminology and, consequently, to demystify the figure of the criminal, in order to promote a reflection on possible injustices committed in the face of some citizens as a result of judgments, precipitated and endowed with pure stigmatization

Objective: We aim to understand (1) the frequency of URL sharing and (2) types of shared URLs among opioid related discussions that take place in the social media platform called Reddit.Introduction: Nearly 100 people per day die from opioid overdose in the United States. Further, prescription opioid abuse is assumed to be responsible for a 15-year increase in opioid overdose deaths1. However, with increasing use of social media comes increasing opportunity to seek and share information. For instance, 80% of Internet users obtain health information online2, including popular social interaction sites like Reddit (http://www.reddit.com), which had more than 82.5 billion page views in 20153. In Reddit, members often share information, and include URLs to supplement the information. Understanding the frequency of URL sharing and types of shared URLs can improve our knowledge of information seeking/sharing behaviors as well as domains of shared information on social media. Such knowledge has the potential to provide opportunities to improve public health surveillance practice. We use Reddit to track opioid related discussions and then investigate types of shared URLs among Reddit members in those discussions.Methods: First, we use a dataset4—made available on Reddit—that has been used in several informatics studies5,6. The dataset is comprised of 13,213,173 unique member IDs, 114,320,798 posts, and 1,659,361,605 associated comments that are made on 239,772 (including active and inactive) subreddits (i.e., sub-communities) from October 2007 to May 2015. Second, we identified 9 terms that are associated with opioids. The terms are 'opioid', 'opium', 'morphine', 'opiate', 'hydrocodone', 'oxycodone', 'fentanyl', 'heroin', and 'methadone'. Third, we preprocessed the entire dataset (i.e., converting text to lower cases and removing punctuation) and extracted discussions with opioid terms and their metadata (e.g., user ID, post ID) via a lexicon-based approach. Fourth, we extracted URLs using Python from these discussions, categorized the URLs by domain, and then visualized the results in a bubble chart7.Results: We extracted 1,121,187 posts/comments that were made by 328,179 unique member IDs from 8,892 subreddits. Of the 1,121,187 posts/comments, 82,639 posts/comments contained URLs (7.37%), and these posts consisted of 272,551 individual URLs and 138,206 unique URLs. The types of shared URLs in these opioid related discussions are summarized in Figure 1. The color and size represent the type and size respectively of shared URLs. The ‘.com’ is in blue; ‘.org’ is in orange; and ‘.gov’ is in green.Conclusions: We present preliminary findings concerning the types of shared URLs in opioid-related discussions among Reddit members. Our initial results suggest that Reddit members openly discuss opioid related issues and URL sharing is a part of information sharing. Although members share many URLs from reliable information sources (e.g., ‘ncbi.nlm.nih.gov’, ‘wikipedia.org, ‘nytimes.com’, ‘sciencedirect.com’), further investigation is needed concerning many of the ‘.com’ URLs, which have the potential to contain high and/or low quality information (e.g., ‘youtube.com’, ‘reddit.com’, ‘google.com’, ‘amazon.com’) to fully understand information seeking/sharing behaviors on social media and to identify opportunities, such as misinformation dissemination for improving public health surveillance practice.

Perhaps the supreme quality of print is one that is lost on us, since it has so casual and obvious an existence (McLuhan 160). Print Machine (Thad Donovan, 1995) In the introduction to his book on 9/11, Welcome to the Desert of the Real, Slavoj Zizek uses an analogy of letter writing to emphasize the contingency of post-9/11 reality. In the example, Zizek discusses the efforts of writers to escape the eyes of governmental censors and a system that used blue ink to indicate a message was true, red ink to indicate it was false. The story ends with an individual receiving a letter from the censored country stating that the writer could not find any red ink. The ambiguity and the duplicity of writing, suggested in Zizek’s tale of colored inks, is a condition of the contemporary world, even if we are unaware of it. We exist in an age in which print—the economization of writing—has an increasingly significant and precarious role in our lives. We turn to the Internet chat room for textual interventions in our sexual, political and aesthetic lives. We burn satanic Harry Potter books and issue fatwas against writers like Salman Rushdie. We narrate our lives using pictures, fonts of varying typeface and color, and sound on our personalized homepages. We throw out our printed books and buy audio ones so we can listen to our favorite authors in the car. We place trust of our life savings, personal numbers, and digital identity in the hands of unseen individuals behind computer screens. Decisively, we are a print people, but our very nature of being dependent on the technologies of print in our public and private lives leads to our inability to consider the epistemological, social and existential effects of print on us. In this article, I focus on the current manifestations of print—what I call “newprint”—including their relationships to consumerism, identity formation and the politics of the state. I will then consider the democratic possibilities of print, suggested by the personalization of print through the Internet and home publishing, and conclude with the implications of the end of print that include the possibility of a post-print language and the middle voice. In order to understand the significance of our current print culture, it is important to situate print in the context of the history of communication. In earlier times, writing had magical associations (Harris 10), and commonly these underpinnings led to the stratification of communities. Writing functioned as a type of black box, “the mysterious technology by which any message [could] be concealed from its illiterate bearer” (Harris 16). Plato and Socrates warned against the negative effects of writing on the mind, including the erosion of memory (Ong 81). Though it once supplemented the communicational bases of orality, the written word soon supplanted it and created a dramatic existential shift in people—a separation of “the knower from the known” (Ong 43-44). As writing moved from the inconvenience of illuminated manuscripts and hand-copied texts, it became systemized in Gutenberg print, and writing then took on the signature of the state—messages between people were codified in the technology of print. With the advent of computer technologies in the 1990s, including personal computers, word processing programs, printers, and the Internet, the age of newprint begins. Newprint includes the electronic language of the Internet and other examples of the public alphabet, including billboards, signage and the language of advertising. As much as members of consumer society are led to believe that newprint is the harbinger of positive identity construction and individualism, closer analysis of the mechanisms of newprint leads to a different conclusion. An important context of new print is found in the space of the home computer. The home computer is the workstation of the contemporary discursive culture—people send and receive emails, do their shopping on the Internet, meet friends and even spouses through dating services, conceal their identity on MUDs and MOOs, and produce state-of-the-art publishing projects, even books. The ubiquity of print in the space of the personal computer leads to the vital illusion that this newprint is emancipatory. Some theorists have argued that the Internet exhibits the spirit of communicative action addressed by Juergen Habermas, but such thinkers have neglected the fact that the foundations of newprint, just like those of Gutenberg print, are the state and the corporation. Recent advertising of Hewlett-Packard and other computer companies illustrates this point. One advertisement suggested that consumers could “invent themselves” through HP computer and printer technology: by using the varied media available to them, consumers can make everything from personalized greeting cards to full-fledged books. As Friedrich Kittler illustrates, we should resist the urge to separate the practices of writing from the technologies of their production, what Jay David Bolter (41) denotes as the “writing space”. For as much as we long for new means of democratic and individualistic expression, we should not succumb to the urge to accept newprint because of its immediacy, novelty or efficiency. Doing so will relegate us to a mechanistic existence, what is referenced metaphorically in Thad Donovan’s “print machine.” In multiple contexts, newprint extends the corporate state’s propaganda industry by turning the written word into artifice. Even before newprint, the individual was confronted with the hegemony of writing. Writing creates “context-free language” or “autonomous discourse,” which means an individual cannot directly confront the language or speaker as one could in oral cultures (Ong 78). This further division of the individual from the communicational world is emphasized in newprint’s focus on the aesthetics of the typeface. In word processing programs like Microsoft Word, and specialized ones like TwistType, the consumer can take a word or a sentence and transform it into an aesthetic formation. On the word processing program that is producing this text, I can choose from Blinking Background, Las Vegas Lights, Marching Red or Black Ants, Shimmer, and Sparkle Text. On my campus email system I am confronted with pictorial backgrounds, font selection and animation as an intimate aspect of the communicational system of my college. On my cell phone I can receive text messages, and I can choose to use emoticons (iconic characters and messages) on the Internet. As Walter Ong wrote, “print situates words in space more relentlessly than writing ever did … control of position is everything in print” (Ong 121). In the case of the new culture of print, the control over more functions of the printed page, specifically its presentation, leads some consumers to believe that choice and individuality are the outcomes. Newprint does not free the writer from the constraints imposed by the means of traditional print—the printing press—rather, it furthers them as the individual operates by the logos of a predetermined and programmed electronic print. The capacity to spell and write grammatically correct sentences is abated by the availability of spell- and grammar-checking functions in word processing software. In many ways, the aura of writing is lost in newprint in the same way in which art lost its organic nature as it moved into the age of reproducibility (Benjamin). Just as filters in imaging programs like Photoshop reduce the aesthetic functions of the user to the determinations of the software programmer, the use of automated print technologies—whether spell-checking or fanciful page layout software like QuarkXpress or Page Maker—will further dilute the voice of the writer. Additionally, the new forms of print can lead to a fracturing of community, the opposite intent of Habermas’ communicative action. An example is the recent growth of specialized languages on the Internet. Some of the newer forms of such languages use combinations of alphanumeric characters to create a language that can only be read by those with the code. As Internet print becomes more specialized, a tribal effect may be felt within our communities. Since email began a few years ago, I have noticed that the nature of the emails I receive has been dramatically altered. Today’s emails tend to be short and commonly include short hands (“LOL” = “laugh out loud”), including the elimination of capitalization and punctuation. In surveying students on the reasons behind such alterations of language in email, I am told that these short hands allow for more efficient forms of communication. In my mind, this is the key issue that is at stake in both print and newprint culture—for as long as we rely on print and other communicational systems as a form of efficiency, we are doomed to send and receive inaccurate and potentially dangerous messages. Benedict Anderson and Hannah Arendt addressed the connections of print to nationalistic and fascist urges (Anderson; Arendt), and such tendencies are seen in the post-9/11 discursive formations within the United States. Bumper stickers and Presidential addresses conveyed the same simplistic printed messages: “Either You are with Us or You are with the Terrorists.” Whether dropping leaflets from airplanes or in scrolling text messages on the bottom of the television news screen, the state is dependent on the efficiency of print to maintain control of the citizen. A feature of this efficiency is that newprint be rhetorically immediate in its results, widely available in different forms of technology, and dominated by the notion of individuality and democracy that is envisioned in HP’s “invent yourself” advertsiements. As Marshall McLuhan’s epigram suggests, we have an ambiguous relationship to print. We depend on printed language in our daily lives, for education and for the economic transactions that underpin our consumer world, yet we are unable to confront the rhetoric of the state and mass media that are consequences of the immediacy and magic of both print and new print. Print extends the domination of our consciousness by forms of discourse that privilege representation over experience and the subject over the object. As we look to new means of communicating with one another and of expressing our intimate lives, we must consider altering the discursive foundations of our communication, such as looking to the middle voice. The middle voice erases the distinctions between subjects and objects and instead emphasizes the writer being in the midst of things, as a part of the world as opposed to dominating it (Barthes; Tyler). A few months prior to writing this article, I spent the fall quarter teaching in London. One day I received an email that changed my life. My partner of nearly six years announced that she was leaving me. I was gripped with the fact of my being unable to discuss the situation with her as we were thousands of miles apart and I struggled to understand how such a significant and personal circumstance could be communicated with the printed word of email. Welcome to new print! References Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1991. Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1976. Barthes, Roland. “To Write: An Intransitive Verb?” The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man: The Structuralist Controversy. Ed. Richard Macksey and Eugenio Donato. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1970. 134-56. Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility: Second Version.” Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 3: 1935-1938. Cambridge: Belknap/Harvard, 2002. Bolter, Jay David. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991. Habermas, Jürgen. The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. I. Boston: Beacon Press, 1985. Harris, Roy. The Origin of Writing. La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1986. Kittler, Friedrich A. Discourse Networks 1800/1900. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1990. McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge: MIT P, 1994. Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Routledge, 1991. Tyler, Stephen A. “The Middle Voice: The Influence of Post-Modernism on Empirical Research in Anthropology.” Post-modernism and Anthropology. Eds. K. Geuijen, D. Raven, and J. de Wolf. Assen, The Neatherlands: Van Gorcum, 1995. Zizek, Slavoj. Welcome to the Desert of the Real. London: Verso, 2002. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Lukas, Scott A. "Nevermoreprint." M/C Journal 8.2 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0506/04-lukas.php>. APA Style Lukas, S. (Jun. 2005) "Nevermoreprint," M/C Journal, 8(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0506/04-lukas.php>.

IntroductionIn 2017, both the disability community and popular culture are using the term “inspiration porn” to describe one form of discrimination against people with disability. ABC’s Speechless, “a sitcom about a family with a son who has a disability, (has) tackled why it’s often offensive to call people with disabilities ‘inspirational’” (Wanshel). The reasons why inspiration porn is considered to be discriminatory have been widely articulated online by people with disability. Amongst them is Carly Findlay, a disabled writer, speaker, and appearance activist, who has written that:(inspiration porn) shows non-disabled people doing good deeds for disabled people—feeding them chips at McDonald’s—’serving us all lessons in kindness’: or taking them to the high school dance. These stories usually always go viral. The person with disability probably never gave their permission for the photo or story to be used in a meme or told to the media (Findlay).The definition and dynamics of inspiration porn as illustrated in this quote will be expanded upon in this paper’s critical analysis of captions. Here, the term captions is used to describe both writing found on memes and on Facebook posts (created by a “poster”), and the comments written below these posts (created by “commenters”). Facebook threads underneath posts about people with disability both “reflect and create” (Barnes, Mercer and Shakespeare 202) current societal attitudes towards disability. That is, such threads not only illustrate negative societal attitudes towards disability, but can also perpetuate these attitudes by increasing people’s exposure to them. This paper will focus on a specific case study of inspiration porn on Facebook—the crowning of a student with autism as prom king—and consider both the conflict of whether people’s kind words are patronising use of language, as well as the concerns of over-disclosure used in this thread.What Is Inspiration Porn?The genesis of the term inspiration porn is commonly attributed to the late Stella Young, a disabled woman who was an advocate for people with disability. However, the term has been traced to a blog post written in February 2012 (bear). Anecdotal evidence from Lisa Harris, a disability consultant and advocate with over 20 years’ disability education experience, suggests that the term was blogged about as far back as 2006 on Rachel Cohen-Rottenberg’s Webpage Disability and Representation (Harris). However, it was Young who popularised the term with her 2012 article We’re Not Here for Your Inspiration and 2014 TED Talk I’m Not Your Inspiration, Thank You Very Much. Young defined inspiration porn as “an image of a person with a disability, often a kid, doing something completely ordinary—like playing, or talking, or running, or drawing a picture, or hitting a tennis ball—carrying a caption like ‘your excuse is invalid’ or ‘before you quit, try’”.It is worth noting that the use of the word porn has been considered controversial in this context. Yet it can be argued that the perception of the person with disability having achieved something great gives the person without disability a hit of positive “inspired” emotion. In this way, such inspiration could be termed as porn as it serves the purpose of fulfilling the “pornographic” self-gratification of people without disability.The term inspiration porn has historically been used in disability studies in two ways. Firstly, it has been used to describe the “ableist gaze” (Davis), which is when a person with disability is ‘seen’ through the eyes of someone without disability. Indeed, just as the “male gaze” (Mulvey) is implicit in sexualised porn, so too the “ableist gaze” is implicit in inspiration porn. Secondly, it has been used to highlight the lack of power experienced by people with disability in cultural representation (Barnes, Mercer, and Shakespeare 201). This study is a good example of the latter—it is not uncommon for people with disability to be refuted when they speak out against the inherent discrimination found within captions of (intended) kindness on Facebook threads.Inspiration porn is also a form of “objectification” (Perry) of people with disability, and is based on stereotypes (Haller and Zhang 22) about disability held by people without disability. According to Dr. Paul Sinclair, a disability scholar with 15 years’ experience in disability education, objectification and stereotyping are essential factors to understanding inspiration porn as discrimination:when a person with disability engages in their daily life, it is possible that a person without disability sees them as inspirational by superimposing his/her stereotypical perception of, or understanding about, people with disability onto the identity of the person, as a human being.Such objectification and stereotyping of people with disability is evident across various media captioning. This is particularly so in social media which often includes memes of images with “inspiring” captions—such as the ones Young highlighted as clear examples of inspiration porn, which “feature the Hamilton quote (‘The only disability in life is a bad attitude’)”. Another example of this kind of captioning is found in news items such as the 2015 article Disabled Teen Crowned Homecoming Queen in Awesome Way as featured in the article USA Today (Saggio). This article described how a student not identified as having a disability gave her homecoming queen crown to a student with a disability and captioned the YouTube clip of these students with, “High school senior [Name] was hoping she’d be crowned homecoming queen. She has cerebral palsy and has never felt like she fit in at school. What happened during the crowning ceremony will warm your heart” (Saggio). The fact that the young woman was pleased with getting the crown does not mitigate the objectifying dynamics of inspiration porn present within this example. Captioning such as this both creates and reflects some of the existing attitudes—including charity and its appeal to emotionality—that perpetuate inspiration porn.Measuring Inspiration Porn with Sentiment AnalysisThe challenge for the researcher analysing Facebook threads is how to meaningfully interpret the captions’ numerous contexts. The methodology of this research used a quantitative approach to gather numerical data about selected Facebook captions. This paper discusses data gained from a sentiment analysis (Pang and Lee; Thelwall et al.; Driscoll) of these captions within the contexts of my own and other researchers’ analyses of inspiration porn, as well as the perspectives of people with disability.The sentiment analysis was conducted using SentiStrength, a software tool that extracts both positive and negative sentiment strengths “from short informal electronic text” (Thelwall et al., 2545), and ranks it “on a numerical scale” (Driscoll 3). Sentiment analysis and SentiStrength are useful, but not perfect, tools with which to analyse Facebook captions. For example, SentiStrength determines two scales: a positive emotion measurement scale ranging from +1 (neutral) to +5 (most positive), and a negative emotion measurement scale ranging from –1 (neutral) to –5 (most negative). It calculates the positive and negative scores concurrently rather than averaging them out in order to acknowledge that captions can and do express mixed emotion (Driscoll 5).News articles about people with disability attending proms and comparable events, such as the homecoming queen example described above, are often criticised by disability activists for perpetuating inspiration porn (Mort; Findlay; Brown). Based on this criticism, sentiment analysis was used in this research to measure the emotional strength of captions—particularly their possible use of patronising language—using the Autism Speaks Facebook post as a case study. The post featured an image of a high school student with autism who had been crowned prom king.The Autism Speaks Facebook page was set up to fund “research into the causes, prevention, treatments and a cure for autism; increas(e) awareness of autism spectrum disorders; and advocat(e) for the needs of individuals with autism and their families” (Autism Speaks). The location of the prom was not specified; however, Autism Speaks is based in New York. This particular Facebook page was selected for this study based on criticism that Autism Speaks receives from disability advocates. One of the major critiques is that “(its) advertising depends on offensive and outdated rhetoric of fear and pity, presenting the lives of autistic people as tragic burdens on our families and society” (Boycott Autism Speaks). Autism Speaks has also been described as a problematic example of an organisation that “dictate(s) how disability should be perceived and dealt with. Often without input of disabled people either in the design or implementation of these organizations” (crippledscholar). This article goes on to state that “charities always frame what they do as positive and helpful even when the people who are the intended recipients disagree.”The prom king post included a photo of a young man with autism after he was crowned. He was standing beside a woman who wasn’t identified. The photo, posted by the young man’s aunt on the Autism Speaks Facebook page, included a status update that read:My autistic nephew won PROM KING today! Just so you all know, having a disability doesn’t hold you back if you don’t let it! GO [NAME]. #AutismAwareness (Autism Speaks)The following caption from the comment thread of the same Facebook post is useful as an example of how SentiStrength works. The caption read:Tears of Joy! Thank you for posting!!! Wow this gives me hope for his and my son’s and everyone’s special wonderful child nephew and niece! Way cool!However, because SentiStrength does not always accurately detect and measure sarcasm or idiomatic language usage, ”Tears” (the only negatively interpreted word in this caption) has been scored as –4, while the overall positive sentiment was scored as 3. Therefore, the final SentiStrength score of this caption was 3, –4, thereby demonstrating both the utility and limitations of SentiStrength as a sentiment analysis tool. This is useful to understand when analysing the data it produces.When analysing the entire thread, the sentiment analysis results across 238 captions, showed that 2 was the average strength of positive emotion, and that –1.16 was the average strength of negative emotion. The following section will analyse how a specific caption chosen from the most positively-scored captions from these data indicates that inspiration porn is possibly evident within.Use of Language: Kind, or Patronising?This discussion analyses the use of language in one caption from this thread, focusing on the way it likely demonstrated the ableist gaze. The caption was the most positive one from these data as scored by SentiStrength (5, –1) and read, ”CONGRATULATIONS SWEETIE!!!”. While it is noted that basing this analysis primarily on one caption provides limited insight into the dynamics of inspiration porn, this analysis forms a basis from which to consider other “inspirational” Facebook posts about people with disability. As well as this caption, this discussion will also draw upon other examples mentioned in this paper—from the homecoming queen article in USA Today to another caption on the Autism Speaks thread—to illustrate the dynamics of inspiration porn.On the surface, this congratulatory caption seems like a kind thing to post. However, inspiration porn has been identified in this analysis based on the caption’s effusive use of punctuation coupled with use of capital letters and the word “sweetie”. The excitement depicted through use of multiple exclamation marks and capital letters implies that the commenter has a personal connection with the prom king, which is a possibility. However, this possibility becomes less feasible when the caption is considered within the context of other captions that display not dissimilar use of language, as well as some that also display intimate emojis, such as grin faces and love heart eyes. Further, when this use of language is used with any consistency across a thread and is not coupled with textual information that implies a personal connection between the commenter/s and the prom king, it could be interpreted as patronising, condescending and/or infantilising. In addition, “sweetie” is a term of endearment commonly used in conversation with a romantic partner, child, or someone the speaker/writer knows intimately. While, again, it is possible that these commenters knew the prom king intimately, a more likely possibility is that he was being written to by strangers, yet using language that implied he was close to them—which would then have the same patronising connotations as above. It can therefore be argued that there is a strong possibility that this heightened use of intimate and emotional language was chosen based on his autism diagnosis.The conclusion drawn above is based in part on contextual similarities between the Autism Speaks post and its associated thread, and the aforementioned homecoming queen news article. In the former, it is likely that the young prom king was congratulated effusively because of his autism diagnosis. Similarly, in the latter article, the young woman was crowned not because she was named homecoming queen, but because the crown was given to her because of her diagnosis of cerebral palsy. As both gestures appear to have been based on others’ perceptions of these individuals’ disabilities rather than on their achievements, they are both likely to be patronising gestures.Over-DisclosureIn addition to use of language, another noteworthy issue in the captions thread on the Autism Speaks Facebook page was that many of them were from parents disclosing the diagnosis of their child. One example of this was a post from a mother that read (in part):I’ll be over here worried & concerned with the other 9,999 & ½ things to deal with, keeping up with new therapies, current therapy, we came in progress from any past therapies, meltdowns, dietary restrictions, educational requirements, The joy and difficulties of not just learning a new word but actually retaining that word, sleep, being hit, keeping him from hitting himself, tags on clothes etc. etc. [sic] (Autism Speaks)The above commenter listed a number of disability-specific issues that she experienced while raising her son who has autism. The context for her caption was a discussion, unrelated to the original post, that had sparked underneath a sub-thread regarding whether the use of person-first language (“person with autism”) or identity-first language (“Autistic person”) was best when referring to someone with autism. The relationship between inspiration porn and this intimately negative post about someone with disability is that both types of post are examples of the “ableist gaze”: inspiration porn demonstrates an exaggerated sense of positivity based on someone’s disability, and this post demonstrates disregard for the privacy of the person being posted about—perhaps due to his disability. The ease with which this negative comparison (over-disclosure) can be made between ‘inspirational’ and ‘negative’ posts illustrates in part why inspiration porn is a form of discrimination—intentional or otherwise.Furthermore, some of the children who were disclosed about on the main thread were too young to be asked consent, and it is unclear whether those who were old enough had the capacity to provide informed consent. Research has found that online over-disclosure in general is a matter of concern.The specific practice of online over-disclosure from parents about their children—with or without disability—has been raised by Leaver (151), “what happens before young people have the agency, literacy or skills to take the reins of their own selves online? Parents, guardians, loved ones and others inevitably set the initial identity parameters for young people online.” Over-disclosure is therefore also an issue that concerns people with disability, and the people closest to them.There exists both anecdotal evidence and academic research regarding online over-disclosure about people with disability. The research states that when people with physical disability disclose online, they employ strategic approaches that involve the degree to which they disclose (Furr, Carreiro, and McArthur). This suggests that there are complex factors to consider around such disclosure. Also relevant is that the practice of over-disclosure about another person’s disability, regardless of whether that disclosure is made by a close family member, has been critiqued by people (Findlay; Stoltz) within the disability community: “would you publicly share this information about your other children, an aging parent, or yourself?” (Stoltz). Finally, the practice of disability over-disclosure by anyone other than the person themselves supports the understanding that inspiration porn is not about the “object” of inspiration; rather, it serves to give pleasure (and/or pain) to the objectifier.ConclusionInspiration porn via the ableist gaze is discriminatory because it focuses on a (societally) undesirable trait in a way that serves the “gazer” at the expense of the “gazed-at”. That is, people with disability are objectified and exploited in various ways that can initially appear to be positive to people without disability. For example, when someone with disability posts or is posted about on Facebook, a person without disability might then add a caption—possibly with good intentions—that serves as their “inspired” response to what it “must” be like to have a disability. It can be argued that such captions, whether on news articles or when framing social media images, therefore either reflect or create existing social inequalities—and possibly do both.In continuing to use the term inspiration porn to describe one form of discrimination against people with disability, both the disability community and popular culture are contributing to an important narrative that scholarship needs to continue to address. Indeed, the power imbalance that is celebrated within inspiration porn is in some ways more insidious than malicious discrimination against people with disability, because it is easier to mistake as kindness. The research sample presented in this paper supports the countless expressions of anecdotal evidence given by people with disability that this “kindness” is inspiration porn; a damaging expression of the ableist gaze.ReferencesAutism Speaks. Facebook 21 May 2017 <https://www.facebook.com/autismspeaks>.Barnes, Colin, Geof Mercer, and Tom Shakespeare. Exploring Disability. 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London: Verso, 1995.Driscoll, Beth. “Sentiment Analysis and the Literary Festival Audience.” Continuum 29.6 (2015): 861–873.Findlay, Carly. “Inspiration and Objectification of People with Disability – A Resource for Teachers and Parents.” Tune into Radio Carly 5 Feb. 2017. 21 May 2017 <http://carlyfindlay.blogspot.com.au/2017/02/inspiration-and-objectification-of.html>.Findlay, Carly. “When Parents Overshare Their Children’s Disability.” Sydney Morning Herald 23 July 2015. 21 May 2017 <http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/news-and-views/opinion/when-parents-overshare-their-childrens-disability-20150724-gijtw6.html>.Furr, June B., Alexis Carreiro, and John A. McArthur. “Strategic Approaches to Disability Disclosure on Social Media.” Disability & Society 31.10 (2016): 1353–1368.Haller, Beth, and Lingling Zhang. “Stigma or Empowerment? What Do Disabled People Say about Their Representation in News and Entertainment Media?” Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal 9.4 (2014).Harris, Lisa. “Genesis of Term ‘Inspiration Porn’?” Letter. 5 Oct. 2016.Leaver, Tama. “Born Digital? Presence, Privacy, and Intimate Surveillance.” Re-Orientation: Translingual Transcultural Transmedia. Studies in Narrative, Language, Identity, and Knowledge. Eds. John Hartley and Weigou Qu. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2015. 23 May 2017 <https://www.academia.edu/11736307/Born_Digital_Presence_Privacy_and_Intimate_Surveillance>.Mulvey, Laura. “Narrative Cinema and Visual Pleasure.” Visual and Other Pleasures. 1975.Mort, Mike. “Pity and the Prom.” Disabled Identity 9 May 2016. 21 May 2017 <https://disabledidentity.wordpress.com/2016/04/27/pity-and-the-prom/>.Pang, Bo, and Lillian Lee. “Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis.” Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval 2.1-2 (2008): 1–135.Perry, David M. “How ‘Inspiration Porn’ Reporting Objectifies People with Disabilities.” The Establishment 25 Feb. 2016. 23 May 2017 <https://theestablishment.co/how-inspiration-porn-reporting-objectifies-people-with-disabilities-db30023e3d2b>.Saggio, Jessica. “Disabled Teen Crowned Homecoming Queen in Awesome Way.” USA Today 13 Nov. 2015. 21 May 2017 <https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/humankind/2015/11/13/disabled-teen-crowned-homecoming-queen-awesome-way/75658376/>.Sinclair, Paul. “Inspiration Porn: Email Interview.” Letter. 21 Oct 2016.Stoltz, Melissa. “Parents of Children with Disabilities: Are We Speaking with or for a Community?” Two Thirds of the Planet 22 Jan. 2016. 21 May 2017 <http://www.twothirdsoftheplanet.com/parents-disability/>.Thelwall, Mike, et al. “Sentiment Strength Detection in Short Informal Text.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 61.12 (2010): 2544–2558.Wanshel, Elyse. “This Show Just Schooled Everyone on ‘Inspiration Porn’.” Huffington Post 16 Jan. 2017. 21 May 2017 <http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/speechless-disability-porn_us_5877ddf6e4b0e58057fdc342>.Young, Stella. “I’m Not Your Inspiration, Thank You Very Much.” TED Talk Apr. 2014. 21 May 2017 <https://www.ted.com/talks/stella_young_i_m_not_your_inspiration_thank_you_very_much>.Young, Stella. “We’re Not Here for Your Inspiration.” ABC Ramp Up 1 July 2012. 21 May 2017 <http://www.abc.net.au/rampup/articles/2012/07/02/3537035.htm>.

Introduction Eating is one of the most quintessential activities of human life. Because of this primacy, eating is, as food anthropologist Sidney Mintz has observed, “not merely a biological activity, but a vibrantly cultural activity as well” (48). This article posits that the current awareness of climate change in the Western world is animating such cultural activity as the Slow Food movement and is, as a result, stimulating what could be seen as an evolutionary change in popular foodways. Moreover, this paper suggests that, in line with modelling provided by the Slow Food example, an increased awareness of the connections of climate change to the social injustices of food production might better drive social change in such areas. This discussion begins by proposing that contemporary foodways—defined as “not only what is eaten by a particular group of people but also the variety of customs, beliefs and practices surrounding the production, preparation and presentation of food” (Davey 182)—are changing in the West in relation to current concerns about climate change. Such modification has a long history. Since long before the inception of modern Homo sapiens, natural climate change has been a crucial element driving hominidae evolution, both biologically and culturally in terms of social organisation and behaviours. Macroevolutionary theory suggests evolution can dramatically accelerate in response to rapid shifts in an organism’s environment, followed by slow to long periods of stasis once a new level of sustainability has been achieved (Gould and Eldredge). There is evidence that ancient climate change has also dramatically affected the rate and course of cultural evolution. Recent work suggests that the end of the last ice age drove the cultural innovation of animal and plant domestication in the Middle East (Zeder), not only due to warmer temperatures and increased rainfall, but also to a higher level of atmospheric carbon dioxide which made agriculture increasingly viable (McCorriston and Hole, cited in Zeder). Megadroughts during the Paleolithic might well have been stimulating factors behind the migration of hominid populations out of Africa and across Asia (Scholz et al). Thus, it is hardly surprising that modern anthropogenically induced global warming—in all its’ climate altering manifestations—may be driving a new wave of cultural change and even evolution in the West as we seek a sustainable homeostatic equilibrium with the environment of the future. In 1962, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring exposed some of the threats that modern industrial agriculture poses to environmental sustainability. This prompted a public debate from which the modern environmental movement arose and, with it, an expanding awareness and attendant anxiety about the safety and nutritional quality of contemporary foods, especially those that are grown with chemical pesticides and fertilizers and/or are highly processed. This environmental consciousness led to some modification in eating habits, manifest by some embracing wholefood and vegetarian dietary regimes (or elements of them). Most recently, a widespread awareness of climate change has forced rapid change in contemporary Western foodways, while in other climate related areas of socio-political and economic significance such as energy production and usage, there is little evidence of real acceleration of change. Ongoing research into the effects of this expanding environmental consciousness continues in various disciplinary contexts such as geography (Eshel and Martin) and health (McMichael et al). In food studies, Vileisis has proposed that the 1970s environmental movement’s challenge to the polluting practices of industrial agri-food production, concurrent with the women’s movement (asserting women’s right to know about everything, including food production), has led to both cooks and eaters becoming increasingly knowledgeable about the links between agricultural production and consumer and environmental health, as well as the various social justice issues involved. As a direct result of such awareness, alternatives to the industrialised, global food system are now emerging (Kloppenberg et al.). The Slow Food (R)evolution The tenets of the Slow Food movement, now some two decades old, are today synergetic with the growing consternation about climate change. In 1983, Carlo Petrini formed the Italian non-profit food and wine association Arcigola and, in 1986, founded Slow Food as a response to the opening of a McDonalds in Rome. From these humble beginnings, which were then unashamedly positing a return to the food systems of the past, Slow Food has grown into a global organisation that has much more future focused objectives animating its challenges to the socio-cultural and environmental costs of industrial food. Slow Food does have some elements that could be classed as reactionary and, therefore, the opposite of evolutionary. In response to the increasing homogenisation of culinary habits around the world, for instance, Slow Food’s Foundation for Biodiversity has established the Ark of Taste, which expands upon the idea of a seed bank to preserve not only varieties of food but also local and artisanal culinary traditions. In this, the Ark aims to save foods and food products “threatened by industrial standardization, hygiene laws, the regulations of large-scale distribution and environmental damage” (SFFB). Slow Food International’s overarching goals and activities, however, extend far beyond the preservation of past foodways, extending to the sponsoring of events and activities that are attempting to create new cuisine narratives for contemporary consumers who have an appetite for such innovation. Such events as the Salone del Gusto (Salon of Taste) and Terra Madre (Mother Earth) held in Turin every two years, for example, while celebrating culinary traditions, also focus on contemporary artisanal foods and sustainable food production processes that incorporate the most current of agricultural knowledge and new technologies into this production. Attendees at these events are also driven by both an interest in tradition, and their own very current concerns with health, personal satisfaction and environmental sustainability, to change their consumer behavior through an expanded self-awareness of the consequences of their individual lifestyle choices. Such events have, in turn, inspired such events in other locations, moving Slow Food from local to global relevance, and affecting the intellectual evolution of foodway cultures far beyond its headquarters in Bra in Northern Italy. This includes in the developing world, where millions of farmers continue to follow many traditional agricultural practices by necessity. Slow Food Movement’s forward-looking values are codified in the International Commission on the Future of Food and Agriculture 2006 publication, Manifesto on the Future of Food. This calls for changes to the World Trade Organisation’s rules that promote the globalisation of agri-food production as a direct response to the “climate change [which] threatens to undermine the entire natural basis of ecologically benign agriculture and food preparation, bringing the likelihood of catastrophic outcomes in the near future” (ICFFA 8). It does not call, however, for a complete return to past methods. To further such foodway awareness and evolution, Petrini founded the University of Gastronomic Sciences at Slow Food’s headquarters in 2004. The university offers programs that are analogous with the Slow Food’s overall aim of forging sustainable partnerships between the best of old and new practice: to, in the organisation’s own words, “maintain an organic relationship between gastronomy and agricultural science” (UNISG). In 2004, Slow Food had over sixty thousand members in forty-five countries (Paxson 15), with major events now held each year in many of these countries and membership continuing to grow apace. One of the frequently cited successes of the Slow Food movement is in relation to the tomato. Until recently, supermarkets stocked only a few mass-produced hybrids. These cultivars were bred for their disease resistance, ease of handling, tolerance to artificial ripening techniques, and display consistency, rather than any culinary values such as taste, aroma, texture or variety. In contrast, the vine ripened, ‘farmer’s market’ tomato has become the symbol of an “eco-gastronomically” sustainable, local and humanistic system of food production (Jordan) which melds the best of the past practice with the most up-to-date knowledge regarding such farming matters as water conservation. Although the term ‘heirloom’ is widely used in relation to these tomatoes, there is a distinctively contemporary edge to the way they are produced and consumed (Jordan), and they are, along with other organic and local produce, increasingly available in even the largest supermarket chains. Instead of a wholesale embrace of the past, it is the connection to, and the maintenance of that connection with, the processes of production and, hence, to the environment as a whole, which is the animating premise of the Slow Food movement. ‘Slow’ thus creates a gestalt in which individuals integrate their lifestyles with all levels of the food production cycle and, hence to the environment and, importantly, the inherently related social justice issues. ‘Slow’ approaches emphasise how the accelerated pace of contemporary life has weakened these connections, while offering a path to the restoration of a sense of connectivity to the full cycle of life and its relation to place, nature and climate. In this, the Slow path demands that every consumer takes responsibility for all components of his/her existence—a responsibility that includes becoming cognisant of the full story behind each of the products that are consumed in that life. The Slow movement is not, however, a regime of abstention or self-denial. Instead, the changes in lifestyle necessary to support responsible sustainability, and the sensual and aesthetic pleasure inherent in such a lifestyle, exist in a mutually reinforcing relationship (Pietrykowski 2004). This positive feedback loop enhances the potential for promoting real and long-term evolution in social and cultural behaviour. Indeed, the Slow zeitgeist now informs many areas of contemporary culture, with Slow Travel, Homes, Design, Management, Leadership and Education, and even Slow Email, Exercise, Shopping and Sex attracting adherents. Mainstreaming Concern with Ethical Food Production The role of the media in “forming our consciousness—what we think, how we think, and what we think about” (Cunningham and Turner 12)—is self-evident. It is, therefore, revealing in relation to the above outlined changes that even the most functional cookbooks and cookery magazines (those dedicated to practical information such as recipes and instructional technique) in Western countries such as the USA, UK and Australian are increasingly reflecting and promoting an awareness of ethical food production as part of this cultural change in food habits. While such texts have largely been considered as useful but socio-politically relatively banal publications, they are beginning to be recognised as a valid source of historical and cultural information (Nussel). Cookbooks and cookery magazines commonly include discussion of a surprising range of issues around food production and consumption including sustainable and ethical agricultural methods, biodiversity, genetic modification and food miles. In this context, they indicate how rapidly the recent evolution of foodways has been absorbed into mainstream practice. Much of such food related media content is, at the same time, closely identified with celebrity mass marketing and embodied in the television chef with his or her range of branded products including their syndicated articles and cookbooks. This commercial symbiosis makes each such cuisine-related article in a food or women’s magazine or cookbook, in essence, an advertorial for a celebrity chef and their named products. Yet, at the same time, a number of these mass media food celebrities are raising public discussion that is leading to consequent action around important issues linked to climate change, social justice and the environment. An example is Jamie Oliver’s efforts to influence public behaviour and government policy, a number of which have gained considerable traction. Oliver’s 2004 exposure of the poor quality of school lunches in Britain (see Jamie’s School Dinners), for instance, caused public outrage and pressured the British government to commit considerable extra funding to these programs. A recent study by Essex University has, moreover, found that the academic performance of 11-year-old pupils eating Oliver’s meals improved, while absenteeism fell by 15 per cent (Khan). Oliver’s exposé of the conditions of battery raised hens in 2007 and 2008 (see Fowl Dinners) resulted in increased sales of free-range poultry, decreased sales of factory-farmed chickens across the UK, and complaints that free-range chicken sales were limited by supply. Oliver encouraged viewers to lobby their local councils, and as a result, a number banned battery hen eggs from schools, care homes, town halls and workplace cafeterias (see, for example, LDP). The popular penetration of these ideas needs to be understood in a historical context where industrialised poultry farming has been an issue in Britain since at least 1848 when it was one of the contributing factors to the establishment of the RSPCA (Freeman). A century after Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (published in 1906) exposed the realities of the slaughterhouse, and several decades since Peter Singer’s landmark Animal Liberation (1975) and Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal Rights (1983) posited the immorality of the mistreatment of animals in food production, it could be suggested that Al Gore’s film An Inconvenient Truth (released in 2006) added considerably to the recent concern regarding the ethics of industrial agriculture. Consciousness-raising bestselling books such as Jim Mason and Peter Singer’s The Ethics of What We Eat and Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma (both published in 2006), do indeed ‘close the loop’ in this way in their discussions, by concluding that intensive food production methods used since the 1950s are not only inhumane and damage public health, but are also damaging an environment under pressure from climate change. In comparison, the use of forced labour and human trafficking in food production has attracted far less mainstream media, celebrity or public attention. It could be posited that this is, in part, because no direct relationship to the environment and climate change and, therefore, direct link to our own existence in the West, has been popularised. Kevin Bales, who has been described as a modern abolitionist, estimates that there are currently more than 27 million people living in conditions of slavery and exploitation against their wills—twice as many as during the 350-year long trans-Atlantic slave trade. Bales also chillingly reveals that, worldwide, the number of slaves is increasing, with contemporary individuals so inexpensive to purchase in relation to the value of their production that they are disposable once the slaveholder has used them. Alongside sex slavery, many other prevalent examples of contemporary slavery are concerned with food production (Weissbrodt et al; Miers). Bales and Soodalter, for example, describe how across Asia and Africa, adults and children are enslaved to catch and process fish and shellfish for both human consumption and cat food. Other campaigners have similarly exposed how the cocoa in chocolate is largely produced by child slave labour on the Ivory Coast (Chalke; Off), and how considerable amounts of exported sugar, cereals and other crops are slave-produced in certain countries. In 2003, some 32 per cent of US shoppers identified themselves as LOHAS “lifestyles of health and sustainability” consumers, who were, they said, willing to spend more for products that reflected not only ecological, but also social justice responsibility (McLaughlin). Research also confirms that “the pursuit of social objectives … can in fact furnish an organization with the competitive resources to develop effective marketing strategies”, with Doherty and Meehan showing how “social and ethical credibility” are now viable bases of differentiation and competitive positioning in mainstream consumer markets (311, 303). In line with this recognition, Fair Trade Certified goods are now available in British, European, US and, to a lesser extent, Australian supermarkets, and a number of global chains including Dunkin’ Donuts, McDonalds, Starbucks and Virgin airlines utilise Fair Trade coffee and teas in all, or parts of, their operations. Fair Trade Certification indicates that farmers receive a higher than commodity price for their products, workers have the right to organise, men and women receive equal wages, and no child labour is utilised in the production process (McLaughlin). Yet, despite some Western consumers reporting such issues having an impact upon their purchasing decisions, social justice has not become a significant issue of concern for most. The popular cookery publications discussed above devote little space to Fair Trade product marketing, much of which is confined to supermarket-produced adverzines promoting the Fair Trade products they stock, and international celebrity chefs have yet to focus attention on this issue. In Australia, discussion of contemporary slavery in the press is sparse, having surfaced in 2000-2001, prompted by UNICEF campaigns against child labour, and in 2007 and 2008 with the visit of a series of high profile anti-slavery campaigners (including Bales) to the region. The public awareness of food produced by forced labour and the troubling issue of human enslavement in general is still far below the level that climate change and ecological issues have achieved thus far in driving foodway evolution. This may change, however, if a ‘Slow’-inflected connection can be made between Western lifestyles and the plight of peoples hidden from our daily existence, but contributing daily to them. Concluding Remarks At this time of accelerating techno-cultural evolution, due in part to the pressures of climate change, it is the creative potential that human conscious awareness brings to bear on these challenges that is most valuable. Today, as in the caves at Lascaux, humanity is evolving new images and narratives to provide rational solutions to emergent challenges. As an example of this, new foodways and ways of thinking about them are beginning to evolve in response to the perceived problems of climate change. The current conscious transformation of food habits by some in the West might be, therefore, in James Lovelock’s terms, a moment of “revolutionary punctuation” (178), whereby rapid cultural adaption is being induced by the growing public awareness of impending crisis. It remains to be seen whether other urgent human problems can be similarly and creatively embraced, and whether this trend can spread to offer global solutions to them. References An Inconvenient Truth. 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