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1
Khatun, Samia. "Beyond Blank Spaces." Transfers 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2015.050306.
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From the 1860s, the colonial settlement of Beltana in the northern deserts of South Australia emerged as a transportation hub atop an existing, cosmopolitan center of Aboriginal trade. Viewing a colonial settlement on Kuyani land through a mobilities paradigm, this article examines intersecting settler and Aboriginal trajectories of movement through Beltana, illuminating their complex entanglements. Challenging the imperial myth of emptiness that shaped how Europeans saw the lands they invaded, this article renders visible the multiple imaginative geographies that existed at every colonial settlement. Examining mobility along Kuyani and Wangkangurru tracks alongside British mobilities, this article makes a methodological argument for writing multiaxial histories of settler colonialism.
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Pearce, Augur. "Episcopacy and the Common Law." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 7, no. 33 (July 2003): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00005202.
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In the year 1771 a Virginian politician, Richard Bland, wrote to Thomas Adams on issues thrown up by the steadily worsening relations between the legislatures of mainland America and the Imperial government. His letter moved on to the subject of religion, and to the suggestion made increasingly in recent years that colonial worship and ministry according to the English Prayer Book would be strengthened by the introduction of personal episopacy on the model of the mother country. On this Bland commented.
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Otani, Tomoyuki, Kinta Hatakeyama, Emi Ohtani, Susumu Nakayama, Takashi Fujimoto, and Chiho Ohbayashi. "A Colonic Perineurioma." Clinical Medicine Insights: Pathology 11 (January 2018): 117955571881591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179555718815918.
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Perineurioma is a mesenchymal neoplasm best known in soft-tissue pathology. A colonic perineurioma is a relatively recently described entity and sometimes encountered in specimens from the large intestine, especially distal colon. Without its recognition, a perineurioma can be misdiagnosed as other more common gastrointestinal spindle cell neoplasms. Here, we describe a case of colonic perineurioma with polypoid growth extruding into the intestinal lumen. Case. A woman in her seventh decade of life underwent a follow-up colonoscopy after an uneventful resection of a benign colonic polyp. A previously undetected 6-mm polyp was found in the sigmoid colon and was resected endoscopically. Microscopic examination of the lesion revealed a proliferation of bland spindle cells in the lamina propria mucosae, which were immunohistochemically positive for epithelial membrane antigen, claudin 1, and glucose transporter-1. A colonic perineurioma was diagnosed.
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Gómez-Juaristi, Miren, Sara Martínez-López, Beatriz Sarria, Laura Bravo, and Raquel Mateos. "Bioavailability of hydroxycinnamates in an instant green/roasted coffee blend in humans. Identification of novel colonic metabolites." Food & Function 9, no. 1 (2018): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fo01553d.
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Reduced forms of hydroxycinnamates as new microbial metabolites after intake of a green/roasted coffee blend, together with the predominant phase II metabolites of reduced hydroxycinnamic acids, represented the most abundant group of colonic metabolites.
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Romanu, Keti. "Style and ideology: The cold war 'blend' in Greece." Muzikologija, no. 8 (2008): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz0808055r.
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This paper describes cultural policy in Greece from the end of World War II up to the fall of the junta of colonels in 1974. The writer's object is to show how the Cold War favoured defeated Western countries, which participated effectively in the globalisation of American culture, as in the Western world de-nazification was transformed into a purge of communism. Using the careers of three composers active in communist resistance organizations as examples (Iannis Xenakis, Mikis Theodorakis and Alecos Xenos), the writer describes the repercussions of this phenomenon in Greek musical life and creativity.
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Blyton, Greg. "The Last Blank Spaces." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v9i2.139.
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Quality research, innovative and provocative. American historian Dane Kennedy’s The Last Blank Spaces: Exploring Africa and Australia delivers a carefully written comparative history of British exploration that challenges romantic conceptualisations of explorer and Indigenous relations in the nineteenth century. The very title ‘The Last Blank Spaces’ conjures up images of terra nullius. The final frontiers in British exploration of two vast continents, an emptiness “to advance imperial agendas, to pre-empt political rivals, to inspire patriotic pride, to discover natural resources, to promote commercial interests and further humanitarian objectives” (p. 60). The Last Blank Spaces fits into a genre of Indigenous, colonial ethnography when the British explorer is the central character and the Indigenous person is a support, but the book differs from conventional Western accounts. Kennedy writes that it is a book that “traces the development of exploration from an idea to a practice, from a practice to an outcome, and from an outcome to a myth” (p. 23).
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Björnsson, Einar S., William D. Chey, Uri Ladabaum, Michelle L. Woods, Forrest G. Hooper, Chung Owyang, and William L. Hasler. "Differential 5-HT3 mediation of human gastrocolonic response and colonic peristaltic reflex." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 275, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): G498—G505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.3.g498.
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Colonic motor function is modulated by extended and local neural reflexes involving unknown mediators. To test the role of serotonin (5-HT3) pathways, increases in colonic tone during antral distension and duodenal lipid perfusion (gastrocolonic responses) and changes in orad and caudad colonic tone in response to local colonic distension (peristaltic reflex) were measured after double-blind granisetron (10 μg/kg) or placebo infusion in healthy human volunteers. Antral distension evoked increases in colonic tone, which were blunted by granisetron ( P < 0.05) without effects on antral compliance. Intraduodenal lipid perfusion also evoked increased colonic tone, which was reduced by granisetron ( P < 0.05). In contrast, orad colonic contractions and caudad relaxations and contractions during colonic distension were unaffected by granisetron. In conclusion, 5-HT3 receptor antagonism blunts both the mechano- and chemoreceptor components of the human gastrocolonic response without altering antral compliance. In contrast, 5-HT3 pathways play no role in the ascending or descending components of the colonic peristaltic reflex. These findings demonstrate different roles for 5-HT3 receptors in the control of colonic motor function by the proximal gastrointestinal tract and by local neural reflexes.
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Airaksinen, K., N. Yeung, A. Lyra, S. J. Lahtinen, T. Huttunen, F. Shanahan, and A. C. Ouwehand. "The effect of a probiotic blend on gastrointestinal symptoms in constipated patients: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled 2-week trial." Beneficial Microbes 10, no. 6 (July 10, 2019): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2018.0163.
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Selected strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are known to ameliorate constipation-related symptoms and have previously shown efficacy on digestive health. In this clinical trial, the safety and effectiveness of a probiotic blend containing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were evaluated in adults with self-reported bloating and functional constipation. Constipation was diagnosed by the Rome III criteria. A total of 156 adults were randomised into this double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Participants consumed the combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (1010 cfu), Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37 (2.5×109 cfu), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains Bl-04 (2.5×109 cfu), Bi-07 (2.5×109 cfu) and HN019 (1010 cfu) (n=78), or placebo (microcrystalline cellulose) (n=78) for two weeks. After treatment the following were measured: primary outcome of bloating and secondary outcomes of colonic transit time, bowel movement frequency, stool consistency, other gastrointestinal symptoms (flatulence, abdominal pain, and burbling), constipation-related questionnaires (PAC-SYM and PAC-QoL) and product satisfaction. Faecal recovery of consumed strains was determined. The enrolled population was defined as constipated, however, the initial bloating severity was lower than in previous similar studies. No clinically significant observations related to the safety of the product were reported. Product efficacy was not shown in the primary analysis for bloating nor for the secondary efficacy analyses. The placebo functioned similarly as the probiotic product. In post-hoc analysis, a statistically significant decrease in flatulence in favour of the probiotic group was observed; day 7 (intention-to-treat (ITT): P=0.0313; per-protocol (PP): 0.0253) and on day 14 (ITT: P=0.0116; PP: P=0.0102) as measured by area under the curve (AUC) analysis. The mean AUC of all symptoms decreased in favour of the probiotic group, indicating less digestive discomfort. The study was registered at the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN41607808).
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Herza, Filip. "Colonial Exceptionalism: Post-colonial Scholarship and Race in Czech and Slovak Historiography." Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 68, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2020-0010.
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AbstractIn spite of recent calls for the decolonisation of Czech and Slovak academia, there is still relatively little reflection of post-colonial theory in either Czech or Slovak historiography or related disciplines, including ethnology and Slavic studies. In the following essay I summarise the local discussion of coloniality and colonialism that has been going on since at least the end of the 2000s, while pointing out its conceptual limits and blind spots; namely the persistence of ‘colonial exceptionalism’ and the lack of understanding and use of race as an analytical tool. In dialogue with critical race theory as well as recent literature that deals with comparable ‘non-colonial’ or ‘marginal-colonial’ contexts such as South-Eastern Europe, Poland and the Nordic countries, I discuss how the local debates relating to colonial history as well as the post-colonial / post-socialist present of both countries would benefit from embracing the concept of ‘colonial exceptionalism’ and from including concepts of race and ‘whiteness’ as important tools of a critical analysis.
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Purnawibowo, Stanov, and Andri Restiyadi. "MODIFIKASI TANAH DAN VARIASI FONDASI BANGUNAN ISTANA MAIMUN, KOTA MEDAN, PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA." Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala 22, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/bas.v22i2.410.
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Maimun Palace is one of the iconic cultural heritage buildings in Medan City, North Sumatra Province. It has a unique blend of Malay and colonial styles. The subject in this article deals with the building foundations of the Maimun Palace. The foundation part has a crucial role in a building, but it is rarely used as a research topic. The issues raised in this paper relate to the structure, composition, and function of the foundation. The purpose of writing this article besides answering the problem is also expected to be able to increase architectural treasury, especially regarding the style of building foundations that have a blend of traditional Malay and Colonial styles. Through descriptive-analytical research, the conclusion obtained from this study is that there are three kinds of building foundations that adjust to the function of supporting the buildings above which consist of one, two and three levels of the building.
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Rattan, Kamal Nain, Gurupriya J., Shruti Bansal, Rohit Kapoor, and Roomi Yadav. "Acquired colonic atresia in a 4-month old term male infant: a rare case report." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20170731.
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Acquired colonic atresias are very rare but, are known in association with necrotizing enterocolitis. We report a case of a 4-month term male infant with recurrent episodes of abdominal distension, bilious vomiting and constipation off and on, without the history of necrotizing enterocolitis. Exploratory laparotomy was performed, an inflammatory mass with multiple dense interloop adhesions were found in the mid-transverse colon. These adhesions were lysed to identify the proximal dilated and distal blind end of the colon. Rest of the gut was normal. This case is unique for the fact that, it is a case of acquired colonic atresia without history of necrotizing enterocolitis, unlike other reported cases of acquired colonic atresia.
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Chen, Irene Y., Bushra G. Fazili, and Xiaoyan Liao. "Glomus Tumor of the Colon: A Rare Case Report and Review of Literature." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 28, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896920912826.
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Glomus tumor is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm originating from the modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body. Primary colonic glomus tumor is extremely rare with only 5 cases published in the English literature. In this article, we report the sixth case of primary colonic glomus tumor in a 50-year-old female with no significant past medical history who presented with routine screening colonoscopy. The entire colon was endoscopically unremarkable except an incidental 6-mm sessile polyp located in the descending colon. Biopsy showed a densely cellular neoplasm composed of small, bland, slightly spindled to predominantly epithelioid cells with clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in nests and sheets. The tumor cells were interspersed with slit-like thin-walled vessels and scattered short nerve bundles. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for smooth muscle actin, h-caldesmon, and CD34 (focal), but completely negative for HMB45, S100, EMA, desmin, DOG-1, and CD117. The histologic features and immunohistochemical profile supported a diagnosis of primary colonic glomus tumor. The patient was asymptomatic and disease free after the procedure.
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Fürst, Matthias A., Maëlle Durey, and David R. Nash. "Testing the adjustable threshold model for intruder recognition on Myrmica ants in the context of a social parasite." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1728 (June 29, 2011): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0581.
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Social insect colonies are like fortresses, well protected and rich in shared stored resources. This makes them ideal targets for exploitation by predators, parasites and competitors. Colonies of Myrmica rubra ants are sometimes exploited by the parasitic butterfly Maculinea alcon . Maculinea alcon gains access to the ants' nests by mimicking their cuticular hydrocarbon recognition cues, which allows the parasites to blend in with their host ants. Myrmica rubra may be particularly susceptible to exploitation in this fashion as it has large, polydomous colonies with many queens and a very viscous population structure. We studied the mutual aggressive behaviour of My. rubra colonies based on predictions for recognition effectiveness. Three hypotheses were tested: first, that aggression increases with distance (geographical, genetic and chemical); second, that the more queens present in a colony and therefore the less-related workers within a colony, the less aggressively they will behave; and that colonies facing parasitism will be more aggressive than colonies experiencing less parasite pressure. Our results confirm all these predictions, supporting flexible aggression behaviour in Myrmica ants depending on context.
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Ricci, Luca. "Contextualising Fregellae: Local Interests in a “Globalised” Mediterranean." Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 56 (September 1, 2020): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22315/acd/2020/13.
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The article employs the Latin colony of Fregellae as a case study to overcome the communis opinio that colonial settlements were parva simulacra Urbis (Gell. XVI.13.9). In particular, the colony, initially founded by Rome in the context of the Second Samnite War, could move away from the Urbs and develop localised interests. Such interests could be explained through a dynamic contact between colonists and local populations, thus forming a variegated social landscape which did not necessarily display cultural similarity with Rome. Similarly, the cityscape could be employed to ascertain how certain colonies chose architectural solutions which took into account localised needs. It is in this context that the article will examine the alliance between Fregellae and Rome in light of the Second Punic War. Traditionally interpreted as a demonstration of blind loyalty, the article will put forth the idea that the colony could decide its alliances in view of potential benefits, which, in the case of Fregellae, were manifested in the economic and military advantages reaped in the eastern Mediterranean. Interestingly, these benefits affected the colony and, more specifically, its architectural facade, as seen in the building activity carried out in the period immediately after the endeavours in the East.
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Bouras, E. P., M. Camilleri, D. D. Burton, and S. McKinzie. "Selective stimulation of colonic transit by the benzofuran 5HT4 agonist, prucalopride, in healthy humans." Gut 44, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.44.5.682.
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BACKGROUNDPrucalopride (R093877) is a selective and specific 5HT4 agonist, the first of a new chemical class of benzofurans, with gastrointestinal prokinetic activities in vitro.AIMSTo evaluate the effects of prucalopride on gastrointestinal and colonic transit.METHODSA validated scintigraphic technique was used to measure gastrointestinal and colonic transit over 48 hours in 50 healthy volunteers. For seven days, each subject received a daily dose of 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg prucalopride, or placebo in a double blind, randomised fashion. The transit test was performed over the last 48 hours.RESULTSThere were significant accelerations of overall colonic transit at 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours (p<0.05) and proximal colonic emptying t1/2 (p<0.05). The 0.5, 2, and 4 mg doses of prucalopride were almost equally effective and accelerated colonic transit compared with placebo. Prucalopride did not significantly alter gastric emptying (p>0.5) or small bowel transit (overall p=0.12). The medication appeared to be well tolerated during the seven day treatment of healthy subjects.CONCLUSIONPrucalopride accelerates colonic transit, partly by stimulating proximal colonic emptying, but does not alter gastric or small bowel transit in healthy human subjects. Prucalopride deserves further study in patients with constipation.
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Nair, Aparna. "‘They Shall See His Face’: Blindness in British India, 1850–1950." Medical History 61, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2017.1.
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This paper explores the social, medical, institutional and enumerative histories of blindness in British India from 1850 to 1950. It begins by tracing the contours and causes of blindness using census records, and then outlines how colonial physicians and observers ascribed both infectious aetiologies and social pathologies to blindness. Blindness was often interpreted as the inevitable consequence of South Asian ignorance, superstition and backwardness. This paper also explores the social worlds of the Blind, with a particular focus on the figure of the blind beggar. This paper further interrogates missionary discourse on ‘Indian’ blindness and outlines how blindness was a metaphor for the perceived civilisational inferiority and religious failings of South Asian peoples. This paper also describes the introduction of institutions for the Blind in addition to the introduction of Braille and Moon technologies.
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Bharucha, Adil E., Michael Camilleri, Alan R. Zinsmeister, and Russell B. Hanson. "Adrenergic modulation of human colonic motor and sensory function." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 273, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): G997—G1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.5.g997.
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The effects of pharmacological modulation of adrenergic receptors on colonic motor and sensory function are unclear. We studied 40 healthy volunteers in a single-blind design; 12 received saline, and the remaining 28 received either clonidine, yohimbine, phenylephrine, or ritodrine. A barostat-manometric assembly in the left colon recorded drug effects on fasting and postprandial motor function, compliance, and sensation in response to standardized phasic balloon distensions delivered in random order. Clonidine reduced and yohimbine increased fasting, but not postprandial tone, by 63.2 ± 22.3% and 24.8 ± 8.8% (SE), respectively. Clonidine tended to reduce fasting phasic activity in the descending and sigmoid colon. A power exponential model provided the best fit to the compliance curve. Clonidine significantly increased colonic compliance. Clonidine reduced and yohimbine increased colonic perception of pain but not gas sensation during distension. Phenylephrine and ritodrine did not influence colonic motor or sensory function in the present studies. Thus α2-receptors modulate fasting colonic tone and compliance and alter perception of pain but not gas during mechanical stimulation of the colon.
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Delgado-Aros, Silvia, Heather J. Chial, Michael Camilleri, Lawrence A. Szarka, Frank T. Weber, Jutta Jacob, Irene Ferber, Sanna McKinzie, Duane D. Burton, and Alan R. Zinsmeister. "Effects of a κ-opioid agonist, asimadoline, on satiation and GI motor and sensory functions in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 284, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): G558—G566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00360.2002.
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To compare the effects of the κ-opioid agonist asimadoline and placebo on visceral sensation and gastrointestinal (GI) motor functions in humans, 91 healthy participants were randomized in a double-blind fashion to 0.15, 0.5, or 1.5 mg of asimadoline or placebo orally twice a day for 9 days. We assessed satiation (nutrient drink test), colonic compliance, tone, perception of colonic distension (barostat), and whole gut transit (scintigraphy). Treatment effect was assessed by analysis of covariance. Asimadoline increased nutrient drink intake ( P = 0.03). Asimadoline decreased colonic tone during fasting ( P = 0.03) without affecting postprandial colonic contraction, compliance, or transit. Gas scores in response to colonic distension were decreased with 0.5 mg of asimadoline at low levels (8 mmHg above operating pressure) of distension ( P = 0.04) but not at higher levels of distension. Asimadoline at 1.5 mg increased gas scores at 16 mmHg of distension ( P = 0.03) and pain scores at distensions of 8 and 16 mmHg ( P = 0.003 and 0.03, respectively) but not at higher levels of distension. Further studies of this compound in diseases with altered satiation or visceral sensation are warranted.
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Lustig, Joshua. "Late Ottoman Intrigue and Legacies Across the Mediterranean." Current History 119, no. 821 (November 19, 2020): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2020.119.821.365.
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A historian argues that the story of a former slave who became a leading statesman in Ottoman Tunisia, and then a political exile maneuvering to preserve his estates during French colonial rule, shows how North Africans found ways to pursue their own interests—and develop their own blend of nationalism and historical legacies—under overlapping systems of foreign rule.
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Kim, Kirsteen. "Racism Awareness in Mission: Touchstone or Cultural Blind Spot?" International Bulletin of Mission Research 45, no. 4 (July 30, 2021): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969393211013672.
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In his history of the Edinburgh 1910 World Missionary Conference, Brian Stanley suggests that contemporary use of “culture” in mission may be vulnerable to the same critique as was the use of “race” in the colonial missions. However, sensitivity to culture and context in postwar and postcolonial missiology has encouraged diversity, interculturality, and movements for greater equity. Drawing from contemporary missiology and critical race theory, this article asks whether attention to “culture” and “context” has mitigated racism in mission or tended to obscure it.
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Lin, Haijun, Qi Chen, Caijuan Li, Aifen Zheng, Lei Yang, Jiemin Hong, Hanqing Chen, Xuni He, and Wuna Feng. "Deep Learning-Based Automatic Detection of Rectal Polyps Using Abdominal CT Images Guided by Cold Snare Polypectomy." Scientific Programming 2021 (July 5, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1179016.
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The study drew attention to the therapeutic effects of cold snare polypectomy guided by a deep convolutional neural network- (CNN-) based abdominal CT and hot snare polypectomy (HSP) on colonic and rectal polyps. Specifically, 90 patients were enrolled into a blank group, a control (Ctrl) group, and an experimental group. The blank group accepted HSP, the Ctrl accepted cold snare polypectomy, and the experimental group accepted cold snare polypectomy guided by deep CNN-based CT images. It was found that the experimental group had the lowest false-positive rate (9.2%) in polyp detection in contrast with the Ctrl (21.4%) and the blank group (52.3%) P < 0.05 . The complete resection rate of large polyps in the experimental group was the highest P < 0.05 , and its operation time (2.91 ± 0.75 min) was obviously shorter versus the blank group (6.18 ± 1.19 min) P < 0.05 . In conclusion, the cold snare polypectomy under the guidance of deep CNN-based CT has a relatively high complete resection rate and detection accuracy of polyps with a low complication rate, which can be adopted clinically.
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Nixon, Sam, Thilo Rehren, and Maria Filomena Guerra. "New light on the early Islamic West African gold trade: coin moulds from Tadmekka, Mali." Antiquity 85, no. 330 (November 2011): 1353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062104.
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Tadmekka, a town at the southern edge of the Sahara desert, has produced good evidence for making gold coins in the ninth–tenth century AD, the first concrete proof of coinage in pre-colonial West Africa. These were produced by melting gold dust or nuggets in ceramic moulds, similar to those used for the first pellet-like coinage of the European Iron Age. The authors suggest these coins were not political statements, but were probably blank and intended to facilitate the busy early Islamic caravan trade to destinations north, south or east. On arrival at the Mediterranean coast, these blank pieces would have been melted down or converted into inscribed coins by the local authorities.
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Knight, G. Roger. "The Blind Eye and the Strong Arm: The Colonial Archive and the Imbrication of Knowledge and Power in Mid-Nineteenth Century Java." Asian Journal of Social Science 33, no. 3 (2005): 544–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853105775013698.
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AbstractThe argument of this paper relates to on-going debates about the acquisition of knowledge and the enhancement of power in the context of European empire building during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It seeks to locate these debates in the specific context of the Netherlands Indies and its key island of Java in the middle decades of the nineteenth century, at a time when the Dutch colonial power attempted a major fact-finding investigation of the island's sugar industry, and of the social and economic circumstances of "peasant" Java, in which colonial sugar manufacturers operated. It argues that in this particular instance, the attempt to assemble colonial knowledge exposed the potentially counter-productive aspects of such projects. It highlights the limitations of colonial knowledge implicit in the institutional structure of colonial power, and the extent to which, in the circumstances of mid-nineteenth century Java, the blind eye was the necessary corollary of the strong arm. This was because power rested on a carefully and consciously circumscribed quest for knowledge, which might easily be upset by too keen an investigation of the social and economic circumstances of the countryside.
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Sagili, Ramesh R., Carolyn R. Breece, Rhonda Simmons, and John H. Borden. "Potential of Honeybee Brood Pheromone to Enhance Foraging and Yield in Hybrid Carrot Seed." HortTechnology 25, no. 1 (February 2015): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.1.98.
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Honeybee (Apis mellifera) brood pheromone is a blend of 10 fatty acid esters that stimulates worker pollen foraging, protein biosynthesis in the brood food-producing glands of nurse bees and queen oviposition. In separate experiments conducted in central Oregon, we tested the hypotheses that treatment of honeybee colonies with brood pheromone would stimulate increased bee foraging in hybrid carrot (Daucus carota) seed fields, and that in turn would result in increased seed yield. For both experiments, in each replicate, all honeybee colonies placed at one field were treated with brood pheromone, and those in a control field were not treated with brood pheromone. A total of 123,720 bee visits to flowers was recorded. For both sexes of flower, there were significantly more bee visits in fields in which colonies were treated with brood pheromone than in control fields (P < 0.05). There was also a significant preference for male flowers over female flowers (P < 0.05) by bees in the fields where colonies received brood pheromone when compared with control fields. Mean yields in fields pollinated by colonies treated with brood pheromone and those that were not treated with brood pheromone were 325.2 and 280.8 kg·ha−1, respectively. Mean percentage yield was significantly higher in fields where honeybee colonies received brood pheromone when compared with control fields that had colonies without brood pheromone (P < 0.01). Our results suggest that brood pheromone has the potential to increase honeybee foraging and seed yield in hybrid carrot seed crop.
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LEWTHWAITE, STEPHANIE. "Reworking the Spanish Colonial Paradigm: Mestizaje and Spirituality in Contemporary New Mexican Art." Journal of American Studies 47, no. 2 (April 17, 2013): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187581300011x.
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During the early 1900s, Anglo-Americans in search of an indigenous modernism found inspiration in the Hispano and Native American arts of New Mexico. The elevation of Spanish colonial-style art through associations such as the Anglo-led Spanish Colonial Arts Society (SCAS, 1925) placed Hispano aesthetic production within the realm of tradition, as the product of geographic and cultural isolation rather than innovation. The revival of the SCAS in 1952 and Spanish Market in 1965 helped perpetuate the view of Hispanos either as “traditional” artists who replicate an “authentic” Spanish colonial style, or as “outsider” artists who defy categorization. Thus the Spanish colonial paradigm has endorsed a purist vision of Hispano art and identity that obscures the intercultural encounters shaping contemporary Hispano visual culture. This essay investigates a series of contemporary Hispano artists who challenge the Spanish colonial paradigm as it developed under Anglo patronage, principally through the realm of spiritually based artwork. I explore the satirical art of contemporary santero Luis Tapia; the colonial, baroque, indigenous and pop culture iconographies of painter Ray Martín Abeyta; and the “mixed-tech media” of Marion Martínez's circuit-board retablos. These artists blend Spanish colonial art with pre-Columbian mythology and pop culture, tradition with technology, and local with global imaginaries. In doing so, they present more empowering and expansive visions of Hispano art and identity – as declarations of cultural ownership and adaptation and as oppositional mestizo formations tied historically to wider Latino, Latin American and transnational worlds.
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Esfandyari, Tuba, Michael Camilleri, Irene Busciglio, Duane Burton, Kari Baxter, and Alan R. Zinsmeister. "Effects of a cannabinoid receptor agonist on colonic motor and sensory functions in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled study." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 293, no. 1 (July 2007): G137—G145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00565.2006.
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Cannabinoid receptors (CBR) are located on cholinergic neurons in the brain stem, stomach, and colon. CBR stimulation inhibits motility in rodents. Effects in humans are unclear. Dronabinol (DRO), a nonselective CBR agonist, inhibits colonic motility and sensation. The aim of this study was to compare effects of DRO and placebo (PLA) on colonic motility and sensation in healthy volunteers. Fifty-two volunteers were randomly assigned (double-blind) to a single dose of 7.5 mg DRO or PLA postoperative with concealed allocation. A balloon-manometric assembly placed into the descending colon allowed assessment of colonic compliance, motility, tone, and sensation before and 1 h after oral ingestion of medication, and during fasting, and for 1 h after 1,000-kcal meal. There was an overall significant increase in colonic compliance ( P = 0.045), a borderline effect of relaxation in fasting colonic tone ( P = 0.096), inhibition of postprandial colonic tone ( P = 0.048), and inhibition of fasting and postprandial phasic pressure ( P = 0.008 and 0.030, respectively). While DRO did not significantly alter thresholds for first gas or pain sensation, there was an increase in sensory rating for pain during random phasic distensions at all pressures tested and in both genders ( P = 0.024). In conclusion, in humans the nonselective CBR agonist, DRO, relaxes the colon and reduces postprandial colonic motility and tone. Increase in sensation ratings to distension in the presence of relaxation of the colon suggests central modulation of perception. The potential for CBR to modulate colonic motor function in diarrheal disease such as irritable bowel syndrome deserves further study.
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Mascolo, Massimo, Stefania Staibano, Gennaro Ilardi, Maria Siano, Maria Luisa Vecchione, Dario Esposito, Gaetano De Rosa, and Giovanni Domenico De Palma. "Probe-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy Evaluation of Colon Preneoplastic Lesions, with Particular Attention to the Aberrant Crypt Foci, and Comparative Assessment with Histological Features Obtained by Conventional Endoscopy." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/645173.
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The colorectal carcinoma represents one of the most common and aggressive malignancies, still characterized by an unacceptable mortality rate, mainly due to the high metastatic potential and to a late diagnosis. In the last years, the research community focused on the chance of improving the endoscopic screening to detect neoplastic lesions in a very early stage. Several studies proposed aberrant colonic crypt foci as the earliest recognizable step of transformation in colonic multiphase carcinogenesis. We previously demonstrated the clinical applicability and predictive power of probe-based confocal laser endoscopy (pCLE) in superficial colorectal neoplastic lesions and also characterizedin vivoa case of dysplasia-associated lesional mass (DALM) in ulcerative colitis. Now, we aim to evaluate the accuracy of pCLE in the detection of ACF comparing in double-blind manner the microendoscopic and histopathological features resulting from colonic biopsy. By pCLE, we identified specific crypt architecture modifications associated with changes in cellular infiltration and vessels architecture, highlighting a good correspondence between pCLE features and histology.
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Lefebvre, Camille. "Histories of a Conspiracy, Zinder, 1906: Rethinking Colonial Occupation." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, no. 4 (December 2017): 567–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2021.4.
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By tracing the history of what French colonizers considered a conspiracy against them, this paper seeks to reconstruct the complexity of the first phase of colonial occupation in Zinder (Niger) during the early twentieth century. It draws on three types of source, corresponding to three successive moments and to three different perspectives on the event: the archives of the colonial investigation, carried out by French officers to justify their action; the personal journals and notes of the interpreter Moïse Landeroin, who did not believe the accusations and opposed his superiors; and finally the letters written in Arabic by one of the defendants, Malam Yaro, to plead his innocence. These letters enable a new reading of what took place in 1906 by highlighting the social intricacies of Zinder society. Using more diverse sources thus makes it possible to reconstruct the different timelines of the occupation and to reveal the blind spots of a purely colonial interpretation of the event.
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Sweetser, Seth, Michael Camilleri, Sara J. Linker Nord, Duane D. Burton, Lorna Castenada, Robert Croop, Gary Tong, Randy Dockens, and Alan R. Zinsmeister. "Do corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptors influence colonic transit and bowel function in women with irritable bowel syndrome?" American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 296, no. 6 (June 2009): G1299—G1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00011.2009.
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Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), a mediator of stress response, alters gastrointestinal (GI) functions. Stress-related changes in colonic motility are blocked by selective CRF1 receptor antagonists. Our aim was to assess whether modulation of central and peripheral CRF1 receptors affects colonic transit and bowel function in female patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-wk study evaluated the effects of oral pexacerfont (BMS-562086), a selective CRF1 receptor antagonist, 25 and 100 mg qd, on GI and colonic transit of solids [by validated scintigraphy with primary end point colonic geometric center (GC) at 24 h] and bowel function (by validated daily diaries) in 39 women with D-IBS. The 100-mg dose was comparable to a dose that inhibited colonic motility in stressed rats. Treatment effects were compared by analysis of covariance with baseline colonic transit as covariate. The study had 80% power (α = 0.05) to detect clinically meaningful (26%) differences in colonic transit. Thirty-nine of 55 patients fulfilled eligibility criteria (9 screen failures, 5 baseline GC24 outside prespecified range). At baseline, three treatment groups had comparable age, body mass index, and GC 24 h. Significant effects of pexacerfont relative to placebo were not detected on colonic GC24 ( P = 0.53), gastric emptying, orocecal transit, ascending colon emptying half-time, and stool frequency, consistency, and ease of passage. No safety issues were identified. We conclude that in women with D-IBS, pexacerfont, 25 or 100 mg qd, does not significantly alter colonic or other regional transit or bowel function. The role of central and peripheral CRF1 receptors in bowel function in D-IBS requires further study.
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Murphy, Peter. "Naturalism from Forest to Village in William Gilmore Simms's “The Arm-chair of Tustenuggee”." Prospects 28 (October 2004): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001435.
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William Gilmore Simms's “The Arm-chair of Tustenuggee: A Legend of the Catawba” (1840) frames the lives of colonial Catawba Indians in a naturalistic environment extending from the wild to the domestic; nonetheless, Simms also manages to incorporate elements of realism and romanticism in the tale to provide a blend of perspectives that complement one another. Perhaps most importantly in the context of 19th-century Native American literary studies, the story humanizes the native, providing a tale that realistically and humorously points out aspects of human conflict to which all people are susceptible. This work, among others by Simms dealing with the Native American that are discussed in this essay, effectively counters the generalization that colonial works invariably stereotype the native as noble savage.
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Bsirini, Caroline, Jennifer J. Findeis-Hosey, and Aaron R. Huber. "Cecal Mucosal Myxoma: The First Report of a New Type of Mesenchymal Colon Polyp." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 27, no. 6 (April 22, 2019): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896919843625.
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Myxomas are benign mesenchymal neoplasms of unknown etiology that most commonly occur in the cardiac atrium; however, other reported sites include the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, maxillofacial bones, and sinonasal tract. Myxomas involving the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are rare and are limited to a few published case reports. We are presenting, to our knowledge, the first case report of a mucosal myxoma in the colon presenting as a colonic polyp. A 49-year-old woman underwent a screening colonoscopy and was found to have a 0.2-cm sessile polyp in the cecum. Histologically, the polyp was composed of bland spindled cells in the lamina propria set in a hypocellular, myxoid stroma. The lesion was relatively well-demarcated from the surrounding mucosa. The overlying colonic epithelium showed no dysplasia. S-100 immunohistochemical stain showed only focal nonspecific positivity, while CD34, CD117, SMA, EMA, and desmin were all negative. Alcian blue special stain showed positive staining, supporting the diagnosis of myxoma. Myxomas in the GI tract are very rare, with this being the first reported case of a polypoid colonic mucosal myxoma. Previous reports of GI myxomas are limited to examples in the stomach, small bowel, and one recently reported case in the colon, all of which were submucosal lesions and not limited to the mucosa. In some of the prior reports, the patients had synchronous cardiac atrial myxomas. Mucosal colonic myxoma represents a newly identified mesenchymal polyp of the colon and pathologists should be aware of this diagnostic entity.
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Ivancich, Adriana. "I Am Hemingway's Renata." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 129, no. 2 (March 2014): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.2.257.
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When Adriana Ivancich is mentioned as a figure in ernest hemingway's life, it is usually with derision, incredulity, or else a barely constrained “Did they or didn't they?” breathlessness. The idea that Ivancich, who was not even born when Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929), was the inspiration behind the teenage contessa Renata, Colonel Cantwell's improbable love interest in Across the River and into the Trees (1950), has generated a sometimes hostile reaction. However, this crucial figure in Hemingway's post-World War II life and writing deserves investigation. To the extent that she has been a blind spot in scholarly circles, the oversight can be attributed to a language gap. Her letters to Hemingway, her memoirs, her brother's memoirs, and much of the important analysis of Hemingway's involvement with the Veneto are written in Italian.
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Björnsson, Einar S., William D. Chey, Forrest Hooper, Michelle L. Woods, Chung Owyang, and William L. Hasler. "Impaired gastrocolonic response and peristaltic reflex in slow-transit constipation: role of 5-HT3 pathways." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 283, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): G400—G407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00082.2001.
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Colonic motility is modulated by the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3-dependent gastrocolonic response and 5-HT3-independent peristaltic reflex. We compared descending colon tone responses to antral distension, duodenal lipid perfusion, and colonic distension after double-blind placebo or granisetron in 13 healthy volunteers and nine slow-transit constipated patients. Antral distension (100–300 ml) and duodenal lipids (3 kcal/min) evoked increases in colon tone in volunteers, which were blunted in constipated patients ( P < 0.05). Granisetron (10 μg/kg) reduced responses to antral distension and lipids in volunteers and to lipids in constipated patients ( P < 0.05). The ascending contraction of the peristaltic reflex was blunted in constipated patients ( P < 0.05), whereas descending responses were similar. Granisetron did not modify the peristaltic reflex. Colonic responses to bethanechol were similar in patients and volunteers. In conclusion, antral distension- and duodenal lipid-activated gastrocolonic responses and ascending contractions of the peristaltic reflex are impaired with slow-transit constipation with loss of both 5-HT3-dependent and -independent function. Thus abnormalities of neural reflex modulation of colonic motor function may play pathophysiological roles in slow-transit constipation.
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Mark, Esben Bolvig, Jens Brøndum Frøkjær, Tine Maria Hansen, Rasmus Bach Nedergaard, and Asbjørn Mohr Drewes. "Although tapentadol and oxycodone both increase colonic volume, tapentadol treatment resulted in softer stools and less constipation: a mechanistic study in healthy volunteers." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 21, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2020-0151.
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Abstract Objectives Opioids are often used in treatment of severe pain, although many patients experience gastrointestinal side-effects like constipation. The aim of the current study was to investigate changes in colonic volume, as the result of both colonic motility and fluid transport, in healthy volunteers during opioid treatment with tapentadol as compared with oxycodone and placebo. Methods In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, 21 healthy male volunteers were administered equianalgesic dosages of oral tapentadol (50 mg bid), oxycodone (10 mg bid) or corresponding placebo for 14 days. Segmental colonic volumes were quantified using T2-weighted magnetic resonance images, and gastrointestinal side-effects were assessed with questionnaires. Results Total colonic volume increase during treatment was higher during tapentadol and oxycodone treatment (median 48 and 58 mL) compared to placebo (median −14 mL, both p≤0.003). Tapentadol (and placebo) treatment resulted in more bowel movements (both p<0.05) and softer stool consistency as compared with oxycodone (both p<0.01). Only oxycodone treatment was associated with increased constipation, straining during defecation, and tiredness (all p≤0.01). The colonic volume increase during treatment was directly associated with softer stools during tapentadol treatment (p=0.019). Conclusions Tapentadol treatment increased colonic volume without leading to harder stools, likely as the opioid sparing effects result in less water absorption from the gut lumen. Oxycodone treatment also increased colonic volume, but with a simultaneous increase in stool dryness and gastrointestinal and central nervous system side-effects. The results confirm that tapentadol treatment may be advantageous to oxycodone regarding tolerability to pain treatment.
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Windey, Karen, Vicky De Preter, Geert Huys, Willem F. Broekaert, Jan A. Delcour, Thierry Louat, Jean Herman, and Kristin Verbeke. "Wheat bran extract alters colonic fermentation and microbial composition, but does not affect faecal water toxicity: a randomised controlled trial in healthy subjects." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 2 (December 12, 2014): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003523.
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Wheat bran extract (WBE), containing arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides that are potential prebiotic substrates, has been shown to modify bacterial colonic fermentation in human subjects and to beneficially affect the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) in rats. However, it is unclear whether these changes in fermentation are able to reduce the risk of developing CRC in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of WBE on the markers of CRC risk in healthy volunteers, and to correlate these effects with colonic fermentation. A total of twenty healthy subjects were enrolled in a double-blind, cross-over, randomised, controlled trial in which the subjects ingested WBE (10 g/d) or placebo (maltodextrin, 10 g/d) for 3 weeks, separated by a 3-week washout period. At the end of each study period, colonic handling of NH3was evaluated using the biomarker lactose[15N,15N′]ureide, colonic fermentation was characterised through a metabolomics approach, and the predominant microbial composition was analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. As markers of CRC risk, faecal water genotoxicity was determined using the comet assay and faecal water cytotoxicity using a colorimetric cell viability assay. Intake of WBE induced a shift from urinary to faecal15N excretion, indicating a stimulation of colonic bacterial activity and/or growth. Microbial analysis revealed a selective stimulation ofBifidobacterium adolescentis. In addition, WBE altered the colonic fermentation pattern and significantly reduced colonic protein fermentation compared with the run-in period. However, faecal water cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were not affected. Although intake of WBE clearly affected colonic fermentation and changed the composition of the microbiota, these changes were not associated with the changes in the markers of CRC risk.
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Sweetser, Seth, Irene A. Busciglio, Michael Camilleri, Adil E. Bharucha, Lawrence A. Szarka, Athanasios Papathanasopoulos, Duane D. Burton, Deborah J. Eckert, and Alan R. Zinsmeister. "Effect of a chloride channel activator, lubiprostone, on colonic sensory and motor functions in healthy subjects." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 296, no. 2 (February 2009): G295—G301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.90558.2008.
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Lubiprostone, a bicyclic fatty acid chloride channel activator, is efficacious in treatment of chronic constipation and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. The study aim was to compare effects of lubiprostone and placebo on colonic sensory and motor functions in humans. In double-blind, randomized fashion, 60 healthy adults received three oral doses of placebo or 24 μg lubiprostone per day in a parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. A barostat-manometry tube was placed in the left colon by flexible sigmoidoscopy and fluoroscopy. We measured treatment effects on colonic sensation and motility with validated methods, with the following end points: colonic compliance, fasting and postprandial tone and motility indexes, pain thresholds, and sensory ratings to distensions. Among participants receiving lubiprostone or placebo, 26 of 30 and 28 of 30, respectively, completed the study. There were no overall effects of lubiprostone on compliance, fasting tone, motility indexes, or sensation. However, there was a treatment-by-sex interaction effect for compliance ( P = 0.02), with lubiprostone inducing decreased fasting compliance in women ( P = 0.06) and an overall decreased colonic tone contraction after a standard meal relative to fasting tone ( P = 0.014), with greater effect in women ( P < 0.01). Numerical differences of first sensation and pain thresholds ( P = 0.11 in women) in the two groups were not significant. We concluded that oral lubiprostone 24 μg does not increase colonic motor function. The findings of decreased colonic compliance and decreased postprandial colonic tone in women suggest that motor effects are unlikely to cause accelerated colonic transit with lubiprostone, although they may facilitate laxation. Effects of lubiprostone on sensitivity deserve further study.
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Alasio, Teresa M., James Borin, Kevia Taylor, Natan Bar-Chama, and Pamela D. Unger. "Intratesticular Mucinous Cystadenoma: Immunohistochemical Comparison With Ovarian and Colonic Tissue." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-399-imcicw.
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Abstract We report a case of a primary intratesticular mucinous cystadenoma in an asymptomatic 39-year-old man. The mass was found incidentally during a consultation for infertility. Pathologic examination of the orchiectomy specimen revealed a unilocular cyst lined with bland mucinous epithelium and mucinous extravasation, consistent with a diagnosis of mucinous cystadenoma. Foci of bone were also found in association with extensive chronic inflammation. Immunohistochemical stains performed showed immunoreactivity for cytokeratin 7, and nonreactivity for cytokeratin 20, CA125, chromogranin, and synaptophysin. The immunohistochemical staining patterns of the present case are compared with those of known mucinous cystadenomas of the ovary and nonneoplastic colonic mucosa. The histogenesis of this entity is discussed in light of the literature and the immunohistochemical findings in this rare case.
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Miles, William F. S. "Partitioned Royalty: the Evolution of Hausa Chiefs in Nigeria and Niger." Journal of Modern African Studies 25, no. 2 (June 1987): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000379.
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Amongst commentators and scholars of the turn-of-the-century partition of Africa, it has become virtually axiomatic to note the ‘artificial’ nature of the boundaries drawn up by the colonial powers. Cutting, as they often did, through otherwise homogeneous ethnic, religious, linguistic, and even geographic clusters, the European remapping of the continent is criticised, at least implicitly, for its allegedly blind or indifferent disregard for indigenous social and cultural systems prevailing at the time of the conquest.
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O'Donoghue, Rob. "Indigenous Knowledge: Towards Learning Materials and Methodologies that Respond to Social Processes of Marginalisation and Appropriation in Eastern Southern Africa." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 19 (2003): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600001476.
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AbstractThis study sheds light on how a rich legacy of intergenerational, contextual knowing (indigenous environmental knowledge) was successively overlooked and marginalised, or was appropriated and re-orientated in developing scientific institutions, in eastern southern Africa. The Nguni case evidence reviewed, uncovers a somewhat blind appropriation and reorientation of environmental knowledge in the colonial administration and within emerging scientific institutions. It examines how processes such as this served to marginalise indigenous “ways of knowing,” and consequently, “African knowledge systems” in the region. Evidence of colonial oppression is nothing new, but a closer look at some of the institutional processes involved is used to inform the design of the “IK & Today,” materials being developed with educators and communities by researchers working on The National Research Foundation (NRF) programme of the Rhodes University Environmental Educatiuon Unit.
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Van den Abbeele, Pieter, Jonas Ghyselinck, Massimo Marzorati, Agusti Villar, Andrea Zangara, Carsten R. Smidt, and Ester Risco. "In Vitro Evaluation of Prebiotic Properties of a Commercial Artichoke Inflorescence Extract Revealed Bifidogenic Effects." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061552.
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Background: Prebiotics used as a dietary supplement, stimulate health-related gut microbiota (e.g., bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, etc.). This study evaluated potential prebiotic effects of an artichoke aqueous dry extract (AADE) using in vitro gut model based on the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). Methods: Short-term colonic fermentations (48 h) of AADE, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and a blank were performed. Microbial metabolites were assessed at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h of colonic incubation via measuring pH, gas pressure, lactate, ammonium, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels. Community composition was assessed via targeted qPCRs. Results: After 24 and 48 h of incubation, bifidobacteria levels increased 25-fold with AADE (p < 0.05) and >100-fold with FOS (p < 0.05) compared to blank. Lactobacillus spp. levels only tended to increase with AADE, whereas they increased 10-fold with FOS. At 6 h, pH decreased with AADE and FOS and remained stable until 48 h; however, gas pressure increased significantly till the end of study. Acetate, propionate, and total SCFA production increased significantly with both at all time-points. Lactate levels initially increased but branched SCFA and ammonium levels remained low till 48 h. Conclusion: AADE displayed prebiotic potential by exerting bifidogenic effects that stimulated production of health-related microbial metabolites, which is potentially due to inulin in AADE.
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Mouratidis, Angelos, Sandra Vacas, Julieta Herrero, Vicente Navarro-Llopis, Marcel Dicke, and Alejandro Tena. "Parasitic wasps avoid ant-protected hemipteran hosts via the detection of ant cuticular hydrocarbons." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1942 (January 6, 2021): 20201684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1684.
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One of the most studied and best-known mutualistic relationships between insects is that between ants and phloem-feeding insects. Ants feed on honeydew excreted by phloem-feeding insects and, in exchange, attack the phloem feeders' natural enemies, including parasitic wasps. However, parasitic wasps are under selection to exploit information on hazards and avoid them. Here, we tested whether parasitic wasps detect the previous presence of ants attending colonies of phloem feeders. Behavioural assays demonstrate that wasps left colonies previously attended by ants more frequently than control colonies. This behaviour has a potential cost for the parasitic wasp as females inserted their ovipositor in fewer hosts per colony. In a further bioassay, wasps spent less time on papers impregnated with extracts of the ant cues than on control papers. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that ants left a blend of cuticular hydrocarbons when they attended colonies of phloem feeders. These cuticular hydrocarbons are deposited passively when ants search for food. Overall, these results suggest, for the first time, that parasitic wasps of honeydew producers detect the previous presence of mutualistic ants through contact infochemicals. We anticipate such interactions to be widespread and to have implications in numerous ecosystems, as phloem feeders are usually tended by ants.
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Eyer, Pierre-André, Edward L. Vargo, and Christian Peeters. "One tree, many colonies: colony structure, breeding system and colonization events of host trees in tunnelling Melissotarsus ants." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab026.
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Abstract Ants exhibit a striking variety of lifestyles, including highly specialist or mutualist species. The minute blind workers of the African genus Melissotarsus chew tunnels in live trees to accommodate their obligate partner scale insects. Their modified legs are adapted for tunnelling, but are unsuited for walking outside, confining these ants to their initial host tree. Here, we investigated whether this unique lifestyle results in complex patterns of genetic diversity at different scales, from the same tree to different populations. Using 19 microsatellite markers, we assessed their mating strategy and colony structure among and across populations in South Africa. We showed that only one queen reproduces within a colony, mated with up to three males. However, several inseminated dealate queens are present in colonies; one probably replaces the older queen as the colony ages. The reproduction of a single queen per colony at a given time results in genetic differences between colonies, even those located on the same tree. We discuss how the slow process of colony digging under the bark and the lack of workers patrolling above the bark might result in reduced competition between colonies and allow several secluded colonies to cohabit the cramped space on a single tree.
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Iturrino, Johanna, Michael Camilleri, Irene Busciglio, Duane Burton, and Alan R. Zinsmeister. "Effect of the α2δ ligand, pregabalin, on colonic sensory and motor functions in healthy adults." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 301, no. 2 (August 2011): G377—G384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00085.2011.
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Pregabalin, an α2δ ligand, is used clinically to treat somatic pain. A prior study suggested that pregabalin reduces distension-induced pain while increasing rectal compliance. We aimed to quantify effects of pregabalin on colonic sensory and motor functions and assess relationships between sensory effects and colonic compliance. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of a single oral administration of 75 or 200 mg of pregabalin in 62 healthy adults (aged 18–75 yr). Subjects underwent left colon intubation. We assessed “stress-arousal symptoms”, compliance, sensation thresholds, sensation ratings averaged over four levels of distension, fasting and postprandial colonic tone, and phasic motility index (MI). Analysis of covariance (adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and corresponding predrug response) and proportional hazard models were used. There were no clinically important differences among treatment groups for demographics, predrug compliance, tone, MI, and sensation. Treatment was associated with reduced energy and increased drowsiness but no change in tension or relaxation. Sensation ratings averaged over the four distension levels were lower for gas sensation [overall effect P = 0.14, P = 0.05 (pregabalin 200 mg vs. placebo)] and for pain sensation [overall effect P = 0.12, P = 0.04 (pregabalin 200 mg vs. placebo)]. The magnitude of the effect of 200 mg of pregabalin relative to placebo is on average a 25% reduction of both gas and pain sensation ratings. Pregabalin did not significantly affect colonic compliance, sensation thresholds, colonic fasting tone, and MI. Thus 200 mg of pregabalin reduces gas and pain sensation and should be tested in patients with colonic pain.
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Lubomski, Michal, James Dalgliesh, Kenneth Lee, Omprakash Damodaran, Genevieve McKew, and Stephen Reddel. "Actinomyces cavernous sinus infection: a case and systematic literature review." Practical Neurology 18, no. 5 (April 12, 2018): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2017-001844.
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A 63-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of progressive right-sided exophthalmos, painful ophthalmoplegia and fevers. As more features developed, he was diagnosed with giant cell arteritis, then Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, and transiently responded to corticosteroids. A bland cerebrospinal fluid and highly metabolically active brain (18F)-fluoro-D-glucose-positron emission tomography suggested lymphoma. Biopsy of the mass showed sulphur granules with Gram-positive filamentous bacteria with Actinomyces-like colonies. Actinomyces cavernous sinus infections are rare and indolent. They often mimic non-infective causes including other inflammatory and infiltrative conditions, vascular and neoplastic causes, particularly lymphoma. Clinicians should consider infective cavernous sinus syndromes in people with a fluctuating painful ophthalmoplegia that responds poorly to corticosteroids. The term Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is problematic and should be retired or used only with reservation.
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Massey, Douglas S. "The Past & Future of American Civil Rights." Daedalus 140, no. 2 (April 2011): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00076.
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Although American society will not become race-blind anytime soon, the meaning of race is changing, and processes of racial formation now are quite different than those prevailing just two generations ago. Massey puts the present moment in historical perspective by reviewing progress toward racial equality through successive historical epochs, from the colonial era to the age of Obama. He ends by exploring the contours of racial formation in the United States today, outlining a program for a new civil rights movement in the twenty-first century.
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Nijhawan, Shobna. "Cumin, Capsules, and Colonialism." Asian Medicine 13, no. 1-2 (September 10, 2018): 170–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341412.
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AbstractThe institutionalization of Western allopathic medicine in colonial India had significant implications for the cultural politics of the early twentieth century. The introduction of vaccinations, the establishment of hospitals and dispensaries, scientific discourses on hygiene, bacteriology, and nutrition, the emergence of obstetrics and gynecology as medical disciplines, and the commercialization of medicine—to name but a few aspects of the institutionalization or elements leading thereto—were all topics that also concerned the Hindi literary sphere. This essay investigates how the Hindi literary public tackled the colonial state’s promotion of allopathy and modern sciences while, within the same discourse, it (re)discovered, systemized, and modernized indigenous medical knowledge traditions—most notably Ayurveda but also homespun remedies and folk medicine—for the prevention, treatment, and cure of disease. Prose fiction and prose essays, alongside advertisements in Hindi periodicals, testify to a range of opinions on what constituted a “healthy” blend of diverse “Eastern” and diverse “Western” medical traditions. This essay argues that the Hindi discourse on medicine and colonial modernity was steered by gendered nationalist politics, modern Western sciences, and commercial interests in maintaining a healthy body and working toward a healthy nation.
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Camilleri, Michael, Adil E. Bharucha, Ryuji Ueno, Duane Burton, George M. Thomforde, Kari Baxter, Sanna McKinzie, and Alan R. Zinsmeister. "Effect of a selective chloride channel activator, lubiprostone, on gastrointestinal transit, gastric sensory, and motor functions in healthy volunteers." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 290, no. 5 (May 2006): G942—G947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00264.2005.
Full textAbstract:
Chloride channels modulate gastrointestinal neuromuscular functions in vitro. Lubiprostone, a selective type 2 chloride channel (ClC-2) activator, induces intestinal secretion and has been shown to relieve constipation in clinical trials; however, the effects of lubiprostone on gastric function and whole gut transit in humans are unclear. Our aim was to compare the effects of the selective ClC-2 activator lubiprostone on maximum tolerated volume (MTV) of a meal, postprandial symptoms, gastric volumes, and gastrointestinal and colonic transit in humans. We performed a randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of lubiprostone (24 μg bid) in 30 healthy volunteers. Validated methods were used: scintigraphic gastrointestinal and colonic transit, SPECT to measure gastric volumes, and the nutrient drink (“satiation”) test to measure MTV and postprandial symptoms. Lubiprostone accelerated small bowel and colonic transit, increased fasting gastric volume, and retarded gastric emptying. MTV values were reduced compared with placebo; however, the MTV was within the normal range for healthy adults in 13 of 14 participants, and there was no significant change compared with baseline measurements. Lubiprostone had no significant effect on postprandial gastric volume or aggregate symptoms but did decrease fullness 30 min after the fully satiating meal. Thus the ClC-2 activator lubiprostone accelerates small intestinal and colonic transit, which confers potential in the treatment of constipation.
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Aho, Johnathon, Sebastian Winocour, Ziyad S. Hammoudeh, Heidi Nelson, Peter Rose, and Nho V. Tran. "Seromuscular Colonic Flap for Intrapelvic Soft-Tissue Coverage: A Reconstructive Option for Plastic Surgeons When Traditionally Used Flaps Are Not Available." Case Reports in Surgery 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/563641.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Reconstruction of intrapelvic defects can be a challenging problem in patients with limited regional muscle flap options and previously resected omentum. In such situations, alternative methods of mobilizing vascularized tissue may be required.Methods. A case of a patient that underwent pelvic extirpation for recurrent rectal cancer who had limited donor sites for flap reconstruction is presented. The mucosa was removed from a blind loop of colon, and a pedicled seromuscular flap based on the colonic mesentery was placed into the pelvis for vascularized soft-tissue coverage and elimination of dead space.Results. The postoperative course was only complicated by a small subcutaneous fluid collection beneath the sacrectomy skin incision, which was drained with radiological assistance. The patient recovered without any major postoperative complications.Conclusion. Seromuscular colonic flap is a useful option for soft-tissue coverage after pelvic extirpation and should be considered by plastic surgeons when other reconstruction options are not available.
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Mancilla, Alejandra. "A continent of and for whiteness?: “White” colonialism and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty." Polar Record 55, no. 5 (September 2019): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741900069x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThere are at least four ways in which Antarctic colonialism was white: it was paradigmatically performed by white men; it consisted in the taking of vast, white expanses of land; it was carried out with a carte blanche (literally, “blank card”) attitude; and it was presented to the world as a white, innocent adventure. While the first, racial whiteness has been amply problematised, I suggest that the last three illuminate yet other moral wrongs of the Antarctic colonial project. Moreover, they might be constitutive of a larger class of “white” colonialisms beyond the White Continent.
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Love, Adam, Bianca Gonzalez-Sobrino, and Matthew W. Hughey. "Excessive Celebration? The Racialization of Recruiting Commitments on College Football Internet Message Boards." Sociology of Sport Journal 34, no. 3 (September 2017): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0033.
Full textAbstract:
The current study analyzed comments posted on Internet message boards devoted to U.S. college football. The investigators collected comments (N = 3,800) about instances in which a player initially announced intent to attend a particular university, but later changed his mind and signed a National Letter of Intent to attend a different university. While few posts included explicit mention of race (n = 11), commenters more frequently used forms of “color-blind” racial rhetoric that invoked racialized meanings without the overt use of racial terms (n = 346). Comments often reflected a white colonial framing of football players’ decisions, behaviors, and abilities, expressing a number of common racialized assumptions, including beliefs in the natural superiority of black physicality, doubts about black intellectual ability, and expectations about whites possessing skill, technique, and mental capacity. The presence of these racialized assumptions points to the continued salience of race in an era that is often claimed to be “color-blind” and free of racial discrimination.