Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Colonial Paraguay'

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Sciences religieuses--Université de Strasbourg, 1969. Titre de soutenance : La création d'un langage chrétien dans les Réductions des Guarani au Paraguay.
CEPAG = Centro de estudios paraguayos Antonio Guasch. Ce texte reprend en espagnol la thèse soutenue sous le titre : "La création d'un langage chrétien dans les Réductions des Guarani au Paraguay" Bibliogr. p. 329-372.

Na segunda metade do século XVIII, acirraram-se as disputas entre espanhóis e portugueses pela definição da soberania territorial sobre as colônias americanas. Com as indefinições demarcatórias deflagradas pelo Tratado de Madrid (1750), ambas as Coroas buscaram estabelecer o uti possidetis sobre os territórios fronteiriços através da instalação de fortes militares, povoações e reduções de índios. Esta tese problematiza a expansão dos impérios ibéricos sobre os vales dos rios Guaporé e Paraguai, buscando analisar seus impactos sócioeconômicos sobre populações indígenas e colonos. O objetivo principal é analisar os dispositivos de controle social empregados pelas administrações de ambos os impérios sobre os grupos indígenas que habitavam essa área e sobre os colonos destacados para servir em fortificações e povoações, e as relações de poder entre uns e outros. Dividida em três partes, a tese estuda as formas de controle do espaço nas fortificações, vilas e reduções; as estratégias das políticas indigenistas para atrair e incorporar os grupos fronteiriços às povoações; e a vida cotidiana desses estabelecimentos, especialmente no que tange ao recrutamento militar, ao abastecimento e aos custos para colonos e provedorias das províncias. A hipótese defendida é a de que a delegação de poderes a caciques de grupos aliados e a transferência de parte dos custos da defesa militar das fronteiras aos colonos foram os dispositivos básicos que sustentaram, ainda que com especificidades de cada lado, tanto a expansão portuguesa quanto a espanhola sobre essas regiões centrais da América do Sul.
The disputes between Spaniards and Portuguese on the definition of the territorial sovereignty on American colonies were stimulated in the second half of the seventeenth century. With the fail of the Treaty of Madrid (1750) to demarcate the frontier, both Crowns pretended to establish the uti possidetis through the installation of military forts, villages and missions. This thesis analyses the expansion of the Iberian empires on the valleys of the rivers Guaporé and Paraguay, and focuses on their socioeconomic impacts on indigenous populations and settlers. The main objective is to analyze the mechanisms of social control used by the administrations of both empires on the indigenous groups that inhabited that area and on the settlers that serve in fortifications and lived in villages, and the relationships of power among them. Divided in three parts, this thesis studies the forms of control of the space in the fortifications, villages and missions; the strategies of the indigenist policy to attract and relocate Indians to reservations; and the daily life of those establishments, especially with respect to the military recruitment, provisioning and the costs for settlers and Real Treasury. I argue that the delegation of powers to caciques of allied groups and the transfer of part of the military costs to the same settlers were the basic devices with which the system could be sustained, although with specificities on each side, in both Portuguese and Spaniard expansion on those central areas of South America.

Le passage d'une litterature orale (en guarini, langue indigene du paraguay) a une production textuelle ecrite (en espagnol et en guarani) est marque par un element "colonial". Ce dernier etablit les criteres de domination d'une culture sur l'autre,et, par consequent d'une des deux langues generales parlees au paraguy. Un plan d'alphabetisation dans la langue maternelle, a la base d'un systeme d'education bilingue contribuerait a retablir l'equilibre entre la langue dominante et minoritaire (l'espagnol) et la dominee et majoritaire (le guarini), de meme qu'entre les litteratures produites dans l'une et l'autre langue
The evolution of written texts (both in spanish and guarani) from oral literature (in guarini, paraguay's native language) has been marked by a "colonial" ingredient. This has established the basis for the domination of a culture on another and thus it has become one of the most used languages in paraguay. The idea toiintroduce an alphabet into the motrertongue in order to create a bilingual system of education would help in restoring the balance between the dominant but less used language (spanish) and the dominated but more greatly used language (guarani) as well as betwen the literare written in these two languages

Ce travail interroge le processus d’indépendance et de construction de la nation au Paraguay, réalisé principalement sous l’égide du Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia entre 1811 et 1840. Le cas paraguayen présente de nombreuses singularités. Dès 1811, cette province de l’empire espagnol choisit sans hésitation la voie de l’indépendance vis-à-vis de Madrid comme de Buenos Aires, la capitale de la vice-royauté du Río de la Plata dont elle dépend. En 1813, la république est proclamée et, de 1814 jusqu’à sa mort en 1840, le Dr. Francia dirige seul le pays après en avoir été élu dictateur. Ces choix si rapides et définitifs, surtout comparés à la situation que vivent d’autres régions de l’empire au même moment, posent question. Le Dr. Francia se fait l’interprète d’aspirations qui prennent leurs racines dans la période coloniale qui précède et qui se caractérisepar ses particularismes linguistique, démographique, politique et historique, et l’isolation, l’abandon, la pauvreté et l’oppression dont elle souffre. L’originalité de la contribution du Dr. Francia tient au fait qu’il est porteur d’un projet politique clair qui répond à ce passé et, également, aux moyens dont il use pour le mener à bien. Il s’appuie essentiellement sur son discours pour y parvenir. Ce discours repose sur de multiples modes de diffusions, il opère également sans concurrence, ce qui contribue grandement à son efficacité. D’une part, il s’articule autour des notions de mémoire, de liberté et de valorisation des institutions républicaines et des concepts de patrie et patriotisme. D’autre part, le Dr. Francia fait de la figure de l’étranger, sous toutes sesformes, la pierre angulaire et le versant négatif de sa rhétorique nationaliste. En dépeignant l’étranger sous les traits menaçants de « l’autre », le Dr. Francia consolide l’identité et les particularismes d’un nouveau groupe « nous », que constituent désormais les Paraguayens de république indépendante
This study has for object an exploration of the process of independence and nation building in Paraguay, which took place between 1811 and 1840 under the auspices of Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia. The case of Paraguay is singular in many regards. Beginning in 1811, this province of the Spanish Empire embarked upon a process of independence from both Madrid and Buenos Aires, the capital of the viceroyalty of Río de la Plata. In 1813, the Republic was proclaimed, and, from 1814 until his death, Dr. Francia, after having been elected as dictator, singlehandedly governed the country. These choices were both rapid, and definitive, and give rise to many questions. Dr. Francia was able to implement certain underlying aspirations. These aspirations had their roots in the preceding colonial period, which was characterized by its linguistic, demographic, political, andhistorical differences and by its isolation, abandonment, poverty, and the oppression under which it suffered. The originality of Dr. Francia’s contribution had to do with the fact that he not only conveyed a clearly defined political project which responded to the problems of the past, but also that he proposed innovative means by which he could bring his projects to fruition. He relied fundamentally on discourse in order to arrive at his ends. This discourse was disseminated across multiple channels; furthermore, his various communications encountered no competition, this too contributed to their success. This continuing discourse revolved around the ideas of memory and liberty, as well as promoting the value of republican institutions and the concept of patriotism. Additionally, Dr. Francia used the figure of the foreigner under any guise as the basis for the negative side of his nationalist rhetoric. By portraying the foreigner as a menacing “other”, Francia was able to consolidate the identity defining the particularities of a new “us” group, Paraguayans who, henceforth, belonged to an independent republic

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de História, 2011.
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Esta dissertação estuda o processo de formação de fronteiras na região em que predominou a produção ervateira, durante o período colonial do Paraguai (1534-1811). Analisa a sobreposição dessas fronteiras e dos domínios políticos, identificando-os no espaço geográfico e temporal. Investiga também a inter-relação entre a inserção social e econômica da atividade ervateira no mercado colonial e as mudanças ocorridas na apropriação do trabalho, em um contexto de migrações regionais e sociais. Por último, discute as conseqüências da pressão portuguesa sobre os conflitos de interesses na região. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This dissertation studies the process of boundaries formation in the region where the yerba mate production prevailed during the colonial period in Paraguay (1534-1811). It examines the overlapping of this boundaries and political domains, identifying the time and geographic space. It also investigates the interrelation between the social insertion and the economical activity of yerbales (yerba forests) in the colonial market and the changes that occurred in the labor appropriation in a context of social and regional migration. Finally, it discusses the consequences of Portuguese pressure on conflicts of interests in the region.

Le Chaco central, espace marginal de la géographie américaine encore délaissé au début du 20e siècle, va accueillir, à l’initiative du gouvernement paraguayen, une entreprise pionnière de caractère ethno-religieux conduite par une population caractérisée elle aussi, par sa marginalité. Des vagues migratoires successives (première moitié du 20e siècle) aboutissent au peuplement mennonite contemporain. L’implantation et les dynamiques générées par ces pionniers au sein de leur terre d’accueil, vont être à l’origine du désenclavement d’un espace qui jusqu’alors fut un véritable isolat de la géographie paraguayenne. En effet, avant la venue des mennonites, la géohistoire du Chaco, alliée à un environnement contraignant, n’avait pas favorisé l’installation de foyers de peuplement sédentaires. L’efficacité des institutions ainsi que la cohésion sociale prévalent aujourd’hui au sein de ce territoire pionnier. Cette organisation territoriale, adossée au binôme colonie/coopérative et à la main-d’œuvre indigène, est à l’origine d’une véritable réussite agro-industrielle. Ainsi, le territoire mennonite du Chaco central apparaît comme un des pôles d’activité majeurs de la géographie paraguayenne. L’expérience pionnière semble donc posséder des capacités accrues de transformation de son environnement ; mais l’extension des surfaces mises en valeur ne va pas sans soulever des problèmes liés à la gestion durable de l’environnement
Through a decision of the governement of Paraguay, the region of central Chaco, a marginal territory in South American geography which as late as the beginning of the 20th century attracted few settlers, has become the site of a successful ethnic-religious pioneer enterprise, under the impulsion of a religious group which, itself, is very marginal in nature. The dynamics set into motion by the Mennonite settlement in Chaco (the result of successive waves of immigration throughout the first half of the 20th century) has led to the opening up of a territory in Paraguay that had previously been characterized by extreme isolation. Indeed, before the arrival of the Mennonites, the geohistory of Chaco with its hostile environment discouraged settlement of sedentary communities. Today, however, this pionner territory is noted for efficient institutions and social cohesion. And is the scene of a real agro-business success story with its « winning combination » of « colony and cooperative » and the presence of an indigenous labor force. The Mennonite area of central Chaco is thus seen as one of the major poles of economic activity in Paraguay. The pioneer experiment would thus appear to have an added ability to transform the environment. Expanding new crop lands, however, will inevitably raise questions of the sustainable development of environmental resources

De la conquête à la guerre de la Triple Alliance (1536-1870), la population paraguayenne ne bénéficia pas d'une totale liberté. Sous la Couronne, l'objectif était de rapatrier vers la métropole le plus de fonds possible ; après l'Indépendance il s'agissait de disposer des moyens nécessaires pour diriger le pays. Pour y parvenir, les autorités dirigeantes développèrent une politique de l'or et des monnaies en s'appuyant sur la législation et la fiscalité. Par la législation, elles imposèrent des cadres et des lois auxquels les habitants devaient se conformer. La fiscalité permit l'imposition des personnes, de leurs biens et des marchandises. Les dirigeants contrôlaient de cette façon la population par les impôts, alors que les taxes favorisaient ou pénalisaient le développement du commerce, en fonction de la politique menée par l'autorité supérieure. Ils surveillaient en même temps les mouvements des métaux précieux et des monnaies. Les services de l'administration se chargèrent d'appliquer et de faire respecter les décisions de l'Etat. La population n'eut d'autres choix que de respecter les directives prescrites par les autorités supérieures
From the Conquest until the War of the Triple Alliance the population of Paraguay did not benefit from total liberty. Under the Crown, the objective was to send the maximum of funds back to Spain; after Independence it became a matter of developing the necessary means to govern the country. In order to do this, the governing authorities developed a gold and monetary policy based on legislation and taxation. By means of legislation, they imposed frameworks and laws to which the inhabitants were obliged to conform. The fiscal system made it possible to tax people, their wealth and their goods. By this means the authorities were able to control the population by taxation, while the taxes favoured or penalised the development of trade, according to the policies of the higher authorities. At the same time they scrutinised the movements of precious metals and money. The administrative services took care of applying and enforcing the decisions of the State. The population had no choice but to obey the directives prescribed by the higher authorities

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, 2008.
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Esta dissertação analisa os principais fatores de tensão na Fronteira Brasil-Paraguai desde o período colonial até a atualidade. A hipótese da pesquisa é que a tensão fronteiriça entre os dois países transita gradativamente da idéia de separação para a idéia de interpenetração, tendo como fatores centrais o conflito pelo uso das águas e a ambigüidade entre as atividades legais e ilegais. O período colonial foi caracterizado por uma intensa disputa entre Portugal e Espanha pelos territórios de além-mar, disputa a qual fazem parte o Tratado de Tordesilhas (1494), o Tratado de Madri (1750) e o Tratado de Santo Ildefonso (1777). Destaque para a dupla função exercida pelas águas, ao mesmo tempo referência natural para os tratados de limites e meio de integração fluvial. As raízes da ambigüidade entre o legal e o ilegal são identificadas a partir da constituição de uma dinâmica própria nas colônias, que nem sempre respeitava os tratados de limites e os esforços de controle emanados desde as metrópoles européias. Após a independência de Brasil e Paraguai a disputa foi decisiva nas relações bilaterais entre os dois países até chegarem a um impasse, somente dissolvido depois da Guerra da Tríplice Aliança (1864-1870). Passado esse conflito, o Tratado de Limites de 1872 estabeleceu os limites oficiais até a atualidade. Contudo, a tensão fronteiriça não terminou. Ela apenas se deslocou do predomínio do caráter de separação para o de interpenetração. O conflito pelo uso das águas assumiu nova dimensão com o aproveitamento hidrelétrico do Rio Paraná, a perspectiva de viabilização da Hidrovia Paraguai-Paraná e a descoberta do Sistema Aqüífero Guarani. A ambigüidade entre o legal e o ilegal, por sua vez, foi reforçada pela tensão na Tríplice Fronteira formada por Foz do Iguaçu (Brasil), Ciudad del Este (Paraguai) e Puerto Iguazú (Argentina), e na sub-região do Cone Sul-mato-grossense, conhecida pelas expressivas apreensões de cocaína, maconha e armas que entram ilegalmente no Brasil. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The present work analyses the predominant boundary factors to cause tension between Brazil and Paraguay since colonial period until today. The research hypothesis is the existence of a boundary tension between both countries gradually moving from the perspective of separation towards the perspective of interpenetration, being central factors the conflict over water and the ambiguity between legal and illegal activities. The colonial period was characterized by an intense dispute between Portugal and Spain over their overseas territories, dispute of which the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the Treaty of Madrid (1750) and the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777) are a part of. The double function of the water was very important: at the same time it was a natural reference for the treaties of limits and a way of fluvial integration. The roots of the ambiguity between legal and illegal activities are identifies from the constitution of an authentic colonial dynamic, that many times disrespected the treaties of limits and the metropolitan control efforts. After the independence of Brazil and Paraguay the dispute over the silver bowl was decisive to the evolution of the bilateral relations between those countries until an impasse, only solved after the Great War (1864-1870). After that, the 1872 Treaty of Limits established the official limits adopted until today. Although the boundary tension didn’t end, it changed from been predominantly a tension of separation to become a tension of interpenetration. The conflict over the water issues assumed new dimension with the hydroelectric utilization of Paraná River, the viability perspective of the Paraguay-Paraná Waterway and the discovery about the Guarani Aquifer System. The ambiguity between legal and illegal activities was reinforced by the tension in the Triple Frontier formed by Foz do Iguaçu (Brazil), Ciudad del Este (Paraguay) and Puerto Iguazú (Argentina), and in the sub-region of Cone Sul-mato-grossense, knowed for the expressive arrests of cocaine, marijuana and arms that enter illegally in Brazil.

Locals in Filadelfia, the urban center of western Paraguay's Mennonite Colonies, see the public presence of indigenous Ayoreo `sex workers' as a moral stain on the city and a major social problem. These young women's practices upend local perceptions as well as established theoretical categories of sex work. They treat interactions with male `friends' not as `work' but as `play,' they do not see their practices as morally fraught; and they move in and out of the activity, until they leave it behind and marry within their own group. This dissertation, based on 49 months of long-term fieldwork, examines the cultural meanings of `sex work' among Ayoreo young women to understand how colliding ethical systems, framed by five decades of Ayoreo engagement with the market economy and intense Christianization shape the cultural production of gender and sexuality, and notions of exchange and the commoditization of bodies. Ayoreo `sex work' does not fit conventional academic models, which reduce such activity to proof of economic necessity or women's stigmatization of women. Rather than being a form of feminine submission or exploitation, it is a unique cultural phenomenon constructed in a web of social relations forged through processes of cultural change, religious hegemony, and economic shifts experienced by the Ayoreo over the twentieth century.

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Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil
Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
The present research is part of an anthropologist study aiming to understand how a Protestant group, arising from the Religious Reform of XVI century, the Mennon-ites, still keeping their behavior almost unchanged; even after around 500 years past. The Mennonites living in many Paraguayan colonies (even the ones who living in Brazilian colonies) still being a very unknown group for the Brazilian people. The main aim of this research is to understand how this ethnic group persists, what are the factors that help them to remain living in the same way of life, isolated from the world both geographically and existentially. The methodology used firstly, was a bibliographic research to establish the characteristics that build and format the group in the period named Protestant Reformation of sixteenth century; and second-ly a field research, aiming to analyze the ties that are related to the past. This re-search shows that the Mennonites still keeping their relation with the past un-changed. Although they have the right of use the Germany language as an official idiom guaranteed by the law 514 of 1933; and they have their own government in-side the colony; the persistence occurs mainly because the ethnic border is very well established.
Esta pesquisa se insere no campo das Ciências da Religião fazendo uso de teorias antropológicas e procura compreender como um grupo de protestantes oriundo da Reforma religiosa do século XVI, os Menonitas, ainda mantém suas características praticamente inalteradas, mesmo tendo se passado cerca de 500 anos. Os Menonitas residentes nas muitas colônias paraguaias (até mesmo os residentes em colônias no Brasil) ainda são um grupo desconhecido pelo público brasileiro. O objetivo princi-pal desta pesquisa é buscar uma compreensão de como a persistência étnica desse grupo persiste, quais são os fatores que corroboram para que continuem dentro das mesmas formas de ser e existir, de maneira que colônia se mantém isolada do mun-do tanto geográfica quanto existencialmente. A metodologia usada foi uma pesquisa bibliográfica para estabelecer as características que constituem e formata o grupo dentro do período denominado de Reforma Protestante do século XVI em diante e num segundo momento foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, para em diálogo com os menonitas procurando identificar os laços de continuidade com o passado. Esta pesquisa demonstra que os Menonitas estudados continuam com os laços do passado vigentes e inalterados. E mesmo tendo a prerrogativa assegurada pela lei 514 de 1933, que lhes a garante a liberdade para o uso do idioma alemã como a língua ofi-cial entre eles e possuírem o seu próprio governo dentro da colônia a persistência acontece, sobretudo porque a fronteira étnica está muito bem estabelecida no que tange o “eu diante do outro” assim sendo sempre estarão ligados mais ao passado do que ao presente.

Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas.
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The present work was based on data of soybean seed analysis from seed lots produced by Colonia Unidas Cooperative - Paraguay, corresponding to the agricultural years (2007 and 2008). The results of 28 varieties were grouped and compared in classes relating to quantity, as well as for germination and vigor. In 2007 they were 331 seed lots while 2008 they were 271. According to the results the following conclusions were taken: a - The quality of soybean seed produced by the Colonia Unidas Cooperative is in a great extent influenced by the climatic conditions during the seed formation, harvesting and storage; b - The adoption of a system of quality control system from harvesting on is essential to diminish seed loss and; c - The decreases of the physiological quality play a role extremely important role on the amount of seed made available to the farmers, as well as the cost of the seed.
El presente trabajo ha relevado los datos de análisis de calidad de semillas de soja producidos por la Unidad de Semillas de Cooperativa Colonias Unidas correspondientes a los años agrícolas (2007 y 2008). Los datos recabados fueron de 28 variedades, que han sido agrupados y comparados en rangos de calidades, tanto de germinación y de vigor. El total de lotes categorizados en el año 2007 fue de 331 y en el año 2008 fue de 271 lotes en igual cantidades para los atributos de germinación y de vigor. Según la categorización realizada en el presente trabajo los resultados permitieron concluir que: a - La calidad de semilla de soja obtenida dentro de la Unidad de Semillas de la Cooperativa Colonias Unidas se ve en gran parte influenciada por las condiciones climáticas durante la formación - cosecha de la semilla y almacenamiento; b - La adopción de un sistema de control de calidad en la recepción es esencial para minimizar el descarte de semillas ya beneficiadas; c - Las mermas de la calidad fisiológica juega un papel sumamente importante sobre la cantidad de semilla disponibilizada a los clientes, como también al incrementos de costos para la unidad de semillas.

La conquête du Paraguay (1536-fin du XVIe siècle) se confond avec celle du Río de la Plata et avait pour objectif principal la découverte des mines argentifères de la Cordillère des Andes. L’hostilité des indigènes et les pénuries dont souffrirent les conquistadores pendant plusieurs années retardèrent l’organisation d’expéditions vers le Potosí, qui fut finalement conquis depuis le Pérou. La pauvreté du sous-sol paraguayen fit que la Couronne de Castille se désintéressa bientôt de cette province qui ne lui servait plus qu’à ralentir l’avancée des Portugais du Brésil vers l’ouest. Abandonnée des autorités métropolitaines, isolée des autres provinces de l’empire, le Paraguay apprit à survivre de façon autonome. La force de caractère de ses conquistadores, les alliances avec les Guaranis, la fertilité de la région d’Asunción et la bonne intégration des métis à la société coloniale furent les atouts qui lui permirent de se développer économiquement, démographiquement et territorialement
The conquest of Paraguay (1536-end of 16th century) is one with that of the Río de la Plata and its main aim was to discover the silver mines of the Andes cordillera. The hostility of the native populations and the repeated shortage which the conquistadors suffered from for several years postponed the organization of expeditions towards the Potosi, which was eventually conquered from Peru. The poverty of the Paraguayan mineral resources made the Spanish Crown lose its interest in a province which only served to slow down the Portuguese progress Westward from Brazil. Abandoned by metropolitan authorities, isolated form the other provinces of the Empire, Paraguay learned to survive all by itself. The strength of character of its conquistadors, the alliances with the Guaranis, the fertility of the region of Asuncion, and the good integration of mixed race people into the colonial society were the assets that enabled Paraguay to develop economically, demographically and territorially

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Capes
Este trabalho tem como objeto as capitanias donatárias de Itaparica e Tamarandiva e do Paraguaçu. A primeira foi doada ao 1° Conde de Castanheira em 1556, enquanto a segunda foi concedida a Dom Álvaro da Costa, filho do segundo governador geral do Brasil, Dom Duarte da Costa em 1565, sendo, dessa maneira, desmembradas da Capitania Real da Baía. A análise das duas jurisdições tem como objetivo entender como estas se inseriam no processo de estruturação administrativa da colonização portuguesa na América durante o século XVI e início do século XVII. Contrariando a pouca relevância destas duas donatarias na historiografia baiana, esta pesquisa demonstra como a análise de Itaparica e Tamarandiva e Paraguaçu apontam questões importantes para compreensão da sociedade colonial como a ocupação do território, o interesse de importantes famílias da Corte pelo território luso na América, a relação de poder entre distintos grupos sociais e os conflitos da colonização com os indígenas.

El objetivo de la presente tesis es analizar la distribución geográfica de la oferta universitaria en cada uno de los países del MERCOSUR y proponer un modelo de descentralización universitaria gestionado por las propias Intendencias o Gobiernos Departamentales del Uruguay. El estudio toma como referencia el proceso de integración del MERCOSUR, y su impacto sobre las inversiones y los recursos humanos en los cuatro países miembros. La descentralización universitaria en los países miembros del MERCOSUR, es examinada atendiendo a criterios geográficos y poblacionales. Se centra el análisis en Uruguay, observando como los factores políticos afectan a la descentralización de la educación universitaria. Son identificadas las necesidades de educación universitaria en dos departamentos del país. Justificándose la descentralización en relación a la población y a las oportunidades laborales. Se propone un modelo de educación universitaria donde la iniciativa se realice desde las propias Intendencias Departamentales. El modelo propuesto tiene como objetivo hacer protagonistas a las Intendencias, para evitar la emigración de la población joven y las consecuencias negativas y sociales que produce. Dos encuestas fueron realizadas en 2002 y 2004 para determinar las necesidades de educación universitaria en una región del país.
Brotóns Muró, LF. (2008). La descentralización universitaria como planificación del desarrollo local en los países del MERCOSUR. El papel de las intendencias en su gestión [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2605
Palancia

Cette thèse de doctorat désire aborder une problématique nouvelle : celle de l’implantation cléricale dans une société de conquête d’un espace américain périphérique, le Paraguay du XVIe siècle. Cette étude souhaite approfondir les connaissances dans le domaine des études sur le rôle de l’Eglise dans l’Amérique hispanique au XVIe siècle. Cette thèse sera également un apport plus général dans les études sur l’Amérique coloniale, la littérature scientifique autour du Paraguay de la conquête s’avérant presque inexistante. Cette thèse de doctorat tient à explorer plusieurs hypothèses de travail. Tout d’abord, quelles soient franciscaines ou jésuites, les missions s’appuient sur une première expérience : celle de la conquête entre 1537 et 1580. L’action des membres du clergé séculier sur place, qui peuvent être considérés comme des électrons libres, a certainement pu préparer le terrain avant l’arrivée des Jésuites. Asunción qui devient en 1541 à la fois une ville et une capitale provinciale n’abrite pas uniquement des clercs séculiers mais également des réguliers. Cette mixité cléricale apparaît dans la documentation et favorise une perception multiple de la réalité coloniale du Paraguay de la conquête. Le clergé est également envisagé dans son rapport avec la société civile ainsi qu'avec les communautés indigènes. Ainsi, à travers le prisme de l’étude d’un corpus de documents inédits transcrits par nos soins rédigés par des ecclésiastiques, cette étude analyse le rôle et l’influence des membres de l’Eglise dans la première phase de conquête du territoire dirigé depuis Asunción
This thesis deals with a new problematic : the settlement of the clergy in a marginal society of conquest in America, the Paraguay of the 16th century. This study likes to increase knowledge about the Church's role in Colonial America, few books have been written about the subject. This dissertation will explore several hypothesis. First, Franciscans or Jesuits, the missions lean on a first experience : the conquest of the territory between 1537 and 1580. The action of the members of the clergy, who could have a certain liberty, must have prepared the arrival of the Jesuits. Asunción, which became in 1541 a city and the capital of the region houses also regular clerks. This clerical mix appears clearly in the documents and enables multiple visions of the colonial reality in the 16th century. The clergy is also analysed through its relationship with civil society and indigenous people. Through the study of a corpus of unpublished documents transcribed by us, we analyze the role and the influence of the Church in the first conquest phase of the territory managed from Asunción

This thesis discusses art produced by holy women in New France and New Spain in addition to figural sculpture from the former and the Guaraní missions of Paraguay. The art produced in such disparate regions transcends the realities of the human body through a negation of natural physiognomies and emotive states in favour of stylized forms and serene expressions. Since no comparative studies yet exist for the arts of New France and colonial Latin America this thesis presents a crucial challenge and opportunity to explore commonalities. As the first female missionaries outside Europe nuns in New France strived to become living saints and martyrs. Some arts, particularly embroidery, operated as penance to aid women in achieving their quest for immortality. In Mexican nunneries women’s bodies became works of art through their integration in to multiple mediums, as seen in portraits of nuns in which bodies operate as canvases. Similarly, through performance the woman’s body in the Ursulines of Quebec City became a component of her embroidery which she embodied with her holy aura. The omission of suffering is a prominent feature in figures of Christ and the saints in Guaraní and French Canadian sculpture. These aspects are heightened through the carving of draperies assuming the emotion absent in the figures. With similar characteristics appearing in both locations this thesis discusses why two cultures vastly removed in distance display profound stylistic similarities. The colonizer’s art replacing that of the colonized is a myth perpetuated by the belief that indigenous cultures were eradicated through contact with Europeans. Similarly, we cannot assume a continuity of European artistic ideals among French settlers in New France. This presents another discourse on the convergence of cultures thoroughly separated from one another in the scholarly consciousness.
Thesis (Master, Art History) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-24 16:42:01.18

This is a study of the early colonial period of the Río de la Plata from first contact in 1516 to the emergence of a predominantly mestizo population in Asunción by 1580. The central focus of the study is the period from 1537, when Spaniards founded Asunción in the territories of the Guaraní-speaking Carios, until the establishment of the encomienda, a colonial labour system, in 1556. Through a close reading of archival documents and chronicles, the study presents a narrative history of the transcultural dynamics of Spanish-Guaraní relations, including the convergence of kinship and alliances, cacique and conquistador rivalries, competing spiritual beliefs of shamanism and Catholicism, and the role of castaways, lenguas (interpreters) indigenous women, priests, and mestizos as intermediaries. How these transcultural dynamics were dominated by indigenous norms until 1556, and how they shaped the cultural, social, and spiritual dimensions of mestizaje (racial mixing) are analysed. The study covers key moments in the conquest and early colonial period. These include Sebastián Caboto’s exploration of the Río de la Plata from 1527 to 1529; Pedro de Mendoza’s armada to the Río de la Plata in 1535 that led to the founding of Asunción in 1537 and the first governorship of Domingo Martínez de Irala from 1539 to 1542; the rule of Asunción by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca as adelantado from 1542 to 1544; and Domingo Martínez de Irala’s second governorship of the region from 1544 to 1556. An in-depth examination of the establishment of the encomienda is undertaken to consider how cultural identification, social status, and ethnic distinctions were reconfigured between the Cario and other Guaraní-speaking groups, the Spanish, and mestizos after 1556. The study concludes with an analysis of the Oberá Rebellion of 1579-80 as an example of how kinship and warrior norms, Christianity, and shamanistic practices converged in indigenous resistance to colonial rule.