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Journal articles on the topic 'Colonial Paraguay'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Cooney, Jerry W. "Dubious Loyalty: The Paraguayan Struggle for the Parana Frontier, 1767-1777." Americas 55, no. 4 (April 1999): 561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008321.

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For nearly three centuries, the vecinos of colonial Paraguay defended Spanish interests in the Upper Plata. Turbulent as they were, protesting with violent regularity against unpopular governors and official policies, these “hijos del país” have traditionally been portrayed as the bedrock from which the Paraguayan people and identity sprang. Offspring of the Spanish conquerors of the 1500s and their guaraní consorts, the “mancebos de la tierra,” possessed the full rights of Europeans. They guarded their noble status jealously, while dominating the rural society of the province. With the passage of time their numbers increased, providing the manpower for Paraguay's eighteenth century frontier expansion. In the course of Paraguay's colonial development, vecinos bore the brunt of the militia defense of the province, “a su costa y minsión,” in an unrelenting struggle against nomadic Indians and the putative designs of neighboring Lusitanians.
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2

Fogel, Ramón. "Experiencia colonial, memoria y olvido en el Paraguay." Caravelle, no. 114 (September 20, 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/caravelle.7101.

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3

Avellaneda, Mercedes. "Colonial kinship. Guaraní, Spaniards, and Africans in Paraguay." Colonial Latin American Review 30, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 472–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2021.1947577.

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4

Melean, Jorge Troisi. "“Esclavos y jesuitas: explotación, control y negociación en la Argentina colonial”." REVISTA PLURI 1, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.26843/rpv112018p161-170.

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El territorio que actualmente ocupa la Argentina correspondía a la Provincia jesuítica del Paraguay, donde se erigieron los colegios de Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Corrientes, La Rioja, Salta, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, la Universidad de Córdoba y la residencia de Catamarca. Hacia 1767, más de 3.500 esclavos afroamericanos se encontraban trabajando en cada una de las propiedades de los colegios y residencias del territorio argentino colonial, una porción de la Provincia jesuítica del Paraguay. Los esclavos constituían un factor esencial del sistema jesuita. Prácticamente un 30% del capital ignaciano en la región estaba invertido en ellos.Palabras- Clave: Esclavos, Jesuitas, Control, Exploración, NegociaciónAbstractThe territory currently occupied by Argentina corresponded to the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, where the schools of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Corrientes, La Rioja, Salta, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, the University of Córdoba and the residence of Catamarca By 1767, more than 3,500 African-American slaves were working on each of the properties of the colleges and residences of the colonial Argentine territory, a portion of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay. Slaves were an essential factor in the Jesuit system. Almost 30% of the Ignatian capital in the region was invested in them.Keywords: Slaves, Jesuits, Control, Exploration, Negotiation
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Hernández Esteve, Esteban. "La contabilidad colonial y las cajas reales de Hacienda." De Computis - Revista Española de Historia de la Contabilidad 6, no. 10 (July 1, 2009): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/issn.1886-1881.v6i10.146.

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6

Maeder, Ernesto J. A. "La frontera argentino-paraguaya. Etapas de su delimitación (1618-1950)." Folia Histórica del Nordeste, no. 18 (October 11, 2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/fhn.0183411.

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<p>Este trabajo se refiere a las alternativas del proceso político e institucional de delimitación de las jurisdicciones correspondientes a las ciudades de Asunción y Buenos Aires durante la etapa colonial y a la posterior determinación del límite internacional, ya entre los estados soberanos de Paraguay y Argentina, hasta 1876. Finalmente se describe brevemente el desarrollo moderno de los territorios de frontera, a ambos lados del límite fluvial Alto Paraná - Paraguay, en los dos países.</p><p> </p>
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7

Pastore, Mario. "Trade Contraction and Economic Decline: The Paraguayan Economy under Francia, 1810–1840." Journal of Latin American Studies 26, no. 3 (October 1994): 539–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0000852x.

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I argue here that economic activity fell considerably in the first three decades of Paraguay's early national period, below levels it had attained in the late colonial period and would attain again only after the mid-nineteenth century. I attribute this economic depression primarily to regional political fragmentation and the institutional regression it triggered. In the 1810s, the United Provinces of the River Plate sought to keep the former Viceroyalty of the River Plate under a single federal government, but failed to prevent Paraguay's early secession. Their subsequent trade blockades and military threats had profound economic and political effects on Paraguay: revenues from foreign trade taxation fell, scale economies in defence and justice provision vanished, a standing army emerged, government budget deficits worsened, mercantilist regulations heightened, the fiscal burden increased, and transactions costs generally rose. Proponents of federation, more representative governments, and freer trade progressively declined, while supporters of secession, political absolutism, and government regulation became ever more prominent. In the 1820s, blockade relaxations exacerbated economic intervention by the state, which substantially redistributed property rights in land towards itself. In the 1830s, renewed blockading had more than proportional negative effects on economic activity, which remained below late colonial levels at least until international waterways became freely navigable shortly after mid-century. Colonial absolutism and mercantilism may be said to have been restored with a vengeance. Long-run economic performance worsened.
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8

Fulford, Tim. "Blessed Bane: Christianity and Colonial Disease in Southey's Tale of Paraguay." Romanticism on the Net, no. 24 (2001): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/005998ar.

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9

Barzotto, Leoné Astride. "O pensamento liminar como uma resposta à colonialidade do poder em La mano en la tierra, de Josefina Plá." Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 24, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2238-3824.24.1.65-85.

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Resumo: Este artigo tem a intenção de fazer um estudo da literatura latino-americana pela perspectiva pós-colonial como representação de uma dada realidade, para demonstrar que o conceito de “Pensamento Liminar” (MIGNOLO, 2003) é uma resposta potencial do Hemisfério Sul às novas investidas de domínio percebidas pela descrição do conceito de “Colonialidade do Poder” (QUIJANO, 2005), advindas do Hemisfério Norte. Neste contexto, analisarei ambos os conceitos e as estratégias pós-coloniais pertinentes à esta análise, adentrando o conto La mano en la tierra (2002), da escritora Josefina Plá, a fim de averiguar o papel da mulher local, neste caso Ursula, uma indígena Guarani paraguaia, e sua relevância na narrativa e nas questões de gênero que implicam parcela deste estudo.Palavras-chave: pensamento liminar; colonialidade do poder; pós-colonialismo; literatura latino-americana; gênero.Abstract: This paper aims to develop a study on the Latin American Literature through the post-colonial perspective as a representation of a certain reality, to demonstrate that the concept of “Border Thinking” (MIGNOLO, 2003) is a potential answer from the South Hemisphere towards the new control quests which are perceived through the concept of “Coloniality of Power” (QUIJANO, 2005), from the North Hemisphere. Within this context, I will analyze both concepts and also the post-colonial strategies that connect to it, investing in the short story La mano en la tierra (2002), written by Josefina Plá, to investigate the role of the local woman, in this case Ursula, a Guarani indigenous lady from Paraguay, and her relevance in the narrative as well as in the gender debate which implies part of this study.Keywords: border thinking; coloniality of power; post colonialism; Latin American literature; gender.
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10

Fahrenkrog, Laura. "Los indígenas músicos en el Paraguay colonial: consideraciones desde la movilidad espacial." Resonancias: Revista de investigación musical 20, no. 39 (November 5, 2016): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/res.2016.39.3.

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11

Torres López, Matilde. "San Antonio de Areco: urbanismo y arquitectura colonial. Argentina." Boletín de Arte, no. 21 (July 3, 2019): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/bolarte.2000.v0i21.6518.

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El presente artículo nos introduce en sus primeras páginas en la colonización de Argentina. De los preparativos de la expedición de Juan de Garay desde Asunción, capital de Paraguay en 1580, para la creación de la nueva ciudad de Nuestra Señora del Buen Aire, siendo esta la segunda y definitiva fundación.Las fundaciones de estos nuevos núcleos poblacionales necesitaban de una serie de normas y legislaciones que se debían aplicar en todo territorio conquistado: legislación política, religiosa, social y en particular la urbanística. Aplicando la normativa a la fundación de los pueblos, en este caso a San Antonio de Areco, en el ejido, campaña bonaerense.
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12

Vilardaga, José Carlos. "Fronteiras instáveis e alianças cambiantes: a ocupação colonial do Guairá e as relações entre Villa Rica del Espiritu Santo e São Paulo de Piratininga entre os séculos XVI e XVII." Revista de Indias 79, no. 277 (December 11, 2019): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revindias.2019.019.

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Este artículo busca situar la ocupación colonial de la región de Guairá, parte de la Provincia de Paraguay y el Río de la Plata, en los debates sobre fronteras, expansión y disputas coloniales en la conformación del espacio platino entre la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y la primera del siglo XVII. El objetivo es comprender la dinámica de la creación de pueblos y ciudades, la instalación de reducciones jesuitas en el mundo guaireño, las relaciones con los indígenas y los intercambios de la región con la América portuguesa, específicamente con el pueblo de São Paulo, analizando el juego de las relaciones entre los diversos agentes entrelazados en ese contexto regional. De esta forma, se quiere romper con una visión singularmente marcada por el conflicto, las rivalidades ibéricas o el vacío geográfico, entendiendo el Guairá entre los siglos XVI y XVII como un espacio dinámico, en el que se articularon grupos indígenas, portugueses, españoles y misioneros en importantes y cambiantes tratos y alianzas. [pt] Este artigo procura situar a ocupação colonial da região do Guairá, parte da Província do Paraguai e do Rio da Prata, nos debates sobre fronteiras, expansão e disputas coloniais no espaço platino entre a segunda metade o século XVI e a primeira do século XVII. Busca-se compreender a dinâmica de criação de vilas e cidades, a instalação das reduções jesuíticas no mundo guairenho, as relações com os indígenas e os intercâmbios da região com a América portuguesa, especificamente com a vila de São Paulo, analisando o jogo de relações entre os diversos agentes entrelaçados naquele contexto regional. Dessa maneira, quer-se romper com uma visão unicamente marcada pelo conflito, pelas rivalidades ibéricas ou pelo vazio geográfico, entendendo o Guairá entre os séculos XVI e XVII como um espaço dinâmico, no qual articularam-se grupos indígenas, portugueses, espanhóis e missionários em tratos e alianças, em grande parte cambiantes.
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13

Pensa, Laura. "El retorno a lo visual en el estudio de documentos cartográficos: análisis de un plano para la gobernación de Paraguay a mediados del siglo XVII." Fronteras de la Historia 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 38–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22380/20274688.1237.

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El presente trabajo reúne los principales aportes de los estudios visuales al estudio de la cartografía, así como sus relaciones con la cartografía crítica y los estudios coloniales. A partir de una crítica al método harliano, se destacan las posibilidades de emplear una metodología híbrida en el estudio de estos documentos, que incorpore sus aspectos visuales y textuales. Mediante el análisis de un plano de la gobernación del Paraguay de mediados del siglo XVII, se busca hacer una aproximación a estos documentos que pueda dar cuenta no solo de su contenido textual o visual, sino del régimen de visibilidad colonial del que formaron parte y del lugar que este régimen asignó a grupos indígenas y no indígenas.
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구경모. "La Formación de la frontera entre Brasil y Paraguay en la época colonial." Journal of Lusophone Area Studies 7, no. 2 (December 2010): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21540/kalas.7.2.201012.5.

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15

Huner, Michael Kenneth. "How Pedro Quiñonez Lost His Soul: Suicide, Routine Violence, and State Formation in Nineteenth-Century Paraguay." Journal of Social History 54, no. 1 (August 9, 2019): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shz044.

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Abstract This article uses judicial records of suicide cases from mid-nineteenth-century Paraguay to explore how inhabitants of the country experienced postcolonial state formation. The Republic of Paraguay, founded in 1813, was a marginal, autonomous state in South America, forged from a former Spanish colonial frontier province and dominated by autocratic regimes until its near destruction in the Triple Alliance War (1864–1870). Conventional historical wisdom suggests that unlike other countries in Latin America at the time, matters of nationhood and state sovereignty in Paraguay were largely resolved. Stable autocratic regimes, muted social inequalities among a common peasantry, and ethnolinguistic bonds born of the indigenous-origin vernacular Guaraní allegedly provided for this resolution. However, this article disrupts such received wisdom and finds that state formation in Paraguay by the mid-nineteenth century was still very much an unsettled, ongoing affair, especially in the intensely local contexts of the countryside. Its narrative follows the 1865 suicide of the retired militia officer Pedro Quiñonez and what a local judge did and wrote to condemn his soul. In fact, this and dozens of other cases of suicide reviewed in the article reveal a social world of servitude, racialized denigration, and routine violence that were part and parcel of everyday people’s incorporation into ñane retã—the Guaraní-language expression for the nation-state—and the consequent slippery ambivalence that Pedro and others manifested in their relation to this polity.
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PASTORE, MARIO. "Taxation, Coercion, Trade and Development in a Frontier Economy: Early and Mid Colonial Paraguay." Journal of Latin American Studies 29, no. 2 (May 1997): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x97004720.

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17

Austin, Shawn Michael. "Guaraní Kinship and the Encomienda Community in Colonial Paraguay, Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries." Colonial Latin American Review 24, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 545–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2016.1150039.

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Cerno, Leonardo, and Franz Obermeier. "Nuevos aportes de la lingüística para la investigación de documentos en guaraní de la época colonial (siglo XVIII)." Folia Histórica del Nordeste, no. 21 (October 8, 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/fhn.0213352.

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<p>En este trabajo presentamos y describimos un conjunto de manuscritos procedentes de las Reducciones Jesuíticas de la Provincia del Paraguay de la época colonial, recientemente hallados yprácticamente desconocidos (o dados por perdidos). Los manuscritos están redactados íntegramente enguaraní y, como parte de la producción escrita de las Misiones, presentan aspectos de interés tanto para lalingüística como para la historia y la antropología del Río de la Plata colonial. Para establecer una funciónde estos documentos analizamos el complejo sociocultural reduccional, particularmente las prácticas ysignificaciones vinculadas con la escrituralidad del guaraní. Nuestra conclusión es que los manuscritosque presentamos pueden llegar a cambiar nuestra comprensión del complejo dialectal del guaraní así comocontribuir con mejores datos a una “visión indígena” del proceso reduccional.<br /><br /><br /></p>
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Page, Carlos A. "Las Casas de Ejercicios de los jesuitas en la antigua Provincia del Paraguay." Antiguos jesuitas en Iberoamérica 4, no. 2 (December 7, 2016): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.31057/2314.3908.v4.n2.17644.

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Las Casas de Ejercicios fueron los ámbitos donde se practicaba el ministerio que ideó San Ignacio de Loyola, constituyéndose en uno de los pilares de la Compañía de Jesús. Desde un principio se necesitó de edificios especiales, aunque los mismos co-legios suplieron lo que con el tiempo dieron lugar a una tipología particular en el con-texto de la arquitectura colonial y específicamente de los domicilios jesuitas. Lamenta-blemente, en el amplio espacio geográfico propuesto, desaparecieron la mayoría de ellos. Se analiza aquí el origen y desarrollo de estos edificios en la otrora Provincia del Paraguay.
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Martínez, Cecilia. "De Mato Grosso a Chiquitos: migraciones furtivas en la frontera luso-española." Revista Brasileira de História 40, no. 83 (April 2020): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93472020v40n83-05.

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RESUMEN En el siglo XVIII, a partir del descubrimiento de oro, cientos de portugueses acompañados de miles de esclavos africanos y afrodescendientes, se asentaron en Mato Grosso. Al otro lado del río Paraguay, en la gobernación de Chiquitos, esto se reflejó en una sigilosa pero incesante afluencia de fugitivos - negros esclavos o libres, de origen africano o criollo, mineros, peones de haciendas, soldados desertores, y también de portugueses y criollos blancos ‒, que encontraban en las tierras ubicadas al otro lado de la frontera una vía de escape a circunstancias variadas. El artículo analiza especialmente la fuga de los esclavos negros, a partir de la evidencia tardo-colonial registrada del lado español de la frontera. Enmarcado en el estudio de la frontera luso-española en la última etapa del período colonial, este trabajo se detiene en la migración furtiva desde los dominios de Portugal a los de España.
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Ganson, Barbara. "The Evueví of Paraguay: Adaptive Strategies and Responses to Colonialism, 1528-1811." Americas 45, no. 4 (April 1989): 461–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007308.

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The Evueví (commonly known as the “Payaguá”), a Guaycuruan tribe in southern South America, dominated the Paraguay and Paraná rivers for more than three centuries. Non-sedentary, similar in nature to the Chichimecas of northern Mexico and the Araucanians of southern Chile, the Evueví were riverine Indians whose life was seriously disrupted by the westward expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese in the Gran Chaco and Mato Grosso regions. This study will identify Evueví strategies for survival and analyze the nature of intercultural contact between the Indian and Spanish cultures. A study of the ethnohistory of the Evueví contributes to an understanding of the cultural adaptation of a non-sedentary indigenous tribe on the Spanish frontier whose salient features were prolonged Indian wars, Indian slavery, and missions. Such an analysis also provides an opportunity to analyze European attitudes and perceptions of a South American indigenous culture. Unlike other Amerindians, the unique characteristic of the Evueví was that Europeans perceived them as river pirates during the colonial era.
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Sánchez Andrés, Agustín. "El marco constitucional de las relaciones entre iglesia y estado en América del Sur (1811-1900)." Hispania Sacra 50, no. 102 (February 8, 2018): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/hs.1998.v50.i102.621.

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La diferente evolución histórica de cada una de las naciones que aparecen tras la desintegración del imperio colonial español en América del Sur condiciona la aparición de textos constitucionales de características propias en cada uno de estos estados. Tras establecer las líneas generales de la regulación constitucional de las relaciones entre la Iglesia y Estado en las naciones sudamericanas a lo largo del siglo XIX, el presente estudio aborda el análisis de estas relaciones atendiendo el caso particular de cada estado, analizándose la evolución al respecto de Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay, Perú, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia y Venezuela.
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Langer, Erick D., and Robert H. Jackson. "Colonial and Republican Missions Compared: The Cases of Alta California and Southeastern Bolivia." Comparative Studies in Society and History 30, no. 2 (April 1988): 286–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015206.

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In Latin America missions have traditionally played a large role in conquering and incorporating native populations into dominant society. Most studies of the missionary enterprise have focused on the colonial period, when the missions reached their high point. The Jesuit missions in Paraguay and the Franciscan missions of central and northern Mexico, for example, ruled over vast territories and thousands of Indians. Although these institutions and their leaders have been widely studied because of their importance and visibility for colonial Latin America, it is not often recognized that missions continued to play a crucial role in the frontier development of the region even after the Spanish and Portuguese had been driven from the continent. Throughout the republican period, missionaries from many orders and creeds became critically important actors who, to a large degree, determined the shape of relations between native peoples and national society. This is quite clear even today in the Amazon basin, where missionaries often provide the natives' first exposure to Europeanized society.
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Bewell, Alan. "A “true story … of evils overcome”: sacred biography, prophecy, and colonial disease in Southey'sTale of Paraguay." Nineteenth-Century Contexts 26, no. 2 (June 2004): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0890549042000242740.

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Queiroz, Rafaella Ferreira Neres de, Breno Dias Vitorino, Angélica Vilas Boas da Frota, Carolina Joana da Silva, Solange Kimie Ikeda Castrillon, and Josué Ribeiro da Silva Nunes. "Changes in the structure of bird communities over 10 years in the Ecological Corridor of Paraguay River, Pantanal wetland." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 12, no. 3 (January 13, 2021): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2021.003.0011.

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Studies with bird communities related to the hydrogeomorphological characteristics of climatic rivers associated with flood areas are important to identify short and long term temporal space changes. In this perspective, this research aims to evaluate the structure of the bird community of the Paraguay River, through the richness of descriptors, the quantity and the diversity and equability index over an interval of 10 years, 2008 / 9-2018 / 19 , considering the economies of the hydrological cycle, floods, floods, emptiness and drought and sampled macrohabitats. The study was developed addressing a connected hydrology of the Paraguay River, in the longitudinal and lateral dimensions. A study area comprised of three functional sectors of the Paraguay River, meandering, rectilinear and transitional, beginning in the urban period of the municipality of Cáceres-MT, up to a Descalvada Farm, with a 134 km course of the river, with 13 points in total. Each functional sector of the river, had a sampling point and 10 parental bays, with different degrees of lateral connectivity, were sampled. A survey analyzed and compared two hydrological sampling cycles, the first between June 2008 and March 2009, and the second between August 2018 and April 2019. The protocol for the sampling consisted of four campaigns corresponding to the hydrological drought studies, flood, full and ebb. The results pointed to a distinction in the community structure between the two cycles 2008/2009 - 2018/2019 show a difference in the relative scope and in the composition of the species in the sampled locations. The main change registered between the two cycles (2008/2009 and 2018/2019) was the disappearance of three nests - habitat for feeding and reproduction of colonial birds, identified in the first and without registration in the second cycle. The dominance of Mycteria americana is highlighted, a species sensitive to environmental changes, not observed in the first cycle of studies. The absence of nests in 2018/2019, coupled with the dominance of Pitangus sulphuratus, a generalist species, may indicate anthropic changes that occurred along the Paraguay River in this time interval. It is hoped that the results of this comparison will be able to subsidize or influence the effective decision-making for the conservation of the biodiversity of birds and the Paraguay and Pantanal river itself.
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Durston, Alan. "Las lenguas indígenas y la historiografía de América Latina." Allpanchis 45, no. 81/82 (January 9, 2020): 437–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36901/allpanchis.v45i81/82.233.

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La historiografía de América Latina está cada vez más consciente del hecho de que el desarrollo de las lenguas indígenas después de la conquista no se puede entender como un proceso lineal de declive, y que en ellas existen fuentes valiosas provenientes de lugares y épocas imprevistas. Hace bastante tiempo que una parte importante de la historiografía del México colonial ha hecho un fuerte uso de las fuentes en lenguas indígenas, y estas han comenzado a tener presencia en la historiografía de otras regiones. Este artículo analiza el tratamiento de las lenguas indígenas y sus fuentes en las historiografías de México, Perú y Paraguay. Sostiene que las nuevas tendencias más prometedoras en este ámbito prestan una mayor atención a la historia social del lenguaje, al uso de las lenguas indígenas por personas no indígenas, y a su utilización en los procesos de construcción nacional. Abstract The historiography on Latin America is increasingly cognizant of the fact that the post-conquest development of indigenous languages cannot be understood in terms of a linear process of decline, and that there are valuable sources in these languages from unexpected times and places. An important segment of the historiography on colonial Mexico has long made intensive use of indigenous-language sources, and indigenous languages are beginning to appear on the historiographical radar elsewhere. This article surveys the treatment of indigenous languages and indigenous-language sources in the historiographies on Mexico, Peru, and Paraguay. It argues that the most promising new trends in the field include greater attention to the social history of language, to the use of indigenous languages by non-Indians, and to their use in nation-building processes.
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Martínez C., José Luis, and Astrid Windus. "Epistemologías transculturales: prácticas y producción de conocimientos en zonas de contacto colonial en los Andes y Paraguay." Colonial Latin American Review 28, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2019.1585080.

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Vega, Fabián R. "'Allá está de balde y aquí me serviría'. La circulación capilar de libros en guaraní en el Paraguay, el Río de la Plata y el espacio atlántico (siglo XVIII)." Revista Complutense de Historia de América 46 (September 24, 2020): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rcha.69416.

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Este artículo analiza la distribución de libros en guaraní a lo largo del Río de la Plata y el Paraguay. Las misiones ubicadas en los ríos Paraná y Uruguay eran el territorio central de producción y uso de estos materiales. Sin embargo, el objetivo de este artículo es explorar la menos conocida circulación externa de los libros y evaluar su radio de alcance. ¿Qué tan extendida estuvo esta circulación? ¿Qué libros se distribuyeron y cuáles no? ¿Cuáles fueron las razones? ¿Cuál fue el rol jugado por los misioneros y especialmente los jesuitas? Las fuentes principales para este análisis son los inventarios de las bibliotecas jesuíticas, la mayoría de ellos escritos en el contexto de la expulsión de los jesuitas de la monarquía hispánica (1767-1768). Aunque cuantitativamente escasa, esta circulación tuvo un alto grado de capilaridad. Los libros llegaron a todas las ciudades y misiones relevantes de la región e incluso a Europa. Tanto las redes misionales como las prácticas educativas cumplieron un rol relevante para explicar esta distribución capilar. Especialmente, los jesuitas de toda la provincia del Paraguay estaban obligados a aprender idiomas indígenas. En este sentido, la distribución de libros sugiere que la lengua guaraní era la lengua general colonial del territorio.
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Chamorro, Graciela. "Antonio Ruiz de Montoya y sus léxicos de la lengua guaraní: posibilidades de uso en la Historia y en la Antropología." Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica 6, no. 2 (August 10, 2015): 429–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/rbla.v6i2.16280.

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La complexidad lingüística de una vasta región de las tierras bajas de la América del Sur fue simplificada con la adopción de una de las lenguas guaraníes como vehículo oficial de la misión y colonización en el antiguo Paraguay. En ese contexto de disminución de la diversidad e implantación de un nuevo orden social, en los léxicos escritos en guaraní y español por el jesuita peruano Antonio Ruiz de Montoya quedaron registrados importantes aspectos de la lengua y de las prácticas culturales de los pueblos indígenas, así como de la misión de los jesuitas y de la sociedad colonial en general. En este artículo tratamos de esas obras. Presentamos el autor, contextualizamos sus léxicos y ejemplificamos sus posibles usos en la investigación histórica y antropológica.
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Boidin, Capucine, Leonardo Cerno, and Fabián R. Vega. "“This Book Is Your Book”: Jesuit Editorial Policy and Individual Indigenous Reading in Eighteenth-Century Paraguay." Ethnohistory 67, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-8025304.

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Abstract The authors underline the importance of the print Ara poru aguĭyey haba (meaning about the good use of time) for the Jesuit missions of Paraguay and the colonial Río de la Plata. Attributed to Father José Insaurralde, it is a two-volume devotional text entirely written in Guaraní that was published in Madrid in 1759 and 1760. Until now, literature has only approached the Ara poru in a superficial and external way, because it is written in a different way from the current ones. The unpublished translation of the summary and two preliminary warnings to readers reveal that it follows the structure of Ignacio de Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises. The authors of this article demonstrate that by the mid-eighteenth century, the Jesuit project was to produce an indigenous reader and devotee in the modern sense (individual reading and personal transformation).
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ZSÖGÖN, MARIA CECILIA. "GIRLS’ EXPLOITATION IN THE TRIPLE BORDER AMONG ARGENTINA, BRASIL AND PARAGUAY: BETWEEN COLONIALISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS NARRATIVES." Society Register 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2019.3.4.04.

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This article focuses on the narratives and underlying ideologies that enable the persistence of girls’ sexual exploitation in the region of the Triple Border among Argentina, Brasil and Paraguay, where field work was conducted. We argue that the persistence of colonial practices has contributed to the reproduction of subalternity positions for girls and women – especially from impoverished sectors – enforced by the conservative and patriarchal discourse present in many countries of the region. This scenario enables the persistence and naturalization of certain practices that became “invisible” or even accepted and justified as being “cultural”. In this sense, we propose that human rights narrative, although being a Eurocentric construction, can comprise a platform for raising issues on gender inequality and all forms of violence and exploitation taking place in the peripheral regions of the world.
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Austin, Shawn Michael. "Los “indios cantores” del Paraguay: prácticas musicales y dinámicas de movilidad en Asunción colonial (siglos XVI-XVIII)." Historia (Santiago) 54, no. 1 (June 2021): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-71942021000100359.

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Trujillo, Vladimir Rodríguez, and Eckart Kühne. "Timber Structure in the Mission Churches of Chiquitos (Bolivia): Origins, Evolution and Restoration." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 1131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.1131.

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A group of churches of the 18th century in the Lowlands of Bolivia and Paraguay are characterized by a very special timber skeleton frame structure. Most of these churches belong to the famous former Jesuit missions of Guaraní, Chiquitos and Mojos, in densely wooded regions ad the edge of the Spanish colonial empire. The best preserved and most important of these buildings are the six churches of Chiquitos in Eastern Bolivia, declared World Heritage sites by the UNESCO. In these villages and small towns, many traditions of colonial time have survived. The old churches are still the spiritual centers for the Chiquitanos, the Christian Native Americans of the region. The typical plan of these churches is a rectangular interior space with three naves, adobe walls, entrance hall, laterals corridors and a huge and long gable roof. The timber structures of these buildings are very simple, with free standing carved wooden columns that are anchored in the ground, using a pre-Columbian indigenous technique. It is combined with the European ways of constructing roof structures and timber joints and with baroque stylistic influences from Spain and central Europe. Since nearly 40 years, these churches have been the object of a long-lasting restoration project that saved them all, using very different restoration methods and standards.
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Silva, Anaxsuell Fernando. "African Diaspora and its Religious Heritage: A view from Triple-Border (Brazil/Paraguay/Argentina)." Religiones y religiosidades en América Latina, no. 26 (December 31, 2020): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36551/2081-1160.2020.26.347-376.

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The religious diversity of Latin America is a phenomenon that has gathered the attention of researchers from different fields. Along with the expressions of belief and feeling related to Catholics and Protestants, who are still the majority, there are diverse religious practices, in this article we will focus on the analysis of practices and beliefs arising from the Afro-descendant presence in the continent in general as well as in the region known as the Triple Frontier, in a particular way. The strong socio-cultural interrelationships feedback on the intense flow of people and material/symbolic goods, complexing religious matrices, reframing beliefs and resisting colonial violence. Our reflection is based on long fieldwork at the border towns Ciudad del Este (Paraguay), Puerto Iguaçu (Argentina) and Foz do Iguaçu (Brazil), with an ethnographic approach, documents, and bibliographic review. In this direction, this article seeks to discuss the way in which Afro-descendants have been organized and maintained in this dynamic and multiform religious scenario. Throughout this path, our intention is to characterize the specificities of the different manifestations of belief/devotion/practices of/in the region originating or re-signified by the African diaspora on the continent, at the same time that we will seek to configure the socio-historical context of the emergence of the referred religious groups. And we expect to have, in the end, an ethnographic and analytical picture of the religious effects of the African presence on the south of the Latin American continent.
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McGlue, Michael M., Aguinaldo Silva, Hiran Zani, Fabrício A. Corradini, Mauro Parolin, Erin J. Abel, Andrew S. Cohen, et al. "Lacustrine records of Holocene flood pulse dynamics in the Upper Paraguay River watershed (Pantanal wetlands, Brazil)." Quaternary Research 78, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.05.015.

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AbstractThe Pantanal is the world's largest tropical wetland and a biodiversity hotspot, yet its response to Quaternary environmental change is unclear. To address this problem, sediment cores from shallow lakes connected to the Upper Paraguay River (PR) were analyzed and radiocarbon dated to track changes in sedimentary environments. Stratal relations, detrital particle size, multiple biogeochemical indicators, and sponge spicules suggest fluctuating lake-level lowstand conditions between ~ 11,000 and 5300 cal yr BP, punctuated by sporadic and in some cases erosive flood flows. A hiatus has been recorded from ~ 5300 to 2600 cal yr BP, spurred by confinement of the PR within its channel during an episode of profound regional drought. Sustained PR flooding caused a transgression after ~ 2600 cal yr BP, with lake-level highstand conditions appearing during the Little Ice Age. Holocene PR flood pulse dynamics are best explained by variability in effective precipitation, likely driven by insolation and tropical sea-surface temperature gradients. Our results provide novel support for hypotheses on: (1) stratigraphic discontinuity of floodplain sedimentary archives; (2) late Holocene methane flux from Southern Hemisphere wetlands; and (3) pre-colonial indigenous ceramics traditions in western Brazil.
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Langer, Erick D. "The Eastern Andean Frontier (Bolivia and Argentina) and Latin American Frontiers: Comparative Contexts (19th and 20th Centuries)." Americas 59, no. 1 (July 2002): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0077.

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The epic struggles between Mexicans and the Apaches and Comanches in the far northern reaches of the Spanish empire and the conflict between gauchos and Araucanians in the pampas in the far south are the images the mind conjures up when thinking of Latin American frontiers. We must now add for the twentieth century the dense Amazon jungle as one of the last frontiers in popular (and scholarly) minds. However, these images ignore the eastern Andean and Chaco frontier area, one of the most vital and important frontier regions in Latin America since colonial times, today divided up into three different countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay) in the heart of the South American continent. This frontier region has not received sufficient attention from scholars despite its importance in at least three different aspects: First, the indigenous peoples were able to remain independent of the Creole states much longer than elsewhere other than the Amazon. Secondly, indigenous labor proved to be vitally important to the economic development along the fringes, and thirdly, a disastrous war was fought over the region in the 1930s by Bolivia and Paraguay. This essay provides an overview based on primary and secondary sources of the history of the eastern Andean frontier and compares it to other frontiers in Latin America. It thus endeavors to contribute to frontier studies by creating categories of analysis that make possible the comparisons between different frontiers in Latin America and placing within the scholarly discussion the eastern Andean region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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Stangl, Werner. "¿Provincias y partidos o gobiernos y corregimientos? Los principios rectores del desordenamiento territorial de las Indias y la creación de un sistema de información histórico-geográfico." Anuario de Historia de América Latina 54 (December 27, 2017): 157–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/jbla.54.18.

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El artículo discute las dificultades de la reconstrucción de la organización territorial hispanoamericana colonial, necesaria para una infraestructura interactiva y espacio-temporal de la América borbónica (HGIS de las Indias). No es particularmente novedosa la observación que la administración indiana era fragmentada, dividida en diferentes ramos y con territorialidades solapadas. Sin embargo, el artículo ensaya mostrar como aspectos adminitrativos, legales, étnicos, históricos y topográficos convergieron en discursos idiosincráticos para formar conceptos territoriales vernáculos como reinos, provincias, jurisdicciones, partidos, y otros más. Percepción, definición y representación de territorios y “divisiones territoriales” no dependían tanto de un sistema normativo, sino en la convergencia o divergencia de instituciones, su establidad, contextos regionales, reproducción de discursos anteriores, intereses de actores coloniales y las matices propias al medio de expresión. Tres ejemplos de constelaciones regionales particularmente complicadas se tratan con mayor detalle para mostrar las diferentes dinámicas en el proceso: Las Fronteras de San Luis Colotlán; la provincia e intendencia de Paraguay; y el “reino” de Nueva Vizcaya. Otro apartado discute las consecuencias de esa falta de normatividad de conceptos espaciales para la reconstrucción sinóptica de la organización territorial en HGIS de las Indias. El artículo se concluye con reflexiones generales sobre la aplicabilidad de los argumentos en áreas céntricos y marginales, el problema de la escala en textos y mapas, y el potencial de HGIS de las Indias como infraestructura digital común.
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Reber, Vera Blinn. "Small Farmers in the Economy: The Paraguayan Example, 1810-1865." Americas 51, no. 4 (April 1995): 495–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007678.

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Patterns of land ownership and availability define pre-industrial society. Land defines wealth and translates into political power and social status. Thus historians of Latin America have been interested in land usage and distribution before economic and social history came into vogue. However, the major focus has been on the hacienda, not the small holders, and the assumed model was Mexico, not Paraguay or Colombia. A series of colonial regional studies on Mexico and Peru published in the 1970s and 1980s demonstrated the variation in economic power and regional differences of the hacienda but only incidentally probed the status of small holders. The recognition of the persistence of a variety of early land patterns, including indigenous communal landholdings, however, has challenged earlier interpretations of the socioeconomic power of the hacienda. The awareness of differences of market factors and population density within regions laid the basis for new questions about ownership, land usage, labor, and the forms of internal and external community relations.
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Fahrenkrog, Laura. "La ocupación sonora de una ciudad irregular y los “trovadores de la tierra” en Asunción colonial (Paraguay, siglos XVI-XVII)." Historia (Santiago) 53, no. 2 (December 2020): 407–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-71942020000200407.

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Gesteira, Heloisa Meireles. "A cura do corpo e a conversão da alma - conhecimento da natureza e conquista da América, séculos XVI e XVII." Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) 5, no. 8 (June 2004): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-101x005008002.

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O artigo privilegiará a análise do manuscrito apócrifo Curiosidad un libro de medicina escrito por los jesuítas en las misiones del Paraguay, 1580, recentemente encontrado na Biblioteca Nacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar como havia uma relação orgânica entre a produção de conhecimento sobre a natureza e o processo de conquista da América durante os séculos XVI e XVII. A "botânica médica" aparece como um campo de saber privilegiado, pois esse conhecimento era realizado de forma sistematizada e, no caso específico da América portuguesa, controlado sobretudo por agentes sociais interessados na edificação de uma sociedade no Novo Mundo, destacando-se os missionários da Companhia de Jesus. Num primeiro momento elucidaremos o papel da cura no projeto jesuítico de conquista da América. Finalmente, analisaremos as concepções médicas compartilhadas pelos jesuítas. O registro das informações sobre as virtudes das plantas e de algumas partes de animais para uso medicinal foi feito de maneira sistemática, o que levou os jesuítas a acumularem um saber importante para a manutenção da sociedade colonial.
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Nimmo, Evelyn R. "Approaching Archaeological Museum Collections through the Concept of Assemblage: The Case Study of the Jesuit Mission San Ignacio Miní (1610–1631)." Latin American Antiquity 31, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2020.47.

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In Brazil, as in most countries, history and natural history museums are the repositories of rich collections of excavated archaeological material. One of the major challenges in working with these collections is the paucity of information available regarding the original excavations, which raises important questions that archaeologists and museum studies professionals have been grappling with for several decades: what interpretive value do these collections have without any contextual information, and are they worth maintaining in museum archives that are facing continuing crises in space and resources? This article uses the concepts of entanglement and assemblage to discuss a collection of ceramics excavated from one of the first Spanish Jesuit missions in colonial Paraguay, San Ignacio Miní (1610–1631), and housed at the Museu Paranaense in Curitiba, Brazil. Despite the lack of contextual information from the 1963 excavation, we can begin to explore the entangled pasts, present, and future of these objects by tracing the trajectory of the collection from the initial formation through excavation and contemporary analysis. Innovative approaches are needed to address methodological and theoretical concerns in analyzing archaeological museum collections to ensure that the knowledge and potential insights entangled in these collections are not lost.
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Buson, Carlos B., Carlos O. Zamberlan, Claudia Sonaglio, and Fabrício Missio. "A proposta do caminho para os ervais: desenvolvendo territórios através da criação de itinerários culturais na fronteira Brasil-Paraguai = The Proposal of «Caminho para os Ervais»: Developing Territories through Creation of Cultural Itineraries in Brazil-Paraguay Border." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VI, Geografía, no. 13 (October 1, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfvi.13.2020.27170.

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ResumoOs itinerários culturais são tidos como alternativas para fomentar o desenvolvimento de uma região, considerando principalmente o resgate cultural que pode ser proporcionado por eles. A cultura é, também, vista como um bem que pode ser utilizado no saneamento de problemas socioeconômicos dos territórios no momento que ativa ou reativa sistemas sociais e econômicos como a educação, o turismo, a produção artesanal, entre outros. Assim, este estudo apresenta uma proposta de itinerário cultural para a franja da fronteira oeste sul-mato-grossense e que é caracterizada por uma série de indicadores socioeconômicos que demonstram sua fragilidade. A proposta desse trabalho nasce de um projeto de pesquisa da identidade cultural da fronteira do mestrado de Desenvolvimento Regional e Sistemas Produtivos (PPGDRS) da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) com vistas a desenvolver mecanismos de desenvolvimento aptos para o território. Depois de uma etapa de identificação da realidade local se efetuou uma revisão bibliográfica e cartográfica da região para conhecer sua história desde o período colonial. Nesta fase podem-se encontrar diversos materiais, documentos, mapas que asseguram a presença de um antigo caminho que cruzava o território de norte a sul. A região desse itinerário é marcada fortemente pela cultura da erva mate, pela interação entre etnias e múltiplas culturas. O trajeto apresentado se mostra presente nos documentos históricos como importante via de acesso ao longo do processo de formação histórico econômica da região. Atualmente, o que se observa na área de abrangência deste itinerário é uma heterogeneidade econômica com predominância de baixo desenvolvimento e pobreza.AbstratcCultural itineraries are considered as alternatives to foster the development of a region, especially considering the cultural rescue that can be provided by them. Culture is also seen as a good that can be used to remedy the socioeconomic problems of the territories when activating or reacting social and economic systems such as education, tourism, artisanal production, among others. Thus, this study presents a cultural itinerary proposal for the fringe of the western border of Mato Grosso and which is characterized by a series of socioeconomic indicators that demonstrate its fragility. The purpose of this work is born from a research project of cultural identity of the frontier of the Master of Regional Development and Productive Systems (PPGDRS) of the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) in order to develop development mechanisms suitable for the territory. After a step of identifying the local reality, a bibliographic and cartographic revision of the region was carried out to know its history since the colonial period. In this phase you can find various materials, documents, maps that ensure the presence of an ancient path that crossed the territory from north to south. The region of this itinerary is strongly marked by the culture of yerba mate, the interaction between ethnicities and multiple cultures. The path presented is shown in the historical documents as an important way of access throughout the process of historical economic formation of the region. Currently, what is observed in the area covered by this itinerary is an economic heterogeneity with a predominance of low development and poverty.
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43

Binoche-Guedra, Jacques. "Un projet colonial français au Paraguay : Henri de Liniers et son plan de colonisation du Rio de La Plata au début du XIXe siècle." Outre-mers 93, no. 350 (2006): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/outre.2006.4203.

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44

Da Silva, Anaxsuell Fernando. "Entre el racismo epistémico y el racismo religioso:." Perspectivas Revista de Ciencias Sociales, no. 11 (July 8, 2021): 118–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/prcs.vi11.436.

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La diversidad religiosa de América Latina es un fenómeno que ha captado la atención de investigadores de diferentes campos. Junto con las expresiones de creencias y sentimientos relacionados con católicos y protestantes, que siguen siendo la mayoría, existen diversas prácticas religiosas, en este artículo nos centraremos en el análisis de las prácticas y creencias derivadas de la presencia afrodescendiente en el continente en general y las estrategias sociales de invisibilización o marginalización de estas prácticas en la región conocida como la Triple Frontera. Las fuertes interrelaciones socioculturales retroalimentan el intenso flujo de personas y bienes materiales /simbólicos, complejas matrices religiosas, reflotar creencias y resistir la violencia colonial. Nuestra reflexión se basa en largos trabajos de campo en las ciudades fronterizas Ciudad del Este (Paraguay), Puerto Iguazú (Argentina) y Foz do Iguaçu (Brasil), con un enfoque etnográfico, documentos y revisión bibliográfica. En esta dirección, este artículo busca discutir la forma en que los afrodescendientes han sido organizados y mantenidos en este escenario religioso dinámico y multiforme. A lo largo de este camino, nuestra intención es caracterizar las especificidades de las diferentes manifestaciones de creencias/devoción/prácticas de/en la región es originada o resignificada por la diáspora africana en el continente, mientras que trataremos de configurar el contexto sociohistórico del surgimiento de los grupos religiosos referidos. Y esperamos tener, al final, una imagen etnográfica y analítica de los efectos religiosos de la presencia africana en el sur del continente latinoamericano.
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Roesler, Patricia Simone. "A educação paraguaia: quatro marcos históricos decisivos." Germinal: Marxismo e Educação em Debate 9, no. 3 (December 16, 2017): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/gmed.v9i3.23054.

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<p>O propósito deste artigo é registrar a trajetória da educação do Paraguai destacando seus principais marcos históricos, assim organizado em quatro partes, a saber. Na primeira, tecemos considerações sobre a educação no período colonial, entendido como uma das primeiras iniciativas educacionais estabelecidas no país. Na segunda, apresentamos ponderações acerca da realidade educacional da nação mediante o advento da república em 1811, que estabelece o período independente, até a guerra do Paraguai iniciada em 1864. Na terceira, registramos o processo de reconstrução nacional e as iniciativas estabelecidas para a materialização das escolas públicas e privadas no contexto do pós-guerra do Paraguai. Para finalizar, abordamos o processo de democratização que culmina, no setor educacional, com a reforma de 1994, que por sua vez, materializou-se na Lei 12.64/98, assim, organizando os princípios meios e fins da educação nacional. A elaboração do trabalho está fundamentada em fontes primárias, constituídas pelos documentos legais característicos dos momentos indicados e nas fontes secundárias representadas pelas bibliografias já produzidas sobre a história da educação paraguaia. </p>
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De Oliveira, Jorge Eremites, and Paulo Marcos Esselin. "UMA BREVE HISTÓRIA (INDÍGENA) DA ERVA-MATE NA REGIÃO PLATINA: DA PROVÍNCIA DO GUAIRÁ AO ANTIGO SUL DE MATO GROSSO." Espaço Ameríndio 9, no. 3 (December 28, 2015): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-6524.54747.

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Neste artigo, os autores analisam a exploração da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) na bacia platina. O estudo se estende desde a Província do Guairá, no período colonial, até a incorporação do antigo sul de Mato Grosso, atual Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, ao território brasileiro. Esta última situação ocorreu no século XIX, após o fim da guerra entre o Paraguai e a Tríplice Aliança (1864-1870) e com a implantação, na década de 1880, da Companhia Matte Larangeira na região. A empresa explorou durante décadas os ervais nativos, o território e o trabalho de comunidades guarani e kaiowá. Também explorou a mão de obra de trabalhadores não índios de origem paraguaia e brasileira, dentre outros. A economia ervateira é, pois, o fio condutor para uma análise mais ampla sobre um longo processo histórico e sociocultural.
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Fraga, Rosendo M., and Alejandro di Giácomo. "Cooperative Breeding of the Yellow-Rumped Marshbird (Icteridae) in Argentina and Paraguay." Condor 106, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.3.671.

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Abstract We found helpers at eight of nine nests of Yellow-rumped Marshbirds (Pseudoleistes guirahuro) from northeastern Argentina and Paraguay. From one to four helpers were observed during the incubation and nestling periods, but during nest building we saw solitary pairs. The helpers, of unknown sex and age, provisioned food to the chicks and defended the nest against several raptors. The Yellow-rumped Marshbird had a similar breeding system to its congener the Brown-and-yellow Marshbird (P. virescens) except that the former did not nest in colonies. According to a recent molecular phylogeny both Pseudoleistes marshbirds plus the Saffron-cowled Blackbird (Xanthopsar flavus) form a well-defined clade. All three of these species have helpers. This result suggests that cooperative breeding in the Icteridae has a phylogenetic component. Cría Cooperativa de Pseudoleistes guirahuro en Argentina y Paraguay Resumen. Encontramos ayudantes en ocho de nueve nidos de Pseudoleistes guirahuro presentes encontrados en el noreste de Argentina y en Paraguay. Los ayudantes, de uno a cuatro, fueron observados en nidos durante los períodos de incubación y con pichones, pero durante la construcción del nido vimos parejas solitarias. Los ayudantes, de sexo y edad desconocidos, aportaron alimento a los pichones y defendieron el nido contra diversas aves rapaces. Pseudoleistes guirahuro tiene un sistema de cría social similar al de su congénere P. virescens, aunque no nidificó en colonias. Según la reciente filogenia molecular de la familia los dos Pseudoleistes más Xanthopsar flavus forman un clado definido, y estas tres especies tienen ayudantes. Este resultado sugiere que la presencia del sistema de cría cooperativa tiene un componente filogenético entre los ictéridos.
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48

Jackson, Robert H. "Missões nas fronteiras da América Espanhola: análise comparativa." Estudos Ibero-Americanos 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2003): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-864x.2003.2.24018.

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A coroa espanhola construiu um sistema colonial nas Américas baseado na exploração das populações indígenas. Esse sistema colonial funcionava bem com popu­lações sedentárias que praticavam a agricultura e tinham governos que exerciam o poder central. Nas fronteiras do império, os espanhóis encontravam populações não-sedentárias e, ali, desenvolveram o sistema de missões, nas quais missionários de várias ordens, como os franciscanos e os jesuítas, tentaram mudar a estrutura social e a religião dos neófitos indígenas. Este ensaio oferece uma análise comparativa entre missões no norte do México, durante o período colonial, e no Paraguai.
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49

Pastore, Mario Hector. "La hipotesis de Domar sobre las causas de la servidumbre o la esclavitud en una colonia hispanoamericana: contraste y reformulacion." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 8, no. 3 (December 1990): 575–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261090000238x.

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Según Domar, las causas de la esclavitud o de la servidumbre pueden encontrarse en la escasez relativa de trabajo en relación con la tierra y en la intervención gubernamental que, entre 1550 y 1650, llevaron a la servidumbre al campesinado ruso, anteríormente libre. Formas similares de trabajo forzado y libre surgieron aproximadamente al mismo tiempo, aunque no en el mismo orden, en una serie de colonias periféricas, españolas y portuguesas, en América, donde la tierra era igualmente abundante en relación con el trabajo. Propongo, por lo tanto, contrastar la hipótesis de Domar verificando si sus predicciones son consistentes con la experiencia de una colonia periférica española bastante representativa, como es Paraguay. Resumiré la hipótesis en la sección 1, describiré brevemente las formas de trabajo forzado y libre que surgieron en el caso de prueba de la sección 2, contrastaré las implicaciones de la hipótesis con la evidencia empírica en la sección 3 y reformularé ciertos aspectos de la hipótesis para que sean consistentes con el caso estudiado en la sección 4.
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50

Aréco, Silvino. "A gênese da educação paraguaia: a contribuição jesuítica." Cadernos de História da Educação 18, no. 3 (November 26, 2019): 878–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/che-v18n3-2019-16.

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O Paraguai faz fronteira com o Brasil, porém muitos brasileiros desconhecem a cultura e a história do país vizinho. O objetivo geral desse artigo é reconstituir a gênese da educação no Paraguai e revelar a contribuição da Companhia de Jesus nesse processo. O artigo objetiva inserir a educação dentro do contexto de desenvolvimento social-histórico dessa região, tendo em vista que o território onde está localizado o Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, no período delimitado, pertencia à Província do Paraguai, sob o controle da coroa espanhola. A opção teórico-metodológica objetivou conferir historicidade à análise, buscando-se fugir das abordagens dominantes. A pesquisa foi fundamentada na coleta de dados em fontes documentais e bibliográficas. Concluímos que os processos pedagógicos e educativos desenvolvidos no Paraguai Colonial foi muito mais amplo que apenas alfabetizar e ensinar o espanhol. Foi na verdade a instituição de padrões culturais, estéticos e religiosos dos europeus aos povos originários.
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