Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Colonial resistance'

Between 1880 and 1930, the British Empire's vast infrastructural developments facilitated the incorporation of large parts of the globe into what Immanuel Wallerstein and others have called the capitalist 'world-system'. Colonial literature written throughout this period, in recording this vast expansion, repeatedly cites imperial infrastructures to make sense of the various geographies in which it is set. Physical embodiments of empire proliferate in this writing. Railways and trains, telegraph wires and telegrams, roads and bridges, steamships and shipping lines, canals and other forms of irrigation, cantonments, the colonial bungalow and other kinds of colonial urban architecture - all of these infrastructural lines break up the landscape and give shape to the literature's depiction and production of colonial space. In order to analyse these physical embodiments of empire in colonial literature, this thesis develops a methodological reading practice called infrastructural reading. Rooted in a dualistic, yet connected use of the word 'infrastructure', this reading strategy works as a critical tool for analysing a mutually sustaining relationship embedded within these literary narratives. It focuses on the infrastructures in the text, both physical and symbolic, in order to excavate the infrastructures of the text, be they geographic, social or economic - namely, the material conditions of the world-system that underpinned Britain's imperial expansion. This methodology is applied to a number of colonial authors including H. Rider Haggard, Olive Schreiner, William Plomer and John Buchan in South Africa and Flora Annie Steel, E.M. Forster, Edmund Candler and Edward Thompson in India. The results show that the infrastructural networks that circulate through colonial fiction are almost always related to some form of anti-imperial resistance, manifestations that include ideological anxieties, limitations and silences, as well as more direct objections to and acts of violent defiance against imperial control and capitalist accumulation. In so doing, the thesis demonstrates how this literary-cultural terrain and the resistance embedded within it has been shaped by, and has in turn shaped, the infrastructure of the capitalist world-system.

The overarching aim of this study is to trace evidence of resistant behaviour among subordinate groups in the first forty years of Fiji's colonial history (1874-1914). By rereading archival materials "against the grain", listening to oral history, and engaging postcolonial scholarship, the study intends to disturb accepted ways of understanding Fiji's past. This approach reveals the existence of numerous people, voices, and events which until recently have remained largely on the margins of Fiji's process of historical production. As a chronological survey, the study produces a body of evidence which uncovers a rich array of forms of resistance. The points at which these forms of resistance engaged dominant culture are divided into two broad categories. The first examines several forms of organized resistance such as the Colo War of 1876, the Tuka Movement of 1878 to 1891, the Seaqaqa War of 1894, the Movement for Federation with New Zealand from 1901 to 1903, the Viti Kabani Movement of 1913 to 1917, and the various instances of organised labour protest on Fiji's plantations. The second addresses everyday forms of resistance in the villages and plantations such as tax and land boycotts, violence and retributive justice, avoidance protest, petitioning, and various aspects of women's resistance. In their entirety these aspects of resistance reveal a complex web of relationships between powerful and subordinate groups, and among subordinate groups themselves. These conclusions preclude framing resistance as a totality and advocate instead a conceptualization of resistance as a multi-layered and multi-dimensional reality. In contributing to the reconstruction and revision of Fiji's early colonial history, the study seeks to both clarify and complicate future research in the area.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the trope of the store that recurs in five colonial novels set in Africa: Mister Johnson (1939) by Joyce Cary; The Heart o/the Matter (1948) by Graham Greene; The Sheltering Sky (1949) by Paul Bowles; The Grass is Singing (1950) by Doris Lessing; and Justine (1957) by Lawrence Durrell. My overarching argument is that the store functions proleptically in relation to a postcolonial trajectory of resistance. My reading of the selected novels, with reference to the trope of the store, demonstrates correspondence between selected aspects of colonial discourse and postcolonial paradigms of liberation. This dissertation provides a tropical reading of colonial discourse by focusing on the trope ofthe store as an aporia that encourages us to read colonial novels in a different way. The store is read as an ambivalent trope because it can be considered a microcosm of colonialism and of decolonization simultaneously. Chapter One provides a foundation for the central argument, by way of a reading of postcolonial tropes in colonial texts: darkness in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and pharmakos in Joyce Cary's Mister Johnson. Chapter Two focuses on the store as a contracolonial trope of resistance, assessing the emancipatory or postcolonial potential that is already there in the colonial novel. Chapter Three presents a close reading of the colonial store in Mister Johnson, The Grass is Singing, and The Heart of The Matter. Chapter Four assesses different types of stores in colonial settings represented in The Sheltering Sky and Justine. The Conclusion argues that some colonial novels do not merely historicize the agonies of co Ionizers and colonized, and that it should not be necessary to limit the focus of literary analysis of colonial novels to cultural and political conflicts.

My dissertation follows the lives and struggles of the workers of Samoa from the last decade of the nineteenth century until the end of the Great War. Drawing on a wide range of sources—from travel reports and court depositions to photographs and maps—my dissertation reconstructs the experiences of Samoans as well as migrants from Melanesia, Micronesia, and China. This diverse group of peoples living in Samoa harnessed their own energy and that of their natural environment to create a colonial world often beyond their own control. At the same time, they succeeded in re-creating their own lifeworlds in ways that often defied the limits of this colonial world. I argue that community, conflict, and resistance among workers in colonial Samoa can best be understood by delving deeply into the particular dynamics of particular workscapes. Five workscapes—the subsistence economy, the plantation, the ethnographic show, the building of infrastructure, and the colonial service—became crucibles of lived sociality and, over time, political solidarity for the people living and laboring in colonial Samoa. As much as German, American, and New Zealand colonial officials tried to keep workers apart from one another, they succeeded in overcoming racial and colonial boundaries and formed new kinds of community.
American Studies

This thesis examines Indian author Raja Rao’s critically neglected work. I read Rao’s production as a strategic, yet problematic, negotiation of hegemonic narrativizations of Indian history, which attempts both to propose alternative histories and deconstruct the ontology of modern western historiography. Rao’s often criticised use of essentialism in his works is here examined as a strategic deconstructive tool in the hands of the postcolonial writer. More specifically, I wish to show how his early novels Kanthapura and Comrade Kirillov resist colonial depictions of India through both linguistic and cultural structures. Rao’s stylistic negotiation is effected through a use of the English language mediated by the Indian writer’s sensibility. Both novels enforce strategies working through opposition. They provide alternative accounts counterbalancing strategic absences in the records of colonial Indian historiography while attempting to recover the voice of protagonist subalterns. In my examination of his later novels The Serpent and the Rope, The Cat and Shakespeare and The Chessmaster and His Moves, I argue that a more effective strategy of intervention is at work. It attempts to disrupt from within the discursive features of post-Enlightenment European modernity, more specifically the premises of Cartesian oppositional dualities, homogeneous ideas of linear time, and the centrality of imperial spaces, while problematising the hybrid and heterogeneous character of Rao’s narrative.

Aboriginal Australian heritage forms a significant and celebrated part of Australian heritage. Set within the institutional frameworks of a predominantly ??white?? European Australian heritage practice, Aboriginal heritage has been promoted as the heritage of a people who belonged to the distant, pre-colonial past and who were an integral and sustainable part of the natural environment. These controlled and carefully packaged meanings of Aboriginal heritage have underwritten aspects of urban Aboriginal presence and history that prevail in the (previously) colonial city. In the midst of the city which seeks to cling to selected images of its colonial past urban Aboriginal heritage emerges as a significant challenge to a largely ??white??, (post)colonial Australian heritage practice. The distinctively Aboriginal sense of anti-colonialism that underlines claims to urban sites of Aboriginal significance unsettles the colonial stereotypes that are associated with Aboriginal heritage and disrupts the ??purity?? of the city by penetrating the stronghold of colonial heritage. However, despite the challenge to the colonising imperatives of heritage practice, the fact that urban Aboriginal heritage continues to be a deeply contested reality indicates that heritage practice has failed to move beyond its predominantly colonial legacy. It knowingly or unwittingly maintains the stronghold of colonial heritage in the city by selectively and often with reluctance, recognising a few sites of contested Aboriginal heritage such as the Old Swan Brewery and Bennett House in Perth. Furthermore, the listing of these sites according to very narrow and largely Eurocentric perceptions of Aboriginal heritage makes it quite difficult for other sites which fall outside these considerations to be included as part of the urban built environment. Importantly this thesis demonstrates that it is most often in the case of Aboriginal sites of political resistance such as The Block in Redfern, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra and Australian Hall in Sydney, that heritage practice tends to maintain its hegemony as these sites are a reminder of the continuing disenfranchised condition of Aboriginal peoples, in a nation which considers itself to be postcolonial.

In order to survive assimilative pressures since the time of colonization, the marginalized Mapuche people have been forced to hybridize with dominant normative gender, ethnic, and religious constructs of the Chilean state. Historically competing beliefs and practices fueled imperious, state-driven hegemonic modes of domination through structural oppression of the Mapuche in attempt to normalize the distinct indigenous population. When assimilation failed, the enduring clash of beliefs and practices led to the construction of indigenous difference as deviant and inferior to justify marginalization of the Mapuche people. This thesis illustrates how contemporary issues of health embody the deeply rooted conflict between the Mapuche and the Chilean nation. It examines three examples of the clash, resistance, and adaptation of Mapuche health practices and concepts within the construction of the state in this assimilative process. These three instances of unequal hybridization of cultures are 1) the development of the traditional Mapuche healer, the machi, 2) the incidence and conceptualization of sexually transmitted disease within the Mapuche community, and 3) the change in food practices and consumption in Mapuche communities.

This study investigates the history of the modern colonization of Amazonia from the early twentieth century until the neoliberal present, tracing the relations between spatial designs, political violence and the social and environmental destruction that characterized this historical process. In parallel, it narrates the history of resistance of local communities and the forest itself, showing how more than five hundred years of colonialism and anti-colonial struggles have shaped and re-shaped the material and imagined landscapes of Amazonia. More specifically, this study focuses on the analysis of the spatial strategies of occupation and colonization that were implemented in Amazonia during the military dictatorships of the late twentieth century (particularly in Brazil, Peru and Ecuador), asking how the environmental transformations generated by these designs constituted means of perpetrating violence and rights violations against local communities. Each chapter addresses a different context that reflects a paradigmatic moment in the colonial modern history of Amazonia, and through the examination of these situated histories they describe broader political processes as they manifest in transformations of the social, territorial and ecological-climatic dynamics of the forest. In so doing, the thesis interprets the environment as an evidentiary material through which histories of conflict, violence and rights violations are documented and narrated, and by critically analyzing this material argues that, in the post-climate change world order, the constitution of universal rights is increasingly intertwined with the contested role of nature in contemporary cultural, legal, political, and epistemic systems. Combining various environmental medias, historical research, fieldwork incursions, and cartographic tools, the study explores these histories to show how nature and modes of representing and knowing nature, in its multiplicity of elements and forms, constitute sites of power, struggle and resistance. In tracing the connections and synergies between spatial designs, colonial violence and environmental destruction in the frontiers of Amazonia, it also attempts to draw a critical history of climate change, describing how the foundations of the ongoing destruction and destabilization of the Earth System––what it refers to as the post-climate change/Anthropocene condition––are intertwined with colonial histories in Amazonia.

Caryl Phillis’s novel Crossing the River tells a story of the African diaspora caused by the slave trade. The novel not only depicts the physical aspect of diasporic life, but also sheds light on the cognitive aspects. It is visible separately in the four chapters, but also in the prologue and epilogue through Phillips’s use of the mystical voice of the disembodied father who addresses all his children of the African diaspora. This essay argues that Crossing the River is an example of black politics of resistance from two different perspectives. Firstly, Phillips uses the African diaspora to exemplify the hybrid identity, and to reject a binary colonial discourse and racism that have caused tremendous suffering for the African diaspora. Secondly, by not only rejecting the binary colonial discourse but also contesting and taking part in shaping a discourse that synthesizes different worlds, Crossing the River takes part in creating a more diverse and equal sense of the world.

Escritores/as pós-coloniais têm se engajado em denunciar o doloroso legado da escravidão e do colonialismo, através da recuperação de histórias previamente apropriadas e distorcidas por narrativas mestras. A investigação e a narrativização do passado esquecido de ex-colônias têm sido uma estratégia empregada no sentido de se reconstruir identidades que foram fragmentadas devido às múltiplas opressões sofridas ou testemunhadas por autores. Michelle Cliff é uma romancista, poeta, e ensaísta diaspórica, nascida na Jamaica e que vive nos Estados Unidos. Ela é uma das muitas vozes pós-coloniais comprometidas com uma literatura de resistência que luta pela descolonização cultural e encoraja o sentimento de pertencimento. O objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar os romances de cunho autobiográfico de Cliff, Abeng (1984) e No Telephone to Heaven (1987), que lidam com questões relacionadas às práticas coloniais e pós-coloniais. Os dois romances retratam a saga da protagonista Clare Savage, através da qual Cliff revela o impacto da colonização no Caribe, denuncia as configurações de poder geradas a partir dos imbricamentos entre raça, gênero e classe, e critica a maneira deturpada como a história da Jamaica é transmitida e disseminada através da educação colonial à qual os Jamaicanos são submetidos. A autora também explora os efeitos que as diásporas exercem no processo de construção identitária e o movimento de resgate e recriação de uma história própria por parte dos sujeitos diaspóricos
Postcolonial writers have been engaged in exposing the painful legacies of slavery and colonialism, through the reclaiming of histories that have been appropriated and distorted by master narratives. The investigation and retelling of the lost past of former colonies has been a strategy used to reconstruct identities fragmented as a result of the multiple oppressions that authors have suffered or witnessed. Michelle Cliff is a diasporic Jamaican-born novelist, poet, and essayist who lives in the United States. She is one of the many postcolonial voices committed to a literature of resistance that struggles for cultural decolonization and encourages the feeling of belonging. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze Cliffs semi-autobiographical novels, Abeng (1984) and No Telephone to Heaven (1987) that deal with matters related to colonial and post-colonial practices. The two novels portray the saga of the protagonist Clare Savage, through which Cliff reveals the impact of colonization on the Caribbean, exposes the configurations of power deriving from the intertwining of race, class, and gender, and criticizes the misrepresentation of Jamaicas history, which is disseminated through the colonial education Jamaicans have been subjected to. The author also explores the effects diasporas have on the process of identity construction and the movement from diasporic subjects to rescue and recreate a history of their own

O trabalho aborda a literatura portuguesa de resistência à ditadura imposta pelo Estado Novo português no que se refere aos temas relacionados à condição da mulher portuguesa, à guerra colonial e ao escritor militante. O período estudado se estende de 1968 à 1974 - governo Marcelo Caetano - marcado por crescente insatisfação popular que resultou na Revolução dos Cravos. As obras analisadas são: \"Novas Cartas portuguesas\", escrita por Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta e Maria Velho da Costa, publicada em 1972 que trata da questão feminina; \"O capitão Nemo e eu\", de Álvaro Guerra, publicado em 1973, que retrata lembranças da guerra na Guiné de um ex-soldado português e \"Contos da Solidão\" de Urbano Tavares Rodrigues, publicado em 1970, livro escrito quando o autor encontrava-se preso acusado de conspirar contra o governo. Estas obras foram selecionadas por exprimirem sentimentos e percepções considerados significativos para a compreensão do ambiente pré-revolucionário português
This study deals with the Portuguese literature of resistance against the dictatorship imposed by the Portuguese New State, referring to the topics related to Portuguese woman status, to colonial war and to the militant writer. The studied period lasts from 1968 to 1974 - Marcelo Caetano administration - which was marked by increasing popular dissatisfaction until the coming out of the movement which resulted in the Revolução dos Cravos. The analyzed works were: \"Novas Cartas portuguesas\", written by Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa, published in 1972, which deals with the feminine matter; \"O capitão Nemo e eu\", by Álvaro Guerra, published in 1973, which portrays memories of the war in Guinea of a Portuguese ex-soldier and \"Contos da Solidão\", by Urbano Tavares Rodrigues, published in 1970 and written when the writer was imprisoned accused of conspiring against the government. These works were selected because they express the feelings and perceptions that are considered significant to the understanding of the Portuguese pre-revolutionary environment

This thesis is a study of assigned male convict labour in rural Van Diemen’s Land in the period 1820-40. Throughout this period agriculture and pastoralism were centxal to the colonial economy, and this sector was the largest private employer of convict labour, yet there has been no prior sustained investigation of the nature and experience of rural convict employment in Van Diemen’s Land. Research has involved use of records of convict transportation, the records of the convict department, colonial court records, and the correspondence of the colonial secretary’s office. Extensive use has also been made of the colonial press, published contemporary accounts, and unpublished journals of colonists. The thesis begins with a discussion of two oppositional representations of rural convict labour: John Glover’s painting ‘My Harvest Home’, and the ballad ‘Van Diemen’s Land’. These representations demonstrate the polarised debate on the nature of convict labour. Rural convicts have been largely neglected in the recent historiography of convict transportation; this thesis argues that this neglect is unwarranted, and that rural convict labour resists reductionist understanding of convict labour. Chapter 1 examines farming in the colony, demonstrating the importance and vitality of this sector of the economy. Chapters 2-4 discuss convict assignment, management, and convict responses. It is argued that assignment effectively placed those with experience of farm work with rural employers. Convicts’ skills are seen to have been relevant and useful to the rural economy. The management of convict servants operated both formally at the level of the Convict Department regulations and the magistrates bench, and informally on individual properties. Informal management best utilised incentives rather than force. Thus convicts were able to negotiate the authority of their employers through various means, including resistance. Chapters 5-7 discuss the convict experience of rural labour. Material conditions of diet, housing and clothing are examined in chapter 5. Convict recreational culture is investigated in chapter 6; it is argued that convicts created an important site of autonomy in this form. The intimate lives of convict men are discussed in chapter 7. Often seen as brutal and brutalising, it is argued that these relationships were important and meaningful sites in male convict experience.

A produção de alimentos inócuos, aptos ao consumo humano, é de extrema importância tanto à saúde pública quanto para atividade econômica. O queijo colonial é tipicamente consumido pela população do Rio Grande do Sul, porém ainda há poucos dados sobre a qualidade microbiológica desse produto. Sendo assim, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: (i) avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de queijos coloniais comercializados em feiras modelo e mercado público de Porto Alegre; (ii) caracterizar as cepas de Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes presentes neste produto quanto a alguns fatores de patogenicidade, resistência e tipificação genotípica. Para tanto, no período de novembro de 2014 a maio de 2015, foram analisadas 205 amostras de queijo colonial inspecionado, compreendendo 17 marcas distintas comercializadas em feiras modelos e no Mercado Público de Porto Alegre. As análises microbiológicas evidenciaram que 47,31% dos queijos estavam não conformes com pelo menos um dos parâmetros microbiológicos estabelecidos na RDC nº12, portanto impróprios ao consumo humano. Com relação à quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, 10,73% e 40,48% das amostras apresentaram contagens superiores ao limite máximo estabelecido na legislação, respectivamente. Valores acima do padrão aceitável foram observados em 5,85% dos queijos amostrados para ambos os parâmetros. No que diz respeito à pesquisa de Salmonella sp., todas as amostras apresentaram-se em conformidade. Listeria sp. foi detectado em 12,19% dos queijos, dos quais 24% foram classificados como L. monocytogenes, 52% L. inoccua, 16% L. welshimeri/L. seeligeri e 8% L. grayi.
The production of innocuous food, fit for human consumption, is of extreme importance to both public health and economic activity. Colonial cheese is typically consumed by the population of Rio Grande do Sul, but there is still limited data on the microbiological quality of this product. Thus, the objectives of the present study were: (i) to evaluate the microbiological quality of colonial cheeses marketed in model fairs and central market in Porto Alegre; (ii) to characterize Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes strains present in these products according to some pathogenicity and resistance factors as well as to their genotype. Thus, from November 2014 to May 2015, we analyzed 205 samples of colonial cheese, comprising 17 different brands marketed in model fairs and in the Public Market of Porto Alegre. Microbiological analyzes showed that 47.31% of the samples were not compliant with at least one of the microbiological parameters established in RDC nº12, therefore unfit for human consumption. Regarding the quantification of thermotolerant coliforms and Staphylococcus coagulase positive, 10.73% and 40.48% of the samples presented counts higher than the maximum limit established in the legislation, respectively. Values above the acceptable standard were observed in 5.85% of the samples for both parameters. With regard to Salmonella sp., all samples were negative. Listeria sp. was detected in 12.19% of the samples, of which 24% were classified as L. monocytogenes, 52% L. inoccua, 16% L. welshimeri / L. seeligeri and 8% L. grayi. Concomitant isolation of L. monocytogenes and L. inoccua species was observed in one sample. Two samples presented counts of 3.6 NMP.g-1 and 11 NMP.g-1 of Listeria sp.,; in the others, the population found was <3.0 NMP.g-1. Serotyping of L. monocytogenes indicated the presence of serovars 1 / 2a, 1 / 2b and 1 / 2c and the PFGE profile showed five pulse types. The amplification of the nuc gene, confirmed the 83 isolates of Staphylococcus coagulase positive as S. aureus. Regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, all strains were susceptible to cefoxetin, oxacillin and vancomycin. Strains resistant to: penicillin (26.5%) were detected, all of them confirmed as beta-lactamase producers; ciprofloxacin and erythromycin (9.63%); tetracycline (7.22%) and gentamicin (4.81%). Of the total strains, 66.26% were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, while 6.02% were considered multiresistant. The gene blaZ was detected in 31.32% of the strains. All strains were negative for mecA and lukS-F genes. As for the presence of genes coding for classical SEs, 16.86% amplified some gene being sea and sec the most frequent. From the molecular typing of the 83 strains of S. aureus it was possible to detect 19 different spa types among the 11 brands of cheeses commercialized; the t127 and t002 genotypes were predominant. Three different types of sequences were detected in the four strains of S. aureus selected for typing by the MLST technique performed in silico: ST-133, ST-5 and ST-1. The colonial cheese marketed in model fairs and in the public market of Porto Alegre, was confirmed as a possible carrier of microorganisms that cause DTA. Among these pathogens, the frequency of isolation of L. monocytogenes and, especially, of S. aureus is noteworthy.

In the modern age, nationalism has profoundly impacted warfare. While nationalism has helped transform pre-modern societies into nation-states in part arguably to more efficiently wage warfare, it has also lead to a decline in the effectiveness of conventional military power. Warfare in late nineteenth century Cuba and the Philippines demonstrates many of the new features of “nationalist warfare,” showing increased violence is brought about not just by conventional technological developments, but also by “social technology” like nationalism. Nationalist ideology makes it nearly impossible for conventional military forces to occupy or control a nationalist society and suppress resistance to foreign rule. Attempts to suppress nationalist resistance can only be achieved by denying the rebellion external support and directly targeting the civilian population. The difficulty of suppressing nationalist resistance ensures increasingly protracted, bloody and destructive wars will be the norm and that within these conflicts targeting non-combatants and civilian infrastructure is virtually unavoidable.

This thesis looks at the people of Nueva Vizcaya's history of resistance to incorporation into the state during the colonial age, and how this history is connected to the contemporary context in the Sierra Tarahumara. To do this, I use and frame the concepts of community, resistance, violence, ethnogenesis, territory and history as intertwined in such a way that the Sierra Tarahumara and its inhabitants cannot be completely disassociated one from another. By looking at the engagements between colonizers and native people of the colonial North of the Nueva España –Tarahumara and other native indigenous people of the Sierra Madre Occidental– in history, and frame the narratives about these historical encounters, drawing colonial accounts, modern narratives and other sources, I contest in this work, allows to frame indigenous societies agency in history. In addition, this thesis endeavors to engage with the broader discussion about ethnogenesis, indigenous resistance to colonialism, native community and ecological conflicts in Nueva Vizcaya and in the Sierra Tarahumara. Finally, this research wants to make sense of the contemporary conflicts over land rights that indigenous communities of the Sierra Tarahumara face today, and connect them with the history of the colonial encounters of the people of the Nueva Vizcaya. I propose that these encounters, in the colonial time of the conquest of the Nueva Vizcaya, and in the national period, are largely a consequence of a colonial process of ethnogenesis that taxonomically indexed native people in categories related to colonial labor needs and control over the territory, which I frame as tarahumarizacíon and raramurización.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
This thesis contests current and academic understanding of modernity as the expression of a civilized and superior humanity in all of its dimensions (social, political, economic, cognitive, moral) which would have in coloniality its unwanted side effect, and would allegedly have been overcome or is on its way to. Instead, it pursues to demonstrate that a conceptualanalytical inversion is possible: what has endured and is currently being deepened, is the coloniality that emerged in the fifteenth century, with the beginning of European empires great navigations towards the conquest of the new world – as they named it themselves; and modernity figures as economic, political, cognitive benefits, and so on, restricted to the settlers, or their reduced and dependent caste of subjects, the fruit of looting, theft, the death of coloniality’s victims, presently updated and deepened by the colonial heir elite. There is therefore the worldwide expression of coloniality (=modernity) which suggests the colonial continuum as an analytical proposition. To demonstrate the thesis of coloniality (=modernity) and the colonial continuum, the empirical situations of compulsory displacements were chosen, and the expropriation of territory, resources, products, knowledge and population government resulting from them. The colonial elite, as well as their inheritors, who have promoted primitive accumulation through despoliation, have at the same time profited from the expropriation and exploration of territories and the work force of Indigenous and African peoples and other peoples or traditional communities – currently the republic slaves. The debate over modernity, transmodernity, coloniality, development, progress, globalization, although controversial, has constituted the fundamental for the thesis main hypothesis: compulsory displacements due to planning, installation and operation of massive projects of intensive development in land, capital and workforce, which hierarchize human social groups, as well as their territories in civilized/barbarian or qualified/unqualified presently occur as unfoldings of a colonial modus operandi - by means of the colonial continuum. To demonstrate this hypothesis, as well as to furnish this thesis, besides drawing from a large academic production (ranging from contributions from Marx, 1985; Benjamin, 1987; Harvey, 2010; Foucault 2008; Ianni, 2000; to the those named post or de-colonial Latin Americans such as Dussel, 2005; Mignolo, 2003; Quijano, 1992), and speeches classified as common sense, contained in narratives, in conversations of people in traditional communities or presently circulating in pamphlets, newspapers and websites are also considered. The typical empiricists analysed who turn into privileged status of entities for inference were the RESEX communities in Tauá-Mirim, in Área Rural II, São Luis/MA, the Piquiá de Baixo community in Açailândia/MA, and the Projeto Pioneiro de Colonização in Buriticupu/MA.
Este trabalho de tese contesta a compreensão corrente e acadêmica sobre modernidade como expressão de uma humanidade civilizada e superior em todas as dimensões (social, política, econômica, cognitiva, moral) e que teria na colonialidade seu efeito colateral e indesejado, que supostamente já estaria superada ou em vias de superação. Ao contrário, procura demonstrar que é possível uma inversão conceitual-analítica, ou seja, que o que perdura e se aprofunda atualmente é a colonialidade, emergente a partir do século 15, com o início das grandes navegações dos impérios europeus rumo à conquista do, por eles mesmos denominado, novo mundo, e a modernidade figura como benefícios econômicos, políticos, cognitivos, etc. restritos aos colonizadores, ou a sua pequena e dependente casta de súditos, fruto do saque, do roubo, da morte das vítimas da colonialidade, atualizada e aprofundada, no tempo presente, pela elite herdeira colonial. Tem-se, portanto, a expressão mundial da colonialidade (= modernidade) que sugere, como proposta analítica, o continuum colonial. Para demonstrar a tese da colonialidade (= modernidade) e do continuum colonial elegeram-se as situações empírica dos deslocamentos compulsórios e das expropriações dos territórios, dos recursos, dos produtos, dos saberes e do governo das populações deles decorrentes. A elite colonial, bem como sua herdeira, que promoveram/promovem a acumulação primitiva e por espoliação, ao mesmo tempo se beneficiaram/beneficiam da expropriação e exploração dos territórios e da força de trabalho dos povos indígenas e africanos e outros povos ou comunidades tradicionais – hoje os escravos da república. O debate sobre modernidade, transmodernidade, colonialidade, desenvolvimento, progresso, globalização, apesar de controverso, constituiu a base para a principal hipótese desta tese: os deslocamentos compulsórios em razão do planejamento, instalação e operação de grandes projetos de desenvolvimento intensivos em terra, capital e trabalho, que hierarquizam os grupos sociais humanos, bem como os seus territórios, em civilizados/bárbaros ou qualificados/desqualificados ocorrem, atualmente, como desdobramentos do modus operandi colonial – pelo continuum colonial. Para demonstrar tal hipótese, bem como guarnecer esta tese, além de recorrer à larga produção acadêmica (que vai desde as contribuições de Marx, 1985; Benjamin, 1987; Harvey, 2010; Foucault, 2008; Ianni, 2000 até os denominados pós ou decoloniais latino-americanos como Dussel, 2005; Mignolo, 2003; Quijano, 1992), consideraram se, também, as falas classificadas como sendo senso comum, aquelas contidas nas narrativas, nas conversas das pessoas das comunidades tradicionais ou que circulam correntemente em panfletos, jornais, e sítios da internet. Os típicos empíricos analisados e que passam ao status privilegiado de entes para inferência foram as comunidades da RESEX Tauá-Mirim, na Área Rural II de São Luís/MA, a comunidade Piquiá de Baixo em Açailândia/MA; o Projeto Pioneiro de Colonização de Buriticupu/MA.

This thesis examines how skin bleaching can be understood within the cultural context of Jamaican dancehall. I argue that as a cultural practice, skin bleaching can be viewed as a critique of the concomitant structural inequalities precipitated by colorism, which is a by-product of racism. In proposing skin bleaching as a queer performance of color, I attempt to illustrate the manner in which the lightening of the skin exposes the instability of racism and colorism as socially constructed, discursive regimes. If race and skin color are biological and embodied facts dictated by social reality, then bodies, which are racially marked and colored subjects, can be used to project counter discourses that challenge these specific regimes. The space of discursive limit imposed on the racialized or colored body-subject is a space from which critiques of dominant discourses can be projected, and bleaching does precisely that. I conclude therefore, that skin bleaching is performed resistance which challenges the dominating discourses on race by first destabilizing the notion that skin color is an immutable biological fact, and second by contesting subsequent discourses that are contingent on the “facts” of color and race.

Écrivant une histoire totale de la Première armée française entre le débarquement en Provence, le 15 août 1944, et la capitulation allemande le 8 mai 1945, cette recherche a pour ambition de penser ensemble ses dimensions guerrières, diplomatiques et politiques, mais aussi coloniales, sociales et culturelles. Reconstituée en Afrique du Nord à partir des Français libres et des conscrits colonisés et européens de l’armée d’armistice en Afrique, renforcée en métropole par des combattants de la résistance intérieure, puis par des appelés, cette armée présente une forte hétérogénéité. Lui est pourtant confié un triple rôle, diplomatique, politique et militaire. Instrument de reconquête de la grandeur nationale quatre ans après la défaite, il lui incombe non seulement de faire la preuve, sur le champ de bataille, de la capacité du pays à se libérer lui-même, mais aussi de le hisser au rang des puissances victorieuses. Elle doit aussi, en intégrant des milliers de combattants venus de la Résistance, agir comme le symbole de l’unité retrouvée de la nation. Enfin, héritière de l’armée de la défaite et de l’armée de Vichy discréditées, elle doit faire face aux aspirations de rénovation que réclame la société française de la Libération. En mai 1945, ces défis ne sont que partiellement relevés. Certes, sur le champ de bataille, l’armée française est sans conteste victorieuse, ce qui permet à la France d’arracher à ses alliés une zone d’occupation en Allemagne, bien que ses succès militaires soient ternis par les crimes commis par ses soldats en territoire ennemi. Dans l’épreuve commune du feu, les fractures politico-militaires sont certes atténuées, mais l’union forgée ne résiste pas à la sortie de guerre et l’armée de l’après-guerre est faiblement renouvelée. De plus, en l’absence de mobilisation générale en métropole, colonisés et Européens ont payé de loin le plus lourd tribut, alors que la réponse du Gouvernement provisoire aux revendications nationalistes dans l’empire est un échec manifeste. Ainsi, en 1945, le lien entre la nation et son armée, mais aussi entre la métropole et l’empire, loin de s’être renoué, s’est encore distendu
By writing a complete history of the First French Army from the Provence landing on August 15, 1944, to the German surrender on May 8, 1945, this dissertation aims to connect the military, diplomatic and political dimensions of this campaign with its colonial, social and cultural aspects. Born in North Africa from the fusion between the Free French and the so called ‘’Armée d’Afrique”, reinforced in metropolitan France with volunteers coming from the Resistance and with conscripts, it was an extremely heterogeneous army. Nevertheless it had to fulfill a challenging set of diplomatic, political and military objectives: to restore the national grandeur four years after the defeat and to get France a seat at the table with other victorious nations, to implement a national unity program and to deal with the aspirations for change coming from French society.In May 1945, these challenges had only been partially overcome. Even if its successes were tarnished by incidents of rape and looting, the French army was victorious on the battlefront and France obtained control of an occupation zone in Germany. Political and military tensions among soldiers decreased while they were fighting a common enemy. But peace brought these tensions back. The Post-War army was only marginally renewed. And as general mobilization was never decreed in metropolitan France, natives and Europeans born in the empire paid the harshest price to deliver the mother country as contestation of the colonial order increased. In 1945, the gap between the nation and its army, and between metropolitan France and its empire was wider than ever

Cette thèse porte sur la sociabilité dans la ville de Tunis à la période coloniale. Cette ville qui a connuun dédoublement urbain, par l'installation d'une ville européenne à côté de la ville arabe. C’est cephénomène particulier qui justifie notre thèse, dont les conséquences ne se réduisent pas au seul cadrephysique, mais touchent aussi bien la société, les normes et les valeurs culturelles.Les corpus de notre étude sont des composants urbains publics de la ville de Tunis qui peuvent êtreorganisés ou spontanés ; les rues, les cafés et les salles de spectacles, dans lesquels on a testél’intensité de la sociabilité. Chaque espace se caractérise par une forme urbaine spécifique, ce qui luidonne plusieurs formes d'occupations, manifestant l'entente ou le conflit et de multiples manières decontrôles policiers.Dans la société coloniale, on trouve des structures d’intégration qui idéalisent la société réelle et desstructures de refus comportant le projet d’une société future meilleure pour ses membres. Nous endéduisons un conflit entre trois communautés ; la nation française qui tente de garder sa haute mainsur la Tunisie, les italiens qui rêvent de reconstruire leur ancien empire Romain, et les tunisiens quiaspirent à retrouver leur indépendance. Ce contexte a permis l'émergence de la personnalité nationaletunisienne. En effet, la loi qui régissait la vie sociale dans la ville de Tunis à l’époque coloniale ; c’estle conflit du pouvoir
This thesis speaks about the sociability in the town of Tunis in the colonial era.This town that lived a double urban life; Arabian and European at the same time. This phenomenon is the main point in this thesis, not only as concerns the place of life but also society values and cultural characteristics.The places of interest in our research are urban and public constituents that are formal and informal: roads, Cafés, Theatres....where we tested the degree of sociability. Each space is characterised by a pacific urban feature that takes many forms of occupations reflecting conflict of harmony, and multiple manners of police control.In the colonial society, we find different modes of integration that idealize the local society or refuse it aiming at sitting the project of a future society considered better for members. We deduce a conflict between three communities: a first one that is the French nation that tries to keep an upper hand on Tunisia, a second one which consists of the Italians who dream of building their ancient Roman Empire, a third one that includes Tunisians who want to regain power over their country and to get independence. This context led to the emergence of a national personality. In fact the main characteristic of the social life in Tunis in the colonial era is a conflict of powers

A pesquisa de Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativa (CNS) em alimentos não é prevista na legislação, entretanto, estas bactérias têm emergido como patógenos oportunistas e sua capacidade enterotoxigênica já foi documentada. O queijo destaca-se entre os principais derivados lácteos associados a intoxicações alimentares e a presença de cepas enterotoxigênicas do gênero Staphylococcus neste alimento representa um risco ao consumidor. O queijo colonial, tradicionalmente consumido pelos gaúchos, não possui regulamento técnico específico e poucos são os estudos relacionados ao risco do consumo desse alimento, bem como, à identificação de micro-organismos presentes nessa matriz. Sendo assim, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: (i) identificar as espécies de Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativa, presentes em queijo colonial inspecionado; (ii) pesquisar a presença de genes codificadores de enterotoxinas clássicas (SE), bem como de resistência à penicilina e à meticilina nas cepas isoladas desta matriz. Para tanto, no período de novembro de 2014 a maio de 2015, foram analisadas 205 amostras de queijos coloniais inspecionados, sendo 121 adquiridas em Feiras Modelo e 84 em bancas do Mercado Público de Porto Alegre, compreendendo 17 marcas distintas. O isolamento inicial de Staphylococcus spp. foi realizado de acordo com o protocolo ISO 6888-1:1999, adicionado da triagem fenotípica para CNS. A identificação genotípica dos isolados foi realizada pela amplificação da região V1-V2 do gene 16S rRNA, seguida de sequenciamento e comparação das sequências obtidas no GenBank. A pesquisa de genes de enterotoxinas clássicas foi realizada por amplificação dos genes sea, seb, sec, sed e see. A determinação de resistência à penicilina foi avaliada a partir da amplificação do gene blaZ. Para resistência à meticilina, foi realizado teste de triagem frente à cefoxitina, e confirmação pela pesquisa do gene mecA. O armazenamento sob refrigeração foi observado em quase 90% das amostras coletadas. Entre as 179 colônias retiradas do ágar Baird-Parker, 59 apresentaram-se fenotipicamente compatíveis com CNS e foram identificadas genotipicamente. Treze espécies foram identificadas, sendo Macrococcus caseolyticus (40%) a mais frequente. Das 35 cepas confirmadas como CNS, S. equorum e S. vitulinus foram as espécies predominantes seguidas de S. hyicus, S. saprophyticus e S. epidermidis. O gene blaZ foi detectado em cinco cepas de CNS e em uma cepa de M. caseolyticus, sendo relativamente mais frequente em S. hyicus e S. epidermidis. O gene mecA não foi detectado. Oito cepas de CNS amplificaram algum gene para SE, sendo seb o mais frequente, seguido por sed, sea e see. O gene para enterotoxina C não foi detectado. Onze cepas apresentaram pelo menos um dos genes investigados, das quais, seis cepas apresentaram genes para SE e blaZ, concomitantemente. Os perfis seb/blaZ (n=4) e blaZ (n=3) foram os mais frequentes. Foi possível confirmar a diversidade de Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativa em queijos coloniais inspecionados, além da baixa frequência de cepas carreadoras de genes para enterotoxinas clássicas e resistência à penicilina e à meticilina.
The investigation of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) is not included in food monitoring; although these bacteria have emerged as significant opportunistic pathogens and their toxigenic capacity has been documented. Among the dairy products, cheese features as one of the most involved in food poisoning outbreaks. The presence of enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus in this food therefore represents a hazard for the consumers. Colonial cheese, which is a traditionally consumed cheese type in Rio Grande do Sul, does not have a specific technical regulation, and there are few studies targeting the risk for consumers, or aiming to identify its typical microbiota. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (i) to identify coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. species in inspected colonial cheese (ii) to investigate the presence of genes encoding classical enterotoxins (SE), and resistance to penicillin and methicillin in strains obtained from this food. For this purpose, from November 2014 to May 2015, 205 cheese samples were analyzed, 121 of which were acquired in street fairs and 84 in Central Market. The samples belonged to 17 different brands. The isolation of Staphylococcus spp. was performed according to the ISO 6888-1: 1999 protocol, followed by the phenotypic screening of CNS. The genotype identification of the isolates was performed by amplification of the V1-V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing and the sequences comparison with the GenBank database. Classical enterotoxin genes were investigated by amplification of sea, seb, sec, sed and see genes. The determination of penicillin resistance was evaluated by the amplification of blaZ gene. For methicillin resistance, a screening test with cefoxitin was conducted followed by confirmation through the mecA amplification. The majority (89,7%) of the collected samples were stored under refrigeration. Among the 179 atypical colonies obtained from Baird-Parker agar, 59 were phenotypically compatible with CNS and were further subjected to genotyping. Thirteen bacterial species were identified, being Macrococcus caseolyticus the most frequent (40%). Thirty-five strains were confirmed as CNS, being S. equorum and S. vitulinus the most prevalent followed by S. hyicus, S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis. The gene blaZ was detected in five strains of CNS and in one strain of M. caseolyticus, being relatively more frequent in S. hyicus and S. warneri. The mecA gene was not detected. Eight CNS strains amplified SE gene: SEB was the most frequent, followed by SED, SEA and SEE. There was no enterotoxin C gene detected. Eleven strains carried at least one of the genes investigated; six strains presented genes for SE and blaZ, concomitantly. The profiles SEB/blaZ (n = 4) and blaZ (n = 3) were the most frequent. The diversity of CNS in inspected colonial cheeses was confirmed. In addition, the low frequency of strains carrying genes for enterotoxins and resistance to penicillin and methicillin was observed.

My research examines the enslaved black woman's reclamation of self through the use of voice and resistance from enslavement into freedom. I argue that the enslaved black woman's voice was one that grew stronger and louder, in an effort to have her story heard, through her attempts of reclamation of self and transition from slave to a free woman. I begin with an introduction to the purpose of my research. Chapter one describes my approach to my research. Chapter two describes the conditions of slavery for black women. Chapter three describes enslaved black women's mechanisms of resistance. Chapter four examinations the reclamation of self in slavemade quilts and the controversial Underground Railroad Quilt Code. Chapter five examines the reclamation of voice in Harriet Jacobs' narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, written under a pseudonym, Linda Brent, after she escaped from slavery. Chapter six examines the reclamation of womanhood is Dr. Anna Julia Cooper's text, A Voice from the South. My conclusion describes how these historical events are still relevant to present-day society.

Canada 150, or the sesquicentennial anniversary of Confederation, celebrates a nation-state that can be described as “settler colonial” in relation to Indigenous peoples. This thesis brings a Critical Religion and Critical Discourse Analysis methodology into conversation with Settler Colonial and Indigenous Studies to ask: how is Canadian settler colonial sovereignty enacted, and how do Indigenous peoples perform challenges to that sovereignty? The parliamentary mace and the eagle feather are conceptualized as emblematic and condensed metaphors, or metonyms, that assert and represent Canadian and Indigenous sovereignties. As a settler colonial sovereignty, established and naturalized partially through discourses on religion, Canadian sovereignty requires the displacement of Indigenous sovereignty. In events from 1990 to 2017, Indigenous people wielding eagle feathers disrupt Canadian governance and challenge the legitimacy of Canadian sovereignty. Indigenous sovereignty is (re)asserted as identity-based, oppositional, and spiritualized. Discourses on Indigenous sovereignty and spirituality provide categories and concepts through which Indigenous resistance occurs within Canada.

Representations of natural disasters in Black Southern literature identify social location as the greatest indicator of risk vulnerability. Moreover, they can expose the precarious subjectivity of the Black female reproductive body, as addressed through characters Lulu in Richard Wright’s “Down by the Riverside,” Janie in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, and Jesmyn Ward’s Esch in Salvage the Bones. Together, these female characters share a legacy of social marginalization and Black female resistance that is (re)shaped through their experiences with ecological catastrophe. This thesis considers these three texts together as an ongoing testimony and as a means to bear witness to a socio-historical record of disaster oppression and Black female resistance.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a produção escrita huguenote no exílio no decorrer de um período de aproximadamente trinta anos (1676-1707), época marcada pela revogação do édito de Nantes (1685). Dentre as dezenas de milhares de reformados proscritos da França em virtude das perseguições religiosas ocorridas durante o reinado de Luís XIV, alguns indivíduos publicaram, nomeadamente na Inglaterra e nas Províncias Unidas, escritos de gêneros totalmente distintos, como relações de viagem, cartas pastorais, tratados políticos, teológicos e filosóficos, utopias e projetos coloniais. A finalidade da dissertação é examinar detalhadamente tais escritos, identificando propostas e debates de ordem política, social, econômica e/ou religiosa, que indubitavelmente refletiam as inquietações e expectativas dos huguenotes no referido momento, ou seja, suas diferentes reações diante de uma conjuntura histórica antagônica.
The objective of this study is to analyze the Huguenot written production in exile during a period of approximately thirty years (1676-1707), a time marked by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Amongst tens of thousands of protestants banned from France because of religious persecution that occurred throughout the reign of Louis XIV, some individuals published, particularly in England and the United Provinces, completely different genres of writings, like travel accounts, pastoral letters, political, theological and philosophical treaties, utopias and colonial projects. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine these writings in detail, identifying proposals and debates on political, social, economic and/or religious order, which undoubtedly reflected the concerns and expectations of the Huguenots in that time, ie, their different reactions under an antagonistic context.

À La Réunion (île colonisée par la France à partir de 1663), le marronnage - ou résistance active à l'esclavage par la fuite volontaire des asservis - était jusqu'alors uniquement dépeint par des sources écrites, desquelles subsistent d'importants vides documentaires concernant le mode de vie des fugitifs et la localisation de leurs camps. Afin de combler ces lacunes, des travaux d'archéologie inédits ont été réalisés. La démarche s' est d'abord basée sur le réexamen de la documentation existante sous un angle archéospatial, puis sur l'acquisition de données matérielles originales par la conduite de prospections pédestres et sondages archéologiques. Le croisement de diverses sources a permis de dresser un inventaire critique des lieux du marronnage connus et de leur potentiel de relocalisation. Par les résultats des prospections corrélés aux archives, plusieurs sites d'habitat attribuables aux « Petits-Blancs» (groupe de paysans en quête de terres qui succédèrent aux marrons) ont été mis au jour. Des sondages effectués sur trois sites ont révélés des occupations représentatives du marronnage et du peuplement pérenne postérieur. Les résultats obtenus à la « vallée secrète», premier témoin matériel du marronnage, ont apporté un éclairage nouveau sur la survie d'esclaves fugitifs en milieu inhospitalier. Les occupations fouillées des Petits-Blancs ont mis en lumière l'importance de leur impact sur le milieu naturel et démontré que la recherche des traces de marronnage est fortement tributaire de leurs vestiges aujourd'hui visibles dans l'espace. L'ensemble des données recueillies a permis d'établir une première carte archéologique de la zone des Hauts de La Réunion
In Reunion (island colonized by the French from 1663), marronage- or one of the active forms of resistance to slavery by the voluntary escape of slaves -was hitherto only documented by written sources, in which remain significant vacuums concerning maroon mate rial way oflife and the location of their camps. ln order to fil! these gaps, unprecedented archaeological work has been conducted. The approach was firstly based on the review of existing written documentation from an archeogeographic perspective, then on the acquisition of original mate rial data by the conduction of field surveys and excavations. The cross-checking of various sources has enabled a critical inventory of known maroon sites and the potential to rediscover their location. Based on the results of the surveys correlated with the archives, many "Petits Blancs" settlements (group of peasants in search for lands who succeeded the marnons) were discovered. Excavations carried out on three sites have revealed representative occupations of both marnons and posterior permanent settlement. The results yielded on the "secret valley" site, the obtaining of the first material evidence of marronage, have brought new insights about maroon survival strategies in an inhospitable environment. The excavated occupations of the "Petits Blancs" highlighted the importance of their impact on the natural environment and demonstrated that the search for maroon traces is heavily dependent on their remains that are visible in that area today. Overall, ail the data collected has led to the first archaeological mapping of the highland areas of Reunion

The continuing rise of antibiotic resistance is threatening a return to the world of pre-antibiotic medicine. Multi-drug resistant pathogens are already claiming lives and causing economic losses in developing and developed countries alike. We need, therefore, to understand what allows resistant strains to spread; what makes them evolutionarily competitive in and amongst other strains and species. The majority of laboratory studies of antibiotic resistance focus on simple growth in liquid culture. By contrast, microbes commonly grow as surface-associated communities, in which interactions between neighbouring cells have strong consequences for competition and evolution. My first goal was to understand how growth in such environments affects the success of a resistant strain. By competing an antibiotic resistant and susceptible strain of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, I found that growth in dense colonies on agar allowed a resistant strain to protect susceptible strains, to the extent that the susceptible strain may even prevail under antibiotic treatment. This effect was specific to a cooperative mechanism of antibiotic resistance, however; a β-lactamase enzyme that digests the antibiotics surrounding a resistant cell. A further, unexpected reason that susceptible cells could prevail was that they elongate under antibiotic treatment, allowing them to push shorter resistant cells aside in the competition for the growing edge of a colony. My work suggests that the rise of cooperative resistance mechanisms should be more easily suppressed than for non-social mechanisms. However, one major strategy to overcome antibiotic resistance is the use of antibiotic-adjuvants, drugs which inhibit a mechanism of antibiotic resistance. It is not clear if these adjuvants will tend to suppress or promote cooperative resistance mechanisms. I performed experiments to test the effects of inhibitory adjuvants on cooperative resistance. These revealed that the effects of adjuvants are varied. In liquid culture, an adjuvant inhibited resistance evolution, while, in colony experiments, it promoted resistance evolution by removing the cross protection of susceptible strains. Given the complexity and importance of antibiotic adjuvants, I developed an eco-evolutionary model to dissect these complexities associated with the combination of interacting microbial and molecular species. As in my experiments, the models identified conditions where an inhibitory adjuvant can increase selection for resistance. However, the theory also identifies scenarios for which adjuvants will delay resistance evolution by shutting down the associated evolutionary pathway. Broadening the modelling framework to include the stochastic effects of rare mutation, I found that early administration of adjuvant inhibitors can be a powerful way to suppress the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Microbial interactions are complex and affected by the growth environment. My thesis underlines that the study of antibiotic resistance will benefit from greater consideration of how bacteria interact and, more broadly, how their ecology and evolution determine the rise, or fall, of resistance.

The Spanish colonisation of the Philippines in 1565 opened up trade between China, Latin America and Europe via the Pacific crossing, changing the history of global trade forever. The traditional understanding of the early colonial period in the Philippines suggests that colonial control spread rapidly and peacefully across the islands, ushering in dramatic changes to the social, political and economic environment of the archipelago. This dissertation argues by contrast that the extent of Spanish control has been overstated - partially as a by-product of an over-reliance on religious and secular chronicles that sought to magnify the role and interests of the colonial state. Through extensive archival work examining different sites of colonial authority and power, I demonstrate that Philippine communities contested and limited the nature of colonisation in their archipelago. In making this argument, I challenge prevalent assumptions of indigenous passivity in the face of imperial expansion. By demonstrating the agency of Southeast Asians, particular actors come to the fore in each of the chapters: Chinese labourers, indigenous elites, fugitives and apostates, unpacified mountain communities, native priestesses and Moro slave raiders. The culture and social organisation of these Southeast Asian communities impacted on the nature of Spanish imperialism and the capacity for the Spanish to retain and extend their control. Throughout the seventeenth century, the Spanish presence within the archipelago was always tenuous. A number of communities remained outside of Spanish control for the duration of the century, while still others oscillated between integration and rebellion, by turns participating in and resisting the consolidation of empire. These communities continued to maintain their local and regional economies and customs. Thus, by the end of the seventeenth century, imperial control remained fragmented, partial and incomplete. The dissertation contributes not only to the historiography of the Philippines - which remains under-explored - but also to the historiographies of Colonial Latin America, Southeast Asia and early modern empires. Conceptualising the Philippines as a frontier space helps to overturn the foundations of the myth of a completed conquest. This dissertation thus raises questions about the inevitability of empire by arguing that indigenous communities were active respondents to Spanish colonisation attempts and that indigenous traditions and culture in this region were both resilient and enduring in the face of colonial oppression.

This thesis seeks to conceptualise and mobilise migration resistances as forces of animation through which contemporary forms of EUropean border governance can be productively explored. By following different migration struggles ethnographically, it inquires into their emergence and asks what practices of government and control they reveal. Situated within the academic fields of ‘critical border and migration studies’ and Michel Foucault’s conceptualisations of power, resistance and the art of government, resistance is understood as method. As a set of analytics and catalysts that sets sociopolitical processes and phenomena into frictional motion, resistance is developed as a mode of critical investigation. It is argued that, while always specific and situated, migration struggles form transversal resistances that bring to light particular aspects of the ‘EUropean border dispositif’ which seeks to monitor, regulate and deter certain human mobilities. In a multi-sited ethnography, conducted in diverse borderscapes, heterogeneous struggles are explored. The first study follows the Non-Citizen movement that emerged in Germany and interprets their confrontational and provocative struggle as dissent. The second ethnographic study explores the Boats4People campaign that took place in Italy and Tunisia to protest migrant deaths in the Mediterranean Sea and focuses on their embodied practices of solidarity. The third study follows different individuals and groups in transit into three Greek borderscapes and conceives their attempts of border-subversion and escape as excessive practices. Dissent, solidarity and excess are mobilised and interpreted as three specific but interrelated facets of resistance that collide with and contest manifold diffused border practices and materialisations throughout and beyond EUropean space. Furthermore, it is argued that migration struggles question the community in whose name unbelonging and exclusions are performed. The thesis suggests that these resistances not only expose certain dominant discursive frames through which EUrope becomes continuously reproduced and recognised as united, peaceful and humanitarian, but also draw attention to questions of colonialism and race as well as to the various registers of violence that must always underpin EUrope’s division-creating practices. Through migration struggles, EUrope’s dominant frames and self-conceptions are decentered so that other imaginaries of politics, solidarity and community come to the fore.

La culture sur milieu gélosé peut être présente sous différentes formes dans l’étude d’échantillons microbiologiques, de la détection de pathogènes jusqu’à l’étude de la résistance de ces même pathogènes aux antibiotiques. Cependant c’est une méthode pouvant s’avérer fastidieuse est relativement lente. L’instrument Evisight que l’on utilise permet de prendre des images des boites de Pétri pendant l’incubation, autorisant ainsi l’utilisation de méthodes de traitement d’images, pour un résultat avant la fin de l’incubation. Nous développons une méthode d’apprentissage profond pour la détection de microorganismes, en image finale tout d’abord, puis en dans un second temps avec l’ensemble des images prises pendant l’incubation. Enfin une troisième étude a été mené afin d’automatiser la méthode de détection de résistance aux antibiotiques via culture sur gélose, mais également obtenir un meilleur temps avant résultat pour cette même méthode
The culture on agar medium can be present in various forms in the study of microbiological samples, from the detection of pathogens to the study of the resistance of these same pathogens to antimicrobials. However it is a method that can be tedious and relatively slow. The Evisight instrument used is able to take images of Petri dishes during incubation, thus allowing the use ofimage processing methods, for a result before the end of the incubation. We develop a deep learning method for the detection of microorganisms, in the final image first, then in a second step with all the images taken during the incubation. Finally, a third study was conducted to automate the method of antimicrobial resistance detection via agar culture, but also to obtain a better time beforeresult

The present work examines writings by authors of Somali origin in the Italian language. The analysis draws on and critically evaluates Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s concept of minor literature. Firstly, it investigates the different strategies through which these texts insert Somali words within the Italian text. Secondly, it scrutinizes the political engagement of Somali-Italian writings with the issue of racism, and their attempt to show the legacy of colonialism in contemporary Italy. Thirdly, it considers the ways in which these partly autobiographical texts envision a relational, plural and dialogical identity for Somali-Italian characters. In particular, the construction of alternative communities and multiple belongings beyond the dichotomy between Italians and Somalis through means of exclusion and inclusion of other minoritarian groups is analyzed. In conclusion, this work suggests rethinking the ways in which Italian literature is conceived, in order to include “minor” transnational narratives that exceed national paradigms.

Depuis la fin de la guerre froide, la notion de Failed State est utilisée dans les relations internationales pour décrire des États rencontrant des difficultés à exercer un monopole de la violence légitime sur leur territoire. La thèse se pose la question de savoir dans quelle mesure cette notion a pu jouer un rôle dans les rapports de domination en cours dans les relations internationales. L’étude montre que la notion a été créée par un communauté épistémique et des entrepreneurs de sens avant tout américains et proposait en effet un système de représentation selon lequel le salut des Failed State reposerait avant tout sur la mise en place de politiques très intrusives de la part des États les plus puissants de la planète. L’étude poursuit en montrant que ce système de représentation, créé à grands frais par un ensemble d’acteurs académiques, médiatiques et philanthropiques, n’a toutefois pas toujours réussi à justifier la mise en place des politiques intrusives souhaitées. A travers de nombreuses études de cas (Afghanistan, Haïti, Irak, Somalie, Palestine, Liban, Libéria, Soudan, Zimbabwe, Bolivie, Pakistan, Colombie, Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guinée-Bissau et République centrafricaine), le travail démontre que la notion de Failed State n’a pas toujours eu l’efficacité souhaitée et a au contraire été détournée, parfois avec succès, pour résister aux politiques perçues comme intrusives par des acteurs prétendument dominés. L’étude conclut que si il est théoriquement possible de dominer par les idées, il est aussi possible de résister aux idées par les idées.

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Since the end of the Cold War, the notion of Failed State is used in international relations in order to describe States that have difficulties to exercise a monopoly of legitimate violence on their territory. The thesis raises the question of how this concept influenced the relations of domination in the international relations. The study shows that the concept of Failed State was created by an epistemic community and a group of entrepreneurs primarily based in the United States. The notion promoted a system of representation based on the idea that the salvation of the Failed States rested on their acceptance of very intrusive policies leaded by the most powerful States of the world. The study also shows that this representation system, created at great expense, has not always been able to justify the intrusive policies it was designed to legitimize. Through numerous case studies (Afghanistan, Haiti, Iraq, Somalia, Palestine, Lebanon, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Bolivia, Pakistan, Colombia, Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau and Central African Republic), it is shown that notion of Failed State has not always reached the efficiency desired by its creators and has instead been used, sometimes successfully, to resist policies perceived as intrusive by the allegedly “dominated” actors. The study concludes that while it is theoretically possible to rule with ideas, it is also possible to resist ideas with ideas.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Retrograded starches are commonly found in foods due to the production and/or processing conditions they have received prior to consumption. These resistant starches escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented in the colon by the microflora present, to produce gases and SCFA in varying amounts. These are utilised by the host animal as an energy source, with a low gut pH being maintained by the production of SCFA. The fermentation of carbohydrates within the colon is beneficial to the health of the gut, as the beneficial bacterial species such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. are maintained, and a low pH reduces the activity of potentially harmful species such as the coliforms. The production of toxic metabolites from the breakdown of proteins will be reduced if these resistant starches persist further along the colon as a carbohydrate source. This is particularly important in the distal region of the colon, where the carbohydrate source usually becomes limited. The fermentation of both native and retrograded starches from various botanical sources containing varying amounts of the major components amylose and amylopectin, was examined. In particular, the effects on bacterial fermentation of variations in the ratios of amylose and amylopectin in starch, and of treatments such as retrogradation and/or pancreatin digestion was examined.

[ES] Las bacterias resistentes a múltiples antibióticos, como el Enterococo resistente a vancomicina (ERV), son un problema creciente en los pacientes hospitalizados, por lo que se necesita estrategias alternativas para combatir estos patógenos. Las infecciones causadas por ERV suelen comenzar con la colonización del tracto intestinal, un paso crucial que se afectado por la presencia de la microbiota. Sin embargo, los antibióticos alteran la microbiota y esto promueve la colonización de ERV. Una vez que el patógeno ha colonizado el intestino, alcanza niveles muy altos pudiendo diseminar a otros órganos y pacientes. A pesar de su importancia, se sabe muy poco sobre los genes que codifica para colonizar el intestino y sobre el mecanismo por el cual la microbiota suprime su colonización intestinal, siendo los dos objetivos principales. En primer lugar hemos utilizado una metodología previamente descrita (Zhang et al., 2017, BMC Genomics), basada en la generación de una librería de mutantes por transposición junto a secuenciación masiva, con el fin de identificar los genes codificados por ERV necesarios para la colonización del intestino en ratones. Además, hemos realizado análisis metatranscriptómicos para identificar aquellos genes más expresados. El análisis ha identificado genes cuya interrupción reduce significativamente la colonización intestinal en el intestino grueso. Los genes que más afectaron a la colonización codifican proteínas relacionadas con la absorción o el transporte de diversos nutrientes como los carbohidratos (subunidad EIIAB del transportador PTS de manosa, el regulador transcripcional de la familia LacI, ácido N-acetilmurámico 6-fosfato eterasa) o iones (proteína transportadora dependiente de ATP (ABC) y proteínas del grupo [Fe-S]). El papel de estos genes en la colonización se ha confirmado mediante experimentos de mutagénesis directa y de competición con la cepa salvaje. Además, estos genes afectan a la colonización intestinal con diferentes antibióticos (clindamicina y vancomicina). Para identificar el mecanismo molecular por el cual cada gen afecta a la colonización, hemos realizado experimentos in vitro y ex vivo además del análisis transcriptómico. Los experimentos in vitro confirman que las proteínas del grupo [Fe-S] están involucradas en el transporte iones de hierro, principalmente Fe3+. Por otra parte, los genes de la subunidad EIIAB del transportador de manosa y del ácido N-acetilmurámico 6-fosfato eterasa son necesarios para la utilización de la manosa y el ácido N-acetilmurámico, respectivamente, azúcares que suelen estar presentes en el intestino. También confirmamos que el regulador transcripcional de la familia LacI es un represor que afecta a proteínas transportadoras ABC, probablemente implicadas en la absorción de carbohidratos. Además, algunos de estos genes están codificados principalmente por cepas clínicas de E. faecium y en menor medida por cepas comensales. En segundo lugar, estudiamos los mecanismos de protección de un consorcio de cinco bacterias comensales, que anteriormente se había demostrado que disminuían la colonización intestinal por ERV en ratones. Mediante transcriptómica, metabolómica y los ensayos in vivo observamos que el consorcio bacteriano inhibe el crecimiento de ERV mediante la reducción de nutrientes, concretamente fructosa. Por último, el análisis ARN-Seq in vivo de cada aislado en combinación con los ensayos ex vivo e in vivo demostraron que una sola bacteria (Olsenella sp.) proporciona protección. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos han identificado la función de genes específicos requeridos por ERV para colonizar el intestino. Además, hemos identificado un mecanismo mediante el cual la microbiota confiere protección. Estos resultados podrían conducir a nuevos enfoques terapéuticos para prevenir las infecciones causadas por este patógeno multiresistente a los antibióticos.
[CA] Els bacteris resistents a múltiples antibiòtics, com el Enterococo resistent a vancomicina (ERV), són un problema creixent en els pacients hospitalitzats, que són resistents a la majoria d'antibiòtics disponibles per la qual cosa es necessita estratègies alternatives per a combatre aquests patògens. Les infeccions causades per ERV solen començar amb la colonització del tracte intestinal, un pas crucial que es veu afectat per la presència de la microbiota. No obstant això, els antibiòtics alteren la microbiota i això promou la colonització de ERV. Una vegada que el patogen ha colonitzat l'intestí, aconsegueix nivells molt alts podent disseminar a altres òrgans i pacients. Malgrat la seua importància, se sap molt poc sobre els gens que codifica ERV per a colonitzar l'intestí i sobre el mecanisme pel qual la microbiota suprimeix la seua colonització intestinal. En primer lloc hem utilitzat una metodologia prèviament descrita (Zhang et al., 2017, BMC Genomics), basada en la generació d'una llibreria de mutants per transposició junt amb seqüenciació massiva, amb la finalitat d'identificar els gens codificats per ERV necessaris per a la colonització de l'intestí en ratolins. A més a més, hem realitzat anàlisi metatranscriptòmics per a identificar aquells gens més expressats. L'anàlisi ha identificat gens quina interrupció redueix significativament la colonització intestinal en l'intestí gros. Els gens que més van afectar la colonització codifiquen proteïnes relacionades amb l'absorció o el transport de diversos nutrients com els carbohidrats (subunitat EIIAB del transportador PTS de manosa, el regulador transcripcional de la família LacI, àcid N-acetilmuràmic 6-fosfat eterasa) o ions (proteïna transportadora dependent d'ATP (ABC) i proteïnes del grup [Fe-S]). El paper d'aquests gens en la colonització s'ha confirmat mitjançant experiments de mutagènesis directa i de competició amb el cep salvatge. A més, aquests gens afecten la colonització intestinal amb diferents antibiòtics (clindamicina i vancomicina). Per a identificar el mecanisme molecular pel qual cada gen afecta a la colonització, hem realitzat experiments in vitro i ex viu a més de l'anàlisi transcriptòmic. Els experiments in vitro confirmen que les proteïnes del grup [Fe-S] estan involucrades en el transport d'ions de ferro, principalment Fe3+. D'altra banda, els gens de la subunitat EIIAB del transportador PTS de manosa i de l'àcid N-acetilmuràmic 6-fosfat eterasa són necessaris per a la utilització de la manosa i l'àcid N-acetilmuràmic, respectivament, sucres que solen estar presents en l'intestí. També confirmem que el regulador transcripcional de la família LacI és un repressor que afecta proteïnes transportadores ABC, probablement implicades en l'absorció de carbohidrats. A més a més, alguns d'aquests gens estan codificats principalment per ceps clínics de E. faecium i en menor mesura per ceps comensals. En segon lloc, estudiem els mecanismes de protecció d'un consorci de cinc bacteris comensals, que adès s'havia demostrat que disminuïen la colonització intestinal per ERV en ratolins. Amb l'ús de transcriptòmica, metabolòmica i els assajos in vivo observem que el consorci bacterià inhibeix el creixement de ERV mitjançant la reducció de nutrients, concretament fructosa. Finalment, l'anàlisi ARN-Seq in vivo de cada aïllat en combinació amb els assajos ex viu i in vivo van demostrar que un sol bacteri (Olsenella sp.) proporciona protecció. En conjunt, els resultats obtinguts han identificat la funció de gens específics requerits per ERV per a colonitzar l'intestí. A més, hem identificat un mecanisme mitjançant el qual la microbiota confereix protecció. Aquests resultats podrien conduir a nous enfocaments terapèutics per a previndre les infeccions causades per aquest patogen multiresistent als antibiòtics.
[EN] Multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as vancomycin-resistant-Enterococcus (VRE), are an increasing problem in hospitalized patients. Some VRE strains can be resistant to most available antibiotics, thus, alternative strategies to antibiotics are urgently needed to combat these challenging pathogens. Infections caused by VRE frequently start by colonization of the intestinal tract, a crucial step that is impaired by the presence of the intestinal microbiota. Administration of antibiotics disrupts the microbiota, which promotes VRE intestinal colonization. Once VRE has colonized the gut, it reaches very high levels, which promotes its dissemination to other organs and its transfer to other patients. Despite the relevance of VRE gut colonization, very little is known about the genes encoded by this pathogen to colonize the gut and about the mechanisms by which the microbiota suppresses VRE gut colonization. In this thesis, we have utilized a previously described methodology (Zhang et al., 2017, BMC Genomics), based on the generation of a transposon mutant library coupled with high-throughput sequencing, in order to identify VRE encoded genes required for colonization of the mouse intestinal tract. In addition, we have performed metatranscriptomic analysis in mice to identify VRE genes specifically expressed in the gut. Our analysis has identified genes whose disruption significantly reduces VRE gut colonization in the large intestine. The genes that most affected VRE gut colonization encoded for proteins related to the uptake or transport of diverse nutrients such as carbohydrates (PTS mannose transporter subunit EIIAB, LacI family DNA-binding transcriptional regulator, N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase) or ions (phosphate ABC transporter ATP-binding protein and proteins from [Fe-S] cluster). The role of these genes in gut colonization has been confirmed through targeted mutagenesis and competition experiments against a wild type strain. Moreover, these genes affect gut colonization under different antibiotic treatments (clindamycin and vancomycin). To elucidate the mechanism by which each gene influences gut colonization, we have performed in vitro and ex vivo experiments besides transcriptomic analysis. In vitro experiments confirm that proteins from [Fe-S] cluster are involved in the transport of different forms of iron ions, mostly Fe3+. On the other hand, the PTS mannose transporter subunit EIIAB and N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase genes are required for the utilization of mannose and N-acetyl-muramic acid, respectively, sugars that are usually present in the intestinal environment. We have also confirmed that LacI family DNA-binding transcriptional regulator is a repressor that affects the expression of genes encoding for an ABC transporter probably involved in the uptake of carbohydrates. Furthermore, we have confirmed that some of these genes are encoded mainly by E. faecium clinical strains but not or to a lower extent by commensal strains. Secondly, we studied the mechanisms of protection of a consortium of five commensals bacteria, previously shown to restrict VRE gut colonization in mice. Functional transcriptomics in combination with targeted metabolomics and in vivo assays performed in this thesis indicated that the bacterial consortium inhibits VRE growth through nutrient depletion, specifically by reducing the levels of fructose. Finally, in vivo RNA-Seq analysis of each bacterial isolate of the consortium in combination with ex vivo and in vivo assays demonstrated that a single bacterium (Olsenella sp.) could recapitulate the protective effect. Altogether, the results obtained have identified the function of specific genes required by VRE to colonize the gut. In addition, we have identified a specific mechanism by which the microbiota confers protection against VRE colonization. These results could lead to novel therapeutic approaches to prevent infections caused by this pathogen.
Flor Duro, A. (2021). Characterization of Genes and Functions Required by Multidrug-resistant Enterococci to Colonize the Intestine [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/166494
TESIS

In a context characterised by the shift from fordism to post-fordism in the Iberian peninsula, this thesis addresses the following question how are capital, governments and social movements organised in the processes of integration and resistance that affect foreign immigration' in Barcelona and Lisbon? Thus, in the first chapter, an analysis of the concept of "integration" is undertaken in order to understand the complexities and elusiveness that hide behind it, giving special attention to immigrants' integration literature. A distinction between systemic integration and social integration is adopted, and thus in the second chapter recent theorisation on capital and the state (i. e. systemic institutions) is approached, while in the third chapter social movements and organisations are taken into account. In chapter four epistemological and methodological elements are noted. The last three chapters are devoted to analyse original fieldwork data (mainly qualitative interviews): chapter 6 analyses immigration governmental policies at European, 'national-state', 'national-regional', and local levels; chapter 7 studies social and capital organisations in Barcelona in relation to 'foreign immigration'; and in chapter 8 social and capital organisations are studied in relation to 'foreign immigration' in Lisbon. Finally, some conclusions are revealed whilst other questions are posed.