Academic literature on the topic 'Colonial war'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Colonial war.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Colonial war"
1
Sutton, Christopher. "Britain, the Cold War, and ‘the importance of influencing the young’: a comparison of Cyprus and Hong Kong." Britain and the World 7, no. 1 (2014): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2014.0121.
Full textAbstract:
This article reasserts the significance of colonial youth and imperial ideology in the cultural Cold War. It explores Britain's perceptions of colonial youth – both as its most dangerous potential enemy and as the subgroup of colonials which required the most protection against communist indoctrination – and how these shaped policy, by comparing two case studies, Cyprus and Hong Kong. Britain's tactics revealed its general understanding of the Cold War as a true total war – against an enemy from within and out and through high politics, military action, and culture – and how to win it. In the colonies, this centred largely on the differences between negative and positive policy (the former prohibited undesirable action usually through repressive legislation, while the latter provided a pro-democratic and pro-British alternative). Moreover, Britain's Cold War battles cannot be separated from its imperial aims. Its policies regarding colonial youth aimed also at pro-British state formation. Lastly, while positive, pro-democratic policies were considered to be ideal, this article argues that Britain's reliance on repression in the Cold War ‘Youth Race’ reflected its declining imperial power.
2
SHESTAKOVA, I. A. "MINISTRY OF WAR AND COLONIAL AFFAIRS AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE BRITISH COLONIAL TERRITORIES IN THE LATE XVIII – EARLY XIX CENTURIES." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, no. 2 (2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-2-61-69.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of the Ministry of War and Colonial Affairs and the admin-istration of the British colonial territories in the late late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The article examines the pro-cess of creating an effective system of administration of the British Empire in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. An important part of which was the formation of the Minis-try of War and Colonial Affairs, which actually became the first body of the central administration of the colonies of Great Britain. The end of hostilities in 1815 gave a new impetus to the development of the Ministry of War and Colonial Affairs as the institution which main activity was to consider colonial cases in all their diversity. In this regard, emphasizing the main part of the work of this body, in the post-war period, the Ministry began increasingly to be called simply Colonial.
3
Akibayashi, Kozue. "Cold War Shadows of Japan’s Imperial Legacies for Women in East Asia." positions: asia critique 28, no. 3 (2020): 659–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-8315179.
Full textAbstract:
Japan occupies a unique position in the history of East Asia as the sole non-Western colonial power. Japan’s defeat in the Asia-Pacific War that ended its colonial expansion did not bring justice to its former colonies. The Japanese leadership and people were spared from being held accountable for its invasion and colonial rule by the United States in its Cold War strategy to make post–World War II Japan a military outpost and bulwark in the region against communism. How then did the Cold War shape feminisms in Japan, a former colonizing force that never came to terms with its colonial violence? What was the impact of the Cold War on Japanese women’s movements for their own liberation? What are the implications for today? This article discusses the effects of Japan’s imperial legacies during the Cold War and the current aftermath with examples taken from the history of the women’s movement in Japan.
4
Silkstone, Francis. "ComposingPost-Colonial War Requiem." Senses and Society 6, no. 3 (2011): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/174589311x13046098680015.
Full text
5
Treistman, Jeffrey. "The Colonial War revisited." African Security Review 21, no. 3 (2012): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2012.685950.
Full text
6
Van Bergen, Leo. "On ‘war task’ and ‘peace work’. The Dutch East Indies Red Cross between the colonial wars and the Second World War." Asclepio 66, no. 1 (2014): p031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2014.05.
Full text
7
THOMAS, MARTIN. "ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND THE LIMITS TO MOBILIZATION IN THE FRENCH EMPIRE, 1936–1939." Historical Journal 48, no. 2 (2005): 471–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004474.
Full textAbstract:
By 1939 expectations in France of a major colonial contribution to the impending war effort were high. The idea of le salut par l'empire, literally ‘salvation by the empire’, even gained some currency among ministers, officials, and the wider public. This article examines the nature of the economic and military demands imposed on France's major overseas territories in the immediate pre-war years, focusing on the two pre-eminent colonial groupings of the empire: French North Africa and the Indochina federation. It suggests that colonial economies and working populations were poorly placed to meet French expectations of them. The colonies were severely affected by the economic depression of the early 1930s and slower to recover than metropolitan France. Structural economic difficulties imposed limits on the mobilization of colonial resources, a problem made appreciably worse by the earlier disagreements among ministers, colonial officials, and business leaders over the merits of colonial industrialization. The reversal of planned social and constitutional reforms after 1936 added to the political volatility and social divisions of colonial societies as war drew near.
8
Killingray, David. "The ‘Rod of Empire’: The Debate Over Corporal Punishment in the British African Colonial Forces, 1888–1946." Journal of African History 35, no. 2 (1994): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700026396.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout the twentieth century the British Colonial Office sought to limit the severity of corporal punishment and to regulate more closely its use in the colonies. This article has looked at one aspect of that policy involving the African Colonial Forces. Most military officers argued that corporal punishment was essential to maintain discipline, especially in times of war or active service. The Colonial Office sought to limit severely the circumstances in which corporal punishment could be administered but accepted that its use should be retained or revived during the two World Wars.In the Second World War the arguments for retaining corporal punishment for African soldiers were increasingly denounced by officials and various humanitarian lobbies. African Colonial Forces had come under direct War Office control in September 1939 and during the war many African soldiers served overseas alongside British and other units; they also constituted part of an imperial order which, so propaganda increasingly proclaimed after the fall of Singapore, was opposed to racial discrimination. Corporal punishment based on racial terms was out of kilter in the war and was maintained only at the insistence of senior military men. Once the war was over the Colonial Office ordered that this ‘relic of discrimination’ should be ended.
9
Andrew Johnson, D. "Displacing Captives in Colonial South Carolina: Native American Enslavement and the Rise of the Colonial State after the Yamasee War." Journal of Early American History 7, no. 2 (2017): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00702001.
Full textAbstract:
The Yamasee War was a watershed moment in the history of colonial South Carolina. The trade in captive Native Americans through Charles Town was much lower after the war, but did not stop. Continuities across this rupture included captives coming into possession of the colony through the same mechanisms as before the war: as diplomatic gifts, as captives taken in warfare, or as traded commodities. While the liberalized and chaotic trade in captive Native Americans was a concern for colonial officials before the Yamasee War, after the outbreak of war, planters, who controlled of the assembly, made it official policy to remove all Native American captives coming into the colony from the continent, with a few notable exceptions. The main change in how the captive trade worked came with the colonial government’s moves to stand as arbiter over what captives could come into the colony and then force colonists to sell the captives to other colonies. The Native American captive trade therefore became an important site of colonial state-building in the period between 1715 and 1735.
10
Whitney, Susan B. "Introduction." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 46, no. 3 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2020.460301.
Full textAbstract:
World War I has been studied extensively by historians of France and for good reason. Waging the first industrial war required mobilizing all of France’s resources, whether military, political, economic, cultural, or imperial. Politicians from the left and the right joined forces to govern the country, priests and seminarians were drafted into the army, factories were retooled to produce armaments and other war material, and women and children were enlisted to do their part. So too were colonial subjects. More than 500,000 men from France’s empire fought in Europe for the French Army, while another 200,000 colonial subjects labored in France’s wartime workplaces. The human losses were staggering and the political, economic, and cultural reverberations long-lasting, both in the metropole and in the colonies. More than 1.3 million French soldiers and an estimated 71,000 colonial soldiers lost their lives, leaving behind approximately 1.1 million war orphans and 600,000 war widows.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Colonial war"
1
Biber, Bruce. "Intertribal war in pre-colonial Namibia /." Genève : Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36643297j.
Full text
2
Roberts, Luke Edward. "Colonial Williamsburg, National Identity, and Cold War Patriotism." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626439.
Full text
3
Crozier, Anna. "The Colonial Medical Officer and colonial identity : Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania before World War Two." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444617/.
Full textAbstract:
The Colonial Medical Service was the branch of the Colonial Service responsible for healthcare provision in the British overseas territories. This work profiles Colonial Medical Officers serving in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania from the beginnings of British colonial rule to the start of World War Two. On the basis of a large prosopographical database, the composition and experiences of this governmental cadre are profiled and analysed.
4
Meriwether, Jeffrey Lee. "Procrastination or pragmatism? : British defence policy, War Office administration, and the South African War, 1898-1903." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341163.
Full text
5
WAGNER, MEGAN JENNIFER. "THE SEVEN YEARS WAR: GLOBAL CONFLICT AND THE COLONIAL PERSPECTIVE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192269.
Full text
6
Feeley, Stephen D. "Tuscarora trails: Indian migrations, war, and constructions of colonial frontiers." W&M ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623324.
Full textAbstract:
Over a century before the Cherokees' Infamous "Trail of Tears," uprooted refugees already made up a majority among Indians in many regions of the American backcountry. Using the Tuscarora Indians as a case study, I take a new look at the role of refugee Indian groups in the construction of colonial frontiers and examine the ways that Indians thrown together from varying regional and cultural backgrounds wrestled with questions of collective identity. Although the Tuscaroras had once been eastern North Carolina's most influential Indian nation, after devastating military defeat, in the words of one contemporary, they "scattered as the wind scatters smoke." Some remained in North Carolina where they resided uneasily on the periphery of a plantation society and saw their lives restructured as "tributaries" of that colony. A few moved to South Carolina where they found employment as mercenaries, working to buy back enslaved kin.;Nearly two thousand trekked to Pennsylvania and New York where they settled with the Iroquois, a powerful five-nation confederacy that adopted the newcomers as their "sixth nation." The result of such dispersals was an eighteenth-century backcountry tied together by new bonds of trade, war, diplomacy, and kinship: Indian travelers, often members of displaced nations, constantly visited each other on worn valley paths hidden behind Appalachian ridge lines. at the same time, massive refugee movements that crossed colonial boundaries forced previously insular colonial governments to square off in either cooperation or competition in implementing frontier policies.;This study is the first detailed examination of the Tuscaroras and a provocative case study in the interrelations between migration, culture, and politics.
7
Fujimoto, Juliana. "A guerra indígena como guerra colonial: as representações e o lugar da belicosidade indígena e da antropofagia no Brasil Colonial (séculos XVI e XVII)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-10042017-123359/.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho constitui uma análise do processo de reorientação das guerras indígenas no Brasil colonial empreendida mediante a investigação da atividade bélica indígena na capitania da Bahia entre a instalação do governo-geral em 1549 e a invasão holandesa na Bahia de 1624. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica dos estudos antropológicos clássicos acerca do complexo bélico tupinambá e posterior cotejamento com as diferentes configurações assumidas pela guerra indígena nas fontes quinhentistas e seiscentistas e na historiografia contemporânea. Estabeleceu-se como objetivos de estudo avaliar as contribuições e limites das análises antropológicas sobre o complexo guerra-sacrifício tupi, a fim de ampliar a compreensão sobre o processo de reorientação da guerra indígena e explicar a participação indígena nas guerras realizadas na Bahia, bem como avaliar em que medida a atuação dos missionários cristãos como mediadores culturais auxilia a compreensão desse processo. No âmbito teórico, focalizou-se a atuação dos missionários como mediadores das relações interculturais durante a missão jesuíta na Bahia com o aporte da teoria da mediação cultural. Como diretriz metodológica, optou-se pelo gênero narrativo-descritivo para transcrever as narrativas que abordam o processo de transformação das guerras intertribais em guerra coloniais, a fim de evidenciar as diferentes perspectivas teóricas sobre a guerra indígena. Analisaram-se criticamente as representações das guerras nas diferentes fontes, a partir das quais se elaborou a reconstituição de dois processos: a adaptação do sistema bélico tupi para o atendimento das necessidades bélicas coloniais e a construção de uma nova ideologia de guerra com a ênfase na belicosidade indígena e na antropofagia para justificar as novas demandas geradas no contexto da colonização. Identificaram-se como principais resultados do estudo, a utilização da prática bélica indígena como instrumento de colonização e exploração econômica, a exacerbação da belicosidade indígena nos discursos europeus para justificar a necessidade da colonização e a reconfiguração das guerras realizadas no Novo Mundo, que a partir do encontro ultrapassaram as antigas rivalidades intertribais e tornaram-se conflitos coloniais.<br>This study is an analysis of the reorientation process of the Indian Wars in colonial Brazil undertaken by investigating the indigenous war activity in the captaincy of Bahia between the implementation of Government-General in 1549 and the Dutch invasion in Bahia 1624. Before achieving this goal we make a literature review of the major anthropological studies about Tupinamba Wars confronting these with the references given by the sources and the contemporary historiography that shows that the Indian war in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries assumed different configurations. It was established as study aims to evaluate the contributions and limits of anthropological analyzes of the Tupi war-sacrifice complex, in order to broaden the understanding of the reorientation process of the Indian war and explain the indigenous participation in wars conducted in Bahia, as well as to evaluate if the focus in missionary activity between Indians helps the understanding of this process. In the theoretical realm, we analyzed the performance of missionaries as cultural brokers for the Jesuit mission in Bahia with the contribution of the theory of cultural mediation. As a methodological guideline, we opted for the narrative-descriptive genre to transcribe the stories that address the transformation process of intertribal wars in colonial war in order to highlight the different theoretical perspectives on indigenous war. We analyzed critically the representations of wars in different sources which made possible the reconstruction of two processes: the adaptation of the Tupi war to answer the colonial war needs and the construction of a new ideology of war with emphasis on Indian bellicosity and cannibalism to justify the new demands generated in the context of colonization. It was identified as the main results of this study, the use of indigenous war practice as colonization and economic exploitation instruments, the intensification of the indigenous bellicosity in European speeches to justify the need for colonization and the reconfiguration of the wars carried out in the New World, that since the encounter overcame the intertribal rivalries and became colonial conflicts.
8
Verinakis, Theofanis Costas Dino. "Barbaric sovereignty states of emergency and their colonial legacies /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3307699.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 24, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-261).
9
Sloma, Diane. "Gibraltar fortress and colony in strategy, economics and war 1918 to 1947." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313205.
Full text
10
Soubrier, Stéphanie. ""Races guerrières" : armée, science et politique dans l'empire colonial français (années 1850-1918)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H096.
Full textAbstract:
Théorisée en 1910 par le général Charles Mangin dans le cadre du projet de recrutement d’une « force noire » en Afrique occidentale, la catégorie de « race guerrière » est utilisée en France, entre les années 1850 et la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, pour désigner certaines populations de l’empire colonial français qui possèderaient des aptitudes particulières à la guerre et au métier militaire. Cette thèse retrace l’émergence, dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, de cette catégorie originale de l’ethnographie militaire. Elle interroge ses éventuelles applications, ses circulations à une échelle impériale et transimpériale, ainsi que le rôle joué par les populations désignées comme « races guerrières » dans la construction de la catégorie. Les archives militaires, celles du général Mangin, les écrits des officiers et des soldats français servant dans l’empire, et un corpus de sources savantes permettent d’étudier les différentes composantes de la catégorie de « race guerrière » et la manière dont elle se construit en lien et en opposition avec la catégorie des « races non guerrières ». Présentée par les officiers coloniaux et l’institution militaire comme un outil du recrutement, la catégorie de « races guerrières », éminemment labile, n’a en réalité jamais constitué un guide précis de sélection des recrues. Elle donne en revanche naissance à la figure ambiguë du soldat indigène, à la fois menaçante et rassurante. Enfin, l’expérience de la Première Guerre mondiale, qui constitue la première mise à l’épreuve sur le sol européen, de la catégorie de « race guerrière », lui apporte à la fois une confirmation et un démenti<br>Theorized in 1910 by general Charles Mangin, who advocated the recruitment of a Force noire in French West Africa, the races guerrières category was used in France, between the 1850s and the end of the First World War, to designate colonized groups deemed especially warlike and prone to military service. This dissertation traces the emergence of this unique military and ethnographic category, during the second part of the XIXth century. It studies the ways in which it was put into practice, its imperial and transimperial circulations, as well as the role played by the races guerrières themselves in the construction of the category. Military archives, among which Mangin’s files, colonial officers and soldiers’ writings, and a selection of scientific sources offer insights into the internal definition of races guerrières, and its connection with races non guerrières. Although colonial officers and the military presented it as a recruitment tool, the races guerrières category was very unstable and was never used as a precise guide to select indigenous recruits. However, it gave birth to the ambiguous figure of the native soldier, both reassuring and threatening. The experience of the First World War, during which the category was first put to the test on European ground, offered both a confirmation and a refutation
Books on the topic "Colonial war"
2
Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. A small colonial war. Del Rey Books, 1990.
Find full text
5
R, Colomb J. C. Imperial and colonial responsibilities in war. Royal Colonial Institute, 1997.
Find full text
6
Bruce, Biber. Intertribal war in pre-colonial Namibia. Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales, 1989.
Find full text
10
Campos, Ângela. An Oral History of the Portuguese Colonial War. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46194-6.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Colonial war"
1
Geiter, Mary K., and W. A. Speck. "King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War." In Colonial America. Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-1376-0_11.
Full text
2
Aldrich, Robert. "Colonial War Memorials." In Vestiges of the Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230005525_4.
Full text
3
Butcher, Emma. "Colonial Warfare." In The Brontës and War. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95636-7_5.
Full text
4
Geiter, Mary K., and W. A. Speck. "The French and Indian War." In Colonial America. Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-1376-0_13.
Full text
5
Virtue, Nicolas G. "Revisiting the ‘colonial hypothesis’." In A Fascist Decade of War. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203701232-10.
Full text
6
Seton-Watson, Hugh. "European Colonial Policies in Africa." In Neither War Nor Peace. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003248521-17.
Full text
7
MacMaster, Neil. "Emigration and the Algerian War, 1954–62." In Colonial Migrants and Racism. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230371255_12.
Full text
8
Sèbe, Berny. "Justifying ‘New Imperialism’: The Making of Colonial Heroes, 1857–1902." In Justifying War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230393295_3.
Full text
9
Kakel, Carroll P. "Nazi Praxis: Colonial War and Genocide." In The Holocaust as Colonial Genocide: Hitler’s ‘Indian Wars’ in the ‘Wild East’. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-39169-8_5.
Full text
10
Blume, Arthur W. "The Colonial War with the Environment." In International and Cultural Psychology. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92825-4_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Colonial war"
1
Макаров, Е. П. "PROBLEMS OF RELATIONSHIP OF LOCAL ELITES AND COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION OF VIRGINIA ON THE EVE OF THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.21.32.011.
Full textAbstract:
В работе анализируются особенности политической и экономической обстановки, сложив-шейся в Виргинии к началу 1760-х гг. Отдельного внимания заслуживает проблема формирования самосознания торгово-финансовой элиты Виргинии, заметного на фоне международных полити-ческих процессов данного периода. Обратившись к вопросу неоднородности виргинской колони-альной элиты, а также выделив участников колониального политического процесса, можно про-следить становление и эволюцию виргинской аристократии в период обострения противоречий между колониальным обществом и властью метрополии. The paper analyzes the features of the political and economic situation that had developed in Virginia by the beginning of the 1760s. Special attention should be paid to the problem of the formation of self-awareness of the commercial and financial elite of Virginia, noticeable against the background of the international political processes of this period. Turning to the issue of the heterogeneity of the Virginian colonial elite, as well as highlighting the participants in the colonial political process, one can trace the process of the formation and evolution of the Virginian aristocracy during the period of aggravation of the contradictions between colonial society and the power of the metropolis.
2
Нестеров, Д. А. "FEATURES OF THE RAND CORPORATION'S INTERACTION WITH BRITISH COLONIAL SERVICE OFFICERS DURING THE VIETNAM WAR." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.15.92.024.
Full textAbstract:
Во время войны во Вьетнаме корпорация РЭНД стала играть существенную роль в полити-ческой экспертизе США, занимаясь разработкой стратегии действий американского правительства в данном вооруженном конфликте. При этом в рамках данного процесса «фабрика мысли» актив-но сотрудничала с британскими офицерами колониальной службы. Это было связано с тем, что Великобритания обладала знаниями и опытом антиповстанческой деятельности. Поэтому экспер-тов РЭНД интересовало, какую выгоду они могут получить из этих колониальных знаний и опыта в сценариях войны во Вьетнаме. В рамках данной статьи будут определены и проанализированы особенности данного взаимодействия. During the Vietnam War, the RAND Corporation began to play a significant role in the political expertise of the United States, developing a strategy for the actions of the American government in this armed conflict. At the same time, within the framework of this process, the “thought factory” actively cooperated with British officers of the colonial service. This was due to the fact that the UK had the knowledge and experience of counterinsurgency activities. Therefore, RAND experts were interested in how they can benefit from this colonial knowledge and experience in scenarios of the Vietnam War. Within the framework of this article, the features of this interaction will be determined and analyzed.
3
Campos, João. "The superb Brazilian Fortresses of Macapá and Príncipe da Beira." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11520.
Full textAbstract:
During the eighteenth century Portugal developed a large military construction process in the Ultramarine possessions, in order to compete with the new born colonial trading empires, mainly Great Britain, Netherlands and France. The Portuguese colonial seashores of the Atlantic Ocean (since the middle of the sixteenth century) and of the Indian Ocean (from the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century) were repeatedly coveted, and the huge Portuguese colony of Brazil was also harassed in the south during the eighteenth century –here due to problems in a diplomatic and military dispute with Spain, related with the global frontiers’ design of the Iberian colonies. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) had specifically abrogated the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Portugal and Spain, and the limits of Brazil began to be defined on the field. Macapá is situated in the western branch of Amazonas delta, in the singular cross-point of the Equator with Tordesillas Meridian, and the construction of a big fortress began in the year of 1764 under direction of Enrico Antonio Galluzzi, an Italian engineer contracted by Portuguese administration to the Commission of Delimitation, which arrived in Brazil in 1753. In consequence of the political panorama in Europe after the Seven Years War (1756-1763), a new agreement between Portugal and Spain was negotiated (after the regional conflict in South America), achieved to the Treaty of San Idefonso (1777), which warranted the integration of the Amazonas basin. It was strategic the decision to build, one year before, the huge fortress of Príncipe da Beira, arduously realized in the most interior of the sub-continent, 2000 km from the sea throughout the only possible connection by rivers navigation. Domingos Sambucetti, another Italian engineer, was the designer and conductor of the jobs held on the right bank of Guaporé River, future frontier’s line with Bolivia. São José de Macapá and Príncipe da Beira are two big fortresses Vauban’ style, built under very similar projects by two Italian engineers (each one dead with malaria in the course of building), with the observance of the most exigent rules of the treaties of military architecture.
4
James, Eric H. "Colonial Scout: A Powerful Web Map Solution Designed As the Data Messenger for Colonial Pipeline Company." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78646.
Full textAbstract:
Colonial pipeline’s asset data management team maintains large volumes of data, CAD facility drawings, and historical records. Organizing and encapsulating this data has been a historical challenge. Frequent requests for data relevant to individual projects was time-consuming and laborious. Colonial Scout was designed to be a simple self-help tool that allows employees to locate data quickly. Further, it was constructed to provide a one-stop shop for accessing Colonial data in its most current and up to date forms. Design of the Colonial Scout application took approximately six months to complete. The final result is an intuitive web map application connected to a versioned enterprise geodatabase. Within the application, relevant tools interact with live data, providing immediate access to Colonial’s most up to date information. Integration with FME server, adept document management and Esri’s ArcGIS enterprise have advanced colonial scout’s efficiency in locating data. These software products enhance colonial scout’s power as a help-yourself product for accessing current information through means of helpful data visualization. Colonial Scout is the go to source for alignment sheets, CAD drawings, property and easement records, locating tank assets, and Colonial’s 5,500 miles of pipeline assets. Users also have the ability to download data in a variety of file formats for project specific analysis and reports. Colonial Scout has significantly reduced the number of work orders related to searching for data, drawings and records. Employees are better informed by acquiring the latest information and no longer rely on outdated paper hardcopies. Colonial Scout is an innovative and expandable solution for Colonial’s ever-growing data needs.
5
Magalhães, Ana. "Le Corbusier’s legacy in the tropics: modern architecture in Angola and Mozambique (1950-70)." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.978.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: Le Corbusier’s work and thought are a predominant influence over the Modern Movement, and their worldwide spreading acquired a significant dimension during the Second Post-War period. Such predominance of the architectural models conveyed by Le Corbusier may have originated in the rationale enunciated in his written work, which clearly explains a set of doctrinaire parameters, or in his active determinant role in international organisations such as the CIAM, but particularly in his ability to become a global architect, which led to a large international publication of his work. This paper intends to analyse the significance of the Corbusian legacy in architectural production in Angola and Mozambique during the 1950s and 1960s. These two former Portuguese colonies, far away from the centre of power dominated by the dictatorship of the so-called Estado Novo, were tantamount to a land of freedom and were, for a significant range of young architects working and building there, a laboratory for testing new languages of the Modern Movement, particularly on the basis of the Corbusian vocabulary. Two of those young architects Vasco Vieira da Costa (1911- 1982) and Fernão Simões de Carvalho (1929-), who worked in Angola from the beginning of the 50s, were trainees in Le Corbusier’s Paris ateliers. In addition to the work developed by those two architects, the specificity of the architectural production in Angola and Mozambique, particularly private order work, is clearly referenced to the Corbusian lexicon, whether in a more orthodox or a more hybrid way. Keywords: Le Corbusier; Le Corbusier’s legacy; Architecture in Lusophone Africa; Colonial; Tropical. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.978
6
Arno, Matthew G., Janine Katanic Arno, Donald A. Halter, Robert O. Berry, and Ian S. Hamilton. "Radiological Characterization of a Copper/Cobalt Mining and Milling Site." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16322.
Full textAbstract:
Extensive copper and cobalt ore deposits can be found in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo near the city of Kolwezi. These deposits have been mined via open pit and underground mines since the 19th century with many changes in control of the mines including colonial industrial control and Congolese government control. With the recent re-establishment of a relatively stable democratic government in the DRC, foreign investors returned to the area to restart mining activities that were abruptly terminated in the 1990’s due to political turmoil. Some of these new projects are being performed in accordance with World Bank and International Finance Corporation Social & Environmental Sustainability standards. As part of these standards, radiological characterization of the mines, processing facilities, and surrounding environment was conducted to establish current conditions, evaluate human health and ecological risks, and provide a basis for establishment of radiation safety and environmental remediation programs. In addition to naturally occurring radioactive materials associated with the copper/cobalt ore, the site was reputedly historically used to store ore from the Shinkolobwe uranium mine, the source of the uranium ore for the World War II Manhattan project. The radiological characterization was conducted via extensive gamma radiation surveys using vehicle-mounted sodium-iodide detectors, random grid composite soil sampling, biased soil sampling of areas with elevated gamma radiation levels, and sampling of surface water features. The characterization revealed broad areas of elevated gamma radiation levels of up to 160 μGy/hr in two distinct areas believed to be the Shinkolobwe uranium mine ore storage locations. Other areas, with gamma radiation levels of up to 80 μGy/hr, were detected associated with copper/cobalt ore refinery tailings and waste rock (overburden) sediments. The gamma radiation surveys revealed that elevated radiation levels were largely confined to areas previously disturbed by mechanized mining activities. Radiological contaminants in local surface water sources were within drinking water standards with the exception of one river heavily polluted with both uranium and other metals by waste streams from an ore processing and refining facility. Surrounding areas that appeared to be undisturbed by mining, including agricultural areas, native villages, and urban colonial-architecture cities, exhibited soil concentration and gamma radiation levels consistent with expected background levels.
7
Pérez Gallego, Francisco, and Rosa María Giusto. "La influencia de Pedro Luis Escrivá en el sistema defensivo colonial de América." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11340.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of Pedro Luis Escrivá in the American colonial defense systemThe architect and military engineer Pedro Luis Escrivá (1490 ca. - sixteenth century), at the service of Charles V of Habsburg and the Viceroyal Court of Naples, built two bastioned fortifications designed to considerably influence the subject of territorial defense structures: The quadrangular Spanish Fort of L'Aquila (1534-1567) and the reconstruction of the Sant’Elmo Castle in Naples (1537), with an elongated six-pointed stellar plan, served as a reference point for the European and American fortifications of the period. Due to its size and versatility, the model adopted in L’Aquila was widely used in the Latin American context between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. It is found in countries that were Hispanic colonies such as Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay; as well as in the Hispanic domains of the United States and in some of the dependent territories of the Portuguese crown, in Brazil. Based on a historical-architectural and contextual analysis of these structures, the effects of the “cultural transfer” between Europe and America will be investigated with respect to the model devised by Escrivá to promote its cultural valorization.
8
Simmons, Steven, and Roger Watson. "A System-Wide Pipeline Automation Project: Application Colonial Pipeline System." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27026.
Full textAbstract:
This paper will discuss the objectives, challenges, and methods of implementing a system-wide pipeline automation project at Colonial Pipeline, focusing on the pilot project and early years. Currently the company is in the midst of a five-year project to automate and remotely operate delivery facilities, tank farms, and origination stations along over 5000 miles of existing pipeline. The end result will bring control of over 200 facilities into to the Central Control Center. Technically, the project goal is to install state of the art infrastructure to enhance safety and reliability, standardize to a common platform across the system, and integrate into an existing SCADA Control System. From the business perspective, the project goal is to meet or exceed typical industry guidelines for project management metrics, reach a unitized cost basis and provide a foundation for consistent and repeatable operations across the entire pipeline system. The Common Project Process (a cross-functional integrated project team strategy) and an engineering alliance are being used to define and execute the project phases. Colonial’s Engineering team recast itself in 1999 on the basis of establishing core competencies, leveraging internal talent and knowledge, and establishing an effective outsourcing strategy. This automation project is one of the first large-scale efforts to put this new model to task. In 2000, Colonial Pipeline and Mangan, Inc. formed an engineering alliance to capitalize on the strengths of both teams. Colonial’s pipeline engineering and operations knowledge have been equitably matched with Mangan’s project management, engineering and integration skills. The result is an energetic and committed technical project team, as well as a win-win opportunity for both sides. This alliance provides a valuable model for engineering team outsourcing and contracting. Except for original construction projects, it is rare for a pipeline company to take on a system-wide infrastructure upgrade opportunity of this scope. Success of the pilot project depended on integrating the field automation with SCADA system capabilities and developing both control center and human resources plans. The field hardware, the technical focus of this paper, is a small piece of the entire project objective; however it represents the foundation of the entire business model. Selecting and committing to a common controls platform was an engineering objective. The hardware had to provide a certain level of assurance that the standard model would be available both at the start and the end of the project, in addition to supporting legacy systems for future challenges. In summary, this automation project represents more than engineering and integration. It’s a combination of the talent, hardware, and vision which will accomplish the goal of the core business product — safe and efficient delivery of consumer fuels.
9
Davis, Felecia. "Memorial and Museum for the African Burial Ground, New York, New York." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.67.
Full textAbstract:
In 1991 excavation for a 34 story Federal office tower at Broadway between Duane and Reade streets in lower Manhattan unearthed for the public a site titled on colonial maps as the "Negro Burial Ground." This place which occupied the margins of the Dutch colonial city, later the edge of the encroaching palisade construction, was the final resting place for free Africans, slaves and other impoverished people. In the seventeenth century the grounds were the only space where Africans free and slave could meet together so that the burial ground was also a political rallying space. This burial ground was the Africans only autonomous space, the only space where they were allowed to congregate with regularity in large numbers.
10
Mallick, Bhaswar. "Instrumentality of the Labor: Architectural Labor and Resistance in 19th Century India." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.49.
Full textAbstract:
19th century British historians, while glorifying ancient Indian architecture, legitimized Imperialism by portraying a decline. To deny vitality of native architecture, it was essential to marginalize the prevailing masons and craftsmen – a strain that later enabled portrayal of architects as cognoscenti in the modern world. Now, following economic liberalization, rural India is witnessing a new hasty urbanization, compliant of Globalization. However, agrarian protests and tribal insurgencies evidence the resistance, evocative of that dislocation in the 19th century; the colonial legacy giving way to concerns of internal neo-colonialism.
Reports on the topic "Colonial war"
1
Grubb, Farley. Colonial New Jersey's Provincial Fiscal Structure, 1709-1775: Spending Obligations, Revenue Sources, and Tax Burdens in War and in Peace. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21152.
Full text
2
McKinnon, Mark, Craig Weinschenk, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Modeling Gas Burner Fires in Ranch and Colonial Style Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mwje4818.
Full textAbstract:
The test scenarios ranged from fires in the structures with no exterior ventilation to room fires with flow paths that connected the fires with remote intake and exhaust vents. In the ranch, two replicate fires were conducted for each room of origin and each ventilation condition. Rooms of fire origin included the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. In the colonial, the focus was on varying the flow paths to examine the change in fire behavior and the resulting damage. No replicates were conducted in the colonial. After each fire scene was documented, the interior finish and furnishings were replaced in affected areas of the structure. Instrumentation was installed to measure gas temperature, gas pressure, and gas movement within the structures. In addition, oxygen sensors were installed to determine when a sufficient level of oxygen was available for flaming combustion. Standard video and firefighting IR cameras were also installed inside of the structures to capture information about the fire dynamics of the experiments. Video cameras were also positioned outside of the structures to monitor the flow of smoke, flames, and air at the exterior vents. Each of the fires were started from a small flaming source. The fires were allowed to develop until they self-extinguished due to a lack of oxygen or until the fire had transitioned through flashover. The times that fires burned post-flashover varied based on the damage occurring within the structure. The goal was have patterns remaining on the ceiling, walls, and floors post-test. In total, thirteen experiments were conducted in the ranch structure and eight experiments were conducted in the colonial structure. All experiments were conducted at UL's Large Fire Laboratory in Northbrook, IL. Increasing the ventilation available to the fire, in both the ranch and the colonial, resulted in additional burn time, additional fire growth, and a larger area of fire damage within the structures. These changes are consistent with fire dynamics based assessments and were repeatable. Fire patterns within the room of origin led to the area of origin when the ventilation of the structure was considered. Fire patterns generated pre-flashover, persisted post-flashover if the ventilation points were remote from the area of origin.
3
Chriscoe, Mackenzie, Rowan Lockwood, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colonial National Historical Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2291851.
Full textAbstract:
Colonial National Historical Park (COLO) in eastern Virginia was established for its historical significance, but significant paleontological resources are also found within its boundaries. The bluffs around Yorktown are composed of sedimentary rocks and deposits of the Yorktown Formation, a marine unit deposited approximately 4.9 to 2.8 million years ago. When the Yorktown Formation was being deposited, the shallow seas were populated by many species of invertebrates, vertebrates, and micro-organisms which have left body fossils and trace fossils behind. Corals, bryozoans, bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, worms, crabs, ostracodes, echinoids, sharks, bony fishes, whales, and others were abundant. People have long known about the fossils of the Yorktown area. Beginning in the British colonial era, fossiliferous deposits were used to make lime and construct roads, while more consolidated intervals furnished building stone. Large shells were used as plates and dippers. Collection of specimens for study began in the late 17th century, before they were even recognized as fossils. The oldest image of a fossil from North America is of a typical Yorktown Formation shell now known as Chesapecten jeffersonius, probably collected from the Yorktown area and very likely from within what is now COLO. Fossil shells were observed by participants of the 1781 siege of Yorktown, and the landmark known as “Cornwallis Cave” is carved into rock made of shell fragments. Scientific description of Yorktown Formation fossils began in the early 19th century. At least 25 fossil species have been named from specimens known to have been discovered within COLO boundaries, and at least another 96 have been named from specimens potentially discovered within COLO, but with insufficient locality information to be certain. At least a dozen external repositories and probably many more have fossils collected from lands now within COLO, but again limited locality information makes it difficult to be sure. This paleontological resource inventory is the first of its kind for Colonial National Historical Park (COLO). Although COLO fossils have been studied as part of the Northeast Coastal Barrier Network (NCBN; Tweet et al. 2014) and, to a lesser extent, as part of a thematic inventory of caves (Santucci et al. 2001), the park had not received a comprehensive paleontological inventory before this report. This inventory allows for a deeper understanding of the park’s paleontological resources and compiles information from historical papers as well as recently completed field work. In summer 2020, researchers went into the field and collected eight bulk samples from three different localities within COLO. These samples will be added to COLO’s museum collections, making their overall collection more robust. In the future, these samples may be used for educational purposes, both for the general public and for employees of the park.
4
Richards, Robin. The Effect of Non-partisan Elections and Decentralisation on Local Government Performance. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.014.
Full textAbstract:
This rapid review focusses on whether there is international evidence on the role of non-partisan elections as a form of decentralised local government that improves performance of local government. The review provides examples of this from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. There are two reported examples in Sub-Saharan Africa of non-partisan elections that delink candidates from political parties during election campaigns. The use of non-partisan elections to improve performance and democratic accountability at the level of government is not common, for example, in southern Africa all local elections at the sub-national sphere follow the partisan model. Whilst there were no examples found where countries shifted from partisan to non-partisan elections at the local government level, the literature notes that decentralisation policies have the effect of democratising and transferring power and therefore few central governments implement it fully. In Africa decentralisation is favoured because it is often used as a cover for central control. Many post-colonial leaders in Africa continue to favour centralised government under the guise of decentralisation. These preferences emanated from their experiences under colonisation where power was maintained by colonial administrations through institutions such as traditional leadership. A review of the literature on non-partisan elections at the local government level came across three examples where this occurred. These countries were: Ghana, Uganda and Bangladesh. Although South Africa holds partisan elections at the sub-national sphere, the election of ward committee members and ward councillors, is on a non-partisan basis and therefore, the ward committee system in South Africa is included as an example of a non-partisan election process in the review.
5
Chejanovsky, Nor, Diana Cox-Foster, Victoria Soroker, and Ron Ophir. Honeybee modulation of infection with the Israeli acute paralysis virus, in asymptomatic, acutely infected and CCD colonies. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594392.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony losses pose a severe risk to the food chain. The IAPV (Israeli acute paralysis virus) was correlated with CCD, a particular case of colony collapse. Honey bees severely infected with IAPV show shivering wings that progress to paralysis and subsequent death. Bee viruses, including IAPV, are widely present in honey bee colonies but often there are no pathological symptoms. Infestation of the beehive with Varroa mites or exposure to stress factors leads to significant increase in viral titers and fatal infections. We hypothesized that the honey bee is regulating/controlling IAPV and viral infections in asymptomatic infections and this control is broken through "stress" leading to acute infections and/or CCD. Our aims were: 1. To discover genetic changes in IAPV that may affect tissue tropism in the host, and/or virus infectivity and pathogenicity. 2. To elucidate mechanisms used by the host to regulate/ manage the IAPV-infection in vivo and in vitro. To achieve the above objectives we first studied stress-induced virus activation. Our data indicated that some pesticides, including myclobutanil, chlorothalonil and fluvalinate, result in amplified viral titers when bees are exposed at sub lethal levels by a single feeding. Analysis of the level of immune-related bee genes indicated that CCD-colonies exhibit altered and weaker immune responses than healthy colonies. Given the important role of viral RNA interference (RNAi) in combating viral infections we investigated if CCD-colonies were able to elicit this particular antiviral response. Deep-sequencing analysis of samples from CCD-colonies from US and Israel revealed high frequency of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) perfectly matching IAPV, Kashmir bee virus and Deformed wing virus genomes. Israeli colonies showed high titers of IAPV and a conserved RNAi pattern of targeting the viral genome .Our findings were further supported by analysis of samples from colonies experimentally infected with IAPV. Following for the first time the dynamics of IAPV infection in a group of CCD colonies that we rescued from collapse, we found that IAPV conserves its potential to act as one lethal, infectious factor and that its continuous replication in CCD colonies deeply affects their health and survival. Ours is the first report on the dominant role of IAPV in CCD-colonies outside from the US under natural conditions. We concluded that CCD-colonies do exhibit a regular siRNA response that is specific against predominant viruses associated with colony losses and other immune pathways may account for their weak immune response towards virus infection. Our findings: 1. Reveal that preventive measures should be taken by the beekeepers to avoid insecticide-based stress induction of viral infections as well as to manage CCD colonies as a source of highly infectious viruses such as IAPV. 2. Contribute to identify honey bee mechanisms involved in managing viral infections.
6
Hefetz, Abraham, and Gene Robinson. Hormonal and Pheromonal Regulation of Reproduction in the Bumble Bee Bombus terrestris. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568775.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Bombus terrestris constitute important pollinators of greenhouse crops. In Israel the species utilized is, whose colonies are reared commercially. This is a primitively social species with a particular colony development. It encompasses two social phases: a eusocial phase in which the queen dominates reproduction, and a competition phase in which workers compete with the queen for the parentage of males. These workers are distinguished by accelerated ovarian development, high production of JH, and elevated levels of dopamine in the brain. Queen-worker conflict is also manifested in overt aggression among all members of the nest. High aggression is correlated with dominance status of the bees and is also correlated with octopamine levels in the brain. After verifying that JH III is the only JH produced by the bees and validating the assay for its measurements (RCA & RIA), we used JH as an indicator of worker reproduction. Queens taken from colonies both before and after the competition phase were equally effective in inhibiting worker reproduction. Moreover, there is only a narrow window, around the competition point, in which workers may have the opportunity to initiate reproduction. Before that point they are inhibited by the dominant queen, while after that point both the queen and those workers with accelerated ovarian development exert strong inhibition on worker nest mates. Thus, "queen dominance deterioration" is not the primary cause in eliciting the queen-worker conflict. Queens convey their presence by means of a chemical signal that is extractable in organic solvent and that is normally spread on the cuticle. Total body extract and body washes, applied on dead virgin queens, were able to inhibit the release of JHin vitro in queenless workers. However, none of the prominent exocrine gland investigated mimicked this function. It is possible that the source of the putative pheromone is an unknown gland, or that it emanates from an assembly of glands. Chemical analyses of the prominent glands revealed a plethora of compounds the function of which should be further investigated. Understanding the social behavior of B. terrestris paves the way to facilitate colony manipulation and to adjust the colonies for specific pollination requirements.
7
Walsh, Alex. The Contentious Politics of Tunisia’s Natural Resource Management and the Prospects of the Renewable Energy Transition. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.048.
Full textAbstract:
For many decades in Tunisia, there has been a robust link between natural resource management and contentious national and local politics. These disputes manifest in the form of protests, sit-ins, the disruption of production and distribution and legal suits on the one hand, and corporate and government response using coercive and concessionary measures on the other. Residents of resource-rich areas and their allies protest the inequitable distribution of their local natural wealth and the degradation of their health, land, water, soil and air. They contest a dynamic that tends to bring greater benefit to Tunisia’s coastal metropolitan areas. Natural resource exploitation is also a source of livelihoods and the contentious politics around them have, at times, led to somewhat more equitable relationships. The most important actors in these contentious politics include citizens, activists, local NGOs, local and national government, international commercial interests, international NGOs and multilateral organisations. These politics fit into wider and very longstanding patterns of wealth distribution in Tunisia and were part of the popular alienation that drove the uprising of 2011. In many ways, the dynamic of the contentious politics is fundamentally unchanged since prior to the uprising and protests have taken place within the same month of writing of this paper. Looking onto this scene, commentators use the frame of margins versus centre (‘marginalization’), and also apply the lens of labour versus capital. If this latter lens is applied, not only is there continuity from prior to 2011, there is continuity with the colonial era when natural resource extraction was first industrialised and internationalised. In these ways, the management of Tunisia’s natural wealth is a significant part of the country’s serious political and economic challenges, making it a major factor in the street politics unfolding at the time of writing.
8
Brandl, Maria T., Shlomo Sela, Craig T. Parker, and Victor Rodov. Salmonella enterica Interactions with Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592642.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The emergence of food-borne illness outbreaks linked to the contamination of fruits and vegetables is a great concern in industrialized countries. The current lack of control measures and effective sanitization methods prompt the need for new strategies to reduce contamination of produce. Our ability to assess the risk associated with produce contamination and to devise innovative control strategies depends on the identification of critical determinants that affect the growth and the persistence of human pathogens on plants. Salmonella enterica, a common causal agent of illness linked to produce, has the ability to colonize and persist on plants. Thus, our main objective was to identify plant-inducible genes that have a role in the growth and/or persistence of S. enterica on postharvest lettuce. Our findings suggest that in-vitro biofilm formation tests may provide a suitable model to predict the initial attachment of Salmonella to cut-romaine lettuce leaves and confirm that Salmonella could persist on lettuce during shelf-life storage. Importantly, we found that Salmonella association with lettuce increases its acid-tolerance, a trait which might be correlated with an enhanced ability of the pathogen to pass through the acidic barrier of the stomach. We have demonstrated that Salmonella can internalize leaves of iceberg lettuce through open stomata. We found for the first time that internalization is an active bacterial process mediated by chemotaxis and motility toward nutrient produced in the leaf by photosynthesis. These findings may provide a partial explanation for the failure of sanitizers to efficiently eradicate foodborne pathogens in leafy greens and may point to a novel mechanism utilized by foodborne and perhaps plant pathogens to colonize leaves. Using resolvase in vivo expression technology (RIVET) we have managed to identify multiple Salmonella genes, some of which with no assigned function, which are involved in attachment to and persistence of Salmonella on lettuce leaves. The precise function of these genes in Salmonella-leaf interactions is yet to be elucidated. Taken together, our findings have advanced the understanding of how Salmonella persist in the plant environment, as well as the potential consequences upon ingestion by human. The emerging knowledge opens new research directions which should ultimately be useful in developing new strategies and approaches to reduce leaf contamination and enhance the safety of fresh produce.
9
Sordillo, Lorraine, Don Wojchowski, Gary Perdew, Arthur Saran, and Gabriel Leitner. Identification of Staphylococcus aureaus Virulence Factors Associated with Bovine Mastitis. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574340.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. The organism is able to adhere to and penetrate mammary epithelium, forming deep seated abscesses that result in chronic infections. This study was based on the observation that certain genotypes of S. aureus are isolated more frequently from field cases of bovine mastitis than others and the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus have an increased ability to resist neutrophil phagocytosis and killing compared to the rare variants. It was hypothesized that these predominating genotypes differentially express virulence factors that allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. The overall objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which predominating S. aureus genotypes were able to resist mammary gland defense mechanisms. The following specific aims were accomplished to address the overall objectives of this project: 1. Analyze and compare cell surface and secreted protein profiles of common and rare S. aureus genotypes isolated from field cases of bovine mastitis. 2. Purify and sequence selectively synthesized proteins unique to the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus . 3. Determine the in vitro effects of isolated proteins on essential host defense mechanisms. Results from each specific aim showed that these redominating genotypes differentially express factors that may allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. Using complementary approaches, both the US and Israeli teams identified differentially expressed S. aureus factors that were positively correlated with virulence as determined by the ability to modify host immune cell responses and increase disease pathogenesis. Several candidate virulence factors have ben identified at both the molecular (US team) and protein (Israeli team) levels. Components of the phosphotransferase system were shown to be differentially expressed in prevalent strains of S. aureus and to modify the growth potential of these strains in a milk microenvironment. Evidence provided by both the Israeli and US teams also demonstrated a potential role of Staphylococcal enterotoxins in the pathogenesis of mastitis. Certain enterotoxins were shown to directly affect neutrophil bactericidal activities which can profoundly affect the establishment of new intramammary infections. Other evidence suggests that S. aureus superantigens can suppress mammary defenses by enhancing lymphoid suppressor cell activity. Collectively, these data suggest that unique factors are associated with predominating S. aureus genotypes that can affect in vitro and in vivo virulence as related to the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. The potential development of a subunit mastitis vaccine which incorporates only relevant antigenic determinants has not been investigated in depth. Experiments outlined in this proposal has identified putative virulence factors which contribute to the pathogenesis of S. aureus mastitis and which may be used to formulate an efficacious subunit mastitis vaccine. Results from these studies may lead to the development of new methods to prevent this costly disease, providing a viable alternative to less effective mastitis control procedures based on chemotherapy.
10
Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.